Agrarian Relations of Rajasthan

Most studies in India have been confined to the states where the problems have been
overwhelming. Also, they have had a tendency to be based entirely upon secondary research.
Furthermore, they do not take into account the intra-regional complexities and the marginalized
population of the state. Thus, the study is a humble attempt to bridge the gap. It intends to carry
out the study in a state of Rajasthan where there has been a paucity of empirically-backed
analysis in the state of agrarian relations.
The survey primarily deals with the broad contours of research in the post liberalization era. As
is already known the study of any region falls under two broad categories. Understanding the
features of a specific region or region itself as part of the bigger picture. The focus of this work is
on the latter. i
1.0 Introduction
Rajasthan has been carved owing to the cultural and regional homogeneity of the region. The
land-locked area was integrated into a state in the region on 1st November 1956. Its
geographically the largest state, with over 10.4%, of the geographical area that covers almost
3,42,239 sq kmsii . Also, it has 5.67% of the countrys total populationiii
Being primarily a rain-fed state, precipitation is the only source of annual renewable supply. The
variable rainfall in the state happens to be around 575 mm; however there are large variations
across regions in the state. Western region gets 510 mm and the Eastern region gets 700 mm of
rainfall. The south-west monsoon (June-September) accounts for nearly 90 percent of the annual
rainfall.iv
Physiographically, the state can be divided into four major regions. Western desert with barren
hills, rocky plains and sandy plains, Aravalli hills running from south west to north east starting
from Gujarat to Delhi, eastern plains with rich alluvial soils and south-eastern plateau. v. Also,
distinct specifications of soil can be classified as aridiosol, alfisol, entisol. inceptisols and
vertisol. The rivers are non-perennial except for Chambal and Mahi.
The vast inter-district disparities can considerably handicap economic development. But only a
few studies have documented regional variance and skewed regional development. Many older
studies have been of the view that developments in the state have been isolated. viThey have
argued that agricultural, industrial and other developments occur in close affinity with each other
have been somewhat over-looked. Its indeed hard to disagree with their assertions. But it needs
to be corroborated with relevant data in the post reform period. Thus, the study proposes to
bridge the gap with a study of two districts.
It has been proposed to collect information of both the individual districts right down to the
Tehsils and collect the relevant district level data. The idea is to do a cross-district analysis with

each other. Parameters such as working of village institutions, wages, analysis of tenancy, among
others have been taken up in the survey and shall be interpreted through proper analysis.
2.0 Demographics
Rajasthan has been a sparsely populated state since its inception. The population density stands
at 201 compared to 382 at the national scenario. But what is more of a surprise is the rapidity of
the population growth. As per census 2011, the population of Rajasthan was 6.86 crore with over
75% rural population. If we look at the decadal growth rate it is relatively higher in the 1990s
(28.41) compared to the 2000s (21.44) where it is comparatively lower and possibly growing at
a decelerating rate. vii Indias decadal growth rate in the 2000s was considerably lower than the
state (17.64).
The aforementioned high population growth rate has proven to be a death-kneel for any
assumption in regards to the demographic dividend. On the other hand, sex ratio of Rajasthan is
926 compared to Indias 940 according to the 2011 population census. From the post
independence era it has been observed that the settlement pattern, sex ratio and other variables
have been in complete contrast to the other states. Also, mortality and fertility rate have received
lesser attention comparatively by scholars. Only Mehtas old study remains a focal point
explaining the fertility pattern in the states and districts of Rajasthan. But the arguments based of
Mehtas study needs to be worked upon in the post 1991 scenario.
Thus, the need is to collect cross district level data to understand the demographics and
eventually build up upon the data. On the other hand the most contradictory and unstable
component of population growth, migration, needs to be factored in too. In many ways migration
can be contended to be one of the more important factors in economic development.
Through close examination of the census data the true migration adjustment factors for in and
out, rural-urban migration, among others can be tracked and the inter-district population
movement can be identified and some sort of cluster constructed.
The numbers of Rajasthan are in complete contrast to the national scenario. Higher rural to rural
migration, lower rural to urban migration, lower urban to urban migration and lower urban to
rural migration only says that there is something more to it than it meets the eye. As a matter of
fact not even one number can be comparable to the national scenario.
There is a suspicion that the agrarian economy of Rajasthan is undergoing a structural change
that could be having different facets such as the increase in wage labor, credit markets among
others. But, many scholarly analysis have been of the view that capitalist mode could have
penetrated far deeper then what has been previously envisioned. The immediate impact can be
witnessed on the small farmers who start out at a blatant disadvantage. Possibly it could be
owing to the inability to cope up with latest technology and economies of scale. But the complete
argument needs to be seen in perspective step-by-step.

3.0 Land Reforms

In the post-independence scenario in two distinct phases the agrarian transformation carried out
by the state can be witnessed. Land reforms can be said to be the building-blocks on which all
the other reforms can be based upon. Unfortunately, across regions it has been meted out varying
degree of success.
The two basic objectives a) to abolish intermediaries such as zamindars and jagirdars between
government and tillers to eventually make them owners of land b) impose ceilings on ownership
of land holdings and distribute surplus to the landless poor have not been realized in full.
Unfortunately, the ideal of transferring the land to the tiller have been restricted to a mere
tokenism.
In the case of Rajasthan the steps towards land were commenced in as early as 1949 when the
Rajasthan Protection of Tenant Ordinance was passed. Subsequently, Rajasthan Rents Regulating
Act 191 was passed and ultimately in 1952 Rajasthan Land Reforms and Resumption of Jagirs
were passed. The intention of ensuring security against tenure, discrimination and regulation of
rents and protection of and to the tiller of land against forcible eviction was noteworthy and one
of a kind.
Alongside administrative re-structuring and reforms led to the abolition of jagirdari/zamindari
systems. The promulgation of Rajasthan Tenancy Act 1955, amended the multiplicity of land
enures and tenancy prevailent in different parts of the newly formed state. Now they have been
formally replaced by khudkasht, khatedar and gairkhatedar systems.
The enquiry committee report and 1952 ordinance recommended abolition to all jagirs with
incomes below Rs 5000/ year as against larger High Income Jagirs. The ordinance left doors
open to acquire Khudkasht land by ejecting the tenants.
Rajasthan Biswedai and Zamindari Abolition Act 1959 came into force on 1 November 1959.
The process of abolition started on 15 November 1959 when all Zamindari estates were settled
and Zamindari abolished. In due course 2,98,896jagirs were resumed and 45 kinds of tenures
abolished as a result of various land reforms effected.
Many other laws were passed subsequently such as Rajasthan Tenancy Act 1955; Rajasthan
discontinuation of cessess act 1959 and Rajasthan Land Reform of Acquisition of Landlowners
estates act 1963; and ultimately Rajasthan imposition of ceiling on agricultural holdoings act
1973. (Hooja 2006) .(Yugandar Book, Saxena and Haque Report to be referred and added to
this)
The laws in spirit discouraged concentration of land ownership beyond the ceiling level and
prevented the possibly dispossession of numerous small and marginal holders that would have
occurred, through a competitive process in land market in the absence of ceiling on land holding.

The high population growth in turn has accelerated the rapid sub-division of land holdings and
made the situation even worse than it was before.

In the second objective imposition of ceiling on landholding and distributing surplus land among
landless, two rounds of land reforms and legislation were carries out.

(Complete with the help of from Mohanty and Thorner)

4.0 Land Holdings

Even today large land holdings in the state can be witnessed with a whopping 4.04 lakh farms in
this category in the year 2010-11. We can derive multiple inferences from the same. First and
foremost a clear cut concentration of land holdings can be witnessed as the ownership rights
have been claimed by only a small proportion of households. Also, it suggests that at the
insistence of the land owner lease on terms could have been changed any number of times.
Needless to say, wage labor could be bearing the primary responsibility of cultivating the large
land holding. Also, since tenancy was not abolished, tenure has ended up being confined to only
being regulated. Newer and more unique problems have risen such as the persistence of the landlease arrangement and the spike in the wage labors in the large landholdings.
In addition to it, the numbers of rural household have only grown as time has progressed.

But on the other hand, the percentage of landless households has followed a completely different
trajectory compared to the national level. At the national scenario the numbers of landless
households have decreased from 9.6 during 1971-71 to 7.41 during 2013. viii Rajasthan according
to the latest NSSO numbers has the highest share of agricultural-to-rural households, at 78.4 per
cent. But agricultural households even in this state derive less than 56 percent of monthly income
from farming. ix In specific terms the numbers of landless households for the state of Rajasthan
have increased from 2.9 during 1971-72 to 3.89 during 2013. The change suggests in addition to
the miniscule amount from land the small peasants have been supplementing it with the relevant
wage work.
In addition to it, in the state small peasants own less than 5.86 acres of land in 2010-11 and
presently constitutes a considerable proportion of the rural population. Not to forget, the landman ratios have been low as has been discussed and proportion of small holdings can be said to
be over 36.46. Furthermore the contribution of landless to the state needs to be seen.

However, the gross cropped area has increased by about 7 percent points (to reporting area) in
2009-10 over 1990-91. The increase in GCA was due to significant increase in area sown more
than once. The cropping intensity has also considerably 18 increased over the years. It has
increased from 121.2 per cent in 2000-01 to 129.9 per cent in 2007-08 and thereafter declined to
128.1 per cent in 2009-10. It may be also worth to note here is that gross irrigated area has
declined from 80.9 lakh hectares in 2007-08 to 73.1 lakh hectares in 2009-10. On the other hand,
land put to non-agricultural uses has successively increased from 14.9 lakh hectares in 1990-91
to 19.8 lakh hectares in 2009-10.x
As per the land statistics for 2010-11, only 51 percent of the reported area in Rajasthan has been
cultivated. Different types of fallow land, culturable waste land, permanent pastures and barren
land accounted for 30 percent of the reported area. Eight percent of the land was under forests,
and about 6 percent was put to non-agricultural uses.
Some scholars have lamented the haphazard land distribution and encouraged different land use
patterns in the dry regions. The neglect of intrinsic use capabilities is rather unfortunate.
Somehow, more and more land has been pushed under the plough according to them. This has
had a far reaching implication. It has disrupted the traditional rotational system of grazing,
reduced availability of fodder, shrunk the grazing space and subsequently declinedthe
productivity. Thus, recurring droughts can be seen as a direct implication of the same. (Jodha
2001)
There were of course stark differences across districts. In Udaipur, forests accounted for 28.6
percent of the area, and another 22.8 percent of the reported area was classified as barren and
uncultivable land. In 2010-11, the net sown area was only about 16.6 percent of the reported
area. In contrast, net sown area accounted for 69.2 percent of the reported area in Ganganagar.xi

3.0 Poverty
Some scholars are of the view that the state has managed to be consistent in lowering poverty
across both rural and urban areas. In the case of rural areas, poverty ratio, according to Tendulkar
methodology and the Tendulkar line ranked by 2009/10 per capita GSDP, have come down from
40.8 in 1993/94 to 26.4 in 2009/10. In urban areas, poverty ratio has come down from 29.9 in
1993/94 to 19.9 in 2009/10. The impact of the same can be seen when we see the actual poverty
figures, 38.3 in 1993/94 to 24.8 in 2009/10.xii

(Complete with the help of Poverty Mapping)

4.0 Economy
As has been known, effective planning requires careful evaluation of the different sectors with
the stringent analysis of inter-sector linkages. Rajasthan cannot claim to be oblivious to the same.
A small analysis is the first step towards understanding the states economy.
Presently, around 65 percent (56.5 million individuals) of the states population depend directly
or indirectly upon agriculture and allied activitiesxiii. The agriculture and allied sectors
contribution in the states NSDP had reached 23.8% in 2011. At all-India level, the contribution
of agriculture and allied activities has gone down to 14.51 during the same time period.
It is indicative of the fact that the growth has been simply too slow. Also, in economical terms
one can infer that there has been a steep decline in the agricultural output with the elasticity of
employment as a whole. Many scholars have been of the view that intra-state disparities in
growth and growth of output could have only continued to increase in post-reform period.
But, most importantly the dependence of individuals on agriculture does indeed make the
situation precarious. It possibly compounds all problems. Now, for a study of economy three
factors such as burgeoning population, hostile climate and unfavorable geographical area ends up
putting an enormous strain on the fragile ecosystem. This impact can be seen with the growing
demand for basic social services such as education, health and infrastructure. Considering the
low economic base of the state, it could only make things difficult in years to come. Additionally,
more worryingly, some scholars have suggested that most of the states feudal tendencies have
remained intact until now. xiv
Its indeed not farfetched to say that Rajasthans economy has undergone a sea change in the past
few years in terms of the growing contribution of the industries and services sectors with 28.48
and 47.75 percent respectively. Over the past five years, the contribution of agriculture has
changed from 23.58 to 23.77, industries have changed from 29.98 to 28.48 and services have
changed from 46.4 to 47.75 percent during 2007-08 to 2010-11 respectively. Thus, the
contribution of services has been consistently increasing and the agriculture has more or less
remained the same. It indicates that the economy has moved to the agriculture scenario with
agriculture more or less remaining stagnant. More importantly, the radical shift in the service
economy has not been matched with shift in employment. xv
Not surprisingly, agriculture continues to stutter with recurrent drought possibly every third year.
xvi
The perennial droughts, have led us to question the objective criteria, on the basis of which
decision-makers have assessed the agrarian scenario. But more discussion on it shall follow.

(Complete with the help of Hanumantha Rao 3)

5.0 Agrarian Scenario
Farming has continued to occupy the pre-eminent position in eradicating position in eradicating
rural poverty and in the overall growth perspective. Even in the state of Rajasthan agriculture
forms the spine of the economy. The contribution to NSDP, has declined from 35 percent in
1990-91 to around 23 percent in 2010-11. xvii

Agrarian Instability has been a part of the agrarian literature for the longest possible time. The
desire to increase agricultural production is only natural. But, unfortunately, that has remained
confined to hyperbole and has remained too far in the future. In the present Indian agricultural
scenario decrease in production does have a ripple effect on multiple issues. The most prominent,
amongst them, is price instability and the immediate self-crucifying activities of the farmers.
(Chand and Raju 2008)
The introduction of the science based agriculture in the 20th century has been said to be a major
turning point in Indias battle against hunger. According to Norman Borlaug introduction of
machinery made better seedbed preparation, moisture utilization, improved planting practices
and weed control to result in modest increase in yield per hectare. But a frequent criticism
leveled at these arguments by reputed scholars has been that they are applicable only in those
conditions that have less humidity. Furthermore, its in complete contrast to the classical way,
whereby, the crop improvement is said to be in the hands of the farmer who goes about it with
the increase in the cultivated area.
There can be no denial that the green revolution has helped the country move on from the food
crisis of the 60s. But the impact of food technology remains unclear and a thorough review
remains confined to a pipeline dream. Added to this many studies have only shown increased
instability post the adoption of the newer technologies. (Mehra 1981; Hazaell 1982; Ray 1983 a;
Rao etc 1988) Many of the studies have highlighted variability in crop production that are
different for every crop prior and post the adoption of green technologies. Many of these, though,
cannot be used to draw inference on the impact of the green revolution or production viability.
(Chand and Raju 2008)
The review of literature shows conflicting inferences in advent of newer technologies. Added to
it no study has dealt with the problems accentuated by the neo-liberal reforms within the
institutional context. Thus, the study shall deal with the complete institutional crisis of Indian

agriculture. They can be drafted under local state issues, crop changes, production and
productivity issues, land lease relations, credit issues, employment and wage patterns.
But, for a comprehensive analysis the sectoral shifts in outputs from NSO needs to be computed
to get a complete picture of the situation. (As cited in Panagriya 2014). Also, the agricultural
output has dropped alarmingly from 36.7 to 18.7 during 1981 and 2010 respectively. Industrys
contribution has risen from 16.2 to 19.5 while services contribution has risen from 47.2 to 61.8.
Some scholars have already flagged this. They have stressed upon, the need to take immediate
remedial action, with such a large workforce dependent upon the same. (Panagriya 2014)

Now though, the growth rate of agriculture has become sluggish with the gradual slowing down
of agriculture. It could be owing to some state specific factors which need to be studied in greater
detail (Singh 2007).

5.1 Structural Transformation of Rajasthan

Cultivators have focused upon crops that suit the needs of the state. Hence less water intensive
crops such as oilseeds, millets and pulses have been encouraged across the state. Above all
Rajasthan is amongst the top two pulses producing state in the country. Also, its the largest
producer of rapeseed, mustard, coriander, cumin, fenugreek, guar-gum and moth in the country.
Presently, Rajasthan has a major share in the production of crops like Bajra (40 percent), moth
bean (85 percent), rapeseed and mustard (51 percent), coriander (66 percent) and fenugreek (87
percent) of the countrys production. xviii
Above all, Rajasthan can be said to be in the midst of a structural transformation in favor of
growing oilseeds, pulses and horticultural crops. It has become the largest producer of mustard,
pearl millet (bajra), and three spices (coriander, cumin and fenugreek), cluster beans, isabgol and
second largest producer of maize. xix.
In recent years, production of guar gum has been pegged at 80% of the countrys production.
Additionally, the reliance on livestock has only increased owing to the nature of agriculture
being primarily rain-fed. It also has the second largest livestock in the country that now
contributes almost 10 percent of the milk. xx
The cultivated area stands at 220 lakh hectares that is more than half of the total area. Also, over
70 percent of the agriculture is rain-fed. The soils traditionally have been coarse and poor with

the cropping intensity dropping down to 117%. Also, soil salinity/alkalinity and poor quality
ground water have become a major constraint to enhance productivity. xxi

5.2 Overall growth in agriculture xxii

Compound Growth Rate (%) in Crop Area, Production and Yield in Rajasthan

Annual Plan 1991-92

8th Five Year Plan(1992-97)
9th Five year Plan(1997-02)
10th Five year Plan(2002-07
11th Five year Plan (2007-11)

Area

Production

Yield

-6.64
0.65
-1.76
12.98
3.27

-20.42
4.11
-0.83
20.43
12.92

-5.76
3.44
0.94
6.6
9.34

Growth in Area, Yield and Production in Rajasthan, 1991-2010

Years
1990-91
1995-96
2000-01
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11

Gross cropped
area (000 ha)
21429
19673
19230
21699
21534
22208
22771
21745
24459

Production (000 MT)

16038
14996
13809
18763
21694
23344
24694
18515
33607

Yield (Kg/Ha)
748
762
718
865
1007
1051
1084
851
1374

Food-grain production in Rajasthan and India

Years
1990-91
2000-01
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09

Rajasthan
10.9
10.0
14.9
16.1
16.7

India
176.4
196.8
217.3
230.8
234.4

Rajasthans share in India (%)

6.2
5.1
6.9
7.0
7.1

2009-10
2010-11

12.4
23.6

218.1
241.6

5.7
9.8

5.3 Crops Specific Growth in Rajasthan

Cultivators have focused upon crops that can suit the needs of the state. Hence less water
intensive crops such as oilseeds, millets and pulses have been encouraged across the state. Above
all Rajasthan is amongst the top two pulses producing state in the country. Also, its the largest
producer of rapeseed, mustard, coriander, cumin, fenugreek, guar-gum and moth in the country.
Presently, Rajasthan has a major share in the production of crops like Bajra (40 percent), moth
bean (85 percent), rapeseed and mustard (51 percent), coriander (66 percent) and fenugreek (87
percent) of the countrys production. xxiii

5.4 Drivers of growth in Rajasthan

(Complete with the help of Swain and Ojha, Mehta and Hanumantha Rao)

6.0 Agricultural Credit

(Complete with the help of Khera and Mehta)

7.0 Problems of agriculture development in specific areas

(Complete with the help of Mehta and Agrarian Studies)

8.0 Irrigation
The agrarian scenario in the state is said to be primarily rainfed. In 2010-11, only 36 percent of
the total area sown area of the state was irrigated. Of the net irrigated area, 73 percent was
irrigated by groundwater and 25 percent was irrigated by canals. (Rawal Vikas 2015)
Of the two districts, the extent of availability of irrigation is lower in case of Udaipur. Only 32
percent of net sown area of Udaipur was irrigated in 2010-11. The main source of irrigation here
were the open wells with a whopping 82 percent of open wells. In contrast, Ganganagar can be
touted to be a canal irrigated district. About 75 percent of the net sown area in this district was
irrigated in 2010-11, with over 99.5 percent of the irrigated area fed by irrigation canals. The two
major canals cutting across the district come from the Indira Gandhi Nahar Pariyojana (IGNP).

11.0 Fertilizer
Post the introduction of newer technology fertilizer use has seen a spiked across the country.
Along with seed and irrigation it has been reckoned to be an important source of attaining self
sufficiency. In the empirical evidence obtained from the districts we can observe that fertilizer

use and output of various crops are directly proportional to each other. In the data available for
Ganganagar and Udaipur an observation can be made of a fluctuation in the two years.
The increase in the fertilizer use in the two years for which the data is available possibly nullified
the individual variance of the Sodium, Potassium and Potasic across districts. At the state, level
we can observe that the total fertilizer use increased from .99 to 1.05 million tones. xxiv On the
other hand for the two districts, we can observe a complete contrast. Ganganagars fertilizer use
increased from 0.086 to 0.089 million tones. xxvBut on the other hand, Udaipurs fertilizer use has
decreased from 0.03 to 0.02 million tones.
The trend observed from individual components of N-P-K ensures nothing can be inferred from
the same. It appears to be too random. But, owing to the varied soil variety, cropping pattern,
nutrient status, region and differences from crop to crop could be one of the reasons. Or it could
be owing to the states endeavor to reach a particular ratio rather than obtain a level of
optimization in the application of N,P and K. But, its outside the scope of this work as it merits
careful examination.xxvi

References

i Argument cited from Mehta B.C. (1989). Researches in the structure and growth of
Rajasthan. Himalaya Publishing House
ii Numbers cited from Hooja Rima (2006). History of Rajasthan. New Delhi. Rupa
Publishing House
iii Numbers have been computed from GoI state primary census abstract 2011. Accessed
on 8th February 2016 Link
http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/hlo/pca/PCA_pdf/PCA-CRC-0800.pdf
iv Planning Commision. (2006) Rajasthan Development Report
v Swain M and Ojha M (Dec 2012) State of Rajasthan Agriculture 2011-12. Accessed on 4th
January 2016.
http://spuvvn.edu/academics/academic_centres/agro_economic_centre/research_studies/R
.%20No.%20145%20State%20of%20Rajasthan%20Agriculture.pdf
vi Argument cited from Mehta B.C. (1989). Researches in the structure and growth of
Rajasthan. Himalaya Publishing House
vii Government of Rajasthan Census. Link http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-provresults/paper2/data_files/Raj/7-popu-10-19.pdfand
http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0822_PART_B_DCHB
%20_TONK.pdfAccessed on 5thJanuary 2016
viii Agricensus. Tenancy part selected from which the data has been computed. Name of the table
compiled from is Percentage of landless households in the major states across the last five LHS
Surveys of NSS

ix Article written by Harish Damodran. Accessed on 10th Feb2016

http://indianexpress.com/article/business/business-others/theres-less-of-krishi-in-bharatnow/#sthash.vP4te9H8.dpuf

x Numbers cited from Swain M and Ojha M (Dec 2012) State of Rajasthan Agriculture
2011-12. Accessed on 10th February 2016.
http://spuvvn.edu/academics/academic_centres/agro_economic_centre/research_studies/R
.%20No.%20145%20State%20of%20Rajasthan%20Agriculture.pdf
xi Argument written from Swaminathan Madhura and Rawal Vikas (2015) SocioEconomic Surveys of Two Villages in Rajasthan. New Delhi. Tulika Books

xii Table and the numbers compiled from Panagriya Arvind, Govindarao M and Chakrabrty
Pinaki (2014) State Level Reforms, Growth and Development in Indian State. New Delhi.
Oxford Publishing House
xiii GoR: Agricultural Policy 2013 Accessed on 31 December 2015 Link
http://www.krishi.rajasthan.gov.in/Draft_Agriculture_Policy_ENGLISH.pdf
xiv Argument paraphrased from VS Vyas (2007). Rajasthan the quest for sustainable
development. Academic Foundation
xv Swain M and Ojha M (Dec 2012) State of Rajasthan Agriculture 2011-12. Accessed on
9th February 2016.
http://spuvvn.edu/academics/academic_centres/agro_economic_centre/research_studies/R
.%20No.%20145%20State%20of%20Rajasthan%20Agriculture.pdf
xvi GoR: Agricultural Policy 2013 Accessed on 9th February 2016 Link
http://www.krishi.rajasthan.gov.in/Draft_Agriculture_Policy_ENGLISH.pdf

xvii Numbers cited from Swain M and Ojha M (Dec 2012) State of Rajasthan Agriculture
2011-12. Accessed on 9th February 2016.
http://spuvvn.edu/academics/academic_centres/agro_economic_centre/research_studies/R
.%20No.%20145%20State%20of%20Rajasthan%20Agriculture.pdf
xviii Government of Rajasthan: Agricultural Policy 2013 Accessed on 21 st January 2016
http://www.krishi.rajasthan.gov.in/Draft_Agriculture_Policy_ENGLISH.pdf

xix Contents taken from the states agricultural policy. GoR: Agricultural Policy 2013 Accessed on
31 December 2015 Link http://www.krishi.rajasthan.gov.in/Draft_Agriculture_Policy_ENGLISH.pdf

xx Swain M and Ojha M (Dec 2012) State of Rajasthan Agriculture 2011-12. Accessed on
9th February 2016.
http://spuvvn.edu/academics/academic_centres/agro_economic_centre/research_studies/R
.%20No.%20145%20State%20of%20Rajasthan%20Agriculture.pdf
xxi Contents taken from the states agricultural policy. GoR: Agricultural Policy 2013
Accessed on 9th February 2016 Link
http://www.krishi.rajasthan.gov.in/Draft_Agriculture_Policy_ENGLISH.pdf

xxii Swain M and Ojha M (Dec 2012) State of Rajasthan Agriculture 2011-12. Accessed on
9th February 2016.
http://spuvvn.edu/academics/academic_centres/agro_economic_centre/research_studies/R
.%20No.%20145%20State%20of%20Rajasthan%20Agriculture.pdf
xxiii Government of Rajasthan: Agricultural Policy 2013 Accessed on 21 st January 2016
http://www.krishi.rajasthan.gov.in/Draft_Agriculture_Policy_ENGLISH.pdf

xxiv Chand Ramesh & S Pavithra (October 31, 2015). Fertilizer Use and Imbalance in India.
Analysis of States. Economic and Political Weekly, Volume L (No. 44). Pgs 98-104. Accessed on 19th
January 2016

xxv GoR: Rajasthan Basic Statistics 2011, Government of Rajasthan, Jaipur. Acessed on 15 th
January 2016

xxvi Chand Ramesh & S Pavithra (October 31, 2015). Fertilizer Use and Imbalance in India.
Analysis of States. Economic and Political Weekly, Volume L (No. 44). Pgs 98-104. Accessed on 19th
January 2016