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Improved Recovery Techniques

Waterflooding Part 2
Deepak Devegowda

Buckley Leverett Frontal


Advance Theory

Objectives
Learn Buckley Leverett frontal advance
theory
Estimate oil recovery using the BuckleyLeverett theory

Waterflood production forecasting using


frontal advance

Motivation
Consider a one dimensional waterflood
Is the waterflood performance going to be
like

Yes, if gravity forces are stronger than


viscous or capillary forces

Motivation
Or is the waterflood performance going to be
like this?

Motivation
Typically waterflood performance is not
piston-like, instead it looks like:

The shape of the profile is predicted by


Buckley Leverett theory

Waterflooding
Once you learn B-L theory, you will be able to
extend your knowledge to 2D and 3D
reservoirs

Understand the role of the various inputs on


the efficacy of the waterflood

Model Description

Model Description
At any point x, 2 phases (oil and water) may
flow
Assume incompressible fluids and that the
injection and production rates are constant

Flow Equations

Flow Equations
From the previous page, we can rewrite the
equations as

Flow Equations
Subtracting eqn 1 and 2 from the previous
slide..

Flow Equations
Now because we are only considering 2
phase flow
Substitute the expression above in to the
equation on the previous slide

Flow Equations
We finally have.

and

Fractional Flow
The fractional flow, fw is defined as:

So, the fractional flow becomes

Fractional Flow
The final expression is:

When capillary pressure is negligible

Assignment
Construct the fractional flow curve for the
data provided in the attached spreadsheet.

Buckley Leverett Applications


Determine Sw vs distance for a 1D coreflood

Determine oil rate and recovery

Model

Mass balance: Mass in Mass out =


Accumulation

Mass Balance for Water

Mass Balance for Water


The mass balance gives us:

Assuming incompressible fluids:

Mass Balance for Water


Sw is a function of time, t and distance, x.
Therefore:

Saturation Tracking
Let us move with any arbitrarily chosen
saturation value
Along this plane, dSw = 0. Therefore the
equation on the previous page becomes:

Recall from 2 slides ago that

Mass Balance
Combining the equations on the previous
slide, we get:

Mass Balance
Since Qt is a constant and the fluids are
incompressible,

Differentiating this equation, we get:

Velocity of the Front


Comparing the equations of the past 2 slides,
we get:

Where V(Sw) is the velocity of a front of


saturation, Sw.
All quantities on the RHS of the equation are
a constant, except dfw/dSw.

Velocity of the Front


Therefore the velocity of the front is
proportional to dfw/dSw.

Assignment
On the provided spreadsheet, construct the
curve, dfw/dSw.

Saturation Profile
Integrating the frontal advance equation, we
get:

Because the flow is assumed incompressible,


the integral above is also just the total water
injected, Wi.

Saturation Profile
Now, we can plot the distance x travelled by a
saturation value, Sw

Saturation Profile

This is clearly a physical impossibility you


cannot have 2 saturation values at the same x

In Reality

Flood Front Estimation

Flood Front Estimation


Now
Or

Therefore
saturation at the front

where Swf is the

Flood Front
Graphically:

Re-draw the Saturation Profile

Oil Recovery at Breakthrough

Oil Recovery at Breakthrough


Note,

At breakthrough
Therefore

and

Improved Recovery Techniques

Waterflooding Part 2
Deepak Devegowda

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