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\title{Data Acquisition and Communication System}
\author{Ghiffar Yanuar, 21050113130193}
\maketitle
\hspace*{0.5cm}All of the measurement systems discussed so far have
presented the measured value
of a single variable to an observer; i.e. the systems were single
input/single output.
However, there are many applications where it is necessary to know,
simultaneously,
the measured values of several variables associated with a particular
process, machine
or situation. Examples are measurements of flow rates, levels,
pressures and com-positions in a distillation column, temperature
measurements at different points in
a nuclear reactor core, and components of velocity and acceleration
for an aircraft.
It would be extremely uneconomic to have several completely
independent systems,
and a single multi-input/multi-output data acquisition system is used.
Here several
elements are time shared amongst the different measured variable
inputs. This
technique of time division multiplexing is discussed in the first
section of this
chapter, and a typical data acquisition system is described in the
following section.
\vspace{0.1cm}
\hspace*{0.5cm}The oil, water and gas industries are characterised by
complex distribution systems
involving the transfer of fluids by long pipelines from producing to
consuming areas.
Similarly, an electricity distribution system involves the transfer of
electrical power
from power stations to consumers, via a network of high voltage
cables. These systems
also include several items of equipment or plant, e.g. pumping
stations, compressors,
storage tanks and transformers, each with associated measured
variables. These plant
items are often located several miles from each other, in remote
areas. It is essential
for the effective supervision of these distribution systems that all
relevant network
measurement data are transmitted to a central control point.
\vspace{0.1cm}

\hspace*{0.5cm}To do this a complex communications system is required.


This usually consists
of a master station (at the central control point) and several
outstations (at the plant
items). The system must be capable of transmitting large amounts of
information
in two directions (M/S to O/S and O/S to M/S), over long distances, in
the presence
of interference and noise. This chapter discusses the principles of
parallel digital
signalling, serial digital signalling, error detection/correctionand
frequency shift
keying, which are used in communications systems, and concludes by
describing
the implementation of communications systems for measurement data with
special
regard to the Fieldbus standard
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{gambar1.png}
\caption{Time Division Multiplexing}
\end{figure}
\section{Time Division Multiplexing}
\hspace{1.1cm}Figure 1 shows a simple schematic diagram of a time
division multiplexer, with four
channels labelled 0, 1, 2 and 3. The input signal at each channel is a
continuous voltage
corresponding to a measured variable. The multiplexer also requires a
two-bit parallel
channel address signal to specify which input signal is connected to
the output line.
Thus if the binary address signal is 10, the switch in channel 2 is
closed and input 2
is connected momentarily to the output line. The multiplexer output
signal is thus a
series of samples (Chapter 10) taken from different measurement
signals at different
times. In sequential addressing the channels are addressed in order,
i.e. first 0, followed by 1, then 2 and 3, returning to channel 0 and
repeating, so that the pattern of
samples for the multiplexed signal is as shown in the diagram. Random
addressing,
whereby an observer selects a channel of interest at random, is also
possible.
\vspace{0.1cm}
\hspace{0.5cm}If T is the sampling interval, i.e. the time interval
between samples of a given
input, e.g. 0 or 1, then the corresponding sampling frequency fs=1/T
must satisfy
the conditions for the Nyquist sampling theorem (eqn [10.1]). These
require that f
s be greater than or equal to 2f$_{MAX}$, where f$_{MAX}$ is the
highest significant frequency pre-sent in the power spectral density
of the measurement signal.

\vspace{0.1cm}
\hspace{0.5cm}In Figure 1 four samples occur during T, so that the
number of samples per
second for the multiplexed signal is 4f
S
. In general, for m signals, each sampled f
S
times per second, the number of samples per second for the multiplexed
signal is:
\begin{equation}
V_{S}^{M}= mf_{s}
\end{equation}
\vspace{0.1cm}
\hspace{0.5cm}
Different measured variables may have frequency spectra with different
maximum
frequencies: thus the power spectrum of a flow measurement may extend
up to 1 Hz,
but that of a temperature measurement only up to 0.01 Hz. The sampling
frequency of
the flow measurement must therefore be 100 times that of the
temperature measure-ment. In the multiplexed signal there will be 100
samples of the flow measurement
between each temperature sample. The multiplexed signal is normally
fed to a sample-and-hold device (Section 10.1). Figure 1 shows the
sample-and-hold waveform.
\section{Typical Data Acquisition System}
\hspace{1.1cm}Figure 2 shows a typical microcontroller-based data
acquisition system.
[1,2]
The
signal conditioning elements are necessary to convert sensor outputs
to a common
signal range, typically 0 to 5 V; Table 1 gives sensing and signal
conditioning
elements for different measured variables. The voltage signals are
input to a 16-channel time division multiplexer, and the multiplexed
signal is passed to a single
sample/hold device and analogue-to-digital converter (Section 10.1).
In cases where
all the sensors are of an identical type, for example 16
thermocouples, it is more
economical to multiplex the sensor output signals. Here the
multiplexed sensor signal
is input to a single signal conditioning element, such as the
reference junction circuit
and instrumentation amplifier, before passing to the sample/hold and
ADC.
\vspace{0.1cm}
\hspace{0.5cm}The ADC gives a parallel digital output signal which
passes to one of the parallel

input interfaces of the microcontroller. Another parallel input/output


(I/O) interface
provides the address and control signals necessary for the control of
multiplexer,
sample/hold and ADC. These are a four-bit multiplexer address signal,
a sample/
hold control signal, an initiate conversion signal to the ADC, and a
data valid signal
from the ADC. The microcontroller performs whatever calculations (on
the input data)
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{gambar2.png}
\caption{Typical Microcontroller Based Data Acquisition System }
\end{figure}
\begin{table}[h]
\centering
\caption{Typical measured variables, sensing and signal conditioning
elements.}
\begin{tabular}{p{3.5cm}|p{4cm}|p{6cm}}
\hline
Measured Variable & Sensing Element (s)& Signal Conditioning
Elements \\
\hline
Temperature & Thermocouple & Reference junction
circuit+instrumentation amplifier \\
Temperature & Platinum resistance detector & Deflection
bridge+instrumentation amplifier \\
Flow rate & Orifice plate & Electronic D/P transmiter (420 mA)
+current-to-voltage converter \\
Weight & Strain gauge load cell & Deflection bridge +instrumentation
amplifier \\
Level & Electronic D/P transmitter (420 mA) & Current (e.g. 4 to 20
mA) to voltage (e.g. 0 to 5 V)
converter \\
Angular velocity & Variable reluctance tachogenerator & Frequency-tovoltage converter \\
Linear displacement & Linear variable differential transformer
(LVDT) & A.C. amplifier +phase-sensitive demodulator
+low pass filter \\
Pressure & Diaphragm +capacitance displacement
sensor & A.C. bridge +a.c. amplifier +phase sensitive
demodulator +LPF \\
Acceleration & Piezoelectric crystal & Charge amplifier \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}
\vspace{10cm}
\section{Parallel Digital Signals}
\hspace{1.1cm}Parallel digital signals were introduced in Section
10.1; one path is required for each

data bit and all the bits are transmitted at the same time. Therefore,
if eight data bits
(one byte) are to be transmitted there are eight paths in parallel,
the voltage on each
path being typically 5 V for a 1 and 0 V for a 0. The total collection
of parallel paths
is called a data bus or data highway and is similar to the internal
data bus in a computer. Since, however, an internal computer bus can
only handle low power levels, it
must be connected to an external data highway via a buffered
interface. One com-monly used parallel data highway conforms to the
IEE 488/IEC 625 standard. This
is a bit-parallel, byte-serial transmission system capable of a
maximum transmission
rate of 1 Mbyte s
1
up to a maximum transmission distance of 15 m. The standard is
intended for high-speed, short-distance communication in a laboratorytype environment,
where there is relatively low electrical interference. The bus
comprises 16 lines: eight
lines are used for data (usually 7-bit ASCII +parity check bit), three
for handshaking
(see following section) and five for bus activity control. Up to 15
devices can be
connected onto the bus.
\section{Serial Digital Signals}
\subsection{Introduction}
\hspace{1.1cm} Serial digital signals can be used to transmit data
over much longer distances (typically
up to around 1 km) and are therefore commonly used in telemetry
systems.
[3]
Here all
the data bits are transmitted one bit at a time in a chain along a
single path. A serial
digital signal is therefore a time sequence of two voltage levels, for
example 0 V for
a 0, 5 V for a 1 (unipolar), or 2.5 V for a 0, +2.5 V for a 1
(bipolar). The transmis-sion path can vary from a standard twistedpair cable to a low-loss coaxial cable or an
optical fibre cable. Serial digital signalling is often referred to as
pulse code modulation.
\subsection{Transmision Bandwidth}
\hspace{1.1cm} A transmitter, consisting
of a sample/hold device, ADC and parallel-to-serial converter,
converts an input
analogue voltage into a serial digital signal, which is sent over a
transmission link to
a receiver. The transmission link may be cable, radio link or optical
fibre.

\end{document}

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