Introduction to Engineering

Materials

Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Historical Perspective
Historically, the level of development of any
society is tied to the ability to produce and
manipulate materials to fill the needs.
Stone age

- Bronze age

Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

-Iron age

Historical Perspective
Materials are everywhere in our life:
Transportation
Housing
Clothing
Communication
Recreation
Food Production

Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Historical Perspective
In early stages, most materials are found naturally.
Later, human discovered different ways to mix two or
more materials or to treat (heat treatment) a material
in order to get artificial materials (usually superior to
naturally available).
However, the relation between structure of any
material with performance was not established in early
stages.
Recently, this relation is being understood. This enables
to tail or fashion so many materials that meet the
complex modern needs
Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Materials Science and Engineering

Material Science: concerned with investigation of
relation between structure of materials and the
resulting properties.
Materials Engineering: on the basis of material
science
(structure-properties
correlation),
materials engineering is concerned with design
(tail or fashion) a new material that meet predetermined set of properties. This is achieved by
material processing.
Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Materials Science and Engineering

Structure of a material means the arrangement of
its internal components; and this is studied in
levels:
Subatomic level: nuclei and surrounding electrons
Atomic level: the organization of atoms relative to
each other
Molecular level: the organization of molecules relative
to each other
Microscopic level: how the material looks like under a
microscope.
Macroscopic level: how the material appears for a
naked eye.
Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Materials Science and Engineering

Property of a material is defined as the kind
and degree of response to an external
stimulus.
Examples:
How a specimen deform under a load.
How the surface of material reflect light.
How a specimen responds to a magnetic field.

Property of a material is independent of size

and shape.
Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Materials Science and Engineering

Categories of materials properties:
1) Mechanical : e.g. deformation
2) Electrical: e.g. conductivity
3) Thermal: e.g. heat capacity & thermal
conductivity
4) Magnetic: response to magnetic field
5) Optical: the stimulus here is the light, e.g. index
of refraction and reflectivity.
6) Deteriorative: chemical reactivity of materials.
Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Materials Science and Engineering

Materials performance is
a function of properties.
Materials property is a
function of structure.
Material structure is a
function of processing.
In design, production and
utilization of materials, it is
essential to understand
these relationships.
Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Crystallization
Process of formation of solid crystals from the
liquid state.
Two stages (Does not happen instantly):
1) Nucleation : Cluster formation
2) Crystal growth: clusters are growing up and
ultimately join together to form the final solid
material.

Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Crystallization
Basically, crystallization starts just below the
melting temperature and the final resulting
solid is determined to be either crystalline or
glass (vitreous) based on the viscosity of the
substance in the molten state.
Viscosity depends on:
1) Size and complexity of the molecules: viscosity of
liquid metals are low whereas it is high for
polymeric.
2) Cooling rate: crystallization is prevented if cooling is
quick.
Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Crystallization
:

Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Crystal
Crystal is the unique arrangement (pattern)
and special order of atoms, molecules, or ions
to form the a solid. (Miller Notation)

Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Polymorphism
Polymorphism refers to the ability of a solid to exist
in more than one crystalline form or structure. This is
because of different crystallization conditions
(Temperature and pressure)

Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Amorphous Material
Amorphous (non-crystalline solid or glass) is a
solid that lacks the long-range order
characteristic of a crystal. For example; glass
and polymers.

Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Example Aluminum Oxide Material

Single Crystal
(mono-crystalline):
transparent
So many crystals
connected by grain
boundaries:
translucent
So many crystals but
with holes and
cavities: Opaque
Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Why Study Materials Science and

Engineering
How to select a material from several choices:
I. Required properties are established based
on the in-service conditions.
o Rarely, a material can combine the best
properties. Trade-off or compromised solution is
required. For example: strength vs. ductility.

II. Deterioration
III. Economics: what is the cost of the final
product.
Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Classification of Materials
Solid materials have been grouped into THREE main
categories:
Metals
Ceramics
Polymers

This classification is based on atomic structure and

chemical makeup.
Most materials fall into one of the 3 groups.
However, some materials are intermediate.
Moreover, there are composites which are
combination of two or more of basic material classes.
Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Metals
Definition: any material composed of one or
more metallic elements (such as iron,
aluminum, copper, titanium, gold, nickel) and
often a non-metallic element (such as carbon,
nitrogen, oxygen) but in relatively small
amount.
For those composed of two or more metallic
elements, they called alloys.
Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Properties of Metals
Atoms in metals and their alloys are arranged in a
very orderly manner more dense.
Relatively stiff, strong, and ductile.
That is why metals are widely used in structural
applications.

Metals have large number of non-localized

electrons (free electrons).
Good conductors of electricity and heat.
Non-transparent.
Some metals have desirable magnetic properties
(ferrous metals).
Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Metals

Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Ceramics
Definition: a material composed of metallic and
non-metallic elements; like oxides, nitrides, and
carbides.
Examples:

Aluminum oxides Al2O3

Silicon dioxide SiO2
Silicon carbide SiC
Silicon nitride Si3N4
Cement
Glass
Clay minerals
Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Properties of Ceramics
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

Stiff and strong (comparable to metals).

Very hard.
Extremely brittle (lack of ductility).
Bad conductors of electricity and heat.
Maybe transparent, translucent, or opaque.
Some like Fe3O4 exhibit magnetic behaviors.

Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Ceramics
Microstructure of
typical ceramic
material
Examples of
ceramic products

Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Polymers
Definition: organic compounds that are chemically
based on carbon, hydrogen, and any other non-metallic
elements like O, N, and Si.
Have very large molecular structure (chain-like
molecules that based on carbon).
Examples:

Poly-ethylene (PE)
Nylon
Poly-styrene (PS)
Poly vinyl chloride (PVC)
Poly-carbonate (PC)
Silicon rubber.
Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Properties of Polymers
1) Low density
2) Non stiff, nor strong
However, if taken on a per-mass basis, their stiffness and
strength are comparable with metals and ceramics.

3) Extremely ductile and pliable easily shaped into

complex shapes.
4) Chemically inert (unreactive)
5) Soften and decompose at modest temperature
6) Bad conductors
7) Non-magnetic.
Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Polymers

Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Composites
Definition: composed of two or
more individual materials
which come from the main
THREE categories.
The main idea is to design a
material that exhibit
combination of properties.
Two main types of composites:
1) Natural: e.g. wood and bone.
2) Synthetic (Man-made): e.g.
fiberglass.
Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Examples-Composites
1) Fiberglass: small glass fibers are embedded
within a polymeric material (epoxy or
polyester).
Glass is strong and stiff but brittle.
Polymer is ductile but weak.
Thus, the resulting fiberglass is stiff, strong, and
ductile (flexible).

Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Examples-Composites
2) Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) :
carbon fibers embedded in polymer.
More expensive that fiber-glass.
Used in aerospace crafts.
Used in sport equipment (bicycle).

3) Natural composite:
Wood

Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Advanced Materials
Definition: materials that are utilized in high-tech.
High-tech: any device that functions using
relatively intricate or sophisticated principle, e.g.
aerospace, electronics, computers, mechatronics,
and biomedical systems.
Advanced materials:
1)
2)
3)
4)

Semiconductors
Biomaterials
Smart materials
Nano-engineering
materials
Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Semiconductors
Definition: a material that has electrical properties that
are intermediate between conductors (metals and
metal alloys) and insulators (ceramics and polymers).
Controlled impurities over very small spatial regions.
Example: Doping process of Silicon chip with phosphorous.

Electronics and computer revolution are the

prominent consequence.

Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Biomaterials
Biomaterials are materials
employed in components
implanted into the human body
for replacement of diseased or
damaged body part.
Special properties have to be
satisfied:
1) Not toxic
2) Compatible with body tissues

Example: materials used for hip

replacement.
Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Smart Materials
Definition: a material that can sense changes in
environment and response in predetermined
manner, just like living organism.
Smart material is composed of:
1) Sensor: that detect a signal like:
a) Temperature
b) Electric field
c) Magnetic field

2) Actuator: that responds in someway like:

a) Change in shape
b) Change in position
c) Change in natural frequency or any mechanical property.
Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Smart Material-Sensor
Materials that are
used as sensors:
1) Optical fibers
2) Piezoelectric
3) Micro-electromechanical devices
(MEMS): inkjet
printers,
accelerometer,
micro-pumps.
Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Smart Materials-Actuator
Materials that are used as actuators:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

Shape memory alloys: after having been deformed, revert back

to its original shape when temperature is changed (normally
when heated).
Piezoelectric ceramics: expand or retract in response to
externally applied electric field (voltage) and also operate in
reverse manner. i.e. generate voltage when squeezed.
Magnetostrictive materials: same as piezoelectric but in
response to magnetic field.
Electorheological material: a fluid (liquid) that experience
dramatic changes in viscosity upon the application of electric
field.
Magnetorheological material: same as electorheological but in
response to magnetic field.

Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Smart Materials-Example
Thermo-responsive
materials: change of
properties in response to
applied heat.
Electro-chromic materials:
Change of color in
response to applied
voltage
Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Smart Materials-Example
Shape memory
alloys: Change shape
in response to
temperature.
Quantum Tunneling
Composites: Change
of conductivity in
response to applied
pressure.
Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Smart Materials-Example
Noise canceling in a helicopter.

Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Stress
Stress is defined as the applied load over a
certain area.
Stress is actually represents the internal forces
that adjacent particles inside material exert on
each other.
Mathematically;

()
=
()
Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Types of Stresses
1) Normal Stress
a) Tension
b) Compression

2) Shear Stress
3) Bearing Stress

Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Strain
Engineering Strain: is the deformation (change in
length) over the original length.
Mathematically,

True Strain: provides the correct measure of the final

strain, taking it in increments:

1
= ln
= ln(1 + )
0
Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Stress-Strain Diagram
(Ductile Material)

Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Stress-strain Diagram
Brittle Material
Suddenly breaks before any significant
deformation.

Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Plastic Flow in Metals

Block-slip theory: an early
theory states that when the
yield strength is exceeded,
plastic deformation takes place
by movement of large blocks of
atoms sliding relative to one
another across planes called slip
planes inside the crystal.
Block-slip theory can interpret
so many phenomena, but has
significant drawbacks. One of
that it fails to predict the shear
strength (it over-estimate the
strength of metals in shear).
Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Slip Planes
Slip occurs on the
plane of the
highest degree of
atomic packing
within the crystal
structure.
The direction of
slip within the slip
plane occur on the
greatest atomic
line density.
Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Isotropic Materials
Strength of a single- crystal
material is not isotropic, i.e.
depends on the direction of
loading.
Strength of a glass or
polycrystalline material is
isotropic, i.e. does not depend
on the direction of loading.
If the grains of a
polycrystalline material are
textured, then it is not
isotropic
Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Single-Crystal Material
Anisotropic

Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Dislocations
Dislocation is defined as a
defect within a crystalline
lattice, i.e. areas where atoms
are out of position.
Usually, dislocation exists in
some combination of all types,
i.e. rarely existence as pure of
single type.
When dislocations move inside
the crystal lattice, plastic
deformation takes place.
In polycrystalline materials,
grain boundaries hinder the
motion of dislocations and as a
result the material is harder
but more brittle.
Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Dislocations
Point Dislocation:
presence of an
impurity like a strange
atom or vacancy.
Edge Dislocation: an
additional half-row of
atoms

Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Dislocation
Dislocation motion is analogous to movement
of a caterpillar.

Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Dislocations
In screw dislocation, defect
line movement is
perpendicular to direction of
the stress and the atom
displacement, rather than
parallel like edge type.

Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Twinning Deformation
In Twinning, large number
of
atoms
undergo
movement inside the
lattice all at once, usually
in response to impact
loading.
Clear change of orientation
occurs inside the lattice in
the region about the
twinning plane.
Structure of the twinned
atoms is the mirror image
of the original ones around
the twinning plane.
Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Dislocations
Number of dislocation in a 1 2 is called
dislocation density.
In cold-worked materials, dislocation density is
109 1010 /2 , whereas it is much less in
annealed materials;
about 104 106 /2
Annealing is a process of heating the material
above recrystallization temperature (but below
melting temperature) in order to be more
workable (more ductility).
Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Dislocations-Frank-Read Source
Line of dislocations are firmly
attached together between A
and B.
Shear stress causes the AB line
to bow.
Kidney-shaped curve develops.
Two opposing ends meet to
form a loop
A new line starts to develop
and the process is repeated.
Cold work hardening is easily
explained in view of this
theorem as more dislocations
are encountered for more
plastic deformation flow.
Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Dislocation-Failure Void
If more dislocation
lines of the same
sign meet each
other (especially
at grain
boundary), a void
will develop as a
starting sign for
imminent failure.
Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Recrystallization
If the material is cold worked, high density
dislocation regions are developed. As a result the
material becomes harder but more brittle.
If the material is heated, the stored
(residual)strain inside the material can be relaxed
and released gradually:
1) Firstly the vibrational energy of atoms is raised
minor atomic movement
2) If the material is further heated beyond the
recrystallization limit (1 3 1 2 of melting
temperature), new nucleates are formed and new
grains are developed around (grain migration).
Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Recrystallization
Recrystallization temperature is affected by:
1) Degree of plastic deformation: for more
dislocation density, recrystallization can be
started at lower temperature .
2) Composition: for more impurities inside the
material, higher temperature is needed to
initiate recrystallization.

Eng. Yousef Shatnawi

Recrystallization

Eng. Yousef Shatnawi