ongressional Webquest

Review the information contained in this webquest packet. Complete the tasks using the
websites: house.gov and senate.gov. There are also opinion questions to answer. We will
discuss your findings in class tomorrow.
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All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States which shall consist of a
Senate and House of Representatives. Constitution, Article I, section 1.

American Bicameralism: legislature divided into two houses

The House
435 members, 2 year terms of office
Initiates all revenue bills, more influential on budget
House Rules Committee
Limited debates
The Senate
100 members, 6 year terms of office
Gives advice & consent, more influential on foreign affairs
Unlimited debates (filibuster)

Congressional Leadership
The House
Led by Speaker of the Houseelected by House members
Presides over House
Major role in committee assignments and legislation
Assisted by majority leader and whips
The Senate
Formerly lead by Vice President
Really lead by Majority Leaderchosen by party members
Assisted by whips

Must work with Minority leader

Go to house.gov to identify the following:

Speaker of the House

Paul D. Ryan

Majority leader
Minority leader

Kevin McCarthy
Nancy Pelosi

Go to senate.gov to identify the following:

Majority leader Mitch McConnell
Minority leader Harry Reid

Review the following graph, The Incumbency Factor in Congressional Elections

What does the graph indicate about incumbents in Congress?

There is a significant chance of being reelected if one is an incumbent, and there is a 10%
higher chance that a House incumbent will be reelected rather than a Senate incumbent.
What factors could account for this?
Incumbents have more experience rather than candidates who have never been in Congress,
and it will also incumbents will be able to take action faster since non-incumbents will need
some time to settle in.

The Committees and Subcommittees

Four types of committees:
1. Standing committees: subject matter committees that handle bills in different policy areas
2. Joint committees: a few subject-matter areasmembership drawn from House and Senate
3. Conference committees: resolve differences in House and Senate bills
4. Select committees: created for a specific purpose, such as the Watergate investigation

Getting Ahead on the Committee: Chairs and the Seniority System

Committee chair: the most important influencer of congressional agenda
- Dominant role in scheduling hearings, hiring staff, appointing subcommittees, and managing
committee bills when they are brought before the full house
- Most chairs selected according to seniority system: members who have served on the committee the
longest and whose party controlled Congress become chair

See the following table, Standing Committees in the Senate and in the House.
Select one Committee in the Senate and one in the House. Use house.gov and senate.gov to
identify: (1) the chairman of the committee; (2) important issues that the committee is
presently working on.

Senate-Foreign Relations Committee:

Chairman-Bob Corker
Important Issues-To promote US leadership to fight against ISIS and to counter all the destabilizing forces in
the Middle East. To keep America safe from terrorism and to help others who have been afflicted, such as Paris.
House-Science:
Chairman-Lamar Smith
Important Issues-Astronomical research, energy efficiency and renewable energy, climate research and the
protection of the environment, and cybersecurity.

Caucuses: The Informal Organization of Congress

Caucus: a group of members of Congress sharing some interest or characteristic

About 300 caucuses
Caucuses pressure for committee meetings and hearings and for votes on bills.
Caucuses can be more effective than lobbyists

Use house.gov and senate.gov to identify some of the caucuses. If you were a member of
Congress, which caucuses would you like to be a member of?
Congressional Academic Medicine Caucus
Congressional Caucus on Youth Sports
Motorcycle Caucus
Task Force on Anti-Terrorism and Proliferation Financing
Sustainable Energy and Environmental Coalition
I would like to be part of the rare disease caucus, democratic Israel working group, and
the full employment caucus.

Congressional Staff
- Personal staff: They work for the member, mainly providing constituent service, but help with
legislation too.
- Committee staff: organize hearings, research and write legislation, target of lobbyists
- Staff Agencies: GAO, CBO provide specific information to Congress

Go to house.gov and click on Educators & Students. Click on Branches of Government.

Under Legislative, find out what GAO and CBO stand for, and what information they provide
to Congress?

GAO-The government accountability office is a government agency that provides auditing, evaluation,
and investigative services for the United States Congress.
CBO-The congressional budget office provides budget and economic information to Congress.

Go to house.gov and click on Educators & Students. Go to Legislative Process to confirm the
accuracy of the information in Figure 12.2. Is there any additional information provided?
Also, the Government Printing Office prints the revised bill and in known as enrolling.
The President has ten days to sign or veto the enrolled bill, and if he vetoes it, Congress
can override his veto with enough votes.
Party, Constituency, and Ideology
Party Influence:
- Party leaders cannot force party members to vote a particular way, but many do vote along
party lines
Constituency versus Ideology
- Prime determinant of members vote on most issues is ideology
- On most issues that are not salient, legislators may ignore constituency opinion.
- But on controversial issues, members are wise to heed constituent opinion.

Lobbyists and Interest Groups

There are thousands of registered lobbyists trying to influence Congressthe bigger the issue, the more
lobbyists will be working on it.

- Lobbyists try to influence legislators votes.

- Lobbyists can be ignored, shunned and even regulated by Congress.
- Ultimately, it is a combination of lobbyists and others that influence legislators votes.
* In 1974, 3% of retiring members of Congress became lobbyists. Today, 50% of senators and 42% of house
members do.

Congress and Democracy: Representation versus Effectiveness

Supporters claim that Congress:
- is a forum in which many interests compete for policy
- is decentralized, so there is no oligarchy to prevent comprehensive action
Critics argue that Congress:
- is responsive to so many interests that policy is uncoordinated, fragmented, and decentralized
- is so representative that it is incapable of taking decisive action to deal with difficult problems

Your members of Congress

Use only house.gov and senate.gov to answer the following questions:
Who is your representative in the House?
Rodney Frelinghuysen
Go to your representatives home page to identify:
- Committees that he/she is a member of:
Appropriations
- Choose three issues (e.g., healthcare, terrorism, education) and find your representatives positions on
these issues:
Healthcare: Portability of health coverage so you can take your plan with your from state to state and job to job.
Requiring insurance companies to cover individuals with pre-existing medical conditions.
Economic Growth and Opportunity: Fix the tax code to help job creators, and to encourage entrepreneurship
and growth by investing in infrastructure.
Immigration: To secure Americas borders and to reduce the number of legal immigrants admitted.
Who are your two Senators?
Cory Booker and Bob Menendez
Go to your senators home pages to identify:
- Committees that they are members of:
Booker:
US Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation
US Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship
US Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works
US Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Government Affairs

Menendez:
Foreign Relations Committee
Banking Committee
Finance Committee

- Choose three issues (e.g., healthcare, terrorism, education) and find your senators positions on these
issues:
Booker: Taking action to address climate change and cleaning up New Jersey communities, biomedical research
and medicare, and to rebuild transportation and infrastructure networks.
Menendez: Making college affordable for all students and expanding early childhood education, fighting against
discrimination and hate crimes, and investing in new transportation infrastructure.