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\vspace{0.1cm}
\hspace{0.5cm}In Figure 1 four samples occur during T, so that the
number of samples per
second for the multiplexed signal is 4f
S
. In general, for m signals, each sampled f
S
times per second, the number of samples per second for the multiplexed
signal is:
\begin{equation}
V_{S}^{M}= mf_{s}
\end{equation}
\vspace{0.1cm}
\hspace{0.5cm}
Different measured variables may have frequency spectra with different
maximum
frequencies: thus the power spectrum of a flow measurement may extend
up to 1 Hz,
but that of a temperature measurement only up to 0.01 Hz. The sampling
frequency of
the flow measurement must therefore be 100 times that of the
temperature measure-ment. In the multiplexed signal there will be 100
samples of the flow measurement
between each temperature sample. The multiplexed signal is normally
fed to a sample-and-hold device (Section 10.1). Figure 1 shows the
sample-and-hold waveform.
\section{Typical Data Acquisition System}
\hspace{1.1cm}Figure 2 shows a typical microcontroller-based data
acquisition system.
[1,2]
The
signal conditioning elements are necessary to convert sensor outputs
to a common
signal range, typically 0 to 5 V; Table 1 gives sensing and signal
conditioning
elements for different measured variables. The voltage signals are
input to a 16-channel time division multiplexer, and the multiplexed
signal is passed to a single
sample/hold device and analogue-to-digital converter (Section 10.1).
In cases where
all the sensors are of an identical type, for example 16
thermocouples, it is more
economical to multiplex the sensor output signals. Here the
multiplexed sensor signal
is input to a single signal conditioning element, such as the
reference junction circuit
and instrumentation amplifier, before passing to the sample/hold and
ADC.
\vspace{0.1cm}
\hspace{0.5cm}The ADC gives a parallel digital output signal which
passes to one of the parallel
data bit and all the bits are transmitted at the same time. Therefore,
if eight data bits
(one byte) are to be transmitted there are eight paths in parallel,
the voltage on each
path being typically 5 V for a 1 and 0 V for a 0. The total collection
of parallel paths
is called a data bus or data highway and is similar to the internal
data bus in a computer. Since, however, an internal computer bus can
only handle low power levels, it
must be connected to an external data highway via a buffered
interface. One com-monly used parallel data highway conforms to the
IEE 488/IEC 625 standard. This
is a bit-parallel, byte-serial transmission system capable of a
maximum transmission
rate of 1 Mbyte s
1
up to a maximum transmission distance of 15 m. The standard is
intended for high-speed, short-distance communication in a laboratorytype environment,
where there is relatively low electrical interference. The bus
comprises 16 lines: eight
lines are used for data (usually 7-bit ASCII +parity check bit), three
for handshaking
(see following section) and five for bus activity control. Up to 15
devices can be
connected onto the bus.
\section{Serial Digital Signals}
\subsection{Introduction}
\hspace{1.1cm} Serial digital signals can be used to transmit data
over much longer distances (typically
up to around 1 km) and are therefore commonly used in telemetry
systems.
[3]
Here all
the data bits are transmitted one bit at a time in a chain along a
single path. A serial
digital signal is therefore a time sequence of two voltage levels, for
example 0 V for
a 0, 5 V for a 1 (unipolar), or 2.5 V for a 0, +2.5 V for a 1
(bipolar). The transmis-sion path can vary from a standard twistedpair cable to a low-loss coaxial cable or an
optical fibre cable. Serial digital signalling is often referred to as
pulse code modulation.
\subsection{Transmision Bandwidth}
\hspace{1.1cm} A transmitter, consisting
of a sample/hold device, ADC and parallel-to-serial converter,
converts an input
analogue voltage into a serial digital signal, which is sent over a
transmission link to
a receiver. The transmission link may be cable, radio link or optical
fibre.
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