07 Rr410211 Reliabilty Engineering and Application To Power Systems

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Code No: RR410211 Set No. 1

IV B.Tech I Semester Regular Examinations, November 2007
RELIABILTY ENGINEERING AND APPLICATION TO POWER
SYSTEMS
(Electrical & Electronic Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
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1. (a) What is a random variable? Discuss briefly any two continuous distributions
applicable in reliability engineering.
(b) A grain distributing centre receives its monthly allocation from one of four
main supply depots, A,B,C and D. Is does not receive its quota partly from
one depot and parlty from another. It has been observed that the distribution
centre receives its supply equally frequently from all the four supply depots.
What is the probability that in a particular month the centre will receive its
quota either from A or from C? [8+8]
2. (a) Explain the reliability evaluation of series and parallel configurations.

(b) Five elements (a,b,c,d and f) of a system are connected as shown in the figure
2b, which also indicates the reliability of each element. Calculate system
reliability. [8+8]
3. (a) Explain the terms
Figure 2b
i. Reliability functin
ii. Hazard rate function and
iii. Mean-time-to failure and hence develop the relationship between them.
(b) Calculate the MTTF of the components from the data of life testing of 50
specimen samples given below: [8+8]
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Time (in hours) No. of componenets working
0 50
2000 45
2040 40
2080 30
2120 20
2160 10
2200 0
4. (a) Develop the state space diagram for two unit repairable system with the prob-
abilities assigned with hazard rate functions, and hence evaluate the limiting
state probabilities of the states, if the units have same identical capacities and
transitional rates.
(b) The following stochastic transitional matrix, P show the transitional rates in
discrete Markov chains.
i. Construct the state diagram
ii. Evaluate the limiting state probabilities
 1 2 3 
1 0.35 0.25 0.4
P = 2  0.1 0.5 0.4  [8+8]
3 0.15 0.25 0.6
5. A system has 4 generating units A,B,C and D. A,B, and C have a capacity of 40
MW each while D has a capacity of 80 MW. The failure and repair rates are 0.4/year
and 9.6/year obtain the state space model with equal capcity states merged. [16]
6. (a) Explain how the loss of load expectation is computed with daily peak load
exceeding the available capacity.
(b) Consider there are two generating units of 25 MW each with a forced outage
rate of 0.01 failures per day repair rate of 0.49 repaires per day. The load data
is:
Daily peak load in MW: 57
No. of occurences: 42
52
83
Compute the loss of load expectation.
46
107
41
116
34
47
[8+8]
7. (a) Describe with state space diagram, the Markov model of a single transmissin
line under two weather environment.
(b) Two transmissin lines A and B with λN =2×10−4 /day is normal weather and
λw =5 × 1012 in severe weather and with repair rate, µ, of 1 per day in both
the weather supply a load. The mean duration of normal weather is 10 days
and that of severe weather is 0.1 day. Calculate the probability of failure of
supply to the load. [8+8]
8. Write short notes on:

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(a) Sequential addition method
(b) Reliability evaluation in radial networks
(c) Uses of Reliability
(d) Markov model and its application to reliability evation. [4+4+4+4]
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1. (a) Define the terms “mutually exclusive events” and statiscally independant
events.
(b) A factory which manufactures electric bulbs has an average output of one
million bulbs every year. Over a 5 year period, the inspection department
rejects 15,000 bulbs.
i. What is the probability that any of the bulbs being checked by the in-
spection department will be rejected?
ii. If the inspection department detects only 95% of all substandard bulbs,
what is the probability that any bulb brought by a customer will be de-
fective. [7+9]
2. (a) Define the term reliability of a component and discuss which factors are to be
specified in the evaluation of component reliability.
(b) a system consists of four components in parallel. This system requires that
at least three of them must function. What is the probability of the system
success if the component reliability is 0.8. What is probability of the system
success if five componenets are placed in parallel to perform the same function.
[8+8]
3. (a) Define the term reliability of component and discuss which factors are to be
specified in the evaluation of component reliability.
(b) The light bulbs are placed under line test. The test is terminated at t=820
hours. Eight components fail before 850 hours are elapsed. Estimate the
failure rate and MTTF for the following situations.
i. components are replaced as they fail
ii. components are not replaced when fail [8+8]
4. (a) Explain two state Markov process for calculation of steady state probabilities.
(b) Explain the state space method of system reliability evaluation. [8+8]
5. A generating station has three generators, two rated for 10 MW and the third one
rated for 20 MW. The failure and reapir rates of each unit are 0.35 failures/year and
9.65 repaires per year. Obtain the state diagram and mark the various equivalent
transitional rates of equal capacity states combined. Hence evaluate the cumulative
probability of various combined states. [16]
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6. The parameters relating to generation capacity states and load capacity states of
a system are tabulated below.
Generation System
State index, i Capacity Ci Availability Departure Rates/day

MW A(Ci) λ+(Ci) λ-(Ci)
1 0 0.0000026 0.104 0
2 50 0.0002453 0.078 0.0011
3 100 0.0088474 0.052 0.0022
4 150 0.1415578 0.026 0.0033
5 200 0.8493466 0.000 0.0044
Load System
State index, j Capacity Lj Availability Departure Rates/day

MW A(Lj) λ+Lj λ-Lj
1 150 0.1 0 2
2 140 0.25 0 2
3 120 0.1 0 2
4 100 0.05 0 2
5 0 0.5 2 0
Compute
(a) The probability of failure of the system.

(b) The frequency of failure of the system. [16]
7. (a) A load is served by two independent transmission lines A and B under two
weather environment. Draw the state diagram and explain how the probability
failure of power supply to the load can be calculated.
(b) Discuss the various performance indices that are used for the composite system
reliability analysis. [8+8]
(a) Decomposition method

(b) Bernoulli’s trial
(c) STPM
(d) Load and energy indices [4+4+4+4]
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1. (a) With the help of suitable examples distinguish between

i. Complementary event and mutualy exclusive event.
ii. Random event and certain event.
iii. Impossible event and certain event.
(b) Explain the various conditions to be satisfied by the probability density func-
tion with examples. [9+7]
2. (a) The reliability of network of a system is as shown in the figure 2a. The figures
marked indicate the reliabilities of the components. Calculate the reliability
of the system by network reduction.
www.andhracolleges.com Figure 2a
(b) Explain how network reliability is evaluated for series and parallel configura-
tions knowing the probabilities of the components.
3. (a) What is the MTTR? What is the median time to repair?

[8+8]
(b) The time to repair a power generator is best described by the following PDF,
h(t)=t2 /333, 1≤ t ≤ 10 hr. Determine the probabilities that a repair will be
conmpleted in 6 hr.
(c) A computer system has a constant failure rate of 0.1 per day and a constant
repair rate of 1 per day. Determine the probability that a failure and repair
cycle will be less than 1 day. [4+6+6]
4. (a) Explain the various types of states in Markov chains based on their commu-
nication.
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(b) Consider a Markov
chain, with two states, having the one step transition
0.6 0.4
matrix of P =
0.3 0.7
(a) Construct the state space diagram

(b) Evaluate the limiting state probabilities. [8+8]
5. A generating station has three generators, two rated for 10 MW and the third one
rated for 20 MW. The failure and reapir rates of each unit are 0.35 failures/year and
9.65 repaires per year. Obtain the state diagram and mark the various equivalent
transitional rates of equal capacity states combined. Hence evaluate the cumulative
probability of various combined states. [16]
6. (a) Explain the recursive relation to be used for finding the cumulative probability
when the unit is remove from the system
(b) A generating station consists 4 units each having a forced outage rate of 0.15
and capacity of each unit is 15 MW. Develop the cumulative capacity outage
probability table. Now if one unit is removed, devleop the modified table using
recursive relation. [8+8]
7. (a) Explain the weighted average rate model for considering weather effects on
transmission lines for reliability analysis.
(b) Discuss the various load point reliability indices that are used for radial dis-
tribution networks. [8+8]
(a) Bath-Tub curve
(b) State space diagrams
(c) Stand deviation of binomial distribution
(d) Cumulative frequency failure evaluation. [4+4+4+4]
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1. (a) Show that under certain conditions a binomial distribution can be approxi-
mated by a Poissions distribution.
(b) An electric motor consists of two parts, namely stator and rotor. They are
manufactured in two different sections and then assembled together. The
probability that a stator is defective is given as 0.06 and that a rotar is defective
is given as 0.09. What is the probability that an assembled motor will not be
deffective? [8+8]
2. (a) Distinguish with block diagrams parallel series and mixed parallel series sys-
tems and write down apropriate formulae in each case.
(b) Assume that six units can bearranged in three series and parallel configura-
tions. Draw their block diagram of arrangement and estimate reliability of the
system if each has reliability of 0.85. [8+8]
3. (a) Explain the following terms:

i. Reliability
ii. MTTF
iii. MTTR
iv. MTBF
(b) Show that for exponential distribution, MTTF is the reciprocal of failure rate.
(c) A component has MTTF of 950 hours. what is its reliability for a mission
time of 100 hours. [6+5+5]
4. (a) Explain two state Markov process for calculation of steady state probabilities.
(b) Explain the state space method of system reliability evaluation. [8+8]
5. A generation system consists of 2 units of 30 MW capacity each λ=0.04/year and

µ=0.96/year. The daily peak loads observed are found to be as follows.
Daily peak load (MW) % time the peak has occuered
50 30
40 40
30 20
20 10
Estimate loss load probability. [16]
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6. (a) Explain the method of calculating LOLP of a generatin system. What are the
inadequacies of LOLP as an index of unreliability.
(b) A power system containes three 40MW and one 60MW capacity unit each
having a forced outage rate of 0.02. The annual daily peak load variation
curve is a straight line from 100% to 40% points. Estimate LOLE for a peak
load of 200 MW. [8+8]
7. (a) A load is served by two independent transmission lines A and B under two
weather environment. Draw the state diagram and explain how the probability
failure of power supply to the load can be calculated.
(b) Discuss the various performance indices that are used for the composite system
reliability analysis. [8+8]
(a) Decomposition method

(b) Bernoulli’s trial
(c) STPM
(d) Load and energy indices [4+4+4+4]
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07 Rr410211 Reliabilty Engineering and Application To Power Systems

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com The Complete Information About Colleges in Andhra Pradesh

Code No: RR410211 Set No. 1

2. (a) Explain the reliability evaluation of series and parallel configurations.

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Code No: RR410211 Set No. 1

8. Write short notes on:

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Code No: RR410211 Set No. 1

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Code No: RR410211 Set No. 2

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Code No: RR410211 Set No. 2

State index, i Capacity Ci Availability Departure Rates/day

State index, j Capacity Lj Availability Departure Rates/day

(a) The probability of failure of the system.

8. Write short notes on:

(a) Decomposition method

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Code No: RR410211 Set No. 3

1. (a) With the help of suitable examples distinguish between

3. (a) What is the MTTR? What is the median time to repair?

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Code No: RR410211 Set No. 3

(a) Construct the state space diagram

8. Write short notes on:

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Code No: RR410211 Set No. 4

3. (a) Explain the following terms:

5. A generation system consists of 2 units of 30 MW capacity each λ=0.04/year and

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Code No: RR410211 Set No. 4

8. Write short notes on:

(a) Decomposition method

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