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SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Personal Protective Equipment
Proper preparation is the key to a successful work. Before you begin, make sure that you have the tools you will need,
and secure a clear well-lit workplace. Gather all the components youll be using and unpack them at the same time.
Always keep in mind that personal protection is one of the traits of a good computer technician.
Types of personal protective devices
1. Anti-static devices - Devices designed to protect the computer from static electricity.
Example: Anti static wrist strap, Anti- static, Anti- static bag & Anti-static spray.
2. Power Surge Protectors - Devices designed to protect the computer from sudden power surges from intermittent
power sources.
Example : AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulators) and UPS (Uninterrupted Power Supply)
3. Personal equipment
example: Screw drivers, Pliers and tweezers, Compressed air, Handheld vacuum
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System errors These are moderately dangerous types of errors among those that can pop up on your PC.
System errors are caused by malfunctioning hardware components, corrupted operating system modules, etc.
Runtime errors Runtime errors are caused by corrupted or malfunctioning system files or software
executables. Most runtime errors cause the application that caused it to shut down. However, more serious
runtime errors may cause the system to become unstable or unresponsive, leaving you with no choice but to
reach for the Reset button.
Stop errors Stop errors are caused by corrupted hardware, especially malfunctioning RAM modules and bad
sectors on hard disks. Stop errors can be difficult to resolve at times.
Device Manager Errors These are usually caused by corrupted driver files or malfunctioning hardware
components. In case of the former cause, the problem is usually solved simply by reinstalling or updating the
drivers. However, the latter cause can often be solved only by replacing hardware components.
POST code errors POST code errors are caused by malfunctioning hardware components, and are
characterized by short beep sounds from the tiny internal speaker of your motherboard. POST code errors
occur when you press the power button to turn on your PC..
Application errors These can be caused at any point of time. As the name suggests, these are caused by
applications while those are running. These are usually caused by glitches in the program code itself. These
are usually resolved by updating the program to its latest version.
Browser Status Codes These are caused by problems faced by browsers when trying to access a website.
These can be caused by misplaced web pages in the server of the website itself, or due to connection
problems. For instance, a 404 error would indicate that the browser is trying to access a webpage that does
not exist in the specified location.
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Probably the most frustrating problem computer users run into are startup problems, where your computer wont boot.
Equally annoying are error messages you constantly run into during your computers startup process. In this module
you will be given a few tips on how you can avoid some of the most common problems that happen right after your
computer is turned on.
Here you will learn the basic troubleshooting.
Trial and error: When you find a faulty component in your computer, check it with the other computers so
that you can make sure whether the fault is in the component or not.
Check cables: In case of any device failure, check all the cables of your computer such as data cables, power
cable, internal circuitry cables and make sure that all these are plugged in and working fine.
Hardware settings: Check the hardware settings in the CMOS and in the device manager of the system and
make all the device drivers up to date and all the cards are plugged in properly.
Notice changes: When you notice a software or hardware error in your computer, determine what was
changed before the problem occurred.
Event viewer: In the event viewer, you will find the error or warning messages associated with any faulty
hardware or software.
Make notes: Troubleshooting is a big learning option and we can learn a lot when we face any kind of
troubleshooting in our computer. Make notes including the error messages and their solutions, so that you
have a record on how a certain problem occurred and how did you solve it.
Voltage Regulator and power supply could cause power failure in the computer unit.
Check the power cords and cable connectors in your computer unit.
4.
5.
Check the back of the computer to see if the network card light is on
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4.
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Before doing anything, listen to your teachers instruction to prevent accidents or any unwanted events that
may occur on your workplace.
Do not work on computer when you are wet because you might get electrocuted.
Always wear personal protective equipments (PPE) like coverall, shoes with rubber sole, anti-static wrist strap,
etc.
Ask for assistance from your teacher when it comes on dealing with computer devices.
Applying safety measure when handling tools and equipment are necessary to avoid certain damages.
The student is further expected to maintain good health, to be neat in personal appearance and to practice safe
working procedures at all time with appropriate equipment.
BASIC CONCEPTS OF ELECTRICITY
This lesson will introduce us to the fundamental knowledge of electricity. It will enable student to be equip with the
basic knowledge in electricity.
Basic Electrical Terms
Electricity is define as the flow of electron or electric current. It is an invisible form of energy that can be transform
into other form of energy like heat light and mechanical.
Electron is the negatively charge component of an atom. It has the ability to flow.
Proton is the positively charge component of an atom. It had the ability to attract electron
Matter is anything that occupy space and has mass. It can be a solid, liquid or gas in state.
Atom is a basic component of matter. It composes of a nucleus which is the central part, the protons and electrons.
Current Same as electricity or flow of electron. The amount of current flowing in a circuit can be measured in ampere
(I).
Voltage the amount of pulling force that makes the electron flow. Also known as potential difference or EMF
(electromotive force). The amount of voltage can be measured in volt (v)
Resistance - define as the opposition to the flow of current. The amount of resistance can be measure in ohms ().
Conductors and Insulators
Conductors are materials that easily allow the flow of current, or it has a low resistance to current flow.
Examples; aluminum, gold, silver, copper, iron
Insulators are materials that do not easily allow the flow of current, or it has a high resistance to current flow.
Examples; rubber, plastic, paper
TYPES OF CURRENT
1. Direct Current
In direct current (DC), the flow of electric charge is only in one direction. This is the type of electricity is
produced by batteries, static, and lightning. A voltage is created, and maybe stored, until it is consumed. When the
current flows directly, in one direction. In the circuit, the current flows at a specific, constant voltage ( this is
oversimplified somewhat but good enough for our needs.) When you use a flashlight, pocket radio, portable CD player
or virtually any other type of portable or battery-powered device, you are using direct current.
Most DC circuits are relatively low in voltage; for example, your car's battery is approximately 12V, and that's
about as high a DC voltage as most people ever use.
An ideal 12 V DC current. The voltage is considered positive because its potential is measured relative to ground or
the zero-potential default state of the earth.
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Direct currents flow in one direction only, and are constant in time. Their appearance is that of a straight line which
does not vary. They are produced from power sources such as batteries, power supplies and DC generators.
Photovoltaic devices such as solar cells also generate DC power.
2. AC Alternating Current
In alternating current (AC, also ac) the movement of electric charge periodically reverses direction. This type of
electricity is produced or generated by AC generators commonly from a hydro electric plant. It is the commercial
power that we use in homes and offices. Delivered through a power transmission lines. AC current can be reduced
through the use of power transformer to suite for its application. It can also be converted to DC for a specific purpose.
In the Philippines AC is rated as 220V AC at 60 Hz.
Alternating currents change direction, flowing first one way and then the other. They are sinusoidal waves, so
that they change in time. They are produced from sources such as power supplies and AC generators. In North
America, AC is 120 volts and 60 hertz or cycles per second. This means it changes direction 60 times per second. In
Europe, it is generally 50 hertz with 220 to 240 volts.
Why does standard electricity come only in the form of alternating current?
There are a number of reasons, but one of the most important is that a characteristic of AC is that it is relatively easy
to change voltages from one level to another using a transformer, while transformers do not work for DC. This
capability allows the companies that generate and distribute electricity to do it in a more efficient manner, by
transmitting it at high voltage for long lengths, which reduces energy loss due to the resistance in the transmission
wires. Another reason is that it may be easier to mechanically generate alternating current electricity than direct
current.
PCs use only direct current, which means that the alternating current provided by your utility must be
converted to direct current before use. This is the primary function of your power supply.
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
Electric circuit - is the pathways for electricity to flow.
Components of Circuit
Load - commonly represented by a bulb or any electrical component that consumes electricity.
Supply - Commonly represented by a cell or a battery
Switch - an electrical device that opens or closed a circuit.
Types of Circuit
1. Open Circuit - a type of circuit that has an open path for current to flow. It means that current cannot flow in
open circuit.
The switch is said to be OPEN the current cant flow into the circuit and the bulb is OFF
2.
Closed Circuit - a type of circuit that has a closed path for current to flow. It means that current can flow in a
closed circuit.
The switch is said to be CLOSED the current cant flow into the circuit and the bulb is ON
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Electro static discharge can easily damage sensitive components in your computer.
Problem Isolation
Problem isolation is a detective work in which you need to determine what is out of the ordinary by making
detailed observation of what is not working normally and record any information as you proceed. The information you
will be able to gather will help diagnose your computer. You need to observe wisely. Look for any abnormalities in the
unit, any change in smell or foreign smell, listen to all the sounds, and error codes.
Component Isolation
This section will aid in determining components in your system which are failing. First, most systems have 3
major components; monitor, system unit, and printers. Some have multiple external devices. To troubleshoot, you
need to isolate major components which are failing to operate.
Diagnostics Procedure for ATX Power Supply Failure
1. Determine whether or not the power comes on.
2. Check the switch operation with a Digital Volt Meter on the continuity or resistance setting.
3. Check the pins if the corresponding voltage are properly regulated to the motherboard.
4. Replace the power supply unit if defective.
Things to Consider in troubleshooting
There are many devices, parts, cords, and connections on a computer, which means that there are many possible
problems that could arise. In addition, your computer uses a variety of software, which can also cause problems.
However, no matter what the problem is, you can use the following tips to help you find a solution:
1. Always check the cables: Many computer problems are related to an issue in the cables and connections.
The easiest first step you can take to troubleshoot most problems is to check all related cables and
connections.
2. Isolate the problem: If possible, try to isolate the problem. For example, if you can't get the cursor to move
on the screen, try to determine if the issue is with the mouse. If you have an extra mouse, you can alternate
devices to see if the one plugged in is the issue, or use the arrow keys on the keyboard to help determine if the
mouse is the source of the problem. When trying to isolate the problem, only make one change at a time.
3. Take notes about error messages: If your computer gives you error messages, be sure to write down as
much information as possible. If the basic troubleshooting steps don't work, you may need the information.
4. Remember the steps you've taken, or write them down: Once you start troubleshooting, you will want to
remember what you have done, so you don't repeat yourself. If you can't remember it, then write it down. If
you end up asking someone for help, it will be much easier if they know exactly which steps you've taken.
If a program is running slowly or otherwise isn't working right, the first thing you should try is closing the
program and re-opening it.
You can also shut down your computer, wait a few seconds, and boot it up again. Some minor problems
will work themselves out when you do this.
Check with the company for any known problems or updates to the software.
If a program has become completely unresponsive, you can press (and hold) Control+Alt+Delete on
your keyboard to open the Task Manager. You can then select the program that isn't working and click
End Task. If you are using a Mac, you can press Option+Command+Esc to open a similar dialog box.
Problems Starting or Shutting Down the Computer
Power Button Will Not Start Computer
If your computer does not start, begin by checking the power cord to confirm that it is plugged securely into
the back of the computer case and the power outlet.
If it is plugged into an outlet, make sure it is a working outlet. Often, this will require you to plug a lamp
or other electrical device into the outlet to make sure it is receiving power.
If the computer is plugged into a surge protector, verify that it is turned on. You may have to reset the
surge protector by turning it off and then back on. You can also plug a lamp or other device into the surge
protector to verify that it is on.
If you are using a laptop, the battery may not be charged. Plug the AC adapter into the wall and then
try to turn on the laptop. If it still doesn't start up, you may need to wait a few minutes and then try again.
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Sometimes Windows will freeze during the shutdown process. If this happens, the Windows is Shutting Down
message screen will stay active on your screen. To finish shutting down the computer, press and hold the power
button for about 10 seconds, or until the computer turns off.
Computer Begins Randomly Rebooting or Crashing
Check for overheating. Make sure the vents in the case are not blocked. Confirm that there is good air flow
around the computer.
Check the brightness control, located on your monitor or your keyboard, and make sure it is not set too low.
Check the connections for the monitor and surge protector, and make sure the surge protector is turned on.
No Sound
Check the volume control on your computer. In Windows, the sound icon will usually be on the taskbar, and
you can also access the sound options in the Control Panel. On Macs, the sound options are found at the top
of the screen or in System Preferences.
Most media programs (such as iTunes or Windows Media Player) have a volume control, which will need
to be turned up.
Make sure the speakers are turned on, if using external speakers.
Make sure external speakers are connected to the correct audio port or a USB port. If your computer has
color-coded ports, the audio output will usually be green.
Connect headphones to the correct audio port and determine if sound is audible from the headphones.
Adapter resources
Ensure that if this is a new network card being installed into the computer that the card's resources are
properly set and not conflicting with any hardware in the computer.
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Adapter functionality
Verify that the network card is capable of detecting or seeing itself by using the ping command. Windows / MSDOS users ping the computer from a MS-DOS prompt. Unix / Linux variant users ping the computer from the shell.
To ping the card or the local host, type either ping 127.0.0.1 or ping local host
This should show a listing of replies from the network card. If you receive an error or if the transmission failed,
it is likely that either the network card is not physically installed into the computer correctly, or that the card is bad.
Protocol
Verify that the correct protocols are installed on the computer. Most networks today will utilize TCP/IP, but may
also utilize or require IPX/SPX and NetBEUI.
When the TCP/IP protocol is installed, unless a DNS server or other computer assigns the IPX address, the user
must specify an IP address as well as a Subnet Mask. To do this, follow the instructions below.
1. Click Start / Settings / Control Panel
2. Double-click the Network icon
3. Within the configuration tab double-click the TCP/IP protocol icon. Note: Do not click on the PPP or Dial-Up
adapter, click on the network card adapter.
4. In the TCP/IP properties click the IP address tab
5. Select the option to specify an IP address
6. Enter the IP address and Subnet Mask address, an example of such an address could be:
IP Address
: 102.55.92.1
Subnet Mask
: 255.255.255.192
7. When specifying these values, the computers on the network must all have the same Subnet Mask and have
a different IP Address. For example, when using the above values on one computer you would want to use an
IP address of 102.55.92.2 on another computer and then specify the same Subnet Mask.
Firewall
If your computer network utilizes a firewall, ensure that all ports required are open. If possible, close the
firewall software program or disconnect the computer from the firewall to ensure it is not causing the problem.
Additional time
In some cases it may take a computer some additional time to detect or see the network. If after booting the
computer you are unable to see the network, give the computer 2-3 minutes to detect the network. Windows users
may also want to try pressing the F5 (refresh) key when in Network Neighborhood to refresh the network connections
and possibly detect the network
Additional troubleshooting
If after following or verifying the above recommendations you are still unable to connect or see the network,
attempt one or more of the below recommendations.
If you have installed or are using TCP/IP as your protocol you can ping another computer's IP address to verify
if the computer is able to send and receive data. To do this, Windows or MS-DOS users must be at a prompt and Linux /
Unix variant users must open or be at a shell.
Once at the prompt assuming, that the address of the computer you wish to ping is 102.55.92.2, you would type:
ping 102.55.92.2
If you receive a response back from this address (and it is a different computer), this demonstrates that the
computer is communicating over the network. If you are still unable to connect or see the network, it is possible that
other issues may be present.
Another method of determining network issues is to use the tracert command if you are a MS-DOS or Windows
user or the trace route command if you are a Linux / Unix variant user. To use this command you must be at the
command prompt or shell. Or trace route 102.55.92.2
This should begin listing the hops between the computer and network devices. When the connection fails,
determine what device is causing the issue by reviewing the trace route listing.
NETWORKING WITH DHCP
Setting up a local area network with a Dynamic Host Control Protocol (DHCP) server is easy! The DHCP server
provides all the information your computer needs to get up and running on the network. Once connected, you will
check network connectivity with the router and at least one other peer on the network.
Procedure and Getting connected
1. Before connecting your PC to the network, be sure the Windows XP operating system is running on your
computer. You will use Windows XP sp2 throughout this activity.
2. Next, open a terminal window on your computer by clicking on Applications->Accessories->Terminal.
3. In the terminal window, type ipconfig and press Enter.
a. How many network devices are listed in the output? Record their names in your worksheet.
b. Is there an IPv4 address listed for any of the network devices? If so, record your IP addres (es) in your
worksheet.
4. Connect your computer to a network switch using a patch cable. Did you get a light on the switch? Record the
port number you connected to in your worksheet.
5. Draw a diagram of the entire local area network in the space below, including the router, any switches or hubs,
and all connected PCs.
6. Run ipconfig again. Do you see an IP address? If so, record it in your worksheet.
7. In the terminal window, type dhclient eth1 and press Enter. Describe what happens.
Checking your connection
1. Check connectivity with the router with the ping command. Type ping -c4 10.0.1.1 and press Enter. Record the
times listed in the last column of the output. What was the average round trip time (rtt) from your computer to
the router and back?
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2.
Ask another group for their IP address. Check connectivity with that group's computer with ping. Run ping as
shown above, substituting the new IP address for the one listed in the previous item. Record the times listed in
the last column below. What was the average round trip time (rtt)?
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