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Masters Theses

Student Research & Creative Works

1939

Design study of a three span continuous tied-arch

bridge
George Perry Steen

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Steen, George Perry, "Design study of a three span continuous tied-arch bridge" (1939). Masters Theses. Paper 4754.

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Design Study of a Three Span Continuous

Tied-Arch Bridge

By
George Perry Steen

Thesis
Submitted to the Faculty of the
School of Mines and Metallurgy of The University of Missouri
In partial fulfillment of the work required for the
Degree Of
Master of Science in Civil Engineering

Rolla, Missouri

1939

Approved by:

A~~

Professor of Structrual Engineering.

- 1 -

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

To Professor E. W. Carlton, for

his valuable criticism, and to Mr. Howard
Mullins, for his help and suggestions, the
writer owes an expression of appreciation.

- 2 -

TABLE

Acknowledgment

OF

CONTENTS

............................

Page
2

..

List of Illustrations

Synopsis

A General Discussion of Statically

Indeterminate Structures

..............

A Brief History of Arch History............

11

Description of Type

14

The Principle of Least Work

16

Direct Stresses

18

Notation

......................... ...
.... ..............................

19

..........................

21

Influence Lines

............................
Diagram For Main Span Equations ...........
Stress Analysis

Equations For Design - Main Span

Diagram For Side Span Equations
Equations For Design - Side Span
Evaluation of

f
II;

Evaluation of

.s~c~ edx
A

sec.~dx

At

22

25

.26

35

36

TABLE

OF

CONTENTS

Page
Computations - Design No.1.

46

Conclusions

.....

54

Bibliography.............................

57

Tables and Illustrations

59

..

Synopsis

In this study of the continuous tied-arch

bridge~

having one main span and two equal side-spans, the following items are endeavored:
1.

To set up the total internal work equations

and to find the values of the unknown forces
or redundants.

2.

To compute to maximum moments for design and to

complete the design of the super-structure for
one bridge.

Details, such as the gusset plates,

rivets, connection angles, etc., are not designed; the effect of such being allowed in the
design for dead load as a certain per cent for
details.

3.

To set up hypothetical conditions for other

bridges of different span lengths and to construct the influence lines of the unknown forces
of each.

4.

To compare the different bridges upon the basis

of their influence diagrams.

- 5 -

List of Illustrations

Diagram for Main Span Equations

Plate A

Diagram For Side Span Equation

Plate B

Evaluation of Equations Design No.1.

Plate 1

Evaluation of Equations Design No.2.

Plate 2

Evaluation of Equations Design No.3.

Plate 3

Evaluation of Equations Design No.4.

Plate 4

Influence Diagrams Design No.1.

Plate 5

Influence Diagrams Design No.2

Plate 6

Influence Diagrams Des,ign No. 3

Plate 7

Plate 8

Influence Diagrams Design No.

Influence Ordinates For Live Load Moment Design No. 1

Plate 9

Maximum Positive and Negative

Live-Load Moment Design No. 1

Plate 10

Influence Ordinates for Dead Load Moment and Maximum Moment for
Design No. 1

Plate 11

Section Summary Design No. 1

Section and Weight Summary Design No. 1

_. 6 -

Plate 12
Plate 12A

A General Discussion of Statically

Indeterminate Structures

The statically indeterminate type of structure is not generally favored by the American Engineer.
Until recently this type has been actually shunned because of the lack of information and the lack of training in the design of such.

The majority of structural

engineers prefer to use types with which they are familiar, making many estimates based on judgment and experience.

They contend, too, that for every indeterminate

structure that it is possible to design a determinate

type that will carry the same load with as little or
less material.

A few citations follow, giving the com-

parative amount of material needed for a type of bridge,

stepping from a statically determinate one to one of indeterminateness in the first degree or from one toanother type that is statically indeterminate in a higher degree.
trFor the Sciotoville Bridge over the Ohio river
at Sciotoville, Ohio, consisting of two spans at 775 feet,
the saving in favor of continuous spans over two simple
spans was found to be about 15 per cent."
ftAccording to comparative studies reported by
Winkler, the economy ef continuous spans of two, three,

- 7 -

four spans is 16, 19, and 21 per cent, respectively,

when the span length is about 325 feet;

and 20, 24,

and 28 per cent, respectively, when the length is about

500 feet." 1
"Ierriman and Jacoby investigated the result
of placing a hinge at the crown of a 550-foot two-hinged
spandrel-braced arch bridge over the Niagara River and
found that if just one hinge were placed in the upper
chord the weight of the arches alone would be decreased
11.8 per cent." 2
"Professor W. Dietz of Munich states that a
very careful comparison of material required for a twohinged and three-hinged arch for the 110-foot span of
the Hacker Bridge in Munich, indicated that 11.3 per
cent excess was required for the latter type." 2
A chief objection to the use of a continuous
bridge or of a hingeless arch has been that it is sensitive to settlements of foundations.
1.

Needless to say,

Hool and Kline -- Movable and Long-Span Steel

Bridges, p. 200.

2.

Parcel and Maney

Statically Indeterminate Con-

struction, p. 405.

- 8 -

this type of bridge would not be considered unless

rock foundation was available, and any slight settlement of the foundation would cause very little change
in the stress.
Another objection has been that the continuous bridge would be seriously affected by temperature
changes.

The effect of the expansion and contraction

of intermQdiate piers will cause little changes in

stresses according to several studies reported. 3

It

has also been determined that the effect of unequal

temperature changes in different parts of the span can
safely be neglected providing the members of the span
have the same coefficient of expansion.
A continuous bridge of the indeterminate type
has advantages in rigidity and economy and in the fewer
number of expansion joints.

Its use permits a decrease

in the width of intermediate piers.

In addition, a

continuous bridge and especially a continuous-arch span

has all the advantages of a cantilever bridge for locations over navigable waters where clearance must be
maintained during the construction period.

The contin-

uous structure eliminates the detailing and expense of

hinges.

There is no question but that the design of an

Hool and Kline -- Movable and Long-Span Steel Bridges,

p. 201.

- 9 -

indeterminate structure involves a great deal more work

and calculations.

It is usually necessary to make more

than one trial design.

However, if a small per cent of

material and weight is saved, the extra time spent in

design is warranted.
In the final analysis, the results given by

engineers, both pro and con, on the statically indeterminate structure are largely theoretical and are not
based on extensive experiments.
actual monuments of

There are not enough

indeterm~ate

structures that have

approximately the same site conditions of the many simple structures.

Until more such bridges are built

affording us more reliable comparisons, the advantages

of one or of the other will be debated largely on the
basis of theory.

It is probable that the statically

determinate structure will be favored for relatively

short spans and the indeterminate bridge will replace them
for longer spans .

- 10 -

A Brief History of Arch Bridges

The modern period in arch-bridge building began in the year 1716 when the French

~Departement

des

Ponts et Chaussies" was formed although the first real

emploYment of the true-arch type was as early as 600 B.C.
The first arch span of the monolithic type was a wrought
iron bridge built in 1808 over the River Crow at St. Dennis.

However, it was not until several years later, in

1879, that Weyrauch developed the fundamental equations

upon which the elastic-arch theory is based.

Arches of

iron have given way to structural steel spans, which type

in the form of ribs (hinged and fixed), truss design, or

braced spandrel construction is being utilized to a very

large extent in the field today.

The concrete arch con-

stitutes the latest development in the arch and is a very

important type, especially for short-span structures, in
which it has nearly an exclusive field.

Weare more

particularly concerned with the long-span structure, in

which the steel arch supersedes the use of concrete for
material.
It is pertinent and interesting to follow the
several examples of arch spans that have been erected.
One of the first in which structural steel was used ex-

- 11 -

tensively is the Eads Bridge erected in 1874 across the

Mississippi River at st. Louis.

It consists of two side

spans of 502 feet and a center span of 520 feet with four
lines of fixed circular-arch trusses with parallel chords.
The structure carries an upper deck of a 52-foot highway
and a lower deck 32 feet wide for railway traffic.
In 1889, the Washington Arch Bridge was built
over the Harlem River at New York.

Two.

spans were erect-

ed at 509 feet and had 6 lines of circular plate-girder

arches 13 feet deep and a 90 foot rise.
two hinges.

Each girder has

The bridge carries a highway 80 feet wide.

The bridge Alexander III was constructed in

1899 over the River Seine at Paris, France.

Spans of 352

feet with 15 lines of circular plate-girder arches 3 feet

deep and a 21 foot rise were used.

A highway deck was

supported on top with a width of 131 feet.

During 1897-1898, the Rhine Bridge at Bonn,
Germany was erected.

It was a through arch having a

highway floor 46 feet wide.

It contained two lines of

arch trusses 614 feet center to center of hinges with a

rise of 97 feet to the bottom chord.
The Wupper Railway Viaduct was completed in
1897 at Mungsten, Germany.

The spans were hingeless-

arch trusses 588 feet long with a rise of 219 feet and

12 -

carried a deck of 28 feet in width.

16 feet apart at the

c~ovvn

The trusses were

and 84 feet apart at the

springing line.
One of the first bridges of the type which is
under study was a three-span continuous truss with a tied
arch in the middle span built over the Angora River at
Irkutsk, Russia.

The structure consisted of two side

spans 278 feet and a center span of 500 feet with the
arch rising 78 feet.
In 1933, the Lachine Bridge was designed and
later built across the St. Lawrence River near Montreal.
It consisted of a continuous structure of several spans,
but the main span was a continuous tied-arch truss 400
feet long.

This structure was designed by the Lake St.

Louis Bridge Corporation and constructed by the Dominion

Bridge Company, Ltd.
There is no bridge known that consists ofa
three-span continuous plate girder with a tied-arch rib
in the middle span.

This scheme was suggested by the

last competition at Mannheim, Germany, but it is not

known whether any has been designed and erected.

The

tied arch itself has been used frequently in Europe but

no examples can be cited.

Description of Type

The type under study is a three-span continuous plate-girder bridge with a tied-arch rib in the middle span.

The structure is statically indeterminate in

the third degree.

In an ordinary arch inclined reactions

are exerted on the bearings, but in a tied arch the horizontal component of the reaction is resisted by the tie
connecting the two bearings, the tie acting as a beam as
far as the reactions are concerned.

The stresses, how-

ever, are determined as in an arch.

The bridge is a

through structure, the roadway being suspended by hangers

from the arch rib.

One end of the arch will be fixed

with the remaining bearings consisting of rollers.

The arch itself will be parabolic in shape,
the rise of the arch being about 1/6 of the span length.
Ample rigidity must be secured by making the width between the arch spans at least 1/20 of the span length.
The side spans are plate girders with the roadway fastened to the bottom of the girders.
Design No.4.

The one exception is in

The length of the side spans do not allow

the use of a plate girder, the weight and section required being excessive for economy.
The bridge structure must be braced against

- 14 -

side-sway and windloads in the lateral direction by

ample bracing both in the upper chord and in the section of the tie.

It is generally agreed that the Warren

truss system is the most economical for such lateral

bracing.
Types similar to this are generally designed
on the basis of elastic centers or on the basis of
least work.

The "method of least work" will be follow-

ed in this study.

This method, commonly known as Cas-

tigliano's second theorem, was discovered independently

by A Castigliano and was developed in his treatise on
the t1Theorie de l'equilibredes systemes elastiques tl
detailed explanation of the method will follow.

- 15 -

The Principle of Least Work

"The fundamental conception upon which the

method of least work is based may be presented in an
ideally simple statement, namely, that a structure will
deform in a manner consistent with physical limitations,
and so that the internal work of deformation will be a
minimum. nl

In order to apply the above me.thod, the

structure must be severed so as to obtain a statically

determinate condition, the unknown forces being called
redundants.

Then, an expression for the total internal

work is set up in terms of these redundants.

The total

internal work is equal to one half the product of the

square of the moment and the sub-division dx divided by
the product of the moment of inertia and the modulus of
elasticity.2

Partial derivatives of the internal

work are taken in respect to each redundant and the derivatives are set equal to zero.

The unknowns may be

determined by solving the resulting simultaneous equations.

A mimimum condition is obtained in setting the

1.

Grunter -- Theory of Modern Steel Structures, p. 64.

2.

See Plate A for the mathematical development of the

total internal work.

- 16 -

derivative to zero.

"In every case of statical inde-

termination where an indefinite nrunber of different

values of the redundant forces X will satisfy all statical requirements, the true values are those which render the total internal work of deformation a minimum. D)
The indeterminate forces or redundants are chosen at
points where .any displacements are prevented, such as
supports.

Hence, the partial derivative is equal to

zero.

Parcel and Maney - An Elementary Treatise of Statically Indeterminate Stresses, p. 123.

-n-

Direct Stresses

The tension stress in the. horizontal tie

produces a direct stress in the arch ring equal to
H Sec e.

There is also a direct stress produced

in the tie itself.

It is affected by the camber in

the tie, but the angle of inclination is so small

that the secant of the angle is nearly unity.
fore, the direct stress is equal to H.

There-

The camber

of the tie also causes a direct stress in the hangers,

but the value of the stress is negligible.

- 18 -

Notation

H = horizontal thrust in tie

Ml= moment at left end of arch span over pier
M2= moment at right end of arch span over pier
I = moment of inertia at any cross-section of arch
1,= moment of inertia of side span cross-section
A = arch section, in square feet
Ah= hanger section, in square feet
At= horizontal tie section, in square feet
X = distance from end of arch span to any section
Xl= distance from end of side span to any section
Y

=:

vertical distance between arch and tie axes at

any point

= inclination of arch rib

= inclination of horizontal tie section

AS = Linear increment in arch span, in feet

..1 Sl

= linear increment in side span, in feet

L = length of arch span, in feet

Ll = length of side span, in feet

E

=:

modull1s of elasticity of structural steel

Eh= modulus of elasticity of hanger if other than

steel.
f

= camber

or

horizontal tie, in feet

- 19 -

A h = length of any ha.nger, in. feet

A = spacing

of hangers~ or panel length, in feet

do = depth of section over pier, in feet

d = depth of arch, in feet
dl = depth of side span section, in feet
k

= position ratio of any load

- 20 -

(x...!. 1)

Influence Lines

An influence line may be described as a

curve any ordinate of which gives the value of the function (shear, moment, horizontal thrust, stress, etc.)
for which the curve is drawn when a load of unity is at
the ordinate.

An influence line for shear or moment

records graphically the value of the function at a single section for loads at all sections, which contrasts
greatly with a simple shear or moment curve that records
graphically the value of the function at all sections of
a structure under a fixed loading.

From its manner of

construction it rol1ows that any influence line gives

the effect ofa concentrated. load, or of a series of
such loads, by the multiplication of each load intensity
by the value of the influence ordinate at the load.

- 21 -

Stress Analysis

Ordinarily, the first step in the analysis

of a continuous structure is the construction of an
influence diagram for one of the unknown reactions
known as the elastic curve.

The influence lines for

all members of the structure are constructed by drawing straight lines across the curve.

In the case of

the structure under study, not only are the vertical

reactions unknown but the moments at the piers and the
horizontal thrust in the tie as well.

In such a case,

influence lines must be obtained for the three redunAfter these values are found,
the stresses may be determined by statics.
The sections are proportioned for a uniform
live load in combination with one concentrated load
placed where its effect isa maximum.

This is in ac-

cordance with the bridge specifications of the American

Association of State Highway Officials. l This load is
chosen of such magnitude as to give an effect equal to
that produced by the actual vehicle on the structure.
1.

The American Association of State Highway Officials

Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, p. 174.

- 22 -

Live loads can be used as a uniform load across the

span, and the value of the function can be obtained
by multiplying the area of the influence diagram by
the uniform load per foot.

This has been varied

slightly by breaking up the load into a series of concentrated loads assumed to be acting at the panel
points.

The live-load moment is then computed by mul-

tiplying the panel load by the ordinate at that point.

After the simultaneous equations are solved
by determinants, and the values of H, Ml, and M2, are
found, we tabulate the values for each at the various
load points. 2

By taking these values and substitut-

ing in our initial moment equations, we calculate the

influence ordinates for the moment at each load point. 3
The dead load moments are computed directly from our
original influence ordinates for H, Ml, and M2, as the
dead loads are stationary and will always be acting. 4
For our maximum negative and positive live load moments,
we must load the influence diagrams whose ordinates are
given on Plate 10. 5

2 See
3See
4See
5See

Plate
Plate
Plate
Plate

For the maximum positive moment,

5, p. 63
9, p. 67
11, p. 69
10, p.68

- 23 -

the length of the structure showing positive moment

ordinates is loaded with our live load.

The maximum

negative moment is obtained in like manner by loading

the length of the structure showing negative moment.
After these are obtained the maximum dead and live
load moments are combined and the maximum for design
is found.

The moments are secured by multiplying the

load at the point in question by the ordinate at the

same point and the results added algebraically.

- 24 -

DIAGRAM

FOR

5 PAN

MAIN

EQUATIONS

PLATE

A.

.U

<t

Q.I

~I
A

l'J
C1l
I

fi
1M

(.

...,.--,n
\

MI. U

\1

d\:C
Mit

TF as 15 SUFF/C,ENTl-Y
VAlUE OF'

THt:IeFORE,

FOJ!.

THE.

.'.

0(

N;P

= 57 C

FO/l!

S: lds-;- E

THE

L.AMIr4~

AND

ENTlR~ STleVCTV~E W=ffo ~

NOT;

TIt.s

S"::

0(= Mds~IE

OEV"/...oPMEliT

IS ENT/Il:El...V

EQUATION
NOTATION

W
0(

W = 'I~ Me(
i"'Mc+I
50 W:.

WORK

M::

THf; woRK OF THE: SENDING MOMe:rlT IS

FROM MeCHAN IC.s:

,~
P pi

INTERNAL

SMALL, THE AVERAGE

M'" (f'1I1+r'1L)+Z.

, .j
\

Q,

DEVELOPMENT OF

5r~tiS/

,
o

(r"C.~IN~'f'O"'-0 .. TI~)

C::

-!"

E -::
<is:
I =

TOTAL.

INTERNAL woRK
BENDING MOMEN'"f
ANGULAR.
DISTORTION
TOTAL. LINEAR O/:5TORTIO"l
DISTANCE TO r::-XTRME FIBER
UNIT STR5i:SS IN EXTREMe: FIBER
MOOUl-US

OF" ELASTIC ITY

DR l-AMII'I A
MOMENT OF
''''CI!TIA

INCR.Me:NT

INoePENcn;:"lT OF

THE

/lBove: SKEn:..H

Equations For Design

Main

Span

Setting up the values for moment, we have the following for loads in the main span only:
For a unit load at a distance kl from the end of
the main span, we have,
When

x< kl)

M x = (\- k)x - Hy

+ M, (~)

+ M2.

t ---- - CD

When

X>kl

Mx=kCl-x)-Hy +M,(?)+M,f

-----0

Side Span:
For the left side span

Mx -= M t

b
l,

- -- --- ------- --- ----

For the right side span

Mx = Ml.1.' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - @

- 26 -

The total work will be, since

dx ,
W=.1..JM2.
2. EI

Where the last three terms represent the work

done by the arch, tie, and hangers in resisting the direct stresses.
Differentiating equation
and

~2

5 with respect to H, Ml,

which are the unknown forces:

.. 27 -

J-.

E1

kl

11!.

E.l1.

li-k){t-J<.),.d",

t.

-.tl fk.l.~
(l-"'hldx t M.!.
\.-x'1 dx. + MiE.'l

E\.~

Ell.

kl
n-x.)xdx.

1.

)(.,1d x
I

aW.

at{

Setting the above first derivatives equal to zero,

multiplying by E, an9. rearranging, we have

- 28 -

Jr..'1I
1

M2.

d x. -

[U-k)f

f1

X'Idx. -

kt
Y-'fdx

M.
lz.

Jl

+k

(\-xhdx -

0 0

rJ~l. (l-1.)'ldx.
] =0
I

, Jr1~ldx
Sl'
I ' 1,

M2.( \2.

xfdx.

-+ -\

I,

These three equations may be expressed in the following form by sUbstituting singular coefficients for one
or more terms.

- 29 -

Instead of actually integrating in order to obtain the various values for a structure, we may divide
the structure into increments or 65

distances, obtain

the values for the various subdivisions, and make a

summation of all individual values in order to obtain
an evaluation for the entire structure.

Theoretically,

these subdivisions should be infinitesimally small, but

for practical purposes we make each division equal to a
panel length, or, in case of the arch ring, the amount
subtended by ,a panel length.

The main reason for so

doing is to allow computations to be made in tabular

form.

Therefore, we substitute the subdivision

~s

for the term dx and the sign of summation, ~ , for the

integral sign,

f. .

write the following.

For a symmetric.al structure we

In computing these values we have

made the substitution that the moment of inertia varies

as the cube of the depth.
where do

For I we substitute

do
(~

)3

is the depth over the pier and d is at any sec-

tion.

- ~O -

02.=

b,=

b ::

c3 ~

Z.

t t (\-~,,65 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I

-1.

[L " I l1s
0

~ 1.

2-

+(-) ~ X'~51]
1. 0
I I

- --@

- - -- - -- - - -----@

"
k't

A = (\-k)'E J<.'ltls +k~ n-XbJ6S - - - - - - - - - - - -----@

I
u
I
,

k't

A ~ - [(l-k)~ (\-)(.)~us
2.

t[(,-k) ~ )(~

kl

A3 :

~k

Z (\-x)z. AS] -

- - -- - -

-x~ As] - -

- - - - - - - -@

k\

tn
\

- 31 -

- -

It should be noted that the second term of

is antisymmetrical to the first term,
is antisymmetrical to the
and A) is antisymmetrical to A2.
The word antisymmetrical is applied to the condition in which the total sum of the values for a certain
term is equal to that of another term, but as the values
for one are increasing or decreasing, the values for the
other are increasing or decreasing but in the reverse order.

For example, the values of x are increasing from

a minimum at the left side of the main span to a maximum

at the right pier.

At the same time, the values for

(l-x) are increasing from a minimum at the right end to

a maximum at the left pier where x was a minimum.

The

summation for both terms is equal.

Inter-changing some of the coefficients for their
equal in order to have as few different coefficients as
possible, we have:

Ha.-M,Qz. - Mzaz. = At - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- @

... 32 -

Solving for the unknown values by determinants,

we have:

A,-

Q2. -

Qz.

A2.- b 2. - 03

H =

A3-b~-b2..
~I

Q1.. ~

PI. - b 3

b~

2. -

A ,( b~- b:)+A2-(a1.b,- Chbl.) + A3(Q1.b~- a 2 b;!.)

Cl\(b~- b~) + a~{2b3-2b:z.) .

al.

Q2. -

- b"

Simplifying and cancelling the term

we obtain:

-------------@

Q,+A,-a2.
Qz.+A2..- b 3
Q31-A 3 -bl.

M ,:=- 1 - - - - - ell -

Qz. - ell.

Q1.-

b z.- b 3

Ok-

b.3 - b

.~

33 -

Where

D is the same as for

H.

The influence ordinates for M2 are antisymmetrical

to those of MI.

That is the ordinates

de~ease

or in-

crease from the left side to the right in the same manner and value as the ordinates for Ml decrease or increase from the right to the left and the summation of
the ordinates is the same.

DIAGRAM

51DE

FOR

-'sPAN

EQUATIONS

PLATE

B.

.kt

I.

,.3

I-

Z
-;)

z
~I

-kt,

(f)

1;;}J

tv

CJl
I

..Q.,

DEVELOPMENT
I

."'-"-

R.

I. I -.II:-}J(.

R2,
x

MOMENTS

UNITY

:. R,: (1-1<.)
WHEN

J-

LOAD

Z.MRa. : R,)(~

&

REACTION:)

USING

"1

,m
x

1*

OF

Q.

WHf:N)(

AND

TAKING

MOMENTS fiT

I (l-k).Q." 0
R~ ~

.Jl>-

)<.<~.tl Mrn=(I-Je.)X

>~~, Mn~(I-Je)x-l(x-.k.t)",.k.(.Q-)()

R~~

Equations for Design

Side Span:
Developing the parallel theory for the side spans
we have the following:
For a unit load at a distance kl, from the end of
the side span, we have:
Loaded Side Span
when

~< kl'l

Mil. ==

(l-k)x, +

M, ~' - - - - - - - - - - @
I

Unloaded Side Span

Mx=

M~~'------------------@
\.

MJI. ~ M, (1- t) + M2.

l - Hy -

The total work will be:

- 36 -

- - - - - - - - - -

W=-

Where the last three terms, as before, represent

the work done by the arch, tie, and hangers in resisting the direct stresses.
Differentiating the equation for total work with
respect to the unknown values H, Ml' and MZ respectively, we have for partial derivatives:

\)I
-.MJl
El

('l-)(" ydx

-&
El.

it

~'Jd)(.

1:

+.Ii
E.

fl.:l1:.

.... 37 -

+ ll.

st
G

sec:l. e dx

aw ={ El~
M2. r\~dx +~ (n-x.h.dx + M2.S\':Ld X
J II E1 J
I
~
I

dM1.

Setting the above

-11 ItX'IdX }
E\

derivatives equal to zero,

~irst

multiplying through by E, and rearranging, we have:

----@
- M !. r\(t-l<.)yd~ - M
\\J.o

1.1\ xydx
I

2.1.

"=

- 3.8 -

These three equations may be expressed in the following manner:

Ha,-M,b,-Mz.c,=O - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Hal-M,b3-M;tC3=O - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

In the same manner as before, we substitute

and the E

~s

for dx

sign for the sign of integration.

For a symmetrical structure we have:

\

"\.
L:
sec"l.fA5

""h~ +

Q
\

\.

~
b , = a 1 = l\.L.r
o

'\.

sec-:l.0A5

A...,

----------@

--------------

- 1- ~ "''I6os
~- l..
I

't
'l
Cl - x )"l..i "5 +/_)
:=.l.1.[L
L.t.
l
I
\ t,
"J.

=C
2.

1:

l \-x.)v~s - - - - I

c -: a
,

l..E \. :L
+frl._
A f).s - --- @
\.4 Eh 0 A;;

~,~s,
2

II

.,.. 39 -

-----------@

Again we have the term for b, and aZ antisymmetrical to that for c and a3.
Changing some of the coefficients for their equals,
we have:

Hal. - M, b 3 - M2.bl. : 0

- - - - - - - - - -

Solving for the unknown value by the method of

determinan~s)

0-

we have:

Q2. -Q;t

A~-b1.-b3

o -b

b1.

3
= ~------+

a,-G\1.-Q~

Ct1. -

b1

01 -

b a - bz.

b3

Multiplying through by -1 and cancelling terms of

(~Z - 0-3), we have:

A4-t- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

40 -

a,+O
C12.

M=

-02.

A4 -b 3

Q2.+0-b:z.
Q

Q2. - 02-

0 1 - b2. - b 3
Q2.-b~ -b:z.

Where D has the same value as for H.

Q.- C1 2 Q1- b2. Q:2,.-b 3

Q:2,.

b3

-b2.

For the values of the various unknowns we will

use a tabular form.

- 41 -

Evaluation of '"
~
o

sec}-edx.
A

The arch axis is assumed to be in the form of a

parabola.

If so, the vertical ordinates, or y distances,

varies as the square of the horizontal measurement, or x

distances, from the vertex of the curve, or at the crown
of the arch.

In accordance, we assume that the equation

of the parabola is

x"1.= lay

At the springing line,

when x = 110 and y = 36.67, which is the total use of the

arch, we have by substitution in the equation

~~~lay

l\OZ. :: 2.Q )(. 36.67

a -.:: \2.\00
78."31

\65

Then, the equation becomes

The slope of the curve at any point is the tangent

or ~

value of the curve equation

From the trigOm.Qlb.et:eie

relation$lli~s,we

- 42 -

1lavethe

which becomes

When the value of x at any point is substituted

in this equation, the value of sec.2.g

is obtained.

For example, at the mid-point of the fifth panel,

x =20.
sec:J.e-= \+{~oo5Y= \+(O.\2.12.Y

= \.0\47 .

In tabulating the valies, we substitute ISs . the

length arch axis subtended by the panel.
feet and A

= 108
1

sq. in. or 0.75 sq. ft., we have

sec 8As:=

1.0141,. 20.5 :.
0.75

Securing the values for

e~ch

2.7.75

panel, the summation

across the entire span gives us the value of ~o sec.~eAs

A
Since we multiplied all our terms by

d:

multiply our summation of ~

sec.:J.e /15
o
tain the final result.

- 43 -

by

d:

we must
to ab-

Evaluation of

J\ secA0
o

dx.

The horizontal tie between the bearings of the

arch is cambered, but the angle of inclination is so
small that the secant of the angle approaches unity.
For all practical purposes, it is safe to call the
value of

sec"

as one.

The cross-section of the

tie is constant, so the term may be integrated directly and evaluated.

If At = 40 sq. in. or 0.278 ft.,

and the limits are from 0 to 220 ft., we have

This value must also be multiplied by

d:

to

obtain the final correct result.

6~f2. E "}?~h
Evaluation of ~ - E h ~ Ah

The ratioE/E h is used so that the value will

apply to all conditions. If the hangers were composed of a different material, the moduli of elasticity
would not be the same, and the ratio would be used.

-44-

In this particular design, we have assumed that the

hanger and arch section are of identical material,
structural steel, so the ratio is equal to unity.
If we evaluate the term at panel point L,o where
the tie is cambered 0.25 feet, A = 0.21 sq. ft., the
panel spacing is .20 feet, and the length of the hanger is 36.14 feet, we have the following:

0.0000\\5

The term is negligible as far as affecting the

results of the design.
the term

d; ,

Even after multiplying by

we obtain (7.5)3 " 0.0000115= 0.00485

the value is still very small and can safely be neglected.

- 45 -

Design No.1.

Data:

= 220'

Main span

-0" center to center of bearings

(11 panels at :20' -on)

= 100'

Two side spans

Rise ratio

o~

-0" (5 panels at 20 1 -on)

parabolic arch

Theoretical height

arch

o~

Thiclmess of arch at piers

Thiclmess of arch at crown

= 36' -8"
= 7' -6"
= 3 1 -6"

24' -0"

Clear width of roadway =

Impact

.6

=1

50
1+125

Floor slab

= 8"

slab crowned to IOU at center

With 25 lb. per sq. ft. wearing surface

totaling 150

Ib.p~r

sq.ft.

Stringers assumed to weigh 40# per ft. and spaced

4'

-0" c. to c.

= bending

40,000

moment due to

concentrated load
0.345 -

50
20+125

= impact

ratio

13,800 = 40,000 x 0.345 = bending moment due to impact

_.2
32,000 = 150x.4+40 x 10 = bending moment due to dead
2

load

- 46 -

85,800 = total bending moment

= 18,000 S
16' - 40# wf

12 x 85,SOO
S = 57.2 (a

beam is ample)

Use all stringers as of this section.

Design of Floor Beams:

(Spaced 28' -0" c. to c.)

Maximum concentration on floor beam at stringer point

nearest the center comes from 15-ton truck when one
12,000# wheel load is over the floor beam and a 3000#
load 14 feet away.

This makes a concentration of

12,000 + 3000 x ~ = 12,300#

20
I =

50
,28+125

= 0.327

= 12,300 (5.75
+ 28 = .23,300#
RL

+ 11.75 + 14.75 + ,20.75)

234,900 = (23,300 x 13 .25 - 12,300 x 6)

= bending

moment due to live load.

71,800

= (234,900

x 0.327) = bending moment due to

impact.
3352

= (150

+ 1&) 20 + ].5.2 = equivalent dead load per

foot.
3.27,000

= (3352

(152# section assumed)

,.

2) (13 .25 x 14.75) bending moment due

to dead load.

- 47 -

633,700 = total bending moment

12 x 633,700 = 18000 S

S = 425 (a 33 tr -152# wf beam is sufficient)

Equivalent live load = (480 x

12
9

per foot.

x 0.94)

Total panel load = 600 x 20

Impact = 0.30 x 600

= 180

= 600

lb.

l2,000 lb.

lb. per foot.

Total panel load due to impact

3,600 lb.
Total

15,600 lb.

Concentrated load for moment =

13,500 x 12 x 0.94
Concentrated load for shear

19,500 x

16 x
9

0.94

16,900 lb.

24,400 lb.

Dead load from each floor beam =

3352 x .28

"2

46,900 lb.

Lateral Forces:
Assume 150# per linear foot on unloaded chord
Assume 300# per linear foot on loaded chord
Assume a lateral force of 200 lb. per linear foot acting
6 ft. above the floor due to moving live load and wind
pressure upon the load.
Load per panel = 500 x .20 = 10,000 lb. on loaded chord
Load per panel = 150 x 20 = 3000 lb. on unloaded chord

- 48 -

1st coefficient

1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10
11

2i
11

Bottom Chord:
Wind Load Stresses
p=

/0,

ooo#./ tan

Pian e

=:

()=

~o : :- 0.834-; sec

A~

f)-=

8340#

Stress in chords

= coefficient

x P tane

Stress in webs = coefficient x P sec

A

I. 305; ,: Psec e.:= 1/80:f!

double system of bracing will be used in each panel,

but each diagonal will be assumed capable of resisting

tension only.

The maximum shear in any panel occurs

when every panel point to the right of the section is

loaded.
The total wind load

= 110

kips.

Design:
Diagonals
Maximum unsupported length may be taken as

Ii

feet less

than the diagonal distance c. to c. of panel points because of the support which is provided by flanges of
main girders and gusset plates at connection.

1 = (1.305 x ,24 x 12) - 18

- 49 -

= 357

in.

This unsupported length is fairly large so it will be

considered as each member developing tension only.
The net area required is 65,.200/ 16000

= 4.07

n using

7/8" rivets at 3" spacing.

Panel ab
Net area furnished by two 5" x 3t"

3/8" angles, with

5fl legs back to back.

Net area furnished is 80% x 6.10
Number of rivets

= 65,200 = 11
bOlO

rivet value in single shear)

= 4.88

rivets

lJ

(Field driven

12 will be used.

6 in each

angle.
Net area for panel bc
53,400/16000 = 3.34

"

Area furnished by two 4 f1

3"

(.2 x 2.48).

3/8" angles is

.80

= 3.97

53400/6010 = 9 rivets (10 will be used - 5 in each angle).

Panel cd
42,700/16000

= .2.67

Area furnished by two

3!"

,2!"

x 3/8" angles is

(2 x 2.11). .80 = 3.38

No. of rivets

= 42,700/6010 = 7

each angle).

- 50 -

(8 will be used - 4 in

Panel de
33,200 ;: 16000

=:

.2.08

a"

Area furnished by two 3" x

:2-~" X

5/l6 n angles is

(.2 x 1.6.2). .80

Number of rivets = 33,.200} 6010

used -

=:

=:

2.59

c"

6 rivets (8 will be

in each angle).

This same size angle will be used in panels remaining

as it is the minimum angle allowed for bracing.
Chords:
Panel AB
41,700/ 16000

=:

.2.60

A 10" [15.3#

will be used although furnishing more

area than necessary.

an

required

(4.47

a nG .) (4.47-2xO.24)

3.99 nN.
Panel

Be

75,100/ 16000 = 4.70

A 10 11

0"

required

[.20# will be used (5.86 nG.)(5.86-2xO.38)

5.08 On N.
fane1 CD
100,100/16000 = 6.25

Dn

required

A 10"[ .25# will be used (7.33 - .2 x 0.53)

Panel DE
125.1/16000 =: 7. 82 !J 0 n required

... 51 -

= 6.27

sq.in. N.

0"

A 10" [30# will be used (8.80

= 7.46

G.) (8.80 - .2 x 0.67)

sq. in. N.

Panel EF
141.8/16000 = 8.85

LJ "

A 10" [ 35# will be used (10.27

= 8.63

Q"

[J"

G.) (10.27-2 x 0.82

Panel FE'
150.1/16000 = 938

Pn

A 10" [35# will be used (10.27

On

G.) (10.27 - .2 x

0.82) = 8.63 sq. in. N.

See diagram No. 12 for sections.
Design of Side Span:
Stringers and floor beams of the same section as for
the main span will be used.
Lateral Bracing
The lateral bracing in the plane of the lower flanges
must provide for all the lateral forces due to the wind
and to the effect of sway, including the wind force which
is normally assigned to the upper flanges.
Wind force = moving load equal to 30# per

a,

on one

and one-half times area in elevation.

It

x 30 x 5 x I = 225# per linear foot.

- 52 -

Also a 200# load asa lateral force is acting against

the live load.
Total horizontal force = 425# per linear foot.
The lateral system moving panel load is
425 x20 = 8500 lb.

A double system of bracing will be used, but each

diagonal will be assumed capable of resisting tension
only.
First coefficient = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10
5
5

=2

P = 8500#; tan-&= 20 = 0.834; sec-tt = 1.305; 1/5 P sec

24

~ = 2220#; P tanf!r-;707o#

Stresses in chords = coefficient x P

sec~

The total wind load is 42.5 kips.

A minimum size angle of 3" x

.2t"

x 5/16 n was used for

all diagonals which furnished a net area of 2.59 sq. in.

- 53 -

Conclusions

In combining our influence diagrams for

dead load moment, our initial equations are used.

The

first term (l-k) x or k(l-x) in the equations for the

main span is equivalent to the moment at any section,
treating the arch as though it were a simple beam. The
sum of the values for the last two terms Ml(l-x) and
M2

produces a straight line diagram for a symmetri-

cal design since Ml and M2 are antisymmetrical and the

totals are identical.

In superimposing the diagram for

the simple beam moment upon that for the end moment,
we obtain points of zero stress at the intersections
of the two diagrams.
It is evident that there can be a considerable error in the values for direct stress and the design will not be materially affected.

The tension in

the tie causes direct stress in the hangers, but the

values are negligible.
in

We can have considerable error

assuming the areas of the arch ring and horizontal

tie and our design will not be affected a great deal.

The arch ring area may be in error as much as 50% and
yet the values of the redundants be affected but by a
small percent.

- 54 -

The method of evaluating the equations for

the redundant forces may be simplified a great deal by
assuming panel lengths in the side span equal to those
in the main span.

Then, the panel length as a whole

may be used as unity.

The values of moment ordinates

must then be multiplied by the length of the panel in

feet.

The values for the horizontal thrust in the

tie is correct in either case.

The values of thrust

do not depend upon the span of the structure, but the

thrust is analagous to the shear in a beam.
This is evident upon inspecting the H-influence lines for the different designs.

The values

vary only slightly and are entirely independent of

the span lengths.

The change in span lengths has a

decided effect upon the value of the redundants Ml and

M2.

This is in accordance with the fact that moment

is dependent upon the length of the structure.

As the

length of the side span is made to approach the main

span length, the end moment at the intermediate pier
produced by a load in the side span approaches the end
moment at the same point produced by a load in the
main span.

This increase in length of the side span

tends to increase the negative end moment and so decrease the positive moment

~t

- ~5 -

the arch crown.

Increasing the side span past a certain

point affects the type of section used.

A plate gird-

er section may be used economically up to lengths of

125 feet.

Above that box girders must be used.

Above

a certain point box girders would prove uneconomical,

and it would be feasible to use a truss for the side
span.

In Design No.4, the main span is 325 feet and

the side spans are 200 feet in length.

The side span

section would of necessity be composed of a box girder or of a truss.

Above the point where a box girder

section proves economical and a truss section must be

used, it would prove more satisfactory to use a truss
for the main span also.

The design as followed would

be equally applicable.

- 56 -

BIBLIOGRAPHY

McCullough, C. B. and Thayer, E. S.

Elastic Arch
Bridges. New York City.
John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., 1931. pp. 8-14; 33-42; 125-141.
Spofford, Chas. M. The Theory of Continuous Structures and Arches.
New York and London. MeGrawHill Book Company, Inc., 1937. pp. 1, 57, 58;
184-.203.
Krivoshein, G. G. Simplified Calculation of Statically Indeterminate Bridges.
Prague, Czechoslovakia.
Published by author, 1930. pp. 77-80;
86-95; 110-113.
Parcel, J. I. and Maney, G. A.
An Elementary Treatise
on Statically Indeterminate Stresses.
New York
and London. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.;
Chapman &
Hall, Ltd., 1936. pp. 121-122; 320-338; 403-420.
Cross, Hardy and Morgan, N. D.
Continuous Frames Of
Reinforced Concrete. New York and London. John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.;
Chapman & Hall, Ltd., 193.2.
pp. 247-270.
Sutherland, Hale and Bowman, H. L.
An Introduction
to Structural Theory and Design.
New York and
London. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.; Chapman and
Hall, Ltd., 1930.
pp. 184;217-18; 231-37.
Seely, Fred B.
York City.
.283-.284.

Advanced Mechanics of Materials. New

John Wiley and Sons, Ind., 1932. pp

The American Association of State Highway Officials.

Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges. Washington, D.C., pUblished by the Association, 1935.
pp. 165...,205.
Kunz, F. C. Design of Steel Bridges. New York and
London. McGraw Hill Book Company, Inc., 1915. pp.
312-366.

- 57 -

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Hool, G. A. and Kinne, W. S.

Movable and Long-Span
Steel Bridges.
New York and London. McGraw-Hill
Book Company, Inc., 1923. pp .218-258; 393-482.
Hool, G. A. and Kinne, W. S.
Structural Members and
Connections.
New York and London.
McGraw-Hill
Book Company, Inc., 1923. pp. 199~203.

- 58 -

.VALUATION
I

It I X
L 7 . I.~
L~ . ~.~

L, o

.",

65

'l.~
~

6.19

/21:1..

1.180

~5

/. H,z,

.%.1.H. 1.28 81

/60.6

:J5.

5 J 1" . /. 995:

~~"Ii/MA.

7.11'0

':508

7~i/o,sl

/,80

:J3J8

'OH. '/;Z8
P

'I.'
/.3

tJ:J18 (J.III

/J.I

H /I- ~
..,.-..to' ~-

/.'9/1 . . .

1180 1 tJ86' fJ.75

;.:l08

~fi,,fJ'''2f'~.'!)
t-

jI;j

:28~

3"11 :;1"1
",12t> .fj.90

L'.,

:1 J28 i,1o 1'J

1_.

11801/D-'~

1'70
"~,,

O.,?O

~~ -

-9 67/

.11./18

'.o.H

:til8.~
/98.8

68,ZI/1-Z

,8.ZI ~f.z

I~.

/60-.7

:Z$.~

....

0.206

0.J05

- Q.

I ~

0 75'1

-0.81't1

0.110

7. 51

-8.04l~

-0.39of1

-0.788

8.729 -8858

-0.1'6/

O. 59Q

-~. 51"

7. .~I

: 1'70

o.~70

'.OJJ
"1118

i o./!JS 2.087

' -0. ~78

2113.

J5<f.9

55.1'

1/78 I

1"~':

~5.'/

35/.8

/27.1

:t 1'. I

8.~

1/1.5!

0.8181 tJ./818

1'~f/1

7 9 .7

0.9090

'Y..1.J."

11/.2,

1
_

2/10.

321'''I$JjJj./1/73.Z.

5 1.:t

1''f.1'I./oo"

1'/1'.7

/:/9.1'

05":1.8

'9.-

5/.Z /00.6

76.7

1"110./

~B.8

1.5/2.5

-.~

.241<1.1

O.J

/ZZ.f

:l/.~ .3~1I. .J

/~-6./

3.5

j :l970

O.~

'6'~1 '/2.1.

173.Z

/51.81 f Z.1. 1, 1'6.~, 88. 7

11q,7:J~.7138.01 70.7

/.5.6' 'f/8.:J

I'

/5 1>.0

8/.7

lU.1

21-0

~9.1

4I/.-

/1./

1.2

:Z~~

_._=-==i~-_..b._~+====*=====1===='====b===='===="===-i

I{(_~)

'""- {ftj~Z
.4,

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I

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-

"I
-I (1-/) L"~~'
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0
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L"

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3. 5'

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,.~

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tJ.8

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2.5 1.154/- /.637

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96

3. 5

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1.63'1 /8.&

8./

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0.5 /./5L/ /.5J7 31- I

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S "'wt,..,.. tl"~

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L IV - LOA D MOMENT

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DESIGN NO.1

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