Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Class 10
Crystallography and Crystal Structures
Suggested Reading
Chs. 3 M. DeGraef and M.E. McHenry, Structure of Materials, Cambridge (2007) 55-69.
Ch. 1 C. Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics, 3rd Edition, Wiley (1956).
Excerpt from ASM Metals Handbook.
Chs. 1 and 3 S.M. Allen and E.L. Thomas, The Structure of Materials, Wiley (1999).
Chs. 3 and 4 R. Tilley, Crystals and Crystal Structures, Wiley (2006).
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Questions to Ponder
What is a crystal system?
What are unit cells?
What information is needed to specify a crystal
structure?
H
How d
does a crystal
t l llattice
tti diff
differ ffrom a crystal
t l
structure?
What is a point group?
What is a space group?
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Salt crystals
N
Na
Cl
http://healthfreedoms.org/2009/05/24/table-salt-vs-unrefined-sea-salt-a-primer/
CRYSTALS
Solids where atoms are arranged in periodic
(i.e., repeating, symmetric, etc.) patterns.
SYMMETRY
Describes the repetitions of a pattern within a
crystal.
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One--Dimensional Lattice
One
T = 3a
a
T = na
* A lattice
l
point with
h
identical surroundings.
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Two--Dimensional Lattice
Two
y
x
T = 1a+2b
b
a
T = na + pb
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Three--Dimensional Lattice
Three
There are 3 non-collinear
basis vectors called
lattice parameters
(a, b and c).
3 interaxial angles.
All points can be defined
by a series of vectors:
T = na + pb + qc
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Three--Dimensional Latticecontd
Three
There are 3 non-collinear
basis vectors called
lattice parameters
(a, b and c).
3 interaxial angles.
All points can be defined
by a series of vectors:
T = na + pb + qc
Basis vectors define a
unit cell.
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2-D
Unit cell
3-D
Unit cell
c
c
Lattice
points
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LATTICE PARAMETERS
Axis
Inter-axial angle
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Crystal Systems
In 2D there are only four (4).
1.
2.
3.
4.
Oblique
Rectangular
Hexagonal
Square
Triclinic (anorthic)
Monoclinic
Hexagonal
g
Rhombohedral (trigonal)
Orthorhombic
Tetragonal
Cubic
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26
R Tilley
R.
Tilley, Crystals and Crystal Structures
Structures, Wiley,
Wiley New York (2006) p
p. 4
27
M. DeGraef and M.E. McHenry, Structure of Materials, Cambridge University Press (2007) p. 68
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Keep in mind
Crystal shape reveals underlying symmetry of
crystal.
Must place lattice points on shape to build up a
l i
lattice.
All lattice points must be identical
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Symmetry Operators
All motions that allow a pattern to be transformed from
an initial position to a final position such that the initial
and final patterns are indistinguishable.
1. Translation*
2 Reflection
2.
3. Rotation
4. Inversion (center of symmetry)
5. Roto-inversion (inversion axis)
6. Roto-reflection
7. Glide (translation + reflection)
Axial
Relationships
Interaxial
Angles
Minimum # of
Symmetry Elements
Cubic
a=b=c
= = = 90
Hexagonal
a=bc
= = 90; = 120
Tetragonal
a=bc
= = = 90
Rhombohedral
(Trigonal)
a=b=c
= = 90
90
Orthorhombic
abc
= = = 90
Monoclinic
abc
= = 90
Triclinic
abc
90
None
Crystal System
Increasin
ng symmetry
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Crystal System
+
Symmetric Array
of Lattice
o
a ce Points
o s
=
Bravais Lattice
We can classify
Bravais lattices in
terms of the number
of lattice points in
the unit cell
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