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bclo*v.
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
PAI-I.AS
BOSTON CHICAGO
SAN FRANCISCO
LIMITKU
HOMBAY CALCUTTA
MELUCK'KNK
THE MACMILLAN
CO. OF
TORONTO
CANADA,
LTD.
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
BY
ARTHUR
SCJBULIi/TZE,
PH.D.
COPYRIGHT,
BY
1910,
Published
May,
1910.
Reprinted
February,
January, 1911; July, IQJS
January, 1915; May, September, 1916; August, 1917.
September, 1910
J. 8. Cushlng Co.
1913,'
PREFACE
IN
this
in algebra,
with
all
while
still
made
"
While
in
Elementary Algebra,"
many
respects
this book,
is
owing
among
omitted.
These
social
however, not only taxes a student's memory unduly but in variably leads to mechanical modes of study. The entire study
of algebra becomes a mechanical application of memorized
rules,
and ingenuity
treatment of factoring in
many
text-books
In this book
all
specially
2.
of
practical
teachers
unsound are
omitted.
All
PREFACE
vi
of the product of
of the binomial
3.
of
more
difficult
cises in this
work.
book
differ
from those
may
exceptions
in the
all
the exer
"Elementary Alge-
enable students
In regard
may
to
which
quite a departure from the customary way of treating the subject, and it is hoped that this treatment will materially diminish the difficulty of this topic for young students.
" The book is
designed to meet the requirements for admis-
and
PREFACE
vii
"
viz. in
geometry
memorized
rules.'
it is
may omit
these chapters."
applications.
to solve a
It is
McKinley
than one that gives him the number of Henry's marbles. But
on the other hand very few of such applied examples are
genuine applications of algebra,
is
PREFACE
viii
It is true that
offer
a field
The average
Hence the
field of
give as
many
The author
many
NEW
valuable suggestions.
YORK,
April, 1910.
ARTHUR SCHULTZE.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
PAGB
INTRODUCTION
.......
...
CHAPTER
15
........
....
Subtraction
III
...
MULTIPLICATION
Numbers
Monomials
Multiplication of a Polynomial by a
10
22
29
CHAPTER
Multiplication of
15
27
Signs of Aggregation
Exercises in Algebraic Expression
Multiplication of Algebraic
10
II
Monomial
31
31
....
34
35
Multiplication of Polynomials
36
39
CHAPTER IV
46
46
DIVISION
Division of Monomials
47
48
61
CONTENTS
CHAPTER V
PAGE
,63
.....,.
Symbolical Expressions
Problems leading
to
55
67
63
Simple Equations
CHAPTER VI
FACTORING
Type
76
I.
Type II.
Type III.
Type IV.
Type V.
Type VI.
Summary
Com77
Form x'2 -f px -f q
Form px 2 -f qx + r
....
-f
/^
78
80
83
84
86
87
of Factoring
CHAPTER
VII
Common Factor
Lowest Common Multiple
CHAPTER
89
89
Highest
91
VIII
93
FRACTIONS
Reduction of Fractions
Addition and Subtraction of Fractions
93
97
102
Multiplication of Fractions
Division of Fractions
104
Complex Fractions
105
CHAPTER IX
FRACTIONAL AND LITERAL EQUATIONS
......
112
Literal Equations
108
108
Fractional Equations
.
.114
CONTENTS
XI
CHAPTER X
.........
PAGE
120
Ratio
120
Proportion
121
CHAPTER XI
SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS OF THE FIRST DEGREE
Elimination by Addition or Subtraction
Elimination by Substitution
Literal Simultaneous Equations
Simultaneous Equations involving More than
....
129
130
133
138
Two Unknown
....
140
....
148
168
Quantities
CHAPTER
143
XII
164
160
tities
CHAPTER
XIII
INVOLUTION
165
Involution of Monomials
165
Involution of Binomials
166
EVOLUTION
...
CHAPTER XIV
169
Evolution of Monomials
170
171
1*78
CHAPTER XV
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS INVOLVING ONB UNKNOWN QUANTITY
Pure Quadratic Equations
178
181
Form
189
191
193
CONTENTS
xii
CHAPTER XVI
PAGK
195
....
195
200
CHAPTER XVII
RADICALS
205
206
Transformation of Radicals
Addition and Subtraction of Radicals
210
.212
Multiplication of Radicals
Division of Radicals
.....
219
CHAPTER
214
218
221
XVIII
227
CHAPTER XIX
SIMULTANEOUS QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
I.
II.
......
III.
Homogeneous Equations
IV.
Special Devices
232
232
234
236
237
-,
241
243
Problems
CHAPTER XX
PROGRESSIONS
246
Arithmetic Progression
Geometric Progression
Infinite
24(j
251
263
Geometric Progression
CHAPTER XXI
BINOMIAL THEOREM
BEVIEW EXERCISE
..
255
268
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
CHAPTER
INTRODUCTION
1.
Algebra
may
it
arithmetic,
treats of
quently denoted by
problem.
letters,
as illustrated in
the following
Problem.
is five
The sum
Let
Then
and
6x
Therefore,
= 42,
and
3.
A problem
4.
An
is
quantities; as,
6 a?
two
= 42.
6.
Unknown numbers
are employed.
B
z,
by the
last
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
EXERCISE
The sum
of two
A man
is
four
twice as
3.
sold a horse
How
much
and
B own
vested twice as
much
capital as B.
How much
has
in-
has each
invested ?
4.
The population
of
South America
is
9 times that of
Australia, and both continents together have 50,000,000 inFind the population of each.
habitants.
The
rise
6 times as
off
8.
If
The sum
two
9.
The sum
triangle is
are equal,
how many
degrees are
there in each ?
G
10. The number of negroes in Africa
10 times the number of Indians in America, and the sum of
both is 165,000,000. How many are there of each ?
is
INTRODUCTION
11.
B may
receive
twice as
12.
twice as
13.
which
is
How
sum
of the dis-
How many
A, B, C, and
15.
does
much
take, if
and
as B,
miles did
each travel ?
six times as
much
NEGATIVE NUMBE
EXERCISE
1.
2.
3.
In arithmetic
4.
The temperature
What
is
why
of subtraction.
5.
less.
6.
The temperature
8.
4 P.M.
is
7, and
at 10 P.M.
it is
10
below zero) ?
What then is 7 -10?
answer
7.
at
of
any other
practical examples
which
one?
7.
Many
greater
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
The
fact that a
below zero
may now
be expressed
7 -10
= -3.
is
equal to a
loss of $ 60,
$30
The
9.
-$90 = -$60.
6,
It is convenient for
10.
number
absolute value of a
is
of -f 3 is 3.
many
positive
a line
-6
-5
lit
-4
-2
-3
+\
+2
-1
to
4,
+4
4-5
+6
to 4- 6 represents 4- 5,
etc.
left.
EXERCISE
1.
4 represents
Thus, 5 added to
If in financial transactions
we
1 equals
6, etc.
by
and downstream.
INTRODUCTION
3.
If north latitude
is
is
is
4.
If south latitude
5.
What
6.
is
20 A.D. ?
Of an
(a)
east-
What
is
higher,
is
8
- +7?
8. A vessel
sails
journey.
9.
sails
A
22
(6)
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
26.
(a)
Find 25 -38.
journey,
10.
starts
38 due south,
(b)
Subtract 22 from
15.
24.
To
6
2
To
To
1
From 1
To - 8
To
7
From
25.
Add
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
add
1.
add
2.
subtract 2.
add
9.
add
4.
1 subtract 2.
1 and 2.
the one of
motions.
(a)
28.
By how much
27.
12.
add
is
7 greater than
12 ?
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
29.
EXERCISE
1.
2.
3.
and
4.
5.
many
If the letter
What
the value of
is
the value of 17
c,
= 5?
if c
ifc
5t?
if
a=
6,
= -2?
Is the last
marbles,
merchant had 20
much has he left ?
8.
What
9.
10.
is
4?
6.
that
7.
How
is
the
sum
of 8 &
If c represents a certain
number ?
and G
how
dollars.
b ?
of the last
answer
if b
= 15.
INTRODUCTION
if
11.
From 26 w
12.
subtract 19 m.
if
m = 2?
m = -2?
13.
From 22m
of the answer
if
subtract
m=
25m, and
14.
Add
15.
From
16.
19.
2.
10 q subtract 20
17.
q.
18.
From subtract 26
Add - 6 x and 8 x.
From
20.
x.
Wp subtract 10^).
is
12.
x a
is
generally written 6 a
Between two
(either
or
14.
Since 24
Similarly,
15.
thus,
x n
a letter and a
is
written win.
A product is
two or more
letters, or
understood.
figures,
4x7 cannot be
two
is
means 40
-f 7.
7, a, 6,
is
6
aaaaaa, or a ,
power
aaaaa
and
The second power is also called the square, and the third
2
power the cube; thus, 12 (read "12 square") equals 144.
ELEMENTS OF ALQEBEA
8
16.
The
base of a
is
power
number which
the
is
repeated
as a factor.
The base
of a 3
is a.
The exponent
of
is
is
the exponent of an
EXERCISE
1.
Write and
2.
72
If
6.
42
10.
11.
3.
2*.
7.
2*.
4.
52
8.
10 6
5.
83
9.
I 30
10
18.
ci
20.
19.
b2
21.
d\
28.
If
29.
30.
d=^
22.
23.
9
.
12.
(4|)
13.
(1.5)
2
.
14.
25 1
15.
.0001 2
16.
l.l 1
17.
22
+3
2
.
a*.
2
(6cf)
24.
(2 c)
25.
ab.
26.
27.
(4 bdf.
at).
-jJg-,
In 12 win 8/), 12
19.
(i)
is
the coefficient of
numerical coefficient
is
is
mw 8p,
12
in figures.
In
17
When
aryx,
17
is
stood ; thus a
is
under-
INTRODUCTION
means 3
aa, while (3
=3ax
3 a.
= 9 abyyy.
2* xyW = 2-2.2.2. xyyyzz.
afty
1 abc*
7 abccc.
EXERCISES
If
numerical values of
21.
root is one of the equal factors of a power.
According to the number of equal factors, it is called a square root, a
cube root, a fourth root, etc.
3
is
is
is
the
fifth
The nth
root
fifth root of a,
Va,
is
Using
(Va)
22.
this
= a.
The
is
A/27
symbol we
index of a root
root is to be taken.
sign.
In v/a, 7
23.
is
The
bracket,
[ ]
may
is
number which
what
indicates
the brace,
the parenthesis,
( )
the
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
10
is
b) is
(a
1],
EXERCISE
= 2, b = 3, c = 1, d
If a
x (4 -f 1), 10 x [4
by 4 + 1 or by 5.
of the forms 10
to be multiplied
0,
10 x
4"+T indicates
that
b."
1.
Vff.
7.
Val
13.
4(a
+ &).
2.
V36".
8.
-\fi?.
14.
6(6
+ c).
3.
V2a.
9.
4V3~6c.
15.
(c-f-d)
4.
v'Ta.
10.
5Vl6c.
16.
6.
\/c.
11.
aVc^.
17.
6.
V^a6.
12.
[6-c]
3
.
AND NUMERICAL
ALGP:BRAIC EXPRESSIONS
SUBSTITUTIONS
An
24.
bols representing
25.
some number
monomial or term
separated by a sign
(6
+ c + d}
26.
is
or
is
e.g.
6 a26
Vac
~*
Vx,
o c ^and
a monomial, since the parts are a
(6 +
-f-
A polynomial is an
c -f d).
term.
y,
27.
a2
28.
A binomial is
62 ,
!^-f\/0-3
and |
ft,
and a 4
+ M -f c
4
-f-
d 4 are polynomials.
A trinomial
is
V3
sym-
-f 9.
are trinomials.
INTRODUCTION
In a polynomial each term
29.
is
11
treated as
were con-
if it
from
left to right.
E.g. 3
Ex.
_|_
means 3
4-
20 or 23.
28
1.
+5
32
*^.
= 32 + 45-27
= 50.
Ex.
If a = 5, b = 3, c = 2, d = 0,
- 9 aWc + f a b - 19 a 6cd
2.
2
of 6 ab
If
2.
+ 26+3 c.
3a + 56
3.
a 2 -6.
4.
a2
5.
5a2
6.
2 a2
7.
8.
27
1.
52
5c6 2 +-6ac3
3
17c3
-d
11.
-f & -f c
-hl2o;.
10.
'
-5c
+-d
12.
-46c-f2^^
+ 3 a& +- 4 6^9 ad.
3
- 5 ax
-+12a(i
50 a6cd.
4
.
13.
(a
14.
(a -f b)
*15.
16.
a2
+ (a + 6)c
6
(2 + a
2
-f
).
4a6-fVa-V2^.
* For additional
examples see page 268,
2
.
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
12
&
17
18
'
22.
a = 2, 6 = 1.
a = 2, 6 = 2.
23.
a =3,
24.
a=3,
21.
25.
26.
27.
6=2.
28.
6 = 4.
=
= 5.
a
3, 6
30.
29.
-f-
6s, if
6 a6 2
a = 3, 6 = 3.
a = 4, 6 = 5.
a =4, 6 = 6.
a = 3, 6 = 6.
a = 4, 6 = 7.
6.
34.
Six
35.
The quantity a
minus
12 cr6
plus 6 multiplied
6,
6,
2
by the quantity a
2
.
37.
38.
The
representation of numbers by letters makes it posvery briefly and accurately some of the principles
of arithmetic, geometry, physics, and other sciences.
30.
sible to state
Ex.
a, 6,
and
triangle
then
is
8 = \ V(a + 6 + c) (a 4- 6 - c) (a - 6 -f c) (6
+ c).
INTRODUCTION
15
13
and
S = | V(13-hl4-fl5)(13H-14-15)(T3-14-i-15)(14-13-f-15)
= V42-12-14.16
1
= 84,
i.e.
84 square
feet.
EXERCISE
The
a.
(a)
How
far does
seconds ?
second ?
3.
By
whose
(a) 3,
(b) 5,
(c) 4,
4, and 5 feet.
12, and 13 inches.
13, and 15 feet.
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
14
4.
If
meters,
the area
square meters,
etc.).
If
6.
2 inches.
(b)
=p
Find by means
(b)
It
years, then
(a)
(a) 10 meters.
5.
is
$ = 3.14
The
The
interest on
dollars at r
fo
in
or
%>
of this formula
interest
5 miles.
(c)
$800
for 4 years at
ty%.
$=
3.14d (square units). (The number 3.14 is frequently denoted by the Greek letter TT. This number cannot
be expressed exactly, and the value given above is only an
surface
approximation.)
Find the surface of a sphere whose diameter equals
(a)
7.
8000 miles.
If the
(b) 1 inch.
volume
V=
10
(c)
feet,
feet.
then the
7n
cubic feet.
(b)
feet.
(c)
8000 miles.
= f(F-32).
122 F.
(b)
to Centigrade readings:
32 F.
(c)
F.
CHAPTER
II
ADDITION OF MONOMIALS
31.
While
word sum
in arithmetic the
refers only to
the
result obtained
$2 may be
+ $2.
$6 and a gain
of
$4
equals a
represented thus
$4
(- $6) + (-
$4) = (-
loss
$10).
and
(+6) + (+4) = +
16
10.
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
16
32.
If two numbers have the same sign, add their absolute values
if they have opposite signs, subtract their absolute values and
;
The average
of two
numbers
is
The average
The average
of 2, 12,
(-17)
18.
15
19.
is 0.
3 J.
0, 10, is 2.
10
of:
is
of 2, '- 3, 4, 5,
EXERCISE
Find the sum
of:
+ (-14).
+ (-9).
+ -12.
20.
l-f(-2).
21.
(_
22.
24.
= 2,
= 5,
6
6
= 3, c =
= 5, c =
4,
5,
d = 5.
d = 0.
-f c-j-c?, if :
ADDITION, SUBTRACTION,
a
25.
26.
27.
30.
31.
= -23, c=14,
& = 15,
c = 0,
&
1?
d = l.
d=
3.
28.
29.
= 22,
= -13,
AND PARENTHESES
'
32.
33.
3 and 25.
35.
5 and
- 13.
36.
12,
13,
39.
-8
'
and
37.
2, 3,
38.
- 3,
sets of
numbers:
- 7, and
4,
- 4, - 5,
13.
6,
- 7,
and
1.
F.,
2.
F.,
34.
6 ax^y and
7 ax'2 y, or
and
or 16
Va + b
and
2Vo"+~&,
similar.
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
18
35.
The sum
The sum
of 3
of
x 2 and
x2
is
is
x2 .
of a
of a
and a 2
and
is
is
-f-
a2
-f (
6), or
6.
of
a,
is
EXERCISE
2 a&
-|-
4 ac2.
11
Add:
1.
-2 a
+3a
-4o
2.
ab
xY
xY
7 #y
12
6.
7.
-f-
2
,
-f
4 a2,
5 a2
2
wp2 - 13 rap
12
10.
dn
7 a 2 frc
-3a
2 a2,
13
b sx
11.
2(a-f &),
12.
5l
13.
Vm
-f- ii,
3(a-f-6),
5Vm + w,
+ 6 af
25 rap 2, 7 rap2.
9(a-f-6),
12Vm-f-n,
12(a-f b)
14
AND PARENTHESES
ADDITION, SUBTRACTION,
Simplify
19
15.
17.
xyz
+ xyz
12 xyz
+ 13 xyz + 15 xyz.
Add:
18.
ra
19.
+m
"""
ZL
21.
a
a8
x*
**,
22.
20.
23.
^24.
25.
-1
-co*
l^S
26.
mn
27.
xyz
mri
3a-76 + 5a + 2a-36-10a+116.
2a -4a-4 + 6a -7a -9a-2a + 8.
2
31.
32.
33.
"Vx + y
Vaj + y 2
2 Vi
+ + 2 Va; + / + 3 Va; + y.
2/
5x173 + 6x173-3x173-7x173.
35.
4x9'
-36.
10x38
ADDITION OF POLYNOMIALS
is
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
20
2
Thus, to add 26 ab - 8 abc - 15 6c, - 12 a& 4- 15 abc - 20 c
5 ab 4- 10 6c
6 c 2 and
7 a&c 4- 4 6c + c 2 we proceed as
,
f 110WS:
& c~15&c
26 aft- 8
-20c2
-12a&4l5a&c
- 6a&
a5c
Numerical substitution
and
a, 5,
- 3 a -f 4
sum
offers a
To check
the addition of
any convenient
assign
ft
-f 5
c, e.g.
-f-
= 10
correct.
is
equal
Sum.
c'
a = 1, 6=2, c = 1,
= - 3 + 8 + 5 = 1 0,
2 0-25- c=
2- 4-1 = -3,
4 = 7.
a 4- 2 6 + 4 c =
1 +4
numerical values to
then
But 7
ca
26
6c
the
4 be
9a&
38.
6ca
-f-lO&c
to
show any
a406
It is
error,
4c would
not
also
7.
of that letter.
7 4.
4 5 x"2 + 7 x* 4 5
-7a &+4a
6 a7
of x.
fi
5
4
is
6c
aW
a.
EXERCISE
Add
1.
2a
2.
9 q 4- 7
364-6
t
c,
s,
3a
2?
0^-9 z
- 3 s,
c,
and
and
-3ar -22/2 4z
46
4-
12
4a4-6
12 q
2
,
5
2
a;
2c.
4-
s.
-3 /- 2z
2
.
2
,
and
AND PARENTHESES
2i
and
ADDITION, SUBTRACTION,
4.
</
- 15
d.
5.
and
tf
^_.Ga 4-3x45.
2
7.
and
?ft
?/z.
+lOa 6-ll&
10. a +
1>
10a
11.
a
4ar
13.
4(a
14.
a4
v 15.
^*
12.
-h
-f-
byb
!
c^c
<l,
^2
a4
1
e, e
/,
+ 50 + 62 - 5a^-6
8
-f 6)
1,
a2
6(a
- (b + c)
6)
-f
5 (a
and
- 7^
3
?/
a2
1,
6)
+ 3,
a,
/
3
?
2(6
a.
2iB 8
+ 2y + 2
8
8
,
and
+ c) + (c -f a),
and
+ a + 1.
- 9(a + &) - 12,
and
a2
and
7(a
and a 2 4- a.
2
j
3(c -f a),
-f-
3
?
+ 5)
a;
4 ajy
17.
a;
o^?/
4 y\
and
a;
?/.
and 5 Vb
18.
19.
a)
?/ ,
-y -^/.
v/20. w* 4 3 m n 4 3 m?i 4
2w - 2n
2
3
rz ,
in
m n 4- 3 mn
2
n8
and
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
22
w + 3 m + 2 m,
5
21.
3
22.
23.
16m 7/-12my
24.
c,
?n
-2m+2m
- ra + m,
5
8
,
and
-2
2-fa
3
"27.
1/
n + <w 2 ,4
2tn*
Sic
2
,
-f-3f
n-2<w +n ,5< 3
2
4^4.3^* 2n
s
,
+ n*.
-4-5a-6
-T-8a;-9aj
2
,
and
+ 9 x + 12
26.
-}-
e,
l-2aj
25.
d, c
5y
3
d+e
a
6.
+d
a, and e
+ 6y - 17 + 4 ?nfy - m 4m ?/-?/
6 -f c
4^ + 3t*n
and
-f-
and 2
7 m.
a,-
a3 -a 4
-a +7a,
2
SM/Z + 2
a:?/
-f
- 11 xy + 12.
3 a-f^, a s -f3o
bxyz~lx,
2,
and
5+a\
12 xyz, and
$ xy
3^2
SUBTRACTION
EXERCISE
13
What
main ?
is
1,
1,
1,
1,
negative units
many
when
is
1,
re-
taken
-5?
from
2.
The sum
3.
1,
and
What
1, is 2.
-f-
1, -f 1,
+ 1,
sum
two neg-
if
1,
away
4.
2?
away
is
What
is
When - 3
taken from 2
when
6.
If
richer or poorer ?
is
taken from
debts, does
same
result as the
he thereby become
ADDITION, SUBTRACTION,
7.
AND PARENTHESES
23
subtraction of a negative
positive number.
may
be stated in a
5 take
form e.g. from
What
3, may be stated
number added to
3 will give
5?
To subtract from a the
number b means to find the number which added to b gives a.
Or in symbols,
a-b =
different
x,
if
Ex.
1.
From
5 subtract
to
Hence,
2.
From
(-
Hence,
Ex.
3.
From
3 gives 5
evidently 8.
- 3.
3 gives
to
6)
is
-(-3) = 8.
5 subtract
a.
3.
Ex.
+b
-(-
5 subtract
3)
is
2.
= - 2.
+ 3.
41.
The
by the following
Principle.
To
add.
NOTE. The student should perform mentally the operation of chang8 2 6 from
6 a 2 fc,
ing the sign of the subtrahend thus to subtract
6 a 2 6 and
8 a 2 6 and find the sum of
change mentally the sign of
;
24
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
Ex.
From _6ar3
-3z + 7
2
-6ar3 -3o2 +7
2 or3 - 3 r*-5o;-f 8
we change the
- 3 x* - 5 x + 8.
Check, If x = l
= 2
subtract 2 x
-t-
AND PARENTHESES
ADDITION, SUBTRACTION,
41.
m and 7 m
from
42.
From 10 a
subtract
14 a
12 &
-f
25
10m.
-f 12 b -f
c,
and
From
7 x 2 ?/
a/ + ?/ subtract
ar -f
7 a 2 ?/ - 5 #?/
3
7/ ,
-a
-7a
44.
From
45.
From 5a-(>& + 7c
From 2 x2 8 a?y + 2
46.
2 aa
-f
47.
From mn -f ??/>
48.
From a3
49.
From
+ qt
-f
96
2
:c
-f
11 c-f 17
6 6
8 o#
1.
subtract 10 b
c -f d.
50.
From
1 -f & take 1 -f b
51.
From
52.
From
2 a
53.
54.
55.
From 5 a 2
56.
57.
58.
+3x
a;
-f &
-f-
-f-
&
12 take 3
take a
&
-f-
4 x + 11.
-j- c.
1.
#?/
2 y2 .
subtract 2 a 2
+ 2ab
?/
?/-'
ar -f-
2 ab
d.
2
?/
mn -f wp -f- w>t.
mt subtract
a
take 11 a
take 2
a2
+ 2 a - 7 a - 2.
2 subtract a3
8d
2
?/
1 subtract
6a
-f-
2y
2
.
4-
6 a-&
59.
+ 4 a&
From
-f 6
+4
4
.
+ c)
4(c
+ a)
subtract
7(a-f&)
REVIEW EXERCISES
1.
2.
tract 4
x
From
the
sum
of
4- b -h c
and
subtract
& -f c
_ 6 _ 2 c.
3.
and a 2
From
x2
the
2 a;
From a3 +
a
+ 4.
sum
of x2
4x
-f-
12 and 3 a2
3 #
3 sub-
7.
2 a2
-}-
a2
2a
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
26
From
4.
+4x
subtract
Subtract the
6.
Subtract the
7.
m +4m
9.
sum
x2 + 2 and
of
of 5 a2
sum
6 a
sum
from 2 ra
Subtract the
the
between 5 a
12.
duce
13.
duce
14.
sum
+4
and 4
a?
cc
7 and
from x3
+ a^
2a2 + 3a
4m*
and
+ 7 m.
sum
of #
a3
+ f and
+1
+a
a2
4-
and a2
and 4 a
m +5 m +6m
of 6
To
+ 58+1
iE
+ 6 + c from a + b + c
a
+2
y from 2
2
ar*
a:
2.
Subtract the
8.
+5
+ 1.
-j-
5.
from 2 a2 + 2 a
5
a?
4 6
+a
*/
2 c add the
a.
be added to 7 a 3
+4a
2 to pro-
3a + 56
cto
pro-
~2a-6 + 2c?
What
-a+6?
v
,15.
What must
be added to
b
16.
17.
20.
= x +g
6.
6.
A is n years old.
n years hence ?
m
21.
+b
z,
How
is 2 a years old.
years ago ?
4^ + 4^ + 2
to produce
=x
find
18.
19.
2y + z,
+ 6 + c.
6
0?
c.
How
old was he a
b years
ago?
ADDITION, SUBTRACTION,
AND PARENTHESES
27
SIGNS OF AGGREGATION
43.
additions
and sub-
tractions
Hence
the
it is
-f ( 4- &
+ d) = a + b
+ d.
may
sign
lowing principles
moved
changed.
E.g.
a+(b-c) = a +b - c.
+ c) = a
=a
6
c)
( 4-=
a
b
c
a
o+(
45.
&
-f-
-f- c.
& -f
c.
is
-f-
understood.
(b
c)
=a
6 4-
c.
no others.
Ex. Simplify 4 a -
(7 a
-f-
= 4a
sss
4a
7a
12
06
6.
66
2&-a + 6
Answer.
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
28
EXERCISE 15*
Simplify the following expressions
1.
x + (2y-z).
2.
a-(3b
3.
4.
5.
2c).
+ (2a -6 + c ).
a -(a + 26 -c ).
2a -(4a -26 +c ).
a3
11.
2a
7.
a -f (a -
8.
9.
(-a + 6).
6.
10.
- (a + 6).
6)
4a-f-
2a;-y
(60;-
13.
14.
(m
-f- 7i
n p)
___
(m
-h jp)
m~n-\-p.
15.
m+n
16.
a2
+ [#
(m
?*,)
+ M> + w
m -f
ft)-
(r
a;)].
17.
22.
18.
(6
19.
[36+
21.
(a
By removing
c)
+ [3 a
{3c
6)+
{a
a)}
6a].
-2c].
[a-
26
(c
Signs of aggregation
may
be inserted according to
43.
1.
Ex.
2.
last three
the
AND PARENTHESES
ADDITION, SUBTRACTION,
EXERCISE
29
16
d.
1.
a-\-l>
2.
2m-n + 2q-3t.
3.
5 a2
4.
4 xy
>
7 x* 4-9 x + 2.
- 2 tf - 4 y* - 1.
terms
5.
6.
7.
p + q + r-s.
-f-
_ r)X - 7-fa.
+ d.
EXERCISES
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION
IN"
EXERCISE
Write the following expressions
I.
5^2
The sum^)f
and
n.
17
:
The
2.
difference of a
3.
The sum
The
5.
The
6.
The sum
7.
The product
The product
8.
9.
10.
II.
12.
of tKe squares of a
and
b.
and
and
n.
and
6.
n.
of the cubes of
m and
n.
m and n.
6.
4.
of
and
'
first,
of
m and n.
6 diminished
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
30
14.
The sum
square root of
of the squares of
a and
b increased
by the
x.
15.
16.
The sum
ference of a and
of the cubes of a,
b,
and
6.
divided by the
dif-
d.
V 17.
The sum
of a
and
18.
The
difference of
a and
uct of a and
6,
b multiplied
and
b divided
by the
b,
CHAPTER
III
MULTIPLICATION
18
3.
4.
If the
1.
2.
addition of five 3
plication example.
5.
balance,
A?
what
What,
force is produced
therefore, is
by
X 3?
7.
If the
is
produced by tak-
B ? What therefore is
31
5)
x(
3) ?
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
32
If
8.
true,
11,
(- 9) x
11, 9 x
(-
11),
(-
9)
x (-
11) ?
two
fac-
4x3 =
(_4) X
The preceding
3=(-4)+(-4)+(-4)=-12.
definition,
if
Consequently we have to define the meaning of a multiplicaif the multiplier is negative, and we may choose any definition that does not lead to contradictions. Practical examples^
tion
it
con-
49.
by a negative
Multiplication
integer is a repeated
sub-
traction.
4
Thus,
x(-8) = ~(4)-(4)-(4)=:-12,
(- 4) x
12.
NOTE. This definition has the additional advantage of leading to algenumbers which are identical with those for positive numbers, a result that would not be obtained by other assumptions.
4x3 = 4-12.
4x(-3)=-12.
illus-
MULTIPLICATION
We
50.
33
shall
Law
TJie
of Signs:
Thus,
EXERCISE
&)
=+
a&;
1.
3.
X(-5).
(-7) X (-12).
4.
(-2)X
6.
NOTE.
tors
is
If
5.
6.
no misunderstanding
etc.
19
2.
like signs in
signs is negative.
6x-7.
(-2)x9.
(-4)X(-15).
is
about
fac-
frequently omitted.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
-5x-3.
4 - 7.
13.
_3.(-4J).
_2. -.
3. _2^ -3.
14.
(-2)
8
(- 3)
15.
(-4)'.
16.
(-1)
17.
(-10)
18.
7
.
4
.
12.
6.-2--f
19.
If a
cal
2, b
= 3, c =
1,
x=
0,
and y
= 4,
values of:
21.
22.
23.
24.
4a6c.
3 a2?/2
2a
25.
.
6c.
Ua b
z
x.
aW.
8 4
26.
2a6
27.
11 aWcx.
28.
(c#)
8
.
29.
- (a&c)
2
.
31.
4a -f-26 2
2a + 3&2 -6c*
32.
4 a2 - 2
30.
f+x
2
.
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
34
a8
of 8
a=2,
= -3.
4.
6 =
34.
a=
51.
By
&
33.
1,
- 1 2 a 6 -f 6 aW - 6 if
35. a =
2, 5 = 2.
36. a = 3,
6 = 1.
2
MULTIPLICATION OF MONOMIALS
3
Hence 2 x 2
Xa
= (a
=aa
=2
m and
general, if
am
=2
23
definition,
2 2
x2
to
(m
52.
known
is
(a
factors)
-f n) factors.
fl
fl
=2
23 + 5
8
*.<?.,
2.
Or
in
integers,
to
fl*"
This
= 2- 2 -2
25
and
2 2,
2 2 2
.
/w
+w
to
factors)
as
of Multiplication
of the factors.
6 aWc x - 7
&*# =(6
The exponent of
is
equal to the
the
sum
oj
the exponents
Ex.
1.
(a
7)
a8 )
(ft
&*)
d*.
Ex. 3. 4 x (2
=8
25, or 2
100,
i.e.,
EXERCISE
200.
20
m*.m
a
B.
(^
12
9.
-(a?
2/)
-(aj
U
U
.(-12) .12
3a-7abc.
13.
4- (2- 25-
7).
78
(-a)
127 9
6"
127 U
7
.
.(-7).7.
10.
2/).
127
6.
8
2/)
5.
(a6) -(a5)
11.
4.
7.
2 -2
3.
14
14.
2(7.3-5),
16.
5(7-11.2).
IB.
50(11-2.3).
17.
2(14.50-3),
M UL TIPLICA TION
18.
7(6- f-
19.
20.
11(3- 6- A).
4 aft -5 aft 2
21.
19
27.
2).
28.
29.
22.
'
23.
mV
lla
25.
5
2
3
ft
3 tfy 2z*.
(- 2
aft
).
(-
9 afy
32.
(- 4
33.
34.
/).
35.
aft
31.
C a 2ftc).
(-
-7p*q r*.-7pqt.
_4aft.-4a#.
30.
c-(-4a ftc ).
aft
6 e/ a
2 ran4
- 5 xy
19 aW
24.
26.
35
ftc
2ac).
2 a3 ?/ ).
2
a 2 ft 3) 2
ax /) 2
4 1
(- 3 win )
.
(2
(-
2 a2 ) 3
54.
results
ft,
= (a + 26)+(a + 2
ft)
-f (a 4-
ft)
+ (a + 2
ft)
Thus we have
in general
a(b
56.
tet^m
-f c)
= ab
+ac.
- 3 a2 6(6 a*bc + 2 be -
1)
=-
18 a 4 6 2 c
EXERCISE
- 6 a2 62c -f 8 a2 6.
21
1.
2(5-fl5-f25).
3.
2.
6(104-20430).
4.
7.
3(124342).
2(645410).
5.
12(| + 1
4 i).
17(10041042).
23(10004100420).
6.
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
36
9.
10.
5(5
2
6 (6
52
5 7 ).
+6 +6
2
7 3 (7 3 -f-7
+7
4 13 (4 9
11.
-4
-4).
12.
).
10
).
14.
~2mn(m +n -p ).
m(m-hn -\-p).
2
aW(
16.
4 %Pq\
17.
-5 x\-
aW + 3 a
pqr + 5 pr
5 x2 - 5 x-
- 6 a6).
19.
20.
c(- ^ c + 2
- 2 mn(9 mV - 5 w*V -f 7 wn).
21.
7 a 6
?/
6 c
7).
5).
- 3 aftc).
22.
23.
24.
By what
-:
expression must
be multiplied to give
26.
27.
or*
28.
ofy
25.
-f
3 a4
x* -f
arty
+8
- 60 a&
4
a; .
29.
30.
10
aft.
xy.
MULTIPLICATION OF POLYNOMIALS
57.
Any
closing
+y
law.
(a
it
- 6) (x -f y
z)
= x(a
= (ax
b)
+ y(a
z(a
b)
bx) -f (ay
by)
by
az
b)
(az
+ bz.
bz)
37
Ex.1. Multiply 2 a - 3
by a
b.
2a-3b
a-66
2 a - 3 ab
2
2 a2
10 ab
13 ab
+ 15 6 2
+ 15 6 2
Product.
Ex.
2.
Multiply 2
+ a -a- 3 a
3
by 2 a
a2 + l.
Check.
2
- 3 a 2 + a8
a
4- 4.a
- 3 a 2 + a8
- 2 a2 6 a8
60.
Examples
2"
a2
-7
a2
a =
=-
I
1
=2
a
2
If
-f
2 a*
+ a8 + 3 - a6
4 a 8 + 5 a* - a6
*
=2
by numerical
substitution, 1 being the most convenient value to be substituted for all letters.
Since all powers of 1 are 1, this method
tests only the values of the coefficients
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
38
EXERCISE 22*
Perform the following multiplications and check the results
+ 2y).
17.
(2 x*
36).
18.
(4ra
3.
(5c-2d)(2c-3d).
19.
4.
(2w
1.
(2s
3y)(3a?
2.
(4a-f 76)(2tt
3n)(7m
+ 8n).
3<7).
5c)(2a-6c).
22.
(6p
6.
(2
7.
(9m-2n)(4m + 7tt).
8.
(aj-f6y)(aj
9.
(6i-7n)(llJ-n).
-f-
-f-6<7)(5^)
23.
a-l)(2a?-fl).
24.
7y).
25.
26.
-2) (3 A: -1).
(13
(6xy + 2z)(2xy
12.
(8r-7*)(6r-39.
28.
(2m
13.
(llr + l)(12r
1).
29.
(a
12)(a?^2-|-l).
30.
(4 a
15.
16.
(rcya
(a&c
2
4 2).
+ 7)(2a&c-3).
(a -|-2a
33.
(4a
35.
(m?n?p
36.
(x
37.
(a
OQ
OO.
//)4
lA/
QQ
O7.
27.
31.
+ 2)(a-3).
2
l)(ra-f 2).
10.
14.
-f-ra
(a
11.
A;
20.
21.
5.
- 4) (x + 1).
- 1 - 2m)(l -m).
2
36)
2
.
I)
(6a~7)
32.
2
.
(6a&c-5)
-3a6-f-2)(2a6~l).
-^
2
.
'
//j.2
^/
40.
(m-fn)(m-4- n)(m
41.
(a-^-26)
n)(m
n).
8
.
39
The product
of
in
EXERCISE
Multiply by inspection
1.
2.
3.
23
+ 2) (a -f 3).
(a-3)(a + 2).
15.
(a
16.
(a
_3)(a _4).
17.
(a;
(a
-9) (a + 9).
+ 3) (a -7).
6.
(-!)(* -5).
19.
(a5
6.
(p-12)(p + ll).
20.
(a
7.
(wi
21.
(100
8.
(6
9.
10.
+ 9)(m+9).
-7)
(a
-8).
(10+
(2,-25)(y+4).
(1000
+ 60)(f-2).
24.
(100-1) (100
(J
(*- !!)(
12.
(a
13.
2^*-12)(ajy
22.
11.
+ 21).
- 2 6) (a -f 6).
-2
(a
6) (a -3 6).
2 6) (a
(1000
26.
102 x 103.
27.
1005x1004.
28.
99
+ 2).
25.
102.
14.
(a
29.
6).
2
).
23.
ft
- 4).
(ofy* -f 3) (tfy*
18.
4.
2
a?
3x
+ 2.
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
40
30.
ar'-Sz +
31.
33.
+ 6 a + 8.
7 a + 10.
w 2 ro - 15.
63.
Some
32.
G.
35.
w + 2 w - 15.
m2_ 3m _ 4
36.
n2
34.
a2
37.
10ii+16.
-p- 30.
II.
III.
(a-
Expressed
in general language
of the second.
the square
71ie
is
III.
equal
to the difference
the difference
of two numbers
of their squares.
(II) is only a
(4
x3
i/
second,
i.e.
49
2
is
)'
y*.
Multiply by inspection
2.
3.
+ 6)
(a + 2)
(a
(a
-a)
16 y* t plus twice
EXERCISE
1.
first, i.e.
and the second, i.e. oft x 3 y'2 plus the square of the
Hence the required square equals 16 xP -f- 66 s; 8j/ 2 + 49 y4
first
24
4.
(a-2)
5.
+ 3)
6.
(p
(*-5)
7.
<J>-7)
8.
(a-26)
9.
(x+3i/)
2
.
2
.
MULTIPLICATION
10.
12.
(a
19.
(6afy
20.
(m -f
n)(ra
21.
(2m + 3)(2m-3).
-3)
2 2
22.
tt
-5)
26
(^
2
.
2
.
34.
104 2
35.
(1000
+ 2) (100 -2).
29.
(a
-I)
x*+2xy+y\
a 2 -2a6 + &
43.
44.
-5c )
2
(5 r -f 2
2
.
37.
991
38.
(20
39.
99x101.
46.
n 2 -f4n+4.
49.
a 2 + 10 ab -f 25 b\
-2m-hl.
).
22
42.
45.
).
+ 5)(5+a).
(m -27i )(m + 2n
2
-f-
1)
998x1002.
:
47.
n*-6n+9.
48.
a 2 -8a6+166 2
51.
50.
y?-f.
54.
9a -496
55.
16aW-25.
64.
The product
a2 -9.
52.
2
.
of
16.
56.
25 a
57.
9 a2
53.
62
-25n
-9.
- 30 ab + 25 6
2
.
are similar.
By
2 2
2/
r*-2t )
41.
(4 a 6
(5
2 2
28.
+ 3z)
-11 # )
36. ,998
(2a#
+ 11
-2
(5 r
30.
).
(2a6-c)
17.
27.
+ 5).
(100
w )-
16.
18.
(a;
+ 1)
(100 + 2)
103
2 2
25.
31.
33.
(^-.ll^X^+lly
40.
-7& )
24.
32.
(6a
-f 7).
2
(100
(3p -9)
-5)(c d
(c-d
15.
-7)(a
2
23.
G> +5g)*.
14.
13.
(2x-3yy.
2
(4a-36)
11.
41
actual multiplication,
3x
5x
we have
2y
4y
2xy-Sy*
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
42
by adding the
These products are frequently called the cross products, and are represented as
product of 5 x
2 y and
4y
3 x.
follows:
or
Wxy-12xy
Hence in general, the product of two binomials whose corresponding terms are similar is equal to the product of the first two
sum of the
last terms.
EXERCISE
Multiply by inspection
(2a-3)(a + 2).
(3m + 2)(m-l).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
8.
9.
(2x y
10.
(6
(5a-4)(4a-l).
(4s + y)(3-2y).
11.
(-
12.
(5a?
13.
(10
i-
(x
65.
2 2
2 2
(2a 6 -7)(a & +
(2m-3)(3m + 2).
(5a6-4)(5a&-3).
7.
25
x 2 -3 6 s).
) (2
2
ft
The square
(a 4- &
5).
+ z )(ary + 2z ).
2
+ 2) (10 4-3).
(100 + 3)(100 + 4).
of a polynomial.
+ c) = a + tf + c
2
14.
,-f
2 a&
-f
2 ac
+ 2 &c.
minus
signs.
M UL TIPLICA TION
EXERCISE
Find by inspection
n+p)
(m-f
2.
(x-y+z)*.
3.
(a
+ 6-5)
6.
(,i-2&-c)
5.
(u-4& +
2
.
3c'.
s?
12.
7.
4.
26
1.
43
(.r
8.
(2a-36 + 5c)
9.
4y
(3
2
.
s-f n)
2
.
10.
of
2
-+-
n2
2
"-f-
jp
-f 2
mn
2 ?wp
2 np.
13.
Ex.
Simplify (x + 6) (a
- 4) - (x - 3) (x - 5).
x
-4) =
Check.
If
1,
20
a;
a;
EXERCISE
= - 29.
27
2.
6(a
-2)-6.
6~2(a + 7).
5.
2(m
3
n)
3.
4(* + 2)-5(-3).
4.
4(aj-2)-h3(-7).
3(m + n)H- (m
n).
+ 6 )-2(6 + &)~(&4-& ).
2
6.
3(6
7.
8.
(a-2)(a-3)~(a-l)(a-4).
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
44
9.
10.
11.
12.
4(m + 2)
+ 5(w
5)(oj-2)
(a?
3)
(a;-
- 2) + (n - 7) (n + 4) - 2 (n* - 2)
13.
(n -f 5) (w
14.
6(p+2)-7(p-9)-2(i> + l)(p-l).
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
(a
-fa-f
1)
a - 1)
- (a + 1) (a - 1).
8
CHAPTER
IV
DIVISION
is the process of finding one of two factors
and the other factor are given.
The dividend is the product of the two factors, the divisor
the given factor, and the quotient is the required factor.
Division
67.
if
their product
Thus
by
-f
12
to divide
3 gives
by
But
12.
Since
68.
3,
this
-f
we must find
number
it
the
;
number which
hence
12
r
+3
multiplied
=4.
= -f ab
= ab
b =
ab
b =
ab,
b
-f-
and
-f b
-fa
_a
is
is
-f-
=+b
follows that
4-a
ab
a
ab
69.
multiplication
Law
70.
a8 -5- a5
Or
=a
of
3
,
is
for a 3
in general, if
greater than
of signs
m
n, a
-f-
45
is
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
46
of the divisor.
DIVISION OF MONOMIALS
2x y
7 3
72. To divide 10x y z by
number which multiplied by
number is evidently
Therefore,
the quotient
Hence,
and whose
sign,
found
literal
we have
2
,
2x*y
of their
part
the
find
This
= - 5 a*yz.
of two monomials
to
gives 10 x^ifz.
is
a monomial whose
coefficients,
quotient of their
law of exponents.
is the
literal
parts
EXERCISE
Perform the divisions indicated
28
'
3.
-39-*- 3.
15
5.
3 19 -j-3
10.
12
38
'
35
13
-j-2
(3
-
7'
-4*
4
-2 4 )^(3 4 .2 2).
56
'
2V
14
11.
y-ffl-g
15
(2
68
.3*.5 7 )-f-(
2
36 a
'
-5.25
''
5 11
'
12
4.
'
3"
76-H-15.
'
-12 a
2abc
-56aW
-42^
'
'
UafiV
DIVISION
lg
-^1^.
16 w
7
7i
20>
_Z^L4L.
01
-240m
14
132 a V*
1
10
iy.
40
3J)
23.
2
(15- 25. a ) -=- 5.
24.
22.
fl
6c
/5i.
120m-
(7- 26 a
47
-f-
25.
13.
(18
26.
2a )-f-9a.
2
But
+ b e) ax + bx + ex.
+ bx -f ex = a 4- b +
x(a
TT
aa?
Hence
-\-
c.
a?
3 xyz
EXERCISE
29
2.
5.
fl
o.
_5* + 52)
(5*
-5.
52
(G^-G^-G^-i-G
(11- 2
11 -3
+ 11
18 aft- 27 oc
9a
-14gV+21gy
Itf
97
.
-25 -2 )^-2
3.
(2
4.
(8- 3
-5)-*- 11.
Q
y.
<?
+8- 5 + 8-
7) -*-8.
-a
15 a*b
12
aW + 9 a
3a
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
48
22
4,
m n - 33 m n
s
-f
55
mV
- 39 afyV + 26 arVz 3
- 49 aW + 28 a -W - 14 g 6 c
4
15.
2
(115 afy -f 161 afy
16.
(52
17.
(85 tf
afyV - 39
- 69
4
oryz
a;
3
?/
- 23 ofy
-5-
- 65 zyz - 26 tf#z)
3
- 68 x + 51 afy - 34 xy* -f 1 7
4
23 x2y.
-5-
13 xyz.
a;/)
?/
-f-
- 17
as.
Let
2 a 2 -f 3
a, divide
it
- 12 -f 6 a - 20 a
3
be required to divide 25 a
6a3 -20a
-f
25a-12
by
descending powers of
2
by 2a -
If
4 a
3, i.e.
of a in the quotient is
6 a3
12 a 2
-f
9 a, be sub-
8 a 2 -f 16 a
tracted from the dividend, the remainder is
12.
This remainder obviously must be the product of the divisor and the
rest of the quotient.
To obtain the other terms of the quotient we have
8 a2
-f-
16 a
12,
2
by 2 a
4 a
3.
We
4,
8 a2
-I-
16 a
no remainder.
Hence 3 a
12,
is
+ 3, we
DIVISION
The work
is
- 20 * 2 +
3 - 12
0aa2 +
a3
25 a
{)
8 a? 4- 16
12
a-
49
:
2 a2
8 a
+3
4 a
4
12
76. The method which was applied in the preceding example may be stated as follows
1. Arrange dividend and divisor according to
ascending or
:
Arrange
remainder in
expression, consider
5.
the dividend.
from
the
as a
it
was arranged
is less
letter in
the divisor.
77.
Checks.
was
Ex.
1.
Divide 8 a3
-f
8 a
- 4 + 6 a - 11 a
4
by 3 a
+ 8 a8 -
6 a4
11
a2
-11
a2
a'
-f
8a
4 a3
12 a 8
3 a2
+
+
8 a
2 a
-4
+ 6a - 4
3 a
-2
2 a8
-f
4 a2
if
- 2.
^ _ _
,
=
a _+ 2
.
the
7-r-l,
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
50
Ex.
2.
Divide a4
- 46 -6a6
4
-f-
2
l
by 26 -3a& + a
a<a4
6 a36
- 3 a8
fr
-f
9 a2 6 2
-f
2 a2 6 2
2
-46*
we have
a,
a2
8 ab
a*
3 ab
+ 2 6^
- 2 62
-46*
- 3 a^ + 9a 2 6 - 6 ab 8
2
+ 6 a& a - 4 6 4
- 2 a^a + 6 aft - 4
ft*
Check.
The numerical
example since
larger
number
it
substitution a
1,
&
1,
Hence we have
either to use
for a, or multiply.
2 - 8
ab + 2 & 2 ) ( a _ 3 ab - 2 6 2 )
(a
= [(a2 - 3 aft) + 2 62 ] [(a2 - 3 a&) - 2 62 ]
= (a 2 -3 aft) 2 -4 6*
= a2 - 6 8 6 + 9 a2 6 2 - 4 5*.
EXERCISE
30 *
2.
(jf_2y-15)-i-<y-6).
3.
2
(15 a
4.
- 46 a# -f 16 )
_
26 mn 4- 5 n )
(5 m
2
i/
-5-
-*-
(5
a-
(m
5 w).
5.
6.
7.
(6^-53^ + 40)^(6^-5).
8.
(56
2
a; -f-
19 x
-15) --(8
-3).
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
2
(25 a
- 36
2
ft
-j-
(5
-f-
6)
DIVISION
51
14.
(6a
&
15.
16.
-f-
v/17.
-f-
18.
(a?
s
19.
(aj
-8)
-*-(
(81
1) .
2).
-3aj-2)-^(oj-2).
m + 1 - 18 m
4
20.
-5-
-f-
(1
m -f 9 m
).
Since
(a -f b) (a
a
I.e.
V)
=a
2
,
-f b
EXERCISE
31
of
--
x
c
'
v7
-^.
+ 3*
169 a<6 2
ISVft-Qc 8
64
'
- 81 c8
'
a2 -166 2
'
'
10
a?
-1
'
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
52
10.
of
the following
w
a
-!.
-b.
11.
aW
12.
a;
12
13.
-r/
14.
36 a4 ?/ 4
121a
- 49.
100
-9&
2
.
1.
16
.
16
15.
16.
1,000,000-1.
-100ry.
CHAPTER V
LINEAR EQUATIONS AND PROBLEMS
79.
The
first
member
is
that part
9,
the
first
which
is
member
is
2 x
4,
the
a2
6 2 no matter what values we assign to a
Thus, (a + ft) (a
b)
and b. The sign of identity sometimes used is = thus we may write
,
(rt+6)(a-ft)
b'
-f9
= 20
is
true only
when
a;
hence
=11;
it
is
an equation
of
condition.
in
Thus x
the equation x
13.
20,
7 satisfy
13.
An
83.
ber
known numbers.
63
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
54
If
84.
value of the
85.
To
86.
A numerical
tities are
- 2.
87. A
solve
an equation
is
20.
equation is one in
which
all
the
known quan
as (7
x) (x -f 4)
a;
literal
equation
known
is
quantities
as x -f a
letters
= bx
88.
first
is
linear equation or
+2=
is
to its simplest
9ie
as
= 6#-f7.
The process
89.
fol-
sums are
1.
If equals be added
2.
to equals, the
equal.
equal.
3.
4.
5.
Like powers or
NOTE.
= 0x5,
90.
Axiom
is
like roots
not true
if
Transposition of terms.
its sign.
x + a=.b.
Consider the equation
b
Subtracting a from both members, x
right
0x4
I.e.
E.g.
5.
a.
(Axiom
2)
member by changing
its
sign.
Similarly, if
Adding a
to both
The result is
first member to
+ a.
Ex.
1,
x-\-
a=
When x =
changed
6-fc.
b
(Axiom
3)
6# = 4x + l + 6.
4x 1 + 6.
2 x = 6.
x = 3.
(Axiom
4)
c.
Qx
3.
To
be
a?
93.
may
Check.
1)
if
92.
(Axiom
the same as
the right
= b.
members,
55
unknown terms
to the first
unknown
quantity.
Transposing,
Uniting,
- 8,
-f
If y
Dividing by
Check.
y) (5
y)
= 2 (11
3 y)
+ #*.
20 - 9 y + y2 = 22 - 6 y -f y\
- 9 y + 6 y = 20 -f 22.
3 y - 2
y=
f
.
1
4 = 26 i
+ | = 26 -f f = 26$
i)^ V=
2)
JI
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
56
Ex.
3.
= \ (x + 3).
Simplifying,
\x
2-^x-fl.
Transposing,
=2
= 3.
x = 18.
Dividing by
If
Cfcecfc.
The
The
-f-
Uniting,
it
4)
J,
= 18.
member
right member
left
{(x
(x
- 4) =
+ 3) =
x 14
x 21
= 7.
= 7.
= 3,
BXEECISB 32*
Solve the following equations by using the axioms only
1.
5# = 15+2a;.
2.
7a?
3.
a;
4.
a;
a?.
a?.
Solve the
following
10.
11.
6.
Xx 7 = 14.
4a + 5 = 29.
7.
17
8.
5.
= 5a?+18.
= 60 -7
= 16 + 5
equations
a?
a;
+ 16 = 16 + 17.
3 = 17
3
a?
a?.
by transposing,
etc.,
and
- 17 + 4y = 36.
= 2 ?/- 7.
12. 9
9a? = 7
13. 13 y -99 = 7 y- 69.
13a?
3a?.
14. 3-2 = 26-4.
24-7y = 68-lly.
15. 17 + 5a;-7a: = 39-4a; + 22.
-50.
16. 17 -9 x + 41 = 12 -8
17. 14y = 59-(24y + 21).
4y
11
?/
a?
18.
19.
20.
87-
21.
9(5 x -3)
22.
6(3
a?
= 63.
-3)= 9(3
v23. 7 (6 x
a;
-16).
24.
* See
page 264.
a;
aj
73-4* = 13*~2(5*-12).
26.
6(6a;-5)-5(7a>-8)=4(12-3a5) + l.
27.
7(7 x
28.
+ 1) -8(7-5
a?)
57
+24 = 12 (4 - 5) + 199.
a?
29.
30.
31.
5)
(as
- 1)
(a
(a?
(a;
+ 3) =
- 5) =
(a;
(a;
+ 7)
(.7;
- 3) + 14.
.32.
33.
34.
(aj-
35.
36.
37.
38.
.
39.
40.
41.
- 12) (2 + 5) - (2 + 6) (4 - 1 0) = 0.
- 7) (7 x + 4) - (14 x + 1) + 7) = 285 + 21 a*
(z + 2) -(a-5) :=2.
- 3) + - 4)
(x + I) + (x + 2) = (x
2(* + l) -(2J-3)( + 2) = 12.
- 2) (M - 3) - 5(2 u - 1) (u - 4) + 4 w - 14 = 0.
(6 u
=5
44. |
+6=
|aj
(4
(5 x
(a?
(a?
42.
a?
-Jaj.
43.
SYMBOLICAL EXPRESSIONS
94.
a?,
and
let it
be required to
numbers
Hence
if
one part
only,
e.g.
One part
Evidently 45, or 70
is
a?,
of 70 is 25
find
70
x.
WJienever the student is unable to express a statement in algebraic symbols, he should formulate a similar question stated in
arithmetical numbers only, and apply the method thus found to the
algebraic problem.
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
58
Ex.
What must
1.
The answer is 5, or 12
7.
Hence 6
a must be added
Ex.
If 7
2.
-f-
What must
to a to give
if
-f
EXERCISE
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
6.
9.
10.
5.
--
$> 100
yards cost one hundred dollars, one yard will cost -
Hence
1.
be added to 7 to pro-
100
dollars.
33
parts, so that
of c ?
is
p.
a.
13.
is b.
14.
The
two numbers
is
d,
and the
is
c?,
and the
12.
smaller one
16.
17.
is
a?
difference between
is 10.
is s.
What must
19.
The
59
is a.
Find
is x.
Find
21.
is
is
# years
is
and
is
y years old.
B?
older than
22.
old,
numbers
y years
old.
How
How
23.
sum
5 years ago.
24.
If
gave
25.
How many
26.
A has
dollars, b dimes,
and
How many
c cents.
cents
has he ?
27.
A man
had a
dollars,
and spent
How many
5 cents.
29.
and 3
30.
and 4
floor of
a room that
33.
34.
35.
2 feet longer
31.
rectangular field is x feet long and
the length of a fence surrounding the field.
32.
is
How many
What
What
What
What
?/
feet wide.
is
is
is
is
Find
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
60
man walks
wil\
how many
miles will
how many
miles does
37.
If a
he walk in n hours
39.
will
40.
How many
move
in
hours at the
x years ago
was 20 years
cistern
How
old.
old
is
he
now ?
by a pipe in x minutes. What fraction of the cistern will be filled by one pipe in one minute ?
42.
43.
alone
in
fills it
is
filled
Find 5
45.
Find 6
48.
Find
49.
The numerator
by
If
3.
-.50.
a;
%
%
%
of 100
of
47.
Find x
%
%
per
of 1000.
of 4.
of m.
m is the
The two
-46. Find a
a.
x.
filled
digits of a
number
are x and
y.
Find the
number.
as
a exceeds
by as much
as c exceeds 9.
c
9.
a2
80
a3
Or,
-}-
80.
80.
(a
b increased
'
b'
-b ) + 80 = a
and
61
-80.
In
many
word
= c may
be expressed as follows
The
difference between a
a exceeds b by c.
a is greater than b by
b is smaller than a by
The
excess of a over b
EXERCISE
and
b is
c.
c.
is c, etc.
34
2.
The
The double
3.
The sum
1.
double of a
is
of a and 10 equals 2
One
third of x equals
5.
The
difference of x
6.
The double
7.
8.
c.
x.
c.
a.
of a increased
d exceeds
The product
diminished by 90
b divided by 7.
9.
10.
of x increased by 10 equals
4.
much
c.
9.
of the
is
equal to the
subtracted from
a.
gives the
same
result as 7
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
62
Nine
10.
11.
12.
as
much below a
#is5%of450.
100
14.
50
is
of m.
a;
as 17
13.
is
is
16.
is
A is twice as old as B.
A is 4 years older than
(a)
(b)
is
x%
x % of
is
above
a.
3x
symbols
a.
of 700.
15.
m is x %
of n.
10,
is
B.
->.,*(/)
(g)
(Ji)
Three years ago the sum of A's and B's ages was 50.
In 3 years A will be twice as old as B.
In 10 years the sum of A's, B's, and C's ages will be 100.
17.
4-
a;
-700, and
(a)
(6)
If
gains
$20 and B
loses
amounts.
If each
(c)
money
(d)
and
(e)
If
18.
5x
man
sum
of A's, B's,
and C's
will be $ 12,000.
equations
of the
(a) 5
:
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
third
00
%
a%
x c/ of
a % of
4
sum
of the second
equals $8000.
x % of the
first
of the
63
Ex.
much
1.
3x
-40
40-
3z-40:r:40-z.
Or,
3x
Transposing,
Uniting,
3 x or 60 exceeds 40
Check.
+ x = 40 + 40.
4 x = 80.
x = 20, the required
by 20
number.
40 exceeds 20 by 20.
Let x
The
(1) In 15 years
(2)
will
16
(x
Simplifying,
Transposing,
Dividing,
In 15 years
Check.
=3
3x
16
p)
15.
-23 =-30.
x= 15.
Uniting,
30
x+16 = 3(3-5).
15.
x + 15 = 3 x
Or,
will
be 30
but
10.
NOTE. The student should note that x stands for the number of
and similarly in other examples for number of dollars, number of
years,
yards, etc.
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
64
Ex.
56
3.
is
= number
Let x
of 120 ?
Uldbe
66
-*-.
300
| x
x
or,
Dividing,
Hence
120,
56.
= 46f.
% of
40
5(5 is
120.
EXERCISE
1.
- 2.
3.
4.
35
sum
of
39?
44.
original
6.
number added
number.
42 gives a
to
sum
Find
8.
A will
12 years ago.
How
old
is
man will be
he now ?
Canal?
10.
14
is
11.
50
is
12.
What number
is
of
350?
15.
and
$200, and
as
How
15.
16.
will
loses $100, then
?
dollars
each
has
many
and
A has
A
give to
to
65
five
$40, and
times as
much
has $00.
If
gives
How many
as A.
must
money
dol-
A man
number
of acres.
how many
buy
statements are given directly, while in the more complex probWe denote one of the unknown
x,
symbols,
Ex.
14.
1.
is
8,
x.
8.
is
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
66
Either statement may be used to express one unknown number in terms of the other, although in general the simpler one
should be selected.
If
we
Let x
and
= the
smaller number,
8
the greater number.
Then x -+- =
The second statement written
the equation
^
#4a;
Simplifying,
o\
(o?-f 8)
Transposing,
in algebraic
symbols produces
= 14.
= 14.
-i
<
a-
-f
-f
x =14
8.
= 6.
= 3, the smaller number.
8 = 11, the greater number.
2x
Uniting,
Dividing,
a?
-j-
Let
Statement
14
Then,
in
expressed
symbols is (14
x)
course to the same answer as the first method.
= 8,
II.
If
are
Then,
To
If
ot
A gives
which leads
viz. I, to
express one
many as A.
unknown quantity
in
exchange
Hence,
A will lose,
x
3x
4-
and
will gain.
26
-f
25
x
x
25
Therefore,
Simplifying,
Transposing,
= 2(3 x
= 6x
Qx
67
(Statement II)
25).
50.
25
60.
- 5 x - - 75.
x = 15, B's number of marbles.
Dividing,
3 x = 45, A's number of marbles.
Check. 45 - 25 = 20, 15 + 25 = 40, but 40 = 2 x 20.
Uniting,
'
98.
always
price, etc.
is 11.
dollars
and dimes
is
$3.10.
Let
x
11
from
I,
we
-)+ 10 x = 310.
Simplifying,
50(11
660
50 x
Uniting,
Dividing,
Check.
= 310.
- - 550 -f 310.
40 x - - 240.
x = 6, the number of dimes.
11
x = 5, the number of half dollars.
cents, 6 half dollars = 260 cents, their sum
50 x
Transposing,
6 dimes
= 60
+
+
10 x
10 x
is
.$3.10.
EXERCISE
1.
Two numbers
the smaller.
v,
2.
differ
by 44,
Find the numbers.
Two numbers
differ
by
36
60,
is five
is 70.
times
Find
the numbers.
w'3.
greater
is
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
68
4.
One number
is
six
Find
5.
6.
Two numbers
differ
by
39,
The number
of volcanoes in
United
States,
and in Mexico
find the
Ibs.,
weight of a cubic
9.
A's age is four times B's, and in 5 years A's age will be
three times B's. Find their ages.
10.
mountain
12.
Two
is
much
What
feet.
it
If the smaller
How many
is
much
On December
How many
Copenhagen
lasts 10 hours
If a
99.
69
ment
it
by a
Ex.
1.
times as
much
money by
are
C's
the
number
of dollars
3 x
the
number
of dollars
has,
the
number
of dollars
has.
Let
According to
and according
II,
to
I,
80
has.
To
x
8x
90
first
Expressing in symbols
Three times the sum of A's and B's money exceeds C's money by A's
3
x
( x _5 + 3z-5)
(90-4z) = x.
original amount.
x = 8, number of dollars A had.
The solution gives
:
3x
80
Check.
If
respectively.
4x
= 24,
= 48,
number
of dollars
had.
number
of dollars
had.
8(8
+ 19)
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
70
4,
The
I.
IT.
III.
cows together.
Let
x
x
4
90 x
Therefore,
85 (x
15 (4 x
and,
Hence statement
90 x
Simplifying, 90
Transposing,
Uniting,
Dividing,
Check.
-j-
may
+ 4)
+
8)
the
= the
number of horses,
number of cows,
be written,
28 x 15 or 450
EXERCISE
x 35
-f
37
2.
first,
first
71
the
first,
4.
"Find three
the third
is 4,
second by
5.
is five
2.
is
twice the
6.
v
-
63.
The sum
7.
and
the third side, increased by three times the second side, equals
49 inches, what is the length of each?
New York
has 3,000,000 more inhabitants than Philaand Berlin has 1,000,000 more than Philadelphia
(Census 1905). If the population of New York is twice that
of Berlin, what is the population of each city ?
8.
delphia,
9.
180.
The
first,
first,
were present ?
x
11.
is
v
.
12.
the
first
13. The gold, the copper, and the pig iron produced in one
year (1906) in the United States represented together a value
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
72
of
$ 750,000,000.
of
the copper.
14.
many
how many
100.
A and B
E.g.
apart,
many
miles does
walk
Explanation. First fill in all the numbers given directly, i.e. 3 and 4.
Let x = number of hours A walks, then x
2 = number of hours B
walks. Since in uniform motion the distance is always the product of
rate
Hence
Simplifying,
Uniting,
Dividing,
3x
4 (x
2)
27.
3z + 4a:-8 = 27.
= 35.
= 5, number of hours.
8 x = 15, number of miles A
walks.
73
The length
If the length
+ 00)
2 x2
(a -10) = 2s -100.
+ 10 x 300 = 2 z2 100.
2
Simplify,
Cancel 2 # 2
and transpose,
The
field is
Check.
70x10
Ex.
The
or 700.
2.
terest as a
= 200.
z = 20.
2 a = 40.
10 x
But 700
= 800
sum invested
certain
sum $200
larger at
at 5
4%.
=
=
What
+ 200).
+ 8.
Therefore
.05
Simplify,
.053;
.01
Multiplying,
Check.
$ 800
fid
100.
.M(x
.04
8.
in-
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
74
EXERCISE
38
of each.
2.
If its length
as a
4.
certain
sum $ 50
A sum
sum
invested at 5
larger invested at 4
%
%.
two sums
$ 100 more.
of the auto-
mobile.
Ten yards
of silk
42.
For a part he
7. A man bought 6 Ibs. of coffee for $ 1.55.
paid 24 ^ per pound and for the rest he paid 35 ^ per pound.
How many pounds of each kind did he buy ?
8.
to raise a certain
sum
of
sets out
two hours
later
10.
and
direction, but
set out
A has
75
a start of 2 miles.
miles per hour, and B at the rate of 3 miles per hour, how
must B walk before he overtakes A ?
of 2
far
sets out
two hours
later
starts
12.
The
distance from
If a train starts at
CHAPTER
VI
FACTORING
An
101.
after simplifying,
a2
\-
V&
is
to 6.
and
this letter.
db
+ 62
is
to b.
103.
An
expression
is integral
a-
104.
The
factors of
+ 4 c2
2 ab
b~
<2
a2
Ir
vV
b'
2
?>
we
a factor of a 2
The prime
and unity)
76
otherwise
,
a, a, 6.
it is
2
.
no other
composite.
FACTORING
106.
is
Factoring
77
An
form of a product.
2
4 x + 3) is factored if written
(x'
would not be factored if written x(x
and not a product.
The factors
107.
The prime
of a
factors of 12
4)
form
+3,
It
(a;
8) (s-1).
for this result is a sum,
&V
Since factoring
108.
in the
is
are 3, 2, 2,
01,
x, x,
y.
?/,
it fol-
= a - 62
+ &)(a 2
6)
(a
it
that a 2
follows
- 62
can be
&).
109.
or
TYPE
I.
110.
The
1.
Factor G ofy 2
greatest factor
common
- 9 x if + 12 xy\
to all terms
a% - 9 x2 y 8 + 12
2 x2
is
3 xy
-f
55.)
flcy*
by
xy'
Divide
xy\
2
1/
= divisor x quotient.
- 9 x2^ + 12 sy* = 3 Z2/2 (2 #2 - 3 sy + 4 y8).
6 aty 2
Hence
Ex.
is
2.
Factor
14 a*
W-
21 a 2 6 4 c2
+ 7 a2 6
c2
a2 6 2 c 2 (2 a 2
- 3 6a + 1).
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
78
EXERCISE
Resolve into prime factors
- 12 cdx.
1.
6 abx
2.
3x*-6x*.
3.
15
&-{-20a
4.
14a
5.
Ilro8
&3
39
6.
7.
17 a? - 51 x4
8.
9.
-7a &
10.
+ llm -llm.
11. 32 a *?/ - 16 a'V -f 48 ctfa^
2
6 xy
+ 34 X
8 a*b -f 8 6V - 8 c a
15 ofyV - 45 afy - 30 aty.
a -a '-J-a
4
8
.
12.
13.
34
14.
a^c 8 - 51
aW + 68
a6c.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
q*-q*-q
+ q.
a(m-f-7i) + & ( m +
3
(a + 6) -3 /(a + 6).
7i
)-
a;
+ 13 -8.
21.
13- 5
22
2.3.4.5 + 2.3.4.6.
23.
5-f 2
6.
20.
TYPE
IT.
In factoring x2
we have
to find
whose product
2x
-f
is g;
factored expression
is
(x -}-m)(x
+ n).
FACTORING
Ex.
Factor a2
l.
-4 x - 11.
We may consider
or
77
1,
79
77 as the product of
1 77, or
7 11, or
11 and 7 have a sum equal to
4.
.
11
7,
Hence
a:
- 4 x - 77 =
(a;- 11) (a
7).
have opposite
signs,
as p.
of this type, however, can be factored.
2.
Factor a2
- 11 a + 30.
Therefore
Check.
Ex.
If
3.
tf
30 and whose
sum
11 are
a 4- 30 = (a - 5) (a
6).
+ 30 = 20, and (a - 5) (a - G) = - 4 - 6 = 20.
.
+ 10 ax - 11 a
2
.
is
10 a are 11 a
12 /.
Factor x? - 1 afy 8
The two numbers whose product is equal to 12 yp and whose sum equals
3
8
7 y are -4 y* and -3 y*. Hence z6 -? oty+12 if= (x -3 y)(x*-4 y ).
Ex.
is
11
a = 1, a 2 - 1 1 a
Factor
is
112.
4.
determine whether
EXERCISE
40
tf-
5.
3.
m -5m + 6.
2
6.
a2 -
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBEA
80
x*-2x-8.
+ 2x-S.
22.
8.
x2
9.
y_ 6y
24.
7.
10.
?/
11.
?/
12.
?/
23.
16.
+6y
16.
-15?/
25.
44.
26.
-5?/-14.
27.
+ 4?/-21.
+ 30.
or - 17
+ 30.
2
13.
28.
?/
14.
15.
a 2 +11 a
29.
a?
30.
16.
a2
21.
a4
TYPE
113.
a;
x*y
ra
-9a&-226
+ 8 a -20.
2
.
ITT.
32.
4xy
21y.
21 a 2
4 wia 2
a'
2
- 70 x y - 180
2
34.
10 x y 2
35.
200 x2
36.
4 a 2 - 48
+
+ 446
400 x
aft
a;
2
.
200.
2
.
According to 66,
- 2) = 20 x2 + 7 x - 6.
(4 x + 3) (5 x
20 x2 is the product of 4 a; and 5 x.
6 is the product of + 3 and
2.
.
+7
Hence
33.
2
+ 7ax 18.
-17a& + 7(U
</
a 2^ 2
20.
?/
31.
18.
a2
-7p-8.
+ 5<y 24.
17.
19.
ay -11 ay +24.
ra + 25ra + 100.
3?/-4 +
a' -2a&-24&
n + 60+177>
a + 7 a -30.
a -7 a -30.
a? + 5
+ 6 a.
100 xr - 500 x + 600.
6 a -18 a + 12 a
a?
is
the
in factoring 6
x2
sum of the
13 x
+ 5,
cross products.
we have
to find
two
bino-
The
The
first
last
By
actual trial
13
x.
factors of 6 x 2
and 5
FACTORING
If
factors of -f 5
81
as
must have
13 x
is
6x-l
6.e-5
x-5
- 31 x
x-1
3xl
\/
/\
V
A
V
A
Evidently the
combination
last
a;
2x- 5
- 17 x
11 x
is
like signs,
V
A
a;
2o?-l
13 a
- 13 x + 5 = (3 x - 5) (2 x - 1).
In actual work
114.
all
ing considerations
follow-
the
the factors
Ex.
Factor 3 x 2
- 83 x
-f-
54.
The
and
factors of the first term consist of one pair only, viz. 3 x and x,
the signs of the second terms are minus. 64 may be considered the
be considered.
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
82
3s-2
3x-l
x-54
-27
- 83 x
- 163 x
2
=
83 x + 64
Therefore 3 z
2) (x
27).
(3
a;
The type
115.
pa; -f go; -h r is
trinomial types, since all others (II, IV) are special cases of
In all examples of this type, the expressions should be
it.
EXERCISE
Kesolve into prime factors
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
2x* + 9x-5.
4a2 -9tt + 2.
3x*-Sx + 4.
5m -26m -f 5.
6n + 5?i-4.
3a + 13a; + 4.
Sar' + Sa-G.
2
13.
14.
10a?2
10.
11.
12.
15.
16.
17.
18.
-9a;-7.
12^-17^-1-6.
6n 2 -f 13w + 2.
2
2.y
+ 172/-9.
2
14 a -fa -4.
15
21.
10a2
40*.
- 77 xy + 10 y
-23afc + 126
aj*
24.
- 13 xy + 6 y2
12 x -7 ay- 10
4a? + 14oj + 12.
25.
G a2
2
.
i/ .
ar*
+ 11
or
+ 12 a.
26.
12y -2/-6.
2
SoJ + llay
23.
2i/
19.
20.
22.
+ 2/-3.
- 17-9.
10 a - 19 a -f 6.
9 y + 32^-16.
2m -t-7w + 3.
9.
41
27.
28.
100^-200^ + 100^.
29.
5 a6
30.
-9 a - 2 a
90 x*y - 260 xy - 30 y
6
31.
90 a
32.
33.
34.
35.
- 300 ab
250
-f-
2
.
2
fc
f-3y -4y
40a -90aV + 20aV.
144 x - 290 xy -f 144 y*
4x
8 ofy + 3 y
2
-f-
FACTORING
TYPE
83
IV.
Jr
2 xy
+/.
form are special cases of the preceding type, and may be factored according to the method used
In most cases, however, it is more convenient
for that type.
Expressions of this
116.
them according
to factor
a2
to
2 xy
65.
+ if = (x
2
?/)
when two
term
is
terms.
in order to be a perfect
square,
24 xy
16 y?
Evidently 10
+ 9 y'
&
is
24 xy
2VWx
x V0y2" = 24
is
square roots of the terms which are squares by the sign of the
EXERCISE
42
2.
m + 2mn + n
c -2cd-d
2
8.
9.
-10g-f25.
10.
+6a6
2
wi -f
4.
x* - 10 x -f 16.
11.
2/
5.
a 2_4 a &
12.
13.
25
-10a6-25.
6.
7.
m -14ww + 49n
2
2
.
14.
-f
a4
a -flOa&4-6 4
+ 462.
3.
re-
xy.
6 m*ti
-f
n*.
x>
16 a
- 20 xy -f 4 y\
- 26 ab + 9 6
2
per-
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
84
15.
16.
+ GO + 25.
225 ofy - 60 a# + 4.
3<>
a;
19.
a;
17.
- 20 ab + 10 b
a - 2 ofy + ofy
m - 6 m* + 9 m.
10 a 2
18.
2
.
20.
Make the following expressions perfect squares by supplying the missing terms
:
-6& +
21.
u2
22.
x*-Sx + (
).
24.
+ 6a + (
9a -(
) +
25.
144 a 2
23. a2
TYPE
+(
).
16&*.
2
)-f816
27.
64 a 4
28.
4m
29.
m
4a + 12a + (
30.
!Gar
20
-f-
-(
According
to
-/.
65,
^//c
Ex.
1.
Ex.
2.
Ex.
10
10
a4
a2
2
-f 6 is
-f b
2.
a -9.
3.
36
-6
2
.
(a
prime.
EXERCISE
tf-y\
-b)
= (a* + b*)(a + b)(a-b).
- 6 = (a
to the
- 3 * ).
aV - 9 z* = (2 ary + 3 z ) (2
1G a - 64 6 = 16(a - 4 6
= lG(tt +2Z> )(a -26 ).
4
3.
NOTE,
).
)+25.
).
V.
JT
117.
100w +(
)+49.
-48 a +(
).
26.
).
43
4.
4a2 -l.
5.
1-49 a
6.
81
-*
2
.
2
.
7.
100a2 -68
8.
a2 & 2 -121.
9.
9a2
FACTORING
118.
Ex.
Factor a
1.
- (c 4- d)
a2 - (c
Ex.
85
of polynomials.
2
.
+ d) 2 = (a + c + cZ) (a - c - (I)
2.
EXERCISE 44
Resolve into prime factors
1.
2.
3.
(m-7?)
(m -f
#
5.
16
T.
8.
-y.
9.
_p
16p
n)
4.
6.
(m-f-n)
2
(?/
4-
2:)
(y -f
cc
a:)
25a -(&-c)
(m-h2n)
36|>
(m
3n)
2
(
2
(2a-5&) -(5c-9ef)
2
10.
(a
11.
x?
(x
12.
(x -f
13.
(2a
14.
(2s
6)
-f-
2
.
y)*.
2
9 2/ 2
?/)
+ 5) -(3a-4)
2
2
.
2
.
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
86
TYPE
GROUPING TERMS
VI.
A. After grouping
tain a
Ex.
Ex.
1.
2.
Factor ax
ax
Factor
or
x8
-f-
bx
bx
-f
ay
+ by
5 x2
- 6z2
ay
con-
x
x
-f by.
= x(a + &) +
= z2
ax + bx
2.
ma
3.
2an-3&n + 2ag-3&?.
4.
4:cx
5.
10ax-5ay-6bx + 3by.
6.
a?
+ ay+by.
+ m&
+ 4cy--5dx
+ x + 2x + 2.
By
6)
(.r,
5)
- (x -
5)
45
1.
?*a
y(a
-f 5.
EXERCISE
B.
new terms
common factor.
7.
nb.
5dy.
8.
raV + nV
9.
3 a 2ic
10.
a3
11.
12.
a5
m ?/
2
- 4 6 x -f 3 a y 2
+ ab 6
- 7 c + 2c - 14.
- a a - ab + bx.
a 26
squares.
= (3 x + y - 2
(3 x
- y + 2 2).
FACTORING
Ex.
Factor 4 a2
2.
87
+ 9 tf - 4 f - 12 aaj
-f-
6y.
- 62 + 9
_ 4 _ 12 ax + 4 6y
2
= 4 a 2 - 12 ax + 9 a2
+ 4 &t/ 4 y2
= (4 a 2 - 12 z + 9 x2)_ (&2 _ 4 ty + 4 ^2)
a;*
*/2
ft
EXERCISE
Kesolve into prime factors
1.
2.
3.
+ 2xy + y*-q*.
l~a -2a5-6
x*
4.
36
5.
-4a6 + 46 -25.
7.
8.
a 2 -10a6
4
46
m - 6 ww + n 2
<
6.
+ 256 2
x -ar -2a;-l.
2
SUMMARY OF FACTORING
First find
I.
to all terms.
II.
a 2 -6 2
= (a + 6)(a-6).
venient.
IV.
terms.
EXERCISE
47
MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES*
Resolve into prime factors
!.
2.
3.
16.
+ 16.
w -m 2.
8ra
2
6a4 + 37a2 + 6.
6a4 -12a2 + 6.
6.
2a3/
4.
+c+
2/
7.
a8 - 9 a2
8.
4 v*
$-
m -Gw + 9-n
2
- 10 xy + 4 y\
2
.
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
88
10.
x*-xif.
11.
10 a 2
12.
4a
13.
49 a 4
14.
-32 aft + 6
4ft
2
ft .
17.
18.
?v
7#2
or
_w
8
ft
ft
16. 2
4 a;
+ 14.
19. 5a'
20.
a6
22.
3 a2
156.
23.
24.
a;
3
25. a
ft
a.
+ a + a + l.
2
:J
ft
+ 2 ?<s
>r
_|_ ft)2
256
35. 2
38.
a5
39.
42 s 2
(a;
2
?/)
V
2
51 xyz
+ 50.
40. 3
41.
__ G4.
a -128.
36. any
48.
+ 6 aft + 3
80 a
310 x
40.
4
20
34.
-50^ + 45.
a3
32.
29.
tt
33. (^
n Qy 2 .
2
30.
27.
28.
-42 a + 9 a
20a -90a -50.
4
-2a + a*-l.
42 x - 85 xy + 42 y
10 w
43 w
9.
25 a
+ 25 aft - 24.
13 c - 13 c - 156.
26.
CHAPTER
VII
The
common
highest
two or more
Two
The H.
common
C. F. of
The H.
The H.
C. F. of
aW, aW,
C. F. of (a
8
ft)
and
and (a
cfiW is
2
fc)
a 2 /) 2
(a
4
ft)
is
+ 6)
(a
2
.
F. is the lowest
EXERCISE
Find the H. C. F. of
4.
2.
3.
15
aW,
13 aty
8
,
25
48
W.
39 afyV.
5.
6.
89
33
2
7
22 3 2
2
s
,
24
23 3
,
3
,
5,
5
7
34 2s
,
II
2
.
54
32
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBEA
90
6 rarcV, 12 w*nw 8, 30
7.
mu\
8.
9.
aWd,
10.
225
11.
4a
12.
4(m -f ?i)
10
8 a
75
16 a
3
,
11
24 a
5(w + w)
2
,
6(m+l) (m+2),
14.
3
a;
(a7
5
?/)
7(m + n}\m
2
8(?/i-f-l)
aj*(a?
6.
13.
- y)\
O+
12
0^(0;
3),
ri).
4(m+l)
- y)
2
.
3
.
123. To find the H. C. F. of polynomials, resolve each polynomial into prime factors, and apply the method of the
preceding article.
Ex. 1. Find the H. C. F. of
+ 4 if, x2
^-4^
and
tf
-7 xy + 10 f.
- 3 xy + 2 y* = (x - 2 ?/) (x - y)
- 7 xy + 10 2 = (x - 2 y) (a; - 5 y).
= x 2 y.
x*
x2
Hence the H. C. F.
7/
EXERCISE
Find theH.
1.
4 a3 6 4 8 a663 - 12 as 66
2.
3.
25 m27i, 15
4.
3ao;
49
C. F. of:
7/i
-3^
n2
10
mV.
6 mx - 6
4
4
?io; .
5.
6 a2
6.
y?
7.
a2
8.
ar*
- 6 a&,
10.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
a;?/
a;
-5^
- # 4 afy -f 4
- 6 a' + 2 a& + 6
- 5 + 6, ^-
9.
11.
5 a6
2
.
3
.
91
common
remainder.
Common
2
multiples of 3 x
The
125.
lowest
and 6 y are 30 xz y, 60
common
x^y'
300 z 2 y,
etc.
two or more
The
The
L. C.
M.
of 3
L. C.
M.
of 12(a
aW,
a^c8
3
ft)
c6 is
and (a
C a*b*c*.
+ &)*( -
&)
is
12(a
+ &)( - 6)2.
given expressions.
128. To find the L. C. M. of several expressions which are
not completely factored, resolve each expression into prime
factors and apply the method for monomials.
Ex.
1.
Find the L.
C.
M.
of 4 a 2 6 2 and 4 a 4
4 a 2 &2
2.
= (a -f
=4 a2 62 (a2 - 6 3 ).
Hence, L. C. M.
Ex.
-4 a 68
The
L. C.
M. of the
last
&)'
(a
6) .
- (a + &) 2 (a
In
example
ft).
two lowest common multiples, which
is
also
signs.
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
92
EXERCISE
Find the L.
1.
2.
a,
a 2 a3
,
C.
.
xy\
afy,
3
y*.
2
4a
3.
7.
4 a 5 6cd, 20
8.
ic
a,
10.
50
M. of:
8 a.
5.
6.
afc'cd
3 ab, 3(a
4.
40 abJ, 8 d 5
+ b).
9.
-f
6 y, 5
a?
a2
2
a?-b\ a + 2ab + b' 2a-2b.
a~b,
a?
14.
7i)
3(m
18.
19.
x2
a,-
a;
-f2, x
4,
a;
-f-
3#
+ 2,
21.
a 2 -fa6, a&
#,
x2
3 a
20.
or -f-
+ 5 a + 6,
+&
22.
a -!, a^-1,
23.
ic
24.
ax -{-ay ~
7ic+10,
bx
15
3,
2
a2
2
.
a 2 -f 4 a +4.
-f
x2 + 4 a
-f 4,
#.
~ab
6b 2
1.
a?
lOaj-f-lfi,
by,
3 a
a.
+ n) 4 m
-4)(a-2)
30
a, a.
+ 6.
+ 2, a -f 3, a 1.
2 a - 1, 4 a - 1, 4 a -f 2.
17.
?/.
15.
16.
ic
y,
b,
(a
13.
-{-
3
Z>
3 a
x.
a;
2(m
12.
a?b,
5 a 2 ^ 2 15
T a
(a-2)(a-3) ( a -3)(a-4)
2
2a?b-'2ab 2
a, 2 a
8 afy, 24
11.
xif,
b,
x*
~5a;-f 6.
2 x -\-2 y.
CHAPTER
VIII
FRACTIONS
REDUCTION OF FRACTIONS
129.
with a
-f-
fraction is
is identical
b.
130.
all
algebraic numbers.
Thus
132.
and
Reduce
1.
Remove
tor, as 8,
TT
= ma
mb
is
Hence
~-
successively all
2
a?,
j/' ,
and z 8
and
mx = -x
my y
in its lowest
denominator have no
its
Ex.
fraction
a
-
terms
common
when
its
numerator
factors.
common
divisors of
.ry
^
24
2 z
= --
3x
by
their H. C. F.
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
94
common
to both.
Ex.
2.
a*
Keduce
6 a'
6a
qs
_. 6
tf
Ex.
3.
Keduce
a*
*8a
24 a2
n2 + 8 a
24 a*
_ ap 2 - 6 a + 8)
6 d\a* - 4)
~ 2 62
--
a2
62
_Q
2 6
EXERCISE 51*
Reduce
i
to lowest terms
9-5
o
3
*'
32
78
2.33
-7 a
'
12a4"
T^
3T5"**
'
36 arV
18 x2^'
K
6
'
39 a2 6 8c4
FRACTIONS
7-
^-.
9.
10.
11
'
22 a 2 bc
1
8.
4-
m-
n h
95
11
21.
J-
~__ 9n _ 22
^+3*.
LJZJ^JL.
9x +
23.
^ Mtr
"a"
04
!l
'-M
12.
??i
or
it*?/
2fi
25.
7i
-9
- 10 a + 3
2
rt<
3a
15
x1
4 xy
"-^
'
//(/
' ft<
'
_.*..
?tt
^"
"
16.
.7
27.
?/
-*-7 *
,
OQ
12
15
m
m
3 a3
7 w,n
_6a
4
18.
19.
a;
^'
wn + n
2
?i
T>
a/i
+6
^.
29.
nx
17.
26.
14.
+y
30.
5^-10
y
rt
"-""-;'
31.
32.
ny
ELEMENTS OF 'ALGEBRA
96
134.
denominator.
Ex.
mon
common
denominator.
Reduce -^-,
and
6rar 3 a?
kalr
1.
to their lowest
com-
T
denominator.
The
L. C.
M.
To reduce
of
//-*
2
,
3 a\ and 4
aW
is
12 afo 2 x2 .
denominator 12 a3 6 2 x2 numerator
,
^lA^L O r 2 a 3
22
'
***- by
^ 3
2
,
'
we have
by 4
-M^-1^22
,
'
2>
6' .r
2
,
and
take the L.
Ex
Reduce
to their lowest
common
TheL.C.D. =(z
denominator.
+ 3)(z- 3)O -
1).
3),
and
(a-
we have
the quotients (x
1),
8).
(a
+ 3) (a -8) (-!)'
NOTE.
Since a
(z
-6
+ 3)(s-3)O-l)'
6a;~16
(a
+ 3) (x- 3) (-!)'
to integral expressions,
FRACTIONS
EXERCISE
97
52
common denominator
5?, JL.
22 a2
^*
5a
n">
.T
2,^1.
3.
a?
^'
*
.
.,
'
S?
.,
m^
?y2"
o
o
a.
2aj
~
>
7^
i, i.
26
5c
**.
S*
7i
5
o>
",oj
o atf
2 ab*
2a-l
_
n.
5a
-
6.
o*
77"
or
9a ~l' 3a-l
2
2 a8
zl
3.T
4a
+ 6 a-
jj
'
8'
'
6
*
'
3y
Ga-1
9
'
ay
bxby
IB.
?--,
ax
a
g
'
2a
;
-f-5
a2
25
- a+2
18.
'
a 2 -3a-f 2
Since --{-c
= 5L^
c
common
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
98
Ex
Sim
'
The L.
C. D.
^
is
4(2 a
- 3 ft)(2 a
-f
Ga-6
2^JT)
ft).
2(2 a
+3
-3
6 a
ft
4(2 a
-f
ft
ft)
_ 2(2 a +
ft)
(2 a
4(2 a
ft)
_ 8 a 2 -f 24 aft
~~
ft
12 a 2
The
138.
-f
aft -f
21
ft)
- 20 aft
4(2a-3ft)(2a-f
20 a 2
the terms of
+ 3 ft) -f (2 a - 3
- 3 ft)(2 a + 3 ft)
18
-f
+ 3 ft),
(6 a -ft)
-f
ft
results of addition
ft
3ft)
re-
Ex.
2.
cr
_T__
-r-
-\-t
Simplify
a2
ab
a-3b
a(a
ft).
_ 3 ab + 2 = ( a _ ft)( _ 2
a 2 -2 aft :=(- 2
= a(a - (a 2 6).
L. C. D.
3
a
2a +
"~
a2
ft2
ft).
ft).
Hence the
a
a2
-f
2 6
ft)
ft
ft
- aft
a2
aft
a2
ft2
_(a +
aft
2ft)(a-2ft) +a (2q +
a(a - ft) (a
2
=a -4
ft
a(a
=a
^.
4 6
Ca2
2
(2 a 4- aft)
ft)~.
(a-8ft)(a~-ft)
2ft)
- 4 aft +
ft
2ft)
ft)(a
+ 2qg+6~ag-f4a&-8
ft
a(a-ft)(a -2ft)
...
NOTE.
(a
ft)
a(a
+ 5 aft - 7
- ft)(a - 2
a(a
-2
2 a2
ft
ft)
_. (2
a(a
7 ft)fa
ft)(a
ft)
ft)
'
ft)
FRACTIONS
99
EXERCISE 53*
Simplify
2a-4
2.
9m + 7n
3.
2x + 3y
3x
5a-76
8.
9.
3a
46
106
6a-116
15a-26
13 a
116
2a
4a
4a
10.
'
7.
++.
6
36
36
12.
3u
2v
12 uv
5 wv
8v
30 u
18 v
13.
-+-
19.
_H_ + _*_.
a+6 a 6
14.
? + i-
20.
15.
A+2_3.
21.
j>0
16.
i>
-1*
18-
t-3
q
*
M.
m-f 3
23.
m-2*
-^4-f25.
1 -f
1
17.
5n
x + 2y
45
15
6m
24.
a "" 2 6
'
m
m
2L +
2a
a _2
6 a 4- 5
1
1 -f
a-2
a + 3*
2 a -7
a-f-1
2)
* See page 270.
'
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
LOO
26
27
x*3x + 2 x-2
,9.
3a
2x
x2
+.
a
+ 3y
Gx
5x
x-3y
~.
'
30.
a-f-1
31.
32.
_m
+m
36
&
34.
a2+ a ^_2&2
x-2
35.
Qfi
ou
Q
3
*
/j.
'
TTo
<1
n.
'>
-.9
a2
- 679
2
/ IIlNT:
+ 1.
i. _
'
+b
Let a
+a=
42.
?^
-_ +
a?
\_
ic
41.
O
:_
"I
L
"I
IT-i ~T~ 7
a-f 1-f
39.
40.
/Yl
37
38.
_w
a;
+ y.
43.
?/
^-2-^+6m 3
45
'
x2
-7x+12~x
44.
a
2
'
}
-l7x + 4:~
^>
FRACTIONS
To reduce a
139.
101
fraction to an integral or
*
mixed expression.
= +
ceo
Hence
5a2 -15a-7 = 5 a2
5a
oa
v
Ex.
1.
*-
T,
Reduce
or
4 x3
2a; 2
+ 4tf
2x
(S74)
v
'
15a
oa
5a
17
2 x2
+ 4x
4 x2 - 6 x
+ 10x-
5a
to a
.7
=a
mixed expression.
2 g 4- 6
4 x2
Therefore
3g
- 17
17
(2^ + 2x
5-3
-f
(2x-,'3)
2
EXERCISE
54
to a
9a2 -6a + 2
3a
*-
m -f 6
n 2 + 7n + 14
fi
+1
mixed or
integral
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
102
MULTIPLICATION OF FRACTIONS
140. Fractions are multiplied by taking the product of tht
numerators for the numerator, and the product of the denominators for the
or,
expressed in symbols:
denominator;
_ac
b'd~bd'
Since -
141.
= a,
To multiply a fraction by an
-x
e.g.
=
b
numerator by
that integer.
order to cancel
common
factors, each
Ex.
!.
Simplify
1
J
The
Ex.
2.
expreeaion
F J
Simplify
=8
FRACTIONS
EXERCISE
Find the following products
8
'
"
'
48
..
'
53 *38
14 b*
10 a 8
5c
36C2
"
'
76
10 (a
56
5#
3a 2 6
c&
GoA
ai>
9m
_
JO.
-25n
3m +&n
a2
12
2
ar
"
'
"
3m
,.
14.
5n
15.
_G
x
2 ab
+ 1"
"
fc
12 d6 4- 20
b*
'
a 2 -5a-h4
<
(x
I)
a2 -5a-6
a;
aj
18.
a?
-f
a;
o,
o?-f
a2 4-3a-4
a2 3 a 4
x2 + x
17.
'
14m4
q~.
4
7a-216
ot
"
34 ab 2
4a-f-86
"
56 2c
17 ab
'
'
'
6)
"
21m*
36^
as b*'
4- 6
'
4 ac2
'
'
8.
55
a2
2!v!
2
4
103
50
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
104
DIVISION OF FRACTIONS
143. To divide an expression by a fraction, invert the divisor
and multiply it by the dividend.
Integral or mixed divisors
should be expressed in fractional form before dividing.
The
144.
dividing 1
number
reciprocal of a
is
-f-
by that number.
The
reciprocal of a
is
The
reciprocal of J
is
+*
The reciprocal of ?
Hence the
a
|.
+ + * = _*_.
x
a + b
is
reciprocal of a fraction
obtained by inverting
is
may
be expressed as
the
multiply
Ex.
1.
Divide X-n?/
by
x** -f xy 2
s^jf\ =
2
x'
-f
x*y
x*
- y3
+
x3
2/
+y
x*y~ -f y
x'
xy*
EXERCISE 56*
Simplify the following expressions
x*
'""*'-*-
ft2
'
om
'
13 a& 2
5
+a
.
:
2 a2 6 2
r
-
i_L#_-i-17
ar
u2
a 4-1
a-b
FRACTIONS
-.-
^-5^+4
'
105
t
'
'
a^-3^-4
?
4*
.
'
'
>
m
12
a
a2
6
a?-~ab
2a
4- 5
4-g-20
80
50
??i
^y
?/
4-
a:
+3
mm
ga2
25
15 #4- 10 ?/ _._
~#
a*?/
in^o
a2
.T ?/
45
4-g-2
2
w + 56
-f- 1
4a
a-
5 a
4-
'
"xy
14
15
a2
(Jf
fr
a2
4- 6
+ 064- 6
COMPLEX FRACTIONS
146. A complex fraction is a fraction whose numerator or
denominator, or both, are fractional.
Ex.
l.
Simplify
<!
a
a2 c
-L
4.
&
_6
4-
ab 2 4-
4-
a6 2 4- &c 2
&c*
a
,
ac
a2c
4- afr 4- ^c
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
16
147.
In
many examples
the easiest
mode
of simplification
ia
x -}- ?/
x y
_x^_l
X ~V
x+y
.
Ex.
2.
Simplify
xy
+y
EXERCISE
Simplify
57
x
2.
y
X
4*
2
y
3.
JL.
4.
+6.
&
6.
7i+~
.
,a
^c
-n
a
7.
9.
_^
,y
m ""
-.
32
8.
i.
c
x*
10.
FRACTIONS
m
11.
1
15.
a "~
2
12.
~T"
!^-5n
107
y
1
&
+2
'
-i
19
20
a4-6
13.
m^n*
n
17.
"
"
1
/*-_i_i
4-
14.
s-y
18.
1+ 1
ti
flg-f-l
a?l
a;-~l
ic+1
CHAPTER IX
FRACTIONAL AND LITERAL EQUATIONS
FRACTIONAL EQUATIONS
If an equation contains fracbe
removed
by multiplying each term by the
may
L. C. M. of the denominator.
148.
Clearing of fractions.
tions, these
^-2^
63 =
Ex.1. Solve
-* + *-*.
12
Removing parentheses, 2x
2(x
2
a;
3)
9x
Uniting,
Ex.
If
2.
=
=
89),
72
-3
72
(a; 4-
Bx
4)
12
x.
Qx.
2z-2a;-f3# + C:E=-6-f72-12.
Transposing,
Check.
3,
= 6,
each
member
-I
reduced to
1.
14
Solve
is
= 64.
= 6.
+1
+3
-!)(&+ 1) (x + 3),
+ 1) (a + 3) - 14 (a; - l)(z + 3) = - 9(se + !)( 14 x 2 - 28 x + 42 = - 9 x2 + 9.
5 x2 + 20 x + 15
15 - 42 + 9.
14 z 2 + z 2 + 20 x - 28 a =
5 x2
- 8 x = - 48,
= 6.
Multiplying by (x
5(3
Simplifying,
Transposing,
Uniting,
85
Check.
If
6,
each
member
is
reduced to
108
1.
I).
109
58
_ +7
a?
32
'2
--.
3
a?
"T"" 4
"
4- 1
_7-7
""~TiT"
a?
a;
'
3
10.
^-1 = 9.
a/
12.
= 12.
+4
14.
1+5
= 19
-^^0
= 5.
&
a/
'
11.
- = 2.
a:
16.
=
xx
a?
a?
*>
a;
13.
= 2.
a?
18.
hi-
15.
+^ + 3 = 11.
^'
2,
a;
20
on
334
+2
y-2
+1
y-3 ==
2
^
16
ELEMENTS Of ALGEBRA
110
24.
?_=_.
29.
y+3~2
25.
l-~.
26
26.
4a4-l4*
+
27
2^12 = 2
28
=
34.
35.
36.
31
31.
32
_J_ = _J3 ._
_
20
x+3 x-3
33.
6
.
o^-
13
J_.
3x
3x-2
3x-2
3x*-2x
23 x
51
2a?-3
A*
22
26
4^-9
2^4-3
37.
38
^^
'
39
'
x- 11_4 x-
40.
Solve
5#
10
Multiplying each term by
tors,
16 x
Transposing and
10, the
2(
+3-~
~ &Q
n
=:
a;
26
1,
a;
a;
20 g
~ Jff
each
9,
member
is
2.
a:
= 20 x -
5x
Dividing,
If
16 x
Check.
uniting.
Multiply ing by 6
60.
45.
9.
reduced to
^.
5a;-2
42
9
,,
43.
24
a;
-f
8#-f 2__ 2x
13
15
44.
~~7-16*
10 x -f 6 __ 4a;-r-7
5
6a?
6a-fll~~
+l
6x-flO
'
2a?~25
15
28
64-14
17a?~9
14
.2
18
==
111
7a;-29
507-12'
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
112
LITERAL EQUATIONS
150. Literal equations ( 88) are solved by the same method
as numerical equations.
When the terms containing the unknown quantity cannot be
factoring.
= (a -f 6)
mnx = (1 4- m
ax
Thus,
by
-f-
x -f- m 2*
bx
jr.
mn) x.
Ex.1.
ax-
Clearing of fractions,
+ bx ax
Transposing,
Uniting,
6)z
= !=?_=^6?
a;
=a
-f
-f
(a
= 3 & 2 ab.
= 2 -f b 2 - 3 6 2
= a' - & - 2 62
IP
bx
Dividing,
Reducing
151.
It
a
to
lowest terms,
expressed by
Ex.
2.
or
x, y,
L=
If
3a-c
Multiplying by 3 (a
Transposing
all
,
?
Uniting the
Dividing,
5>
a,
fr
unknown
not
letter is
find
in
terms of b and
c)
ac
+6
= (2a + &)(3a-c).
= 6 a2 - 2 ac + 3 aft - be.
6c
terms containing a
6 ab
Simplifying,
-f
6.
3(a-c)
- c) (3 a -
6 a&
z.
6(rt-fc)(a-c)
6 a2
ab.
6 ac
to
one member,
+ 2 ac
3 ab
9 a&
4 ac
and multiplying by
1,
=
=
a(9 b
= -l^
9 b
4-
4 c
6 6c
5c.
7 6c.
-f
4 c)
= 7 &c.
c.
59
*,
2.
3.
4.
6.
+ 3a; = 8 4 #.
a + 26+3aj=2o + 6 + 2a?.
mx = n.
11.
ax
13.
14.
-4-- = c
21.
Z>
3(*-
12.
10.
iw
= 3 (6 a).
= 2(3a
=
aaj-ffta?
+ 7^ = 0*+^
8.
9.
113
4 (a
x)
3(2a +
aj)
a).
25
a;
?+l
a/'~~
= 2L
-f- a;
;i
c.
^o;
-f-
+ &o; = 6
(m -f n) = 2 a + (m-?i)a?.
a^
co?.
a?
n) x
15.
(wi
16.
- = H.
18.
=px + q.
- = n.
17.
+ =
xx
1.
26.
= 5.
a?
x!7
a
ITo
IIL
= vt,
= rt,
s =
_
~
2 8.
If s
solve for v.
29.
If s
solve for
30.
If
31.
If
V-t
If
34.
The formula
-, solve for a.
c
-=-+!,
f P
33.
solve for y
a.
^^a =
1
32.
t.
solve for/.
30, Ex. 5) is
=^,
() The
(6)
(c)
The
The
i
principal.
rate.
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
114
35.
(F)
in
(ft)
If
36.
is
100
C.,
- 20
= 2 TT#.
then
C.,
Find
R in terms of C and
C.
is
R,
TT.
At
is
hand, hence the question would be formulated After how many minutes
has the minute hand moved 15 spaces more than the hour hand ?
:
x
x
Let
then
= the number
and
12
Therefore x
over.
Or
~^ = 15
'
!i^=15.
Uniting,
Multiplying by
- 180.
= 16^- minutes after
x=
11 x
12,
Dividing,
3 o'clock.
by
1,
we denote
then
respectively
ff
/-
the required
A would do
number
of
j,
~ and
and hence the sentence written in algebraic symbols
^,
2
3
115
Let
= the
required
Then
= the
part of the
Therefore,
Solving,
32
= |,
number
of days.
work both do
in
number
one day.
of days.
xx*
180
Therefore,
152
+4
(1)
= 100 + 4 x.
4x = 80.
180
Clearing,
Transposing,
Hence
fx
Explanation
If
is
36
= rate
of express train.
Ox
j
But
in
Distance
Rate
Hence the rates can be expressed, and the statement, u The accommodation train needs 4 hours more than the express train," gives the equation /I).
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
116
EXERCISE
1.
60
together
make
21.
3.
Two numbers
What
5.
2.
is oO,
is
Two numbers
^ of the other.
J-
of the greater
9.
differ
Find A's
8.
and one
ex-
are the
l
of the smaller.
to s
7.
fifth
differ
its
is
equal
age.
The sum
post
is
a fifth of
length in water,
and 9
its
of the post ?
A man left ^ of his property to his wife, to his daughand the remainder, which was $4000, to his son. How
10
ter,
much money
did the
man
leave ?
11. A man lost f of his fortune and $500, and found that
he had \ of his original fortune left. How much money had
he at first?
12
left
at first?
The speed
of an accommodation train
is
117
f of the speed
of an express train.
If the accommodation train needs 1 hour
more than the express train to travel 120 miles, what is the
rate of the express train?
152, Ex. 3.)
(
after
a clock together?
16.
hands of
a clock together ?
17.
A man
has invested
the remainder at
6%.
J-
of his
19.
money
at
more
$500?
4%.
investments.
20 ounces in
21.
A can
22.
air,
and losing
1-*-
it
B in 6 days.
working together
In
in
?
12 days.
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
118
The
many days
we
If
let
method of
can both do
= the
it working together ?
required number of days, and apply the
we
170, Ex. 2,
Solving, 3;=
-f-
To
-- = -.
n x
it
in
mn
-f-
days.
ft
and
in 3 days,
make
it
i.e.
in 2 days.
In
piece of
work
if
can
(a)
(6)
(c)
(d)
and
ofdavs:
A in 5,
A in 6,
A in 4,
A in 6,
it
working together do a
in the following
number
B in 5.
B in 30.
B in 16.
B in 12.
25.
is 42.
26.
is 57.
The
last
problem
27. Find three consecutive numbers whose sum equals m.
Find the numbers if m = 24 30,009 918,414.
:
119
28.
squares
is 11.
29.
squares
is 21.
The
last three
one:
The
31.
is (a)
Two men
miles
start at the
apart, the
first
Two men start at the same time from two towns, d miles
the
first traveling at the rate of m, the second at the
apart,
After how many hours do they
rate of n miles per hour.
33.
first,
and
(c)
4J-
(c)
A cistern can
6 and 3 hours.
be
filled
CHAPTER X
RATIO AND PROPORTION
11ATTO
The
154.
Thus the
two numbers
number by the
ratio of
dividing the
first
ratio of a
and
is
is
second.
- or a *
b.
The
written a
the symbol
b,
155.
ratio
is
numbers.
" a
Thus, instead of writing
is
6 times as large as
?>,"
we may
write
= 6.
156.
The
first
term of a ratio
is
ft,
the
is
is
The
the
consequent.
157.
The
ratio -
is
a
158.
Since a ratio
fractions
if its
may
b
is
be af)plied to ratios.
E.g. a ratio
is
relating
Ex.
1.
to
not changed
6.
etc.
AND PROPORTION
RATIO
Ex.
2.
Transform the
ratio 5
1.
equal
*~5
3J so that the
33
:
72:18.
3.
J:l.
4.
$24: $8.
4|-:5f
6.
5 f hours
3:4.
9.
8.
3:1}.
10.
8^-
hours.
27 06: 18 a6.
11.
16 x*y
12.
64 x*y
24
xif.
48
a-y
3
.
16:64.
15.
159.
7|:4 T T
two
5.
7.
unity
61
ratios
62:16.
term will
'4*
EXERCISE
1.
first
2.
121
16.
17.
7f:6J,
is
proportion
1.
18.
16a2 :24a&.
ratios.
= |or:6=c:(Z are
160.
The
first
proportions.
term
is
first three.
161.
is
terms.
In the proportion a b
:
and
c,
and
is
c,
b is the
mean
b.
proportional between a
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
122
162.
or 4 ccm.
may say,
directly proportional
pro-
briefly,
portional.'*
inversely proportional.
t/ie
Let
=c
is
equal
to the
d,
!-;
Clearing of fractions,
164.
ad =
be.
bettveen two
numbers
is
equal to
of their product.
Then
Hence
=b
= ac.__(163.)
b = Vac.
a b
:
c.
mn = pq, and we
divide both
?^~ E.
q~~ n
(Converse of
members by
nq,
163.)
we have
AND PROPORTION
PATIO
Ex.
Find
1.
x, if
x = 12
Ex.
rn
a?
8:6 =
4$ = 35,
If
166.
I.
III.
=c
d,
=d
c.
= 35
(Called Alternation.)
of these propositions
To prove
may be proved by
is
true
example
ad
if
Division.)
a method which
= be = be.
ad = be.
bd
bd.
ad
if
But
163.)
^ =^'
Hence
167.
last term.
By
true.
I.
is
then
V.
Or
true
4|.
IV.
This
is
Or
Any
and 5 x
a:c=b:d.
II.
is
2.
t:
8 x
7.
= 42. (163.)
= f f = 3 J.
12x
Hence
123
inversion 5
=6
x.
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
124
IT.
its
antecedents or
consequents by
3:3
Or
1:1
To
III.
48:21=32:7x,
7,
= 2:3.
= 2:x,
i.e.
5:6
Apply composition,
11
=4
division,
V. To simplify
5, 1
m 3n
=4
x.
x.
= 2.
3
3
=
=
= 5 -f x
x.
jr.
x.
= + *.
mx
= ^-
division,
2x
tin
.!=!*.
Or
3n
=-
A parenthesis is understood
NOTE.
x
x
EXERCISE
62
2.
3.
5^:8 = 2:3.
= 7:2f
3J.:J
= 12 5ft.
8ajy:17 = i^:l-^.
11
4.
5.
15:22=101:15.
6.
7.
10.
= 20:7.
8.
=
9.
72:50 180:125.
m n (m n) = (m + rif m
2
= 24:25.
13 = 5f llf
18:19
120:42
6
2
n 2.
40:28 = 15:0;.
112:42 = 10:a.
13.
03:a?=135:20.
14.
a?:15
17.
1, 3, 5.
21.
3, 3t, f.
20.
2, 4, 6.
22.
ra, w,j>.
25.
16 and
31.
35.
to
37.
38.
39.
40.
rap, rag.
and
a.
27.
29.
a and
1.
34.
ra
to
8 a 2 and 2 b 2
Find the
28.
2 a and 18
If ab
ra
a 2 and ab.
33.
x 10
23.
32.
Form two
14 and 21.
and 2/.
equation 6
36.
4 and 16.
|-
96.
26.
to:
19.
28.
4z = 72
= 35:*.
4 a*:15ab = 2a:x.
16 n* x = 28 w 70 ra.
18.
2.8:1.6
16.
9 and 12.
21
15.
= l^:18.
24.
125
a.
+ landra
= 5 x 12.
= xy,
ratio of
y, if
6x = 7y.
9 x = 2 y.
6 x = y.
mx = ny.
41.
42.
43.
44.
+ fyx = cy.
x:5 = y:2.
x m = y n.
2 3 = y #.
(a
45.
7iy = 2:x.
46.
47.
=x
1 =x
2:3 = 4- x:
49.
6:5
50.
x.
= 15-o;:ff.
2= 5
x x.
:
a.
a2
b.
contains x:
1.
= 2 + x: x.
= 3 43 + x.
5=
51.
22: 3
52.
19
53.
18
a?
a;
a?.
terra
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBEA
126
54.
(a) Triangles
as their basis (b
and
b').
circles are to
each
inversely propor-
The
(d)
(A and
areas
(R and R').
The number of men (m) is inversely proportional to the
number of days (d) required to do a certain piece of work.
the squares of their radii
(e)
total cost.
The time a
(b)
of the train.
The length
(c)
of the rectangle.
The sum
(d)
of
interest at
5%, and
56.
22 miles.
The
57.
their radii.
on a certain
7,
what
is
58.
map corresponds to
how many miles ?
circle is
8 square inches,
body of gas
inversely proportional to the pressure.
under a pressure of 15 pounds per square inch has a volume of
gas
is
16 cubic
feet.
What
will be the
volume
if
the pressure
is
69.
127
the
is
Metropolitan
McKinley (20,000
Tower (700
feet
high) ?
From Mount
feet high) ?
Ex.
as 11
1.
:
7.
Let
then
Hence
or
Therefore
Hence
and
Ex.
is
Find^K7and BO.
Let
AC=1x.
Then
BG = 5 x.
AB = 2 x.
Hence
Or
2 x
4
'
4.
x=2.
Therefore
14
= AC.
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
128
EXERCISE
1.
2.
7.
3.
5.
4.
A line 24 inches
long
63
9.
is
5.
What
Gunmetal
6.
How many
tin.
metal ?
cubic feet?
8.
The
7 18.
water as
is
197,000,000 square
miles, find the number of square miles of land and of water.
9. Water consists of one part of hydrogen and 8 parts of
:
oxygen.
grams
How many
of water?
10.
11.
12.
13.
Divide
b.
7.
in the ratio x:
The
parts ?
(For additional examples see page 279.)
CHAPTER XI
SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS
169.
An
equation of the
first
satisfied
2oj-3y =
If
6,
2 y =
- -.
y =
a?
,-L
then
(1)
/0 \
(2)
= 0,
=,y=--|.
x = 1, y =
1, etc.
I.e. if
If
If
of values.
However,
there
if
different relation
is
between x and
*
+ = 10,
(3)
these
to be satisfied
y must be equal.
Hence
2s -5
= 10 _ ^
y,
(4)
= 3.
is x = 7, which substituted in
(2) gives y
both
are
to
be
the
same
satisfied
Therefore,
equations
by
values of x and y, there is only one solution.
The
root of (4)
if
129
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
130
170.
system
a group of equa
by the same values of the unknown
of simultaneous equations is
numbers.
6 and 7 x
3y =
by the values x = I, y
-H
2y
satisfied
171. Independent equations are equations representing different relations between the unknown quantities such equations
;
viz.
172.
unknown
unknown
quantity.
174.
By
By
I.
II.
of elimination
to
Addition or Subtraction.
Substitution.
E,X.
Multiply (1) by
Multiply (2) by
Solve
2,
3,
-y=6x
6x
-f
4y
- 26.
= - 24,
26 y = 60.
y = 2.
21 y
(3)
(4)
131
3x
Therefore
common
letter
coefficients
Multiply (1) by
Multiply (2) by
+ 2.2 = 9 + 4 = 13,
3-7- 2 = 6- 14 =-8.
(3)
and
25 x - 15 y
39 x + 15 y
5,
3,
(4),
Therefore
Substitute (6) in (1),
Transposing,
Therefore
Check.
13
Hence
to eliminate
= 235.
= 406.
64 x = 040.
x = 10.
60 - 3 y = 47.
3y =
3.
y = 1.
x = 10.
10 - 3 1 = 47,
10 + 5 1 = 135.
(3)
(4)
(6)
by addition or subtraction :
make
3. 8
2.
176.
whose
multiple.
Check.
Add
+ 4 = 13
x = 3.
y = 2.
the coefficients
add
numbers as
will
are
like,
the equations.
EXERCISE
64
answers:
'
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
5.
^
= ll.
13-
2/
= 24.
17.
-I
a;
6-1
l7a; +
'
1fi fl ,4.1ft
= 6.
is
+ 22/ = 40,
fl<>*
r A
8.
I
5y
oj
= 17.
19<
a;-f2/
= 50.
'
9-
r
20.
_.
= 41,
[2o; + 3?/
{ 3 x -f 2 y = 39.
x
11.
12.
3#
3.9
?/
= 0,
~ y~~>
22.
'
,v
23.
13.
14.
15
'
3X
7x
y = 1U,
*
+ 3 y = 50.
'
-60.
94
^4
'
25
*- 3.5 y = -2.3.
133
ELIMINATION BY SUBSTITUTION
177.
8,
Solve
Transposing
(1)
(2-7,
I3ar + 2y = 13.
and dividing by
7 y in (1)
7
(
21 y
Clearing of fractions,
^""
2,
"
?/
(2)
24
+2y=
+
4 y
25 y
Therefore
= 26.
= 60.
= 2.
178.
Hence
Find
to eliminate
by substitution
and
unknown quan-
EXERCISE
Solve by substitution
3.
an unknown quantity in
other equation,
13.
65
f5aj
l3a;
= 2y + 10,
= 4#-8.
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
134
179. Whenever one unknown quantity can be removed without clearing of fractions, it is advantageous to do so in most
cases, however, the equation must be cleared of fractions and
;
is
possible.
(1)
Ex.
Solve
(2)
9 = 36.
+ 21-2y-4 = 14.
4* + 3y = 19.
7x_2y=-3.
43 + 8-f-3y +
7z
From
(3),
From
(4),
(7)
and
(8) ,
Substituting in (6)
+8
2
(6)
(6)
3,
Sx + 6y =
Adding
(3)
(4)
3S.
(7)
21z-6y=-9.
29 x = 29.
x = l.
2 y = - 3.
7
y = 6.
(8)
EXERCISE
66
+ 5(y + 5) = 64.
f8(z-8)-9(y-9) = 26,
""^IT
(4t(x-\-)
'
\6(a;-6)-7(y-7)==18.
3.
"25
'
tsjj
- 1) + 5(6 y - 1) = 121,
r4(54(5 x
l2(3'
'
15
8.
14.
9.
a;
+y
2
a;
"*"
ff
_13
~
2'
15.
10.
16.
4
11.
10
2a?-5
17.
12.
4^
~
3
=
3a?-2^4
13.
4~2v
18.
y-M
a;-f-2
2,
= 3.
135
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
136
<X +
-4_1
2'
19.
a;
-f y - Q ^
l_3
2/4-1
4'
20.
21.
22.
?~y
3x-\-"
1
23
24.
((*
((
{;
involving
x,
and
y, e.#.
- and x
y
Solve
1.
137
(1)
(2)
2x(2),
(3)
a;
33
Clearing of fractions,
Substituting x
11 x.
3 in (1),
y=4.
Therefore
Examples
by the regular
method.
Clearing (1) and (2) of fractions,
15 y
+ 8 x - 3 xy.
- 4 x = 4 xy.
(4)
(6)
2x(5),
(4)
(6)
+ (G),
(7)
Dividing by 11
y,
EXERCISE
Solve
#, etc.
67
2'
3.
1.
1.
2*
*
x
2.
4.
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
138
4
K
---6 = 5,
x y
10
5.
"
12
25
6.
253
7.
21
9
--=
x
8.
M-Oi
y
a;
o
6,
13.
331
9.
Ex.
1.
(1)
Solve
(2)
(1)
n,
(2)
6,
(8)
(4),
= en.
6w3 + bny = 6p.
bmx = en
anx
anx + bny
(3)
(4)
ftp.
Uniting,
bm)x
Dividing,
(2)
x w,
x a,
amx + bmy
amx -f any =
(7)
- W,
any
(1)
(an
Uniting,
bmy
bm}y
en
bp.
an
bm
cm.
(6)
ap.
(7)
ap
cm.
ap-
cm.
W - cm
y=
an
EXERCISE
bm
68
-f-
ax
-f-
5.
ny =
fax -f
6^
=
= 9a + 46.
fy/
1.
11.
= l,
12.
Find a and
13.
From
14.
c,
.y
of a, w,
x -f my = 1,
I sc
6.
6y
+ by = 2 a&,
nx -f my == m.
139
s in
terms of
n, d,
and
I if
and L
a, d,
and
I.
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
140
By
tions,
unknown quant iff/ from any pair of equasame unknown quantity froni another pair, the
eliminating one
and
problem
the
reduced
is
containing two
to the solution
unknown
quantities.
Similarly, four equations containing four unknown quantireduced to three equations containing three unknown
ties are
quantities, etc.
Ex.
1.
= 8,
Eliminate
(1)
-4,
(2)
l.
(3)
y.
Multiplying (1) by
4,
8B-12y +
Multiplying (2) by
3,
Oa + 12?/- 15z=-12
17 x
Adding,
Multiplying (2)
Multiplying (3)
Adding,
16z
z
32
20
by 3, x + 12 y - lf> z - by 2, 8 x - 12 y + 6 z =
- 9z =11 x
(4)
12
2
10
(6)
-(5),
100
Therefore
= 30.
= 3.
20.
1.
(4)
17 x
Therefore
Substituting the values of x and z
2
Hence
Check.
3y
(6)
(7)
in (1),
-f
12 =s
8.
3y =
6.
=* 2.
(8)
1.
10 x
+ y -f z = 15,
141
69
8.
4-
9.
k
2/
-f 2
-M
?/
2?
4.
a;
-f
a?
a?
+ 70-9 = 26,
10.
4.
11.
~6?/
== 6,
12.
5.
x
13.
15 2
7.
+ 2 y -f 2 = 35,
4 = 42,
2z = 40.
= 45.
14.
-f-
i/ -f-
= 14,
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
142
15.
23.
3x
?/
= 0,
60;
16.
5,
(3
_.
1510
4-
17.
_2
'
074-2!
18.
.2
a;
4- .3
+ .42 = 2,
^
19.
=s
20.
27.
84
21.
= llz,
= 8*.
22.
;
32.
= 2.6
2.
30.
M=i,
y
29.
143
=1
2.
= 2 m,
+ z = 2p,
z + x = 2 n.
# 4- 2/
31.
2/
unknown
quantity.
99.)
unknown quantity by
it is advisable to
represent
a different letter, and to express
will be interchanged.
Obviously
of the other
it is difficult
hence we employ 3
Let
y
z
100
10 y
+z-
+z-
+2+
now be
readily expressed in
.
8.
terms
quantities.
= the
symbols:
100s
digits in
unknown
and
Then
The
to express
= 8;
= 1(1+6);
l,y
125
2,
396
= 6.
= 521.
(1)
(3)
ELEMENTS OF ALGE13KA
144
Ex.
2.
increased by one, the fraction is reduced to | and if both numerator and denominator of the reciprocal of the fraction be dimin;
x
y
= the
we
reduced to
Find the
2.
fraction.
nurn orator,
denominator
By
fraction.
is
= the
= the
x
obtain,
(1)
and
x-
(2)
and y
4_2. 5_
3+1
5+1
Check.
5.
Hence the
fraction
is
f.
_4_
Ex.
3.
direction.
men
traveled the
same
= xy + x
xy = xy -f 3 x
2 y = 2.
x
3x-4y = 12.
= 8.
y = 3.
xy
Or
(4)-2x(3),
From (3)
Hence xy
Check.
distance,
2y
4y
2.
12.
C4)
a:
= 24,
x 4
= 24,
(2)
(3)
x 3
(1)
= 24.
145
70
1.
Four times a certain number increased by three times
another number equals 33, and the second increased by 2
equals three times the first. Find the numbers,
2.
number by
the
first
number.
3.
4.
Tf 3 be
is J.
to
Find the
fraction.
<>
If the
6.
If the
its
denomi-
nator diminished by one, it is reduced to J. If the denominator be doubled, and the numerator increased by 4, the
Find the fraction.
fraction is reduced to \-.
7. A fraction is reduced to J, if its numerator and its
denominator are increased by 1, and twice the numerator
What is the fracincreased by the denominator equals 15.
tion ?
The sum
8.
and
if
What
18
is
is
the
added
number
(See Ex.
1,
183.)
10.
sum
If 27 is
The sum
of the first
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
146
11. Twice A's age exceeds the sum of B's and C's ages by 30,
and B's age is \ the sum of A's and C's ages. Ten years ago
the sum of their ages was 90. Find their present ages.
12.
as old as
how
old
is
old as
each
is
now ?
A man
at
5%,
sum
of $10,000
is
partly invested at
partly at
6%,
4%
16.
A sum
to $8000,
money and
17.
of
money
much money
at simple interest
and
in 8 years to $8500.
the rate of interest ?
A sum
of
money
invested at
amounted
What was
at simple interest
is
amounted
What was
in 6 years
the
sum
of
in 2 years
the
sum and
18.
rates
est
147
number
of animals
was 24?
22.
On
points,
/),
ABC,
respectively, three
OF.
the length of
NOTE.
Tf
a circle
is
inscribed in the
23.
7<7,
sides in D,
E, and F.
BC=7, andCL4 = 8.
In the annexed diagram angle a = angle b, angle c =
angle d, and angle e
angle/. If angle ABC = GO angle
BAG = 50, and angle BCA = 70,
B
find angles a, c, and e.
24.
NOTE.
is
scribed circle.
It takes
25.
A two hours
longer
24 miles, but if
A would double his pace, he would
walk it in two hours less than
than
B.
to travel
Find their
rates of walking.
CHAPTER
XII*
Location of a point.
It'
P3f and
185.
Coordinates.
PM
lines
called
the
point P.
The
abscissa
The
coordinates
PN,
or its equal
OM,
PM,
the ordinate of point P.
jr, the ordinate by ?/.
PN are given.
is
usually denoted by
The
186.
?/,
is
Dare
and
respectively represented
(2,
by
(3 7 4),
(2,
3),
(3,
-3).
* This chapter
may
be omitted on a
148
first
reading.
2),
149
EXERCISE
1.
2.
3.
4.
Draw
71
-2), (-4,
(-5,
2J-),
2),
(-3, -3).
(-2,
0).
- 2).
(4, 1),
(-l,3),and(l, -2).
6.
(6,
4)
and
(4,
4),
and measure
their
distance.
6.
What
is
(3,
4)
from the
origin ?
7.
(4,1),
Draw
8.
Where do
all
points
lie
whose ordinates
tfqual
4?
9.
Where do
all
points
lie
10.
Where do
all
points
lie
11.
What
12.
is
the locus of
(a?,
y) if y
=3?
is
known ?
13.
187.
What
Graphs.
If
by a diagram.
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
150
New
volumes
Y'ork City
of a certain
to 8 pounds.
of
pound
The same data, however, may be represented graphby making each number in one column the abscissa, and
the corresponding number in the adjacent column the ordinate
of a point.
Thus the first table produces 12 points, A, B, C, D,
188.
ically
By representing
To
find
15
ABCN
may be found
1,
we meas-
to be 15
on April 20, 10
on Jan.
15,
A graphic
and
it
all
the peculiarities of
151
i55$5St5SS
3{utt|s33<0za3
Graphs are possibly the most widely used devices of applied matheThe scientist uses them to compile the data found from
experiments, and to deduce general laws therefrom. The engineer, the
matics.
number
of numerical data
is
EXERCISE
From the diagram
questions
is
applied.
72
ELEMENTS OF ALGEKRA
152
2.
At what date
New York
is
is
(a) G
or dates
10
C., (1)
is
C., (c)
What
What
5.
New York
6.
is
above 18 C.?
When
is
C. (freezing
point) ?
7.
From what
11
When
is
0. ?
9.
10.
What
is
How
much,
increase from
11.
June
on
the
average,
1 to
July
1 ?
does
the
temperature
rapidly
12.
rapidly ?
on
13.
14.
Which month
is
15.
Which month
is
16.
May
on the average
is it
on July 1 than
1 ?
we would denote the time during which the temperaabove the yearly average of 11 as the warm season,
from what date to what date would it extend ?
17.
ture
If
is
18.
153
1?
heit)
21.
Draw
23.
Hour
Temperature
(in
hundred thou-
Draw
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
154
If
24.
then
C
2
is
(Assume ir~
irJl.
circumferences of
all circles
>2
.)
from
is J2,
to 20
Represent graphically the weight of iron from
cubic centimeters, if 1 cubic centimeter of iron weighs 7.5
25.
grams.
26. Represent graphically the cost of butter from
5 pounds if 1 pound cost $.50.
to
If
10 wheels a day.
29.
The
initial cost of
Show
books from
2 xy
190.
+ 7 is a function of x.
2
8
y' + 3 y is a function of x and
is
called
y.
function
successively the
values
1,
2,
3,
4,
tively
7 to 9.
x*
+7
will
respec-
x increases
will change gradually from
13,
19.
If
same
-A
variable is a quantity
155
discussion.
constant
is
same discussion.
In the example of the preceding article, x
a variable, while 7 is a constant.
is
it is
Graph
of a function.
various values of x
may
values of x2
',
(-1,1),
and (3,
9),
(-
2, 4),
and join
the
points in order.
If a more exact diagram
is
lie
Ex.
To
1.
Q-,
-J),
(1^,
4 from x
2),
etc.
4, to
following arrangement
may
be found convenient
x = 4.
a*,
the
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
156
4, 4),
ABC.
(To avoid
frequently represented
by a single letter, as y.
Thus in the above example,
2
4
and if
y = x -f- 2 x
;
01
+*
*/
.,-,
?/
rf
the
involving only
It can be
194.
graph
is a straight
of these graphs.
Ex.
Draw
2.
If
If
by a
= 2x-3.
z
x
= 0, j/=-3.
= 4, y = 6.
Locating
ing
the graph of
>
if
/*
1i>
>
function of the
degree is an integral
Y'
rational function
71
4J, etc.
193.
first
,,
Draw
157
73
1.
a?
+ 2.
4.
2x +
l.
7.
2-3x.
10.
a?
2.
x-l.
5.
3x
2.
8.
11.
xz + x.
3.
12.
4a?
13.
I.
a?
2
a;
2
+ 4.
16.
a;
the graph of
Va25;
or
(c)
1.
a*
3.
y = 2x
= -4.
a;
?/
ar.
from
#=
4 to
05
= 4,
and from
(ft)
(/)
(_
1.5)2;
Vl2^
(d)
20.
-fa--
Draw
(6)
19.
6 -fa- -or.
2.
x+1.
21.
(a)
-Jar
17.
a;
(e)
18.
a;
15.
(a)
9.
a?.
-3 a -8.
14.
a;
6.
a?.
(C )
(-2.8)';
(0)
V5;
a?
+2
from x
(d)
(-If)
(^)
VlO-'S".
1 to
a;
= 4,
and
of the
function.
(c)
#2 from # =
2 to a?=4,
(a)
(6)
(c)
(d)
(e)
1-J-,
2J.
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
158
24.
expressed in
Draw
(a)
the graph of
C = f (F-32)
4
F
F=l.
from
to
From
(b)
the diagram find the number of degrees of centi-1 F., 9 F., 14 F., 32 F.
grade equal to
Change
(c)
A body
25.
to Fahrenheit readings
10
second moves in
seconds a distance d
C.,
C.,
C.
=3
1.
formula graphically.
Represent
26. If two variables x and y are directly proportional, then
this
y=
cXj
where
c is a constant.
Show
that the graph of two variables that are directly proportional is a straight line passing through the origin (assume
for c
27.
If
Draw
c is
a constant.
if c
= 12.
UNKNOWN QUANTITY
Since we can graphically determine the values of x
make a function of x equal to zero, it is evidently possible
Thus to find
to find graphically the real roots of an equation.
what values of x make the function x2 + 2x 4 = (see 192),
we have to measure the abscissas of the intersection of the
195.
that
P and
Q.
To
+2x
the points
by
may
used,
otherwise
inspection,
draw through
is
be found
1) a
line parallel to the #-axis,
(0,
abscis-
2 and 1.
viz.
+ =
where
known
a, 6,
and
represent
\-3
-2
1/2
--1
quantities, is called
two
Y'
roots.
EXERCISE
74
4x_ 7
-a -5 = 0.
= 0.
10.
or
2.
11.
a2 -2a;-7
3.
12.
(a)
1.
0.
4.
6.
6.
13.
8.
14.
(6)
(c)
a2
(a)
x2
7.
9.
a:
(a)
(6)
-6a;-f 9
= 0.
4x
= 0.
159
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
160
of
Graph
unknown
quantities.
we can
Since
unknown
Thus
to represent
-L^-
=2
y=
and construct
?/,
i.e.
graphically.
Solving for
Hence
y ='-"-
?/,
if
if
2,
2,
X'-2
== 2.
(2,
4)
line,
and
(2, 2),
produces the
199.
first
Thus
required locus.
7*
y.
3x
in
degree,
- 2 y ~ 2.
= 0, y = -l.
3x
If
Hence we may
join (0,
1)
and
(f
0).
0,
?/
=4
them by
straight line
if
(0,
AB.
0,
fc
= 3.
4) and
AB
is
161
the locus.
201.
To
the system.
By
method
the
of
AB
and
and
(2) respectively.
The
CD
of
coordinates
(1)
of
AB
point in
satisfy the equation
every
(1),
in
AB
also satisfies
equation
(2), viz.
By measuring
x=
3.15,
AB
and CD.
P, the point of intersection of
the coordinate of P, we obtain the roots,
= .57.
graphs intersect.
203.
Ex.
3.
(1)
\x-y-\- 1=0.
(2)
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
162
graph, construct
CD the locus of (2)
Ex.
we
4.
lowing system
0,
3,
Locating the
+ 3), (4,
4,
points
3), etc.,
V25
y*
5,
fol-
25,
(1)
-C.
(2)
4,
2,
3,
4.0,
4.5,
1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
4.9,
5,
4.5,
4,
y equals
3, 0.
(5,0), (-4,
and
x2
of P, the point
obtain
joining, we
of the
AB C
= 25.
3x
of
2 y = -6.
Since the two
points
roots.
P and Q we find
204.
Inconsistent equations.
The equations
2
4
= 0,
= 0,
(1)
(2)
and hence no
roots.
'163
Dependent equations, as
2^3
and
3x
-f
2y
==l
=6
have identical graphs, and, vice versa, idengraphs indicate dependent equations.
tical
EXERCISE
75
a+r/=6.
3.
2x
2.
2x
4.
x~y=0.
y6.
Draw
system,
3?/=6.
4.
5.
6.
y=x + 5.
2
7.
y=
8.
a2
if possible.
9.
17.
1
6*
+ 7 y = 3.
2x
+ 3^
10.
.,
a;
= 4.
19.
20.
16
22.
16
23.
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
164
"~
24.
26.
- 14 y = - 8.
4 a
= 3(6 - y).
25.
29
28.
30.
3
31.
Show
three equations
-f
5y
5.
CHAPTER
XIII
INVOLUTION
206.
Involution
is
Law
207.
According to 50,
3
-f a = -f a
= +- a2
of Signs.
-fa- -faa
a
a
a
Obviously
1.
2.
3.
Since a power
may be
is
a3
etc.
follows that
it
is
a)
2
aft ) 9 is
positive, (
negative.
INVOLUTION OF MONOMIALS
208.
According to
1.
2.
8.
4.
effected
(-
6 3 )*
52,
= a2
5
=
6
(5 )*
n m
n
(a ) = a
(a
= (-
3 a2 6 8 )
a2
a2
b5
on
(-
=
?>
fi
to in factors
3 a268 )
a 8
= _ (2m )
(8
+ 2 = a.
= 6+ 5 + +fi =
2+2
5
____
16
*)"" 27 n
165
(-
62.
by
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
166
To find
the exponent
given exponents.
To
raise
a product
to
a given power,
To
raise
a fraction
to
a power, raise
its
power.
EXERCISE
Perform the operations indicated
1.
2.
(>y.
2 4
(-a )
5.
3.
76
:
2 5
(-a )
/2mV.
(-277171
2 11
.
(afc )
24.
\ 3 J
6.
4.
)*.
'
M-W
10.
(-2ar).
27
'
'
11.
13.
^---
_4_V '
_4_
V/
/-2?n?A 4
30.
15.
am-Vy)
16.
(-|^^)
.
'
V 3xy )'
INVOLUTION OF BINOMIALS
209.
210.
by
and
The
square of a binomial
The
cube of a binomial
&-
we
was discussed
63.
obtain by multiplying (a
= a + 3a 6 + 3a6 + *
6)
= a - 3 a 6 -f 3 a6 - 6
(a
6)
(a
in
_j_
+ 6)
INVOLUTION
Ex.
Ex.
167
1.
(2s)
s=
8 a; 3
3
+ 3(2aO*(Sy) + 3(2aj)(3y)>
+ 36 z2y + 54 xy* + 27 y3
.
n
of 3 x* - y
2.
2
(3 x
EXERCISE
77
2.
(a
+ &)8
(a?-?/)
3
(a-fl)
4.
(m-2)
8
(w+w)
6.
8.
3.
5.
7.
(a-j-7)
+ 4aj)
(7 a
-I)
2
a;)
(l
8
.
-I)
3
.
+5a)
3 8
(1
13.
(3a-f26)
14.
(6m+2w)
15.
(3
a- 6
16.
(3a
17.
(a
18.
(4
or*
62
8
.
8
ft)
-l)
3
.
20.
21.
a8 -3a2 + 3a-l.
10.
+ 3a 6 + 3a& -f-&
^-Sx^ + S^ -^
19.
12.
(1
(3
lx
-a)
9.
(5
86
23.
w + 3 w + ra8
-126 + G6-l.
2
1 -f 3
22.
+ 6) = o + 3 d'b + 3 a6 +
= a + 4 a?b + 6 a & + 4 a6 + b
+
(a
6)
= a + 5 a 6 + 10 a*b + 10 a 6 -f 5 aM + 6
(a + 6)
8
b*.
(a
An
1.
is
etc.
binomial.
TJie exponent of a in the first term is the same as the expo2.
nent of the binomial, and decreases in each succeeding term by L
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
168
T7ie
3.
exponent ofb
is
and
The
The
4.
5.
coefficient
coefficient
binomial
6.
TJie coefficient of any term of the power multiplied by the
exponent of a, and the result divided by 1 plus the exponent of b,
is the coefficient of the next term.
Ex.
Expand
1.
ic
-f
5 x*y
(x
10
^V +
10 x*y*
The
212.
+ y5
5
.
x5
5 xy*
x'2
10
(-
5 x4 y
and
odd
powers negative.
Ex.
Expand
3.
<?
16
2
(2 #
3 y3 ) 4
2 4
ic
EXERCISE
8 4
12
.
78
Expand:
1.
(p + q)
7.
2.
(w
3.
(tf-f-1)
4.
9.
(c-fd)
10.
5.
(m-J)
6.
(l-a&)
4
.
?i)
?/)
(1-for)
8.
(1
14.
&)
5
(?/i-~w)
(a-f 5)
12.
(a~^)
(2 4- a)
16.
17.
18.
25.
(l-fa
19.
(m -fl)
(m
(m
2 5
5
.
I)
+ n)
(?>i?i
2
mn
15. (l
11.
13.
6 2 ) 5.
8
.
-f c)*.
(mnp
I)
20.
(2w
21.
(3a -f5)
-f-l)
2
22. (2 a
5)
23.
(2a-5c)
24.
(1 -f 2
4
a:)
CHAPTER XIV
EVOLUTION
213.
tity
Evolution
it is
\/a
27
\/P
214.
1.
x means x n
=y
= x means
It follows
Any
means
r'
=
y
?>
a.
= 6-,
27, or y
or x
3.
&4 .
in evolution that
may
be either 2wsitive
or negative.
2.
the
same sign as
the
quantity.
V9 = +
3,
or
-3
(usually written
\/"^27=-3,
(_3) = -27.
and (
v/o* =
a, for (+ a) = a
\/32 = 2, etc.
3)
for (-f 3) 2
and
3)
equal
0.
for
a)
= a4
numbers, and
all
numbers.
Thus
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
170
EVOLUTION OF MONOMIALS
The following examples
root
are solved
by the
definition of a
Ex.1.
v/^i2
Ex.
2.
3/0**
Ex.
3.
v^SjW 3 = 2 a
= am
=
^/gL^g
*
c*
Ex
82
for (a")"
Ex.4.
(a
a*, for
)*
= a 12
= a mn
&c*, for (2
a"
a 2 6c4 ) 8
To
216.
?*-
=
.lL,for(*Siy
3
3 6 c*
\
c*J
2
b'
of a power, divide
ft^c20
243
the exponent
by the
index.
6.
\/18
14
63
= V2 3*
= 2 32 6
25
Ex.
Ex.
7.
8.
VT8226
= V25
Find (x/19472)
Since by definition
Ex.
729
2
.
roots of the
82
62
= V2*
numerator
3i
6-
= 030.
2
.
= a, we
( v^)"
have (Vl472) 2
= 19472.
9.
1.
-v/2
3.
-fy
2.
V?.
4.
-v/2^.
9.
V36
100
2
.
3
.
5.
V5
6.
-v/2
79
2
7 2.
33
10.
V25
7.
53
\/2
16.
v- 125- 64
8.
4
.
EVOLUTION
33.
34.
35.
36.
VH) + (Vl9)
2
VI5) x ( VT7)
171
- (V200)
-f ( VI5)
(V2441) ~(V2401)
+ b\
28.
-\/d -\-Vab
29.
30.
V20
31.
V5184.
32.
V9216.
-f
V240)
x ( V3)
45
9.
2
.
3
.
2
.
(Vl24) -{
NUMBERS
217.
by inspection.
Ex.
1.
_ 6 ary -f 9 y = (s - 3 y2) (
vV - 6 tfif + 9 y = O - 3 ;/).
4
a*
Hence
EXERCISE
116.)
80
1.
a -f2
2.
+ l.
2y-h2/
2
.
3.
^-40^4- 4/.
5.
9^ + 60^ +
6.
2
2/ .
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBEA
172
7.
10.
4a
+ 6 + 4a&.
11.
49a 8 -
12.
16 a 4
mV-14m??2)-f 49;>
9.
13.
2
.
- 72 aW + 81 &
4
.
#2
14.
15.
a2
16.
a2
The
first
is
first
term
a'
2ab
a-\-b
is
the root
if
a,
by dividing the
the so-called trial divisor;
and
b,
square.
as follows
a 2 + 2 ab
2
+ W \a + b
EVOLUTION
Ex.
1.
173
x*
- 24 afy* -f 9 tf.
__
10 x*
The square
of x.
*/''
4 x2
?/
8 is
Ex.
2.
is
new
the
term of the
root,
by division we
trial divisor;
and so
forth.
16 a 4
- 24 a + 4 -12 a + 25 a8
s
a.
24 a 3
4-
a2
-f
10 a 2
24 a
25 a 2
12 a
+4
12 a
+4
10 a 4
Square of 4 a
First remainder.
First trial divisor, 8 a 2 .
First complete divisor, 8 a 2
Second remainder.
6 a.
Second trial divisor, 8 a 2
Second complete divisor, 8 a 2
As
there
is
a.
-f 2.
is
(4
a'2
8a
2}.
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
174
EXERCISE
81
2a + a4
+ 1.
2.
3 a2
3.
a4
4.
+ 81 a 4-54 a + 81.
25 m
20 w + 34 m - 12 m 4- 9.
4-12 a& -f 37 a' 6 - 42 a -f 49 a 6
5.
6.
2 a3
x2
2 or 4-1
3
4-
16 a4
-|-
2x.
24 a3
>
40 afy 4-46 x
24 a^
25 x
8.
9.
-f-
if 4-
4.2^4-3^4-2^ 4-
a;
4-
7.
i/
4
.
10.
1 4- 4 x 4- 10 x2 4- 20 o 4- 25 x 4 4- 24
11.
12.
36it-
13.
4-36^?/4-69a;V4-30^4-25^
4m 4- 12m 5 4- 9m 4 20m3 30m 4- 25.
14.
49 a 4
- 42 a*& 4- 37 a ^ - 12 a6
2
4 0^4- 20
or
16 x
17.
ic
18.
729 4- 162 a2
60 a10 4- 73 a8
4-?/ 4-2x-
20.
46 a
22
16
4-
a?
4a;
XT
x*y
6 a5 4- a 6
4-
-f
_^ + 2JX
24.
44 a
2xif
j/
36 a
25 a
12
4-
-h
4-
4 64
4- 16.
4^
iK .
16.
4-
16
4-
15.
19.
or
- 54 a
40 a
12 a
12^.
4-
4-
9 a4 .
4-
16 a4
4-
25 a6 4- 40 a
EVOLUTION
The
220.
175
and each group contains two digits (except the last, which may
contain one or two), then the number of groups is equal to the number
of digits in the square root, and the square root of the greatest square in
units,
group is the first digit in the root. Thus the square root of 96'04'
two digits, the first of which is 9 the square root of 21'06'81
has three digits, the first of which is 4.
the
first
consists of
Ex.
1.
From
the preceding explanation it follows that the root has two digits,
the first of which is 8.
Hence the root is 80 plus an unknown number,
and we may apply the method used in algebraic process.
A
will
show the
7744 80
6400
1
160
+ 8 = 168
+8
1344
1344
Since a
Explanation.
The
is
trial divisor
2 a
= 80,
160.
168.
As
Ex.
x 168
2.
2 a
a2 =
+6=
41)
1400
+ 20 = 1420
00 00
341 76
28400
4
1444
57 76
6776
[700
+ 20 + 4 = 724
ELEMENTS OF ALGEKRA
1T6
221.
places,
In marking
we must
in .0961
are
'.GO'61.
The groups
of 16724.1 are
1'67'24.10.
Ex.
3.
12.688
6/.70
45 2 70
2 25
508
4064
6168 41)600
41344
2256
222.
EXERCISE
Extract the square roots of
82
EVOLUTION
Find
177
ing numbers:
29.
5.
31.
.22.
33.
30.
13.
32.
1.53.
34.
37.
Find the
side of a square
1.01.
J-.
35.
T\.
36.
JT
feet.
38.
yards.
39.
feet.
TT
circle
circle
1
equals irR ,
= 3.1410.)
40.
11.
CHAPTER XV
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS INVOLVING ONE UNKNOWN
QUANTITY
223.
224.
complete, or affected, quadratic equation is one which
contains both the square and the first power of the unknown
quantity.
A pure,
225.
unknown quantity.
+ bx -f c r= is a complete quadratic
ax 2 = m is a pure quadratic equation.
The
226.
equation.
-f
12
unknown
is
quantities.
is 12.
= a,
Ex.
1.
227.
2
ic
Solve 13 x2 -19
Transposing,
= 7^ + 5.
6#2 =
etc.,
x*
Dividing,
24.
= 4.
=2.
This answer
Check.
frequently written x
is
13(
2)2
19
= 33
178
2.
7(
2)*
= 33.
179
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Ex.2.
Solve
.=g
x2
Clearing of fractions, ax
4 a2
+ 4 ax = ax + 4 a 2 + x2 -f
2 x2 = 8 a 2
4 a2
x2 =
x = V 4 a2
x=
x =
.
2,
Dividing by
Extracting the square root,
or
Therefore,
EXERCISE
Solve the following equations
1.
2.
3.
-7 = 162.
0^ + 1 = 1.25.
19
+ 9 = 5500.
o;
a;
7.
8.
9.
10.
(a?-
6(--2)=-10(aj-l).
-?
s-3
oj
+3
= 4.
2
4fc -5'
=:
18.
'
y?
b*
83
4.
16^-393 = 7.
5.
15^-5 =
6.
4 ax,
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
180
on
__!_:L
a;
&
-{-
23.
If a 2 4- b 2
24.
If s
If
= Trr
25.
27.
If 2
28.
If 22
22
'
c#
=c
('
2
,
2
,
= 4w
If s
26.
r.
-f c
2a
and
-f-
c.
= 4 Trr
2
,
solve for
r.
m.
sol ve for
G=m m
'
solve for v.
If
29.
EXERCISE
1.
+a
solve for
= ~^-,
find a in terms of 6
solve for
-f 2 b*
4,
a;
solve for d.
84
is
equal to
its
reciprocal
144).
2.
number multiplied by
its fifth
Find
the number.
3.
150.
4.
The
ratio of
two numbers
(See
is
3,
is
108.)
3,
of their squares
5.
The
sides of
two square
fields are as
5,
of each field.
field.
228.
_____
b
contains
one of
The side
right angle.
opposite the right angle is called the hypotenuse (c in the diagram). If the hypotenuse
whose angles
is
=a
may
-f-
b2
square units.
rec-
181
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
The hypotenuse
7.
of a right triangle
4.
Find the
is
sides.
The hypotenuse
9.
two
The area
10.
sides are as 3
4.
of a right triangle is 2,
Find these
sides.
of a right triangle
Find these sides.
is
24,
The area $
12.
the formula
of a circle
= Trr
/S
-J-
2
.
-2
(Assume
13.
.)
Two
radii are as 3
Find the
4.
3850 square
feet,
and their
radii.
8 = 4 wr2 Find
440
the radius of a sphere whose surface equals
square yards.
14.
(Assume
ir
-2 2
.)
ample
Method
of completing the
illustrates the
method
The following
square.
ex-
- 7 x -f 10 = 0.
x*
7 x=
or
Transposing,
10.
left
or
2m,
we have
m = |.
to
add
(|)
mx -f m
Hence
,
to
2
.
make x2
which corresponds
to
2
.
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
182
Adding
( J)
to each
member,
Or
= f.
=
\
# = ff.
or x = 2.
(*-i)
x
Hence
x
Therefore
62
Check.
Ex.1.
-7
-|
+ 10 = 0,
22
-7
+ 10 =0.
80^69^-2 =
Dividing by
= 6.
=
| x
|.
9 x2
Transposing,
sc
9,
(i.e.
15 x
2
at
Transposing,
Therefore,
Hence
Q) 2
adding
to each
(*~8) a =
Simplifying,
230.
member),
=
x-\
= 2,
|
\.
a;
or
J.
J.
Ex.2.
a
Clearing of fractions,
x2
x
x2
Transposing,
Uniting,
+ 2 a2
-f
2 ax
- x(l
-f 2 o)
= 2 ax.
2 a*
a.
= - 2 a2 - a,
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
183
Simplifying,
- 1+2?=
"*"
Vl - 4
a2
Transposing,
= l+ * a
Therefore
= 1 +2
Vl
EXERCISE
85
<*
V IT
-*
<
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
184
45
46.
2x
4.
= 12.
48.
o^
3 ax == 4 a9
49.
or
7 wr
la
231.
Solution
x
-}-
=8
r/io?.
=0.
by formula.
ao; -\-bx-\- c
= 0.
article,
2a
The
roots of
185
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Ex.
= 26 x-5.
Solve 5 x2
1.
5 x2
Transposing,.
Hence
+ 20
Therefore
4-
= -
5,
= 0.
26, c = 5.
V^tT)* - 4
20 x
10
==
2024 =6or
Ex.
Solve
2.
Reducing
p*x
j>o?
to general form,
p.
px*
Hence
=p
P +
2
Therefore
2.
3.
+ 2 = 0.
3 x -11 + 10 = 0.
2# 11 + 15 = 0.
2or
-5o;
(p
11.
12.
a;
13.
14.
6.
15.
16.
= 64-120?.
17.
18.
8.
9.
19.
10.
20.
21.
2
o;
1), c
p.
-
86
a?
6.
4.
7.
VQ^+T? ^4^
EXERCISE
Solve by the above formula
1.
l.
10
= 44 x - 15 x9
25x* =
21
= 12 - 25 x.
6^+5^ 56.
7^ + 9 x 90.
6m = 7 m
+ 12 = 64
7 x2
a;
a;
TIO;
?i
2
.
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
186
two decimal
to
= 1 - x.
22.
x2
23.
3x?+x = 7.
24.
ar>-8o;
25.
4-2a;
a=:i^-^.
26.
x(x
27
= 14.
<2
- 4) = - 2.
x==
2S-3x
2
.
28
7a-l=--
7s
a?
232.
Solution
by
or,
Let
factoring.
e(l uation:
it
5^ + 5=26*;
transposing
all
a?
is zero.
-!)(- 5) =0.
Bx
factors
1,
or #
is zero,
_,
5x
a?- 5
or
we
= 0,
= 0.
=^
or x
= 5.
any degree,
member can be
Ex.
1.
factored.
Solve a*=
7a? + 15x
=7
2 2*
Transposing,
2a^7x
Factoring,
--16rc
+ 3) (x
2x-f3=0, orz
sc(2
a = 0,
Hence the equation has three
Therefore
se
roots, 0,
16 x.
= 0.
= 0.
5 = 0.
5)
},
and
6.
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Ex.
-3x
Solve x?
2.
4x
x*(x
Factoring,
3)
187
+ 12 = 0.
4 (x
= 0.
3)
-4)(z-3) = 0.
(*-2)(x + 2)(a-3)=0.
Or
Hence the
roots are 2,
2, 3.
234.
formed be solved.
If
or x
we
be required to solve
members by x
But evidently the value x
3
- 3)(x + 3
Ex.
it
divide both
= 2.
equation x
(x
E.g. let
is also
5) = 0.
Form an
3.
The equation
is
a root, for
Therefore x
we
5 (x
or x
= 2.
a:
=3
obtain x 4- 3
(x
evidently
I.e.
Or
3)
= 0,
6.
4)(x - (- 6)) = 0.
(aj-4)(a; + 6)=0.
x2 -f 2 x - 24 = 0.
EXERCISE
Solve by factoring
=5
3,
87
= 0.
5.
0^
6.
ar>
+ 100;= 24.
+ 10 a = 24.
14.
7.
a?-10a=:-24.
15.
5 = 0.
3^ 25^ + 28 = 0.
+ 9 -f 20 x = 0.
4or + 18a -f 8a;:=0.
3# y 5 = 0.
3^ = 0(110-6).
0(0-2) = 7(0-2).
8.
aj(
16.
(5
-|-6
2.
3.
4.
0^
21
= 10
a?.
ar'-Sa^ -12.
a*
10a=24.
+ 8=s:
7.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
2o3 -f9a;
2
or
a;
or
ELEMENTS OF ALGEKRA
188
f
17.
tt(3tt
18.
uz + u
+ 7tt)=6tt.
2.
21.
22. (2a?
3) (a
24.
25.
26.
ara +
(a
19.
w(w
20.
x2
w)=6tt.
a 2 =(x
+ 2)=
(+ 3)(a?+2).
23.
or
-a -2
(y( j_
?
ft
a)b.
+ 1) (a- 3) = (s + l) (3 -a).
+ c*.
27.
50.
'-3a!J -
a?
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Form
51.
3,1.
52.
3,
-4.
53.
-2, -5.
55.
54.
0,9.
56.
189
-2,3.
57.
1,2,3.
-2,3,0.
58.
2,0, -2.
1,
in general two
answers, but frequently the conditions of the problem exclude
negative or fractional answers, and consequently many prob-
235.
EXERCISE
1.
88
its reciprocal
equals
6J.
2.
3.
The
difference of
of their reciprocals is
|.
4.
is 875.
is
288,
is 36.
The sum
5.
What
85.
6.
of the squares of
are the
numbers
The product
of
is
is
210.
Find
the numbers.
7.
8.
product
9.
its
square by
is
G,
-|.
and whose
is 40.
number by
10. The
its
area
a perimeter of 380
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
190
The length
12.
B
1
two opposite
.
c equals 221
feet.
Find
AB and AD.
The diagonal
13.
of a rectangle is to the length of the recthe area of the figure is 96 square inches.
tangle as 5 4, and
Find the sides of the rectangle.
:
A man
14.
sold a
A man
15.
watch cost
as the
A man
16.
Two steamers
17.
of 420 miles.
other,
and
is
of the train.
19. Two vessels, one of which sails two miles per hour faster
than the other, start together on voyages of 1152 and 720 miles
respectively, and the slower reaches its destination one day
How many
vessel sail ?
If
20. A man bought a certain number of apples for $ 2.10.
he had paid 2 ^ more for each apple, he would have received
12 apples less for the same money. What did he pay for each
apple ?
If he
each horse ?
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
191
--
is
AB
AB
23.
A rectangular
24.
is
by a path 5
feet wide,
Find
TT r
(Area of a circle
.)
25. A needs 8 days more than B to do a certain piece of
work, and working together, the two men can do it in 3 days.
In how many days can B do the work ?
26.
equals 3 inches.
27. The number of eggs which can be bought for $ 1 is
equal to the number of cents which 4 eggs cost. How many
eggs can be bought for $ 1 ?
236.
if it
^-3^ = 7,
(tf- I) -4(aj*-l)
= 9.
Ex.
1.
^-9^ + 8 =
Solve
**
By formula,
Therefore
\/8
0.
=9
= 2,
or x
= \/l = 1.
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBEA
192
238.
stitute
Ex.
+ 15 =
2.
<
Let
Then
or
r-f 15
or
y-8)=0.
Hence
>,
or y
0,
8.
Le.
Solving,
1,
EXERCISE
Solve the following equations
1.
4
a;
4
-10a; 2 -h9:=0.
4-36
= 13.T
2.
a;
7.
3 a4
8.
16 a^-40
3.
4.
a4 -5o;2 =-4.
11.
6.
a -21or=100.
-44s + 121=0.
aV+9o
89
=0.
9.
10.
-8 = 2 a*
6.
-37aj 2 = -9.
2
(a:
+aj)
-18(x2 +a;)+72=0,
2
(^-Z) -
12.
"3
14.
1=2*.
T
15
16.
^^
a?
17.
(a?-
18.
19.
^ 2:=Q>
~ 28
193
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
oa/*
bx
-f-
1.
2.
3.
it
follows
2
is
4c
is
4 ac
is
Iflr
kac
is 'not
4 ac
is zero,
4ac
is
4 ac
If b
Ifb*
2
If b
Ifb
2
Jfb
2a
2a
Hence
-f-
4 ac
is
= 0.
real, rational,
and unequal.
= 0,
Since
241.
12)
are denoted
__
b 4- Vfr 2
Tl
Vi
2a
Or
/ 1
4-r2
4 ac
'
T*
b
Hence
by
=
a
4 ac
i\
If the roots of
and r2 then
,
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
194
these results
If the
(a)
2
a?
+ a-x + -a =
0,
ofx
coefficient
in
a quadratic equation
is
equal
is
unity,
of x with
to the coefficient
the
sign changed.
(b)
is
2
E.g. the sain of the roots of 4 x
5 x
=:
j, their
is
product
is-f.
EXERCISE
89 a
4.
= 0.
5a -26a? + 5 = 0.
2x* + 6x + 3 = 0.
or + 10
+ 4520 = 0.
5.
^-12.
6.
3a;2
7.
9x2 ~
1.
o;
-lla; + 18
2
2.
3.
a;
+ 4a: + 240 = 0.
+ 2-a;.
= 5x.
12~x = x
8.
5aj
9.
x2 -7
10.
a?-3
'
12.
10 x
==
~
= 25 x + 1.
2
the
13.
14.
15.
= Q.
-9a-3 = 0.
2a -4z-5 = 0.
x2 -!i>x + 2
16.
z2
17.
18.
= 0.
tfmx+p^Q.
5oj -aj + l = 0.
Sa^ +
Ooj
20.
21.
a 2 - 19 #
= 0.
+
^ + 2^-2 = 0.
+ 2a-15 = 0.
2
ar
60
22.
x2 -4 x
23.
0^
24.
or
205
= 0.
=
0.
+
12
2
CHAPTER XVI
THE THEORY OF EXPONENTS
242. The following four fundamental laws for positive integral
exponents have been developed in preceding chapters
:
a m a" = a m+t1 .
~
a m -f- a" = a m n
I.
II.
mn .
(a ) s=a
m = aw bm
III.
IV.
The
first
provided
w > n.*
(ab)
of these laws
is
243.
no
we may choose
for such
is
con-
244.
of
We assume,
m and n.
m
therefore, that a
*The symbol
>
an
= a m+n
of involution, (a m ) w
smaller than."
195
= a""
similarly
<
must be
means "is
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
196
n
2
a, 4~ , a ,
laws,
we
In every case we
etc.
let the
meaning of
unknown quantity
and apply to both members of the equation that operation which makes the negative, fractional, or zero exponent
equal
x,
disappear.
245.
To
find the
meaning
is
of
a fractional exponent;
Let
e.g. at.
a*.
^=(a^)
Or
3*
3
.
= a.
0?=-^.
Therefore
Similarly,
Hence we
we
find
a?
m$.
24.
a\
26. (xy$.
28.
23.
a?*.
25.
27. 3*.
29. as.
(bed)*.
30.
'&M
31. ml.
33.
-\fi?.
36.
Vo5
37.
34.
-v/o&cT
ty?.
2'
= 4.
41.
a*
= 3.
43.
3*
40.
4*
= 2.
42.
= 2.
44.
27*
47.
4*
v'mT
-\/m.\/n.
39.
35.
38.
-\/xy-
197
= 27.
45.
5 a*
= 10.
= 3.
46.
7z*
= 49.
48.
49.
64*
+ 9* + 16* + (-32)*.
50.
246.
To
find the
meaning
a.
a = a.
Let
is
a2
a=l.
Or
If,
Indeterminate.
is
zero,
is
equal
to unity.
5L is indeterminate
hence
is
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
198
To
247.
find the
meaning
x=
Let
or".
Or
a"#
248. Factors
may
cr n.
an x = a.
a",
= l.
be transferred
denominator of a fraction, or
from
vice versa,
the
numerator
to
the
the exponent.
NOTE.
The
fact that a
each
is
if
=
we
a8
a1
a- 2
a2
a a
etc.
members by
a.
199
91
or 5 .
22.
6 or 2
24.
7~ l a 2b 2
25.
^-^ ^.
3
27.
a;-
""^T"*'
<W*
*
31
'
arV
l>
30.
^L.
c
32.
^?2
y'
34.
mi
36.
m~^.
37.
40.
(2w)~i
-.
38.
39.
2m~i
a?
a^
66
41.
cci
44.
a;"*
45.
42.
43.
rfS.
1
-L
?>i""i
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
200
= l.
ar = i.
2 =f
3* = f
x~
46.
47.
48.
49.
= 1.
= 5.
= .1.
= -^.
50.
17'
54.
10*
51.
z*
55.
5*
52.
5or*=10.
53.
10*
= .001.
of:
56.
57.
3-ll-
58.
4~*
59.
60.
61.
+ 1~* -f 21 - 9*.
(81)* + (3f)*-(5 TV)*-3249 + 16 * - 81 -f (a - 6).
- (.008)* + A. + A_.
(.343)* + (.26)*
1
(I-)
75
that:
may
be treated by the
same
Examples relating
Ex.
1.
Ex 2
(a*&~*)*
(aVM = a*&~* +
'
'*&*
examples con-
201
251.
follows
(a)
Write
(6)
(c)
Remove
all radical
(d) If required,
NOTE.
EXERCISE
Simplify
2.
&.&.&.$-".$-*.
3.
72
25
26
5.
a- 3
6.
aj"
7.
6a-.5a.
6 *- 6 *' 6 *-
'
92
79
7~ 5
3 a- 4
a8
OA
20.
2~ 9
2~ 8
27
a- 4
7~ 6
2 a?
2 ar 1
22.
3-s-VS.
23.
/
7-f--v 7.
25.
9.
7*.7i.7*.7W.
.
26.
4
x^.
10.
#*
11.
V5.^/5-^5.
27
12.
95 -^9i
28.
13.
5-*-*- 5.
14.
S-'-s-S-8.
16.
a9 -i-a- 4
16.
14an-
17.
(4**-
18.
(Va)
'
a;
4
.
__
29-
/m
'-=V--
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
202
V ra
4/
32.
-\/m
33.
34.
35.
40.
If
powers of
a?,
Ex.
1.
1
Multiply 3 or
+x
5 by 2 x
1.
x.
Check.
lix
=+1
2x-l
Ex.
2.
Divide
by
^
2a
3 qfo
4- 2 d
203
93
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
(4
a- 3
- 24 a- - 9 - 3 a~ )
-r-
(a"
- 3).
(Va^-f aV^-&Va
5
^>~
18.
Vor
19.
V25 #
20.
^^
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
2 x -h or
2
2 or
-f-
3.
- 2()"ar r+ 34 - 12 x -f 9 x*.
+2
a?
)*.
26.
(1-3VS)(2 + V5).
27.
(VU - V2)(Vn~3V2)
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
204
Find by inspection
28.
29.
(x*
+ 3)(tf*-f 2).
a*
+ 3l-5.
35.
36.
8
(a;*
yi)
(5*-2*
2
.
30.
31.
V-
38.
32.
(3^
33.
(#*
^
2*)
39.
34.
(fl
-f-
5) (x*
5).
40.
(m
n)
-f-
11
(m*
-f-
n 5 ).
CHAPTER XVII
RADICALS
253.
a quantity, indicated by a
radical sign.
254.
The
^9
4^
255.
The
+ V) *
are radicals.
\/2,
root.
(*
V4a-f
b are irrational.
order of a surd
/-
is
va
is
\/2
is
Vc
is
An
257.
factor.
entire surd is
3V2 and
is
unity; as
Va,
av^
are similar.
3 V8 are dissimilar.
206
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
206
258.
may
be positive or negative,
VI = + 2
e.g.
or
2.
Hence
6.
which results in four values, viz. 14, 6,
To avoid
14, or
this ambiguity, it is customary in elementary algebra to restrict
5 V4 4- 2 V4
Thus
= 7 VI = 14.
=-
(oj- 2).
259.
may
be solved by the
(a6)"==a"6"
I.e.
(242).
factors.
TRANSFORMATION OF RADICALS
260.
Simplification of surds.
Ex.
1.
Simplify
= \/25~a~ Vb = 6 a*VS.
4
Ex.
2.
Simplify
-v/16.
-J/lB^^.
4/2
= 2^.
RADICALS
207
Ex.
3.
Simplify V|.
Ex.
4.
Simplify
EXERCISE
94
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
208
/s
39.
37.
*x+y
38.
262.
An
\ 2m
same manner
42.
V-16a
44.
2\-
VJ.*
49.
Vf.
VJ.
50.
VA
263.
Ex.
EXERCISE
Express as entire surds
95
1.
4V5.
3.
2-\/lL
5.
2.
3V7.
4.
3^5.
6.
7.
a VS.
8.
* See table of
square roots on page 164.
RADICALS
209
Ex.
1.
Ex.
2.
Transform
lowest order.
\/2,
V3, and
same
V2 = 2* = a* = '#64.
|^ = 8* = 3A= ^gi.
^5 = 6* = 6* =^125.
1
Ex.
3.
EXERCISE
Reduce
1.
Va?.
96
-fymn.
2.
Reduce
3.
\/
v
4.
v'c?.
7.
V2~a.
8.
^v/mV
9.
10.
5.
\|
^-
6.
mn.
\/a4 6 2c.
11.
-\/oP6.
13.
-\/3ax.
12.
\/5a5V.
14.
a.
15.
-v/o
20.
A/^
16.
\/oW.
22.
17.
VSlmV.
-v/IaT .
24.
18.
-\/
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
210
32.
25.
V3,
</2.
29.
2\
26.
A/2, s!/3.
30.
V2,
A/3,
^5.
33.
V3,
27.
-v/3,
^2.
31.
-v^S, -\/5,
-^7.
34.
^2, ^4,
28.
-\/7,
V2.
3*.
Arrange
in order of
35.
-v/3,
V2.
37.
\/7,
VS.
36.
-v/4,
-^6.
38.
V5,
^/IT,
</3, -^4.
</20.
magnitude :
^126.
39.
5V2, 4^/4.
40.
-^2,
^3, ^30.
form.
terms
their
To add or
(i.e.
add
proper
Ex.
1.
them by
signs.
V| + 3 VlS- 2 V50.
Simplify
VJ + 3VT8 - 2 V50 = V2 + 9 V2 - 10 V2 = I
V2.
Ex.2. Simplify/a35
~
o
- 3-\|
Ex.
3.
3:
\/=^8
v~
^y
Simplify
V|~
8ft 2- s/a;
3
-
s/-
3ft 2
RADICALS
EXERCISE
211
97
2.
2V8-7Vl8-f5V72-V50.
3.
4.
V18+V32-VT28+V2.
6.
V175-V28+V63-4V7.
6.
VJ+V8-V1 + V50.
7.
4V80-5V45-.3V20 + 6V5.
8.
8VT8-J-2V32
+ 3V8-35V2.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
V45c3
3 abv'ab
V80~c~3
V5a c + c
2
-f
+ 3 aVo^
3 Va^
;J
a6 V4
aft.
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
212
23.
98 ab
^"
fab
"
.fab
FW
\~\
jab
MULTIPLICATION QEJRABIQALS
Surds of the same order are multiplied by multiplying
product of the coefficients by the product of the irrational
266.
the
factors,
then multiplied.
Ex.
1.
26^
5 4/6072
V2 by
16^6272.
6*. y*
Ex.
2.
Multiply
Ex.
3.
- 2 VS by 3 Vf + 10 VB.
Multiply 5 V7
3\/l.
6\/7- 2v/6
+ IPV6
8\/7
105- 6V35
106
4-60V35-100
- 100 =
-f 44 VS6
+ 44\/36.
RADICALS
EXERCISE
3.
V3 Vl2.
V2 -V50.
V3 V6.
4.
5.
Vr
1.
2.
213
98
6.
VlO V15.
11.
-v/18
7.
12.
8.
Vll.VSS.
V20 V30.
13.
V5
Va
-VTO.
9.
-v/4.^/2.
14.
Va-
V42.
10.
-\/3
15.
V?/
16.
aVa; 6 V4
17.
V2a-V8^.
-\^).
-v"3.
fWa
a?.
18.
19.
25.
(V2+V3+V4)V3.
27.
(5V2-2V3-CVS)V3.
28
(3
20.
21.
10
40
Vm
30.
Vm) (Vm-f 1
(Vm-Vn)(Vm+Vn>
33.
34.
(Va
36.
(6V2-3V3)(6V2-|-3V3).
37.
(5V5-8V2)(5V5 + 8V2).
38.
(Vm-Vn)
39.
-\-
Va
(V3-V2)
-{-
Vm).
6(Va-f Va
8
.
40.
41.
+ VB)(2-V5).
6.
(V6 + 1)
(2-V3)
1
.
8
.
ELEMENTS OF ALGEHRA
214
42.
(3V5-5V3)
44.
(3V3-2Vo)(2V3+V5).
45.
(2
46.
(5V7-2V2)(2VT-7V2).
47.
(5V2+V10)(2V5-1).
43.
V3 - V5) ( V3 + 2 VS).
48.
49.
(3V5-2V3)(2V3-V3).
60.
51.
52.
Va
53.
-v/a.
-v/a
DIVISION OF RADICALS
267. Monomial surdn of the same order may be divided by
multiplying the quotient of the coefficients by the quotient of the
surd factors.
E.y. a
VS
-f-
a?Vy
= -\/ -
x*y
all
this
method.
Ex.
Ex.
2.
268.
If,
(V50-f 3Vl2)-4-V2==
however, the quotient of the surds
is
a fraction,
it
is
RADICALS
215
Ex.
1.
Divide
divisor, is illustrated
VII by v7.
by V7.
VTL_Vll
'
Ex.
The
2.
by
~~"
\/7_V77
we have
to multiply
/~
Divide 4 v^a by
rationalizing factor
is
evidently \/Tb
hence,
4\/3~a'
36
Ex.
Divide 12 V5
3.
Since \/8
+ 4V5 by V.
12 Vil
g
'
is
\/2,
V2
V2
V3
But
if
we
simplify
1.73205
JL-V^l
V3
^>
*>
division
1.73205.
Hence
in arithmetical
work
it
is
always best to
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
216
EXERCISE
99
Simplify :
1.
^/H
7.
V7
~
V8?^
11 n
13
VH
V7 xy
8.
Vn
14.
Vf-f-V?.
5
-2-.
2V5
'
2 V3
V7
'
vfi*
'
Va
Vll
212*.
12.
--.
V2 = 1.4142, V3 = 1.7320,
Given
and
V5 = 2.2361,
find to
-i.
20.
V2
22
12..
A.
21.
V3
23
V5
A.
V8
24
V8
JL.
25.
V48
4=V50
270.
if
Va + Vb
and
Va
Vb
271.
272.
To
is
rational
whose denom-
inator is
RADICALS
Ex.
1.
Simplify
2V3-V2
217
'
V3-V2
~
= 4 + V5.
Ex.2.
a;
s
Simplify
Ex.
3.
V2 + 2
2V2-1
EXERCISE
Eationalize the denominators of
100
:
V8-2
2-V3
1-fVS
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
218
13
~3
16.
V5-1
17
V3-V2
1-Va?
5V7-7V5
'
V5-V7
^-SVg.
15.
19.
V5-2
Vg+v/2
14
6V7-.W3.
18>
2V5-V18
m-Vm
Va
22.
Given V2
1.4142,
four places of decimals
23
_!_.
V3 = 1.7320,
25
V2-1
-=
24.
and
V5 = 2.2361;
find to
-J?_.
27.
Vo-1
26.
V3 + 1
2-V3
28.
3-V5
1+V5
'
V5+2
Find the third proportional
31.
V3-2*
to 1
+ V2
and 3
-f-
2V2.
By
it
can easily be
RADICALS
219
Ex.
1.
Simplify
Ex.
2.
of
EXERCISE
Simplify
1.
101
(3Vmw)
2
.
5.
V643
9.
7.
-\/l6*.
11.
8.
\/125" .
2.
3.
(V2~u-)
4.
V255
12.
To
According to
by
inspection.
G3,
V5 + V3) = 5 + 2 V5~^3 + 3
2
= 8 + 2 VIS.
v8-f 2\/15, the
If, on the other hand, we had to find
problem would be quite simple if presented in the form
v5-|-2V3 5 + 3.
To reduce
is
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
220
Ex.
l.
Find
Vl2 4- 2 \/20.
Ex.
2.
Find
is
12
Ex.
3.
^11 - 6\/2
Find
These
is 20.
Vll - 6 V2.
Hence
is 11,
term
= ^9 - 2 A/2
= V9-A/2
= 3 - A/2.
is 18.
+2
V4 + VJ8.
EXERCISE
is 2.
2 \/18.
102
The
RADICALS
Simplify the following expressions
18.
Vl3-2V22.
19.
-+=.
-
22.
4--
VT - V48
VT 4. V48
2 V6
221
4
20.
23.
V4 + V12
RADICAL EQUATIONS
276.
radical equation is
root of an
Vx =
unknown number.
5,
-\/x
+ 3 = 7,
(2x
xrf
1,
i.e.
to
equal powers.
Before performing the involution,
examples to simplify the equation as
to
it
is
much
necessary in most
as possible,
and
member.
If all radicals do not disappear through the
the process must be repeated.
Ex.1.
Solve
involution,
vV-f!2-a = 2.
Transposing
a;,
first
12
x2
-f
12
=2
= x -f 2.
= xa + 4 x -f 4.
4x
4,
The value x
Vsc2
reduces each
8.
= 2.
member
to 2.
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBltA
222
Ex.
V4 x + 1 -f V4
Solve
2.
Transpose
V4 x
-f
Vitf
-f
25
4x
-f-
25
4x
24 \/4 #-|-
25.
-f-
V4afT~l.
= 0.
-f V/2TT25 = 5 +
x
Therefore
V24~+~l
CftecAr.
Extraneous
12.
roots.
new
one
= 12.
25
= 12
= 144
24\/4# + 1 = 120.
\/4 jc~+~l = 5.
278.
a; -f-
root, viz. 5.
The
279.
they
results
may
be extraneous roots.
the solution
of
Ex.
3.
Solve -Vx
-f-
+ 2 Vx'2 +
(.
Therefore
Check.
member
It
= V2.
= 3 x - 3.
= 9 x2 18 x +
8x 2 25x-f3 = 0.
- 1) = 0.
(x
3) (8 x
x = 3, or =
VzMx2
-f
-f 7
at
J,
the
first
member =|\/2
+ -jV2=|v^;
9.
RADICALS
Hence x
If
a;
223
= 3,
3.
NOTE.
VaT+T
Ex.
Solve
4.
4-
Vz+T + V2aT+3 =
2
Clearing of fractions, V2x'
+ "b"x
Transposing,
Factoring,
Therefore,
If
V,
Hence x
= 3,
tlie Jeft
would be a
-f 1.
A5_
4-2x4-3
15.
+ 6~ieT~3 - 12 - 2 r.
2 z 2 4 6 x 4 3 = 144 - 48 x +
2 x2
53 -f 141 = 0.
- 3) (2 x - 47) = 0.
(x
x = 3, or x
*j-.
Squaring,
Check.
-f
ViTie-
Transposing,
If
VxT~0 = \/8 x
is
4 z2
to 5.
the right
member
|V2.
= G.
* Exclude
all
make
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
224
280.
of
Many
radical equations
may be
238.
Ex.
1.
Solve
Factoring,
Therefore
af*- 33
af*
+ 32=0.
RADICALS
Raising both members to the
Ex.
| power,
= 32~*
then x2 - 8 x
Hence
y'
Therefore
y
2
= ^ or
1.
- 8 x + 40 = 36,
8 x -f 40
x*
$x + 40 = y,
Vz2
Let
or 1"*
8x
Solve x*
2.
225
2y
+ 40 =
= 35.
_ 2 y - 35 = 0.
= 7,
- 8 z-|-40 = 7,
or y
or
5.
Vi 2 -8a;-f40=
=9
or
5.
= 26.
1.
=6
or
3.
may
2
equation Vx'
8x
positive values,
it
EXERCISE
its
104*
x + Vx
2.
a?
= 6.
2Va;
6.
= 0.
4.
4-12a* = 16.
45 14VJB =
5.
o;*-2a;i~24 = 0.
3.
make
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
226
8a
11.
or
12.
a^-
13.
x2
+x
;
14.
ar
15.
-f-
40
-fll x
3x
SB*
4-
V*
a;
8.a
+3=
12 V5l?
4-40
6.
+1 1^7-^30 =
+ G V2^"-^I + 2 =
16.
17.
18.
19.
a;
20.
7a;-f 18
7a?H-V^
Va?~3o~
= y?
= 35.
= 24.
3 x -f
2.
4.
CHAPTER
XVIII
3 x2 -f- 4 a;
-f
Or, substituting Q
"
and
Remainder,"
ani^
2)
(a?
x Quotient
-f
and there
is
Remainder.
"
respectively for
Quotient
"
and
transposing,
R = x* - 3 x + 4 + 8 2
a?
As
-2
(a?
- 2) Q
we
to x
find the
remainder obtained
= 3,
^ = 3-81+2.3-6-0 = 244.
E = ax + &z +
Let
then
2
4
8
ca: -f (to + e
(x
= w,
R = am* + 6m3 + cm2 + tZw + e.
227
m) Q.
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
228
282.
sion involving
The remainder
E.g.
(4x
of the division
- 4x4-11)^0 +
m in place of x.
is
3)
(-
3)
- 4(- 3)-f
11
=- 949.
+ 4)4 _ (3 + 2) ( X -
1)
by x -
+7
EXERCISE
Without actual division
dividing
-3
+ 7 = 632.
105
find the
remainder obtained by
3.
4.
5.
x5 -
6.
a^
x*
2.
283.
1 is 6*
48 a2
4-
by x
-}-
2 by
a-1.
b.
+ ^by x + b.
7.
a -f b 7 by a
8.
^-14y
+ 6.
~132/
If the remainder
--
is zero,
the divisor
is
a factor of the
dividend.
when
43
-3
00 *.
fora?.
if
x8
42
3 x2
2 4
2 x
- 8'= 0,
is
divided by x
4, the remainder equals
8
2 x - 8.
3 x2
4) is a factor of x
hence (x
Factor a?
1.
a?
7a?-f 15.
-f
+ 15, _
5,
-7
229
i.e.
15, are -f 1,
1,
-f-
3,
8, -f 5,
15.
Let x = 1 then
7 x + 7 a; -f 15 does not vanish.
Let x = - 1, then x8
7 x'2 4- 7 x + 15 = 0.
Therefore x
(
1), or x -4- 1, is a factor.
,
By
x8
dividing by x
a?8
-f 1,
x2
we obtain
7
16
= (x +
EXERCISE
Without actual
1.
4x
2.
3.
x*
or
+3x
2
34
a?
ar
as
+ 3^ - 7
-f
225
is
7.
is
or
by
a;
a;
-f
16)
106
show that
division,
l)(x
divisible
-5a
divisible
18
is
by x
1.
divisible
by x
2.
5.
2o?
m -6ra -fllm 6.
8. a
5x 6.
a -2a + 4.
9. 2m -5m - 13m + 30
10. a -8a -f 19 a -12.
p -5^ + 8p 4.
11. &
p*- 9^ + 23^-15.
4m p~m p + 16m^
12. m
4 n4
25 mV + 19 ran
13. m -f m n
14. a + 32.
3
-}-
-t-
+ lla;-r-6 = 0.
+ tt-t-15 = 0.
15.
ar*-f 6aj
1ft
o?-5ar
17.
^-10^4-29^-20=0.
18.
oj
19.
20.
5x2 -f3a;4-9 = 0.
a^-8^ + 19a;-12 = 0.
7 4-6 = 0.
3
a;
a?
21.
2 2.
23.
24.
25.
+ 27 + 27.
- 7 + 16 - 12.
^ + 7y + 2y-40 = 0.
x -4o8 + 2a^ + 4a?~3 =0
4^
or*
-f
or*
a?
aj?
a?
a?
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
230
285. If n is a
Theorem that
positive integer,
it
xn y n is always divisible by x y.
For substituting y for x, xn y n y n y n = 0.
1.
2.
By
actual division
is
odd.
If n
is
for
+p=
e.g.
z6
(x
It
287.
Two
importance,
1.
not divisible by
= (x +/)O - xy +/),
2
Factor 27 a* -f
8.
+8=
27 a 6
The
y is
x* -f-/
288.
and have
odd,
ar
Ex.
factors,
n,
2 8
(3 a )
difference of
Ex.
2.
We may
Factor
consider
n9
* The
symbol
dif-
more
3.
method, however,
-f
n)(m
mn
-f
is
preferable, since
Hence
= (m
Ex.
first
231
w 2 )(wi
;i
mn
-f
w 2).
Factor a 12
EXERCISE
Resolve into prime factors
107
x3 -8=0.
26.
+8=0.
27.
as -27=0.
28. a;=
it
CHAPTER XIX
SIMULTANEOUS QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
289. The degree of an equation involving several unknown
quantities is equal to the greatest sum of the exponents of the
unknown quantities contained in any term.
xy
x*y
-f
290.
known
I.
+y
AND x-y
Ex.1.
Squaring
Solve
==5
(2)
& + 2 xy +
(1),
(2)
(1)
>
1^ = 4.
= 25.
4 xy = 16.
4,
x-y-
Hence,
(3)
2/
(4)
3.
(5)
we have
= 6,
Hence
/
|
"
*The
X
y
=
}
= 4.
232
292.
233
and
y,
F*
Lx
'
(1)
'
(2)
(3)
(4)
-2 + 3 =
293.
The
1.
arranged in pairs,
r*=-2,
b=-3.
EXERCISE
108
Solve:
1.
2.
'
3.
r-
10.
1 = 876.
("
"
8.
I
I
"'
{
"'
x + y=7.
12.
^, =
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
4
[
-4- i/
13.
"I
14.
,o
18.
x+y
19.
I* Jj
^
[.
= a.
=^
18*
uantities
Ex.
From
by means
Solve 2 x
(1)
we
of substitution.
3y
= 7,
(1)
- ~
y = 5.
Substituting in (2)
Simplifying,
49
Transposing,
Factoring,
etc.,
7
,
(
\
42 y
~^V\ +
2
(3)
9 y2
17 y 2
(y
2y
2
?/'
40 y
)
(17 y
Hence
4 y = 20.
+ 29 = 0.
- 20) = 0.
or
y =
1
Substituting in (3),
aj
EXERCISE
Solve
"
have,
= 2,
f J.
or JJ.
109
r^
2
as
-47/ = 0.
3.
la;
'
-f- a;?/
-
= 6,
-
5.
'
or*
-f
4 xy
= 28,
235
'
>
lla
7.
8-
10
12~
13.
9.
10.
III.
HOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS
quantities.
4^ 3 x 2 y
3 y3
and # 2
2 xy
5 y2
are
homogeneous equations.
296.
Ex.
1.
Solve
.
Factor (2),
x*- 3
2x
(x
Hence we have
to solve the
y*
+ 2y = 3,
7 xy
(1)
+ G if = 0.
2t/)(2 x
3y)
two systems
(2)
(3)
(1)
From
x-2y.
(3),
Substituting in (1),
4 f-
Hence
3 y2
=1
+ 2 y = 3,
y
,
3
3,
':il -e :)
V-~80
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
236
Ex. 2
Solve
(1)
2,
5,
(2)
2,
15 x2
15 y 2
= 2 x 5.
(3)
(4)
= 0.
=
(rc-2/)(llx-5y) 0.
11 a2
Subtracting,
Factoring,
Hence
- 20 xy +
solve
16 xy -f 5 y 2
(3)
(2)
From
(3),
Substituting y in (2),
109
^
EXERCISE
a;2
VI09, y
110
Solve:
6ar --7aK/4-27/2 ==0,
}
10^-370^ + 7^ =
16^-7^
<""
U.
-=m
'
'
14
'
237
&- 3^4-2^=43.
15.
"
IV.
SPECIAL DEVICES
student.
Some
of the
E,!.
Squaring (2),
(4) -(3),
* + '-*
Solve
y?
a?
-f
- xy 4- y = 7.
2
2 xy
+ y2 = 10.
Bxy-9,
(3)
(4)
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
238
EXERCISE
Solve
111
faj-y=152,
*>.
f^ +
3
7/
= 133,
= 189,
'
Some simultaneous
B.
300.
considering not x or
2
-, xy,
+y
etc., at first
Ex.
1.
quadratics can
be solved by
?/,
it is
as the
unknown
quantities.
?/,
as
In
such expressions.
Solve
i"
<---
-'
(1 >
(2)
Considering
V# +
y and
Vx
y as
we have
from (1),
Vx
from
V^^y = 3
(2),
-f
4 or
and
solving,
2.
we
= 16,
jc~ y = 9.
= 12 J, y = 3|.
4-
quantities
6,
or
Therefore
unknown
obtain by squaring,
239
Ex.
2.
(1)
Solve
(2)
Let
Then
__
I e.
or
two systems
U)
*/
[2x +
17.
y=
17.
EXERCISE
Solve
4.
to solve the
|,
Hence we have
The
17^ + 4-0.
Hence
112
5.
36*
2.
6.
M-6.
4.
7.
F+y+
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
240
+ a^lSG,
'
**
= 198.
'
5x+ 7y =
'
15.
16.
or
CCT/
25.
18.
13
f- 21 ^ =
+ 3 f + 3 - 4 y = 47
a;
xy
(7
+ o5)(6-hy) = 80,
=
19
'
26.
=34,
'
6 xy
= 15.
27.
n*.
x2
y*
20'
41
400'
~\
30.
OK
OO.
7,
241
36.
f*K
31.
32.
3 a2
38.
33.
25
34.
39.
7'
j/
= 48-
ix
201, 203):
40.
oo
-,
etc.
etc
oo
302.
Interpretation .of
division,
finite
=x
value of
indeterminate.
if
a?,
x.
hence
--
may
be any
is satisfied
finite
by any
number, or ~
is
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
242
Interpretation of ?
303.
creases;
The
number, however
comes
If
The symbol
304.
oo is
made
larger than
called infinity.
The
fraction
- decreases
in-
if
is
infinitely large.
I,i
if
creases,
be-
zero,
= QQ.
QO
solving
a problem
unknown quantity
the result
If in an equation
any * assigned
Interpretation of
305.
By making x
a.
It is
infinitely large.
by the equation ~
de-
TO^UU"
- can be
great.
= 10,000
~~f
ToU"
sufficiently small,
if
^-100 a,
e.g.
fraction - increases
all
terms containing
The
306.
solution
=-
is indeter-
If all terms of an
minate, or that x may equal any finite number.
equation, without exception, cancel, the answer is indeterminate.
is satisfied
by any number,
i.e. it
is
an
identity.
Ex.
1.
Let
2,
as
+ l,
-f 2,
be the numbers.
Then
Simplifying,
I)
2x
(a:
x2
-f
-x(x + 2)=
- x'2 2 x =
'
Or,
1.
(1)
1.
= 0.
(1),
i.e.
(1)
is
an
identity,
and
2.
243
(1)
(2)
From
(2),
Substituting,
Or,
1=0.
Hence
numbers can
/.e.
no
1.
One half
finite
QO,
and
a;
oo.
EXERCISE
of a certain
number
113
is
equal to the
sum
of its
~K
x
6
~o
x 3
v
3.
Solve
4.
Solve
6.
a;
-3
Solve
6.
Solve
x-5
a2 - 8 x
+ 15
- 2 y = 4.
*
Solve
|
7.
(aj
+ 1)
(x
+ 2) = ( + 3)
EXERCISE
(a?
+ 4).
114
PROBLEMS
1.
The sum
squares
is
2890.
of
is
their
is
377.
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
244
3.
The
two numbers
Find the numbers.
difference between
of their squares
is
325.
is
is
sum
17 and the
6.
The hypotenuse
The area
hypotenuse
is
103.
228.)
is 37.
and the
sides.
field.
9.
The area of a
nal 41 feet.
10.
The diagonal
perimeter
is
of a rectangular field
146 yards.
Find the
feet,
is
53 yards, and
11.
the
its
sides.
is 6,
and
is
the breadth
is
Find the
-f%
of
13. Two cubes together contain 30| cubic inches, and the
edge of one, increased by the edge of the other, equals
4 inches. Find the edge of each cube.
14. The volumes of two cubes differ by 98 cubic centimeters,
and the edge of one exceeds the edge of the other by 2 centimeters. Find the edges.
245
and
16.
The
radii of
two spheres
whose radius
= 47T#2.)
17.
If a
its digits,
is
is
20 inches.
number
of
two
the quotient
digits be divided
is 2,
and
by the product of
27 be added to the number,
Find the number.
if
CHAPTER XX
PROGRESSIONS
to
307.
A series
some
fixed law.
The terms
is
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
308. An arithmetic progression (A. P.) is a series, each term
of which, except the first, is derived from the preceding by
the addition of a constant number.
The common
difference is the
to each
17,
a,
7,
10, 3,
an A. P.
d,
-4, a
....
11,
2 d, a
-f
....
3d,
....
To
find the
nth term
term a and
the
Since d
-f
d.
Hence
is
= a + (n - 1) d.
(I)
or 42.
PROGRESSIONS
To
310.
term
find the
sum s
a,
of the first
247
first
19
= a + (a
Reversing the order,
Adding,
2*=(a + Z) + (a + l) + (a + l)
Or
2s = n
Hence
Thus
from
(a
+ + (a +
l)
= (+/).
2
to find the
sum
Hence
= I + 49
= *({ +
odd numbers,
1, 3,
we have
= 99.
99) = 2600.
2
EXERCISE
Which
115.
(a) 1, 3, 5, 7, .-;
(6)
2,4,8,16,...;
(c)
-3,
(d) 1J,
5,
9,.-.;
first
(6)
a = 5, d = 3;
a = 2,' cZ == - 3
(c)
a = -l, d
(a)
3.
1,
l).
(II)
of the first 60
'
'
(I)
1.
.-
6 terms of an A. P.,
if
= -2.
series 2, 5, 8,
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
series
....
1-J, 2, 2J,
series 1, 3, 5,
series 2, 4, 6,
....
.
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
248
Find the
last
10.
11.
Sum
3, 7, 11,
to 8 terms.
4,
2,
',
6,
to 7 terms.
12.
8, 12, 16,
to 20 terms.
13.
3, 2J, 1|,
to 10 terms.
to 20 terms.
14.
7, 11, 15,
15.
16.
15, 11, 7,
17.
1,
18.
2-f
19.
2.5
20.
(x +"l) 4- (#
21.
22.
1+2+3+4H
23.
1,
to 16 terms.
-,
to 20 terms.
to 15 terms.
1J,
H + i-f
>
+ 3.1 -f 3.7 -f
-f-
to 12 terms.
2) -f (x -f 3) H
+ 2-f-3 + 4 H
to 10 terms.
to
a terms.
hlOO.
\-n.
first
n odd numbers.
in 12 hours ?
(&fi)
$1
together ?
rf.
(i)
(ii)
PROGRESSIONS
24ft
1014, a
last
term 144,
= 12, = 144.
I
l)e?.
1014
= ^(12 + 144).
(2)
From
= 1014, or
144 = 12 + 12
78 n
(2),
Substituting in (1),
series
Ex.
2.
is,
d.
12, 23, 34, 45, 56, 67, 78, 89, 100, 111, 122, 133, 144.
Findn,
if s
= 204, d = 6, J = 49.
= a + (w- 1) .6.
204 = ^ (a + 49).
49
Substituting,
From
= 13.
d=ll.
Hence
The
a = 49 -6(71 - 1).
204 = ^ (98 - ~n~\
(1),
Substituting in (2),
(1)
(2)
6).
= n(104 - 6 n).
6 n2 - 104 w + 408 = 0.
3 n2
52 n + 204 = 0.
n = 6, or 11 J.
Solving,
But evidently n cannot be fractional, hence n = 6.
408
312.
When
is
Thus x
is
the arithmetic
b form an A. P., or if
Solving,
I.e.
the arithmetical
x=
6, if a, #,
and
x.
is
equal
to
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
250
EXERCISE
116
2.
5.
a
x
-f-
and a
3.
b.
y and #-f-5y.
Between 4 and 8
that an A. P. of 5 terms
6.
7.
8.
Between 10 and 6
and
a+
and
4.
insert 7 arithmetic
j
,
T?
^,
Find
12.
13.
14.
15.
17.
11.
so
means
16.
10.
means)
produced.
9.
Given d = 3, n
f?
,
6?
I.
in terms of a, n,
and
s.
$300
is
divided
person receives $ 10
did each receive ?
among 6 persons
in such a
way
one.
that each
How much
PROGRESSIONS
251
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
313.
A geometric progression
multiplying
it
2
a, or, <zr ,
To
find the
....
4,
314.
first, is
E.g.
The
is
(G. P.)
|,
nth term
ar8
and
r.
/ of
Hence
= ar
= a + ar -for
ar -f ar
Multiplying by r, rs =
.,
Therefore
1)
8
NOTE.
If
is less
the following
8 form
(1)
arn
(2)
a.
= ^ZlD.
(II)
JL
lg[(i)
4-
= ar"
7*
8 =s
or 81
(2),
s(r
first
16(f)
-- arn ~ l .
of the
(I)
is
n~ l
n~l
-l]
than unity,
==
32(W -
it is
g==
*.
q(l-r")
1
= 332 J.
nf +
1)
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
252
/=<!/-',
(I)
,_!=!>.
Ex.
l.
To
insert 5 geometric
Substituting in
I,
Hence n
7,
number
9, I
may
(it,
+ 2,
of terms is 5
or
7.
= 670.
676
t
= r6
= 64.
r^2.
Hence the
series is
or
0,
And the
required
- 18,
36,
means are
- 72,
144,
Which
(a)
3.
term
i 288.
117
2,6,18,54,-.;
(b) 1, 4, 9, 25,
term
576.
72, 144,
18, 36,
EXERCISE
1.
288, 676,
- 288,
(c)
...
f,l,,4,
(d) 5,
....
- 5, + 5,*- 5,
first
first
is 3,
is 16,
4.
series J, f, 1,
5.
series
6.
series 6,
7.
8.
9.
10.
....
series
series
^,
ratio is
+-f%9
%
-fa,
4, 3,
^,
|,
whose common
-fa,
....
first
term
is
125 and
PROGRESSIONS
Find the sum of the following
series
-,
to 6 terms.
13.
.-.,
to 8 terms.
14.
1,
15.
2, 4,
16 - nV> i*>
!7-
M,i
18.
a9
a^,
Given r =
to 7 terms.
..-,
>">
7
,
to 6 terms.
to 6 terms.
12 terms.
-, to
a;
to G terms.
11.
12.
.-.,
25S
to 5 terms.
19.
20.
4,
s.
5.
-J-,
21.
22.
J.
I.
23.
24.
7,J-
and 270.
of r n decreases,
be written
= _
fl
flf
By
made
less
-r^Ex.
1.
Therefore
8^
=1
'- .
J,
-J,
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
254
Ex.
2.
.;)7?7272
...
first
.3
form an
a
.072
= .072,
1
Therefore
.37272
=A+
. . .
10
1.
2.
1,
1,
i
i
J,
1,
.99
i.
65
= 1L
9, 6, 4, ....
If
9.
10.
15.
is J.
16.
8.
4.
= 40, r = j.
= .72. =
990
66
110
118
3.
....
8.
.01
-.
7.
....
= .Ql.
EXERCISE
Find the sum to
.00072 -f
infinite G. P.
.= _4Z* - =
Hence
....
3,
- 1,
i,
-.
5.
5, 1, I,
6.
....
infinity.
of:
.555....
11.
.191919-...
13.
.27777
.717171-...
12.
.272727-..
14.
.3121212-..
The sum
of an infinite G. P.
Find the
first
The sum
of an infinite G. P.
Find
...
is 9,
....
ratio
term.
is 16,
and the
first
term
is
r.
BINOMIAL THEOREM
EXERCISE
Expand
2.
the following
(x-y)
6
.
119
+ xy.
3.
(1
4.
(a-2)
7
.
5.
(s
+ i).
7.
6.
/2a+|Y-
8.
9.
(z2
Simplify
257
4
(1+V#) + (1
Va)
4
.
10.
(\
+ b)
w
(a
b)
11.
12.
13.
(a
12
-f
ri)
+ a)
11
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
(1
7
(a -f 2 b) .
Find the
20.
Find the
Vx + -^r
-^Y
Va/
V
19.
u
13
coefficient of a?b in (a -f 5) .
21.
a4 b 12 in (a -f 6)16
Find the coefficient of a5 b 15 in (a - 6) 20
22.
coefficient of
16
100
23.
Find the
24.
25.
26.
27.
coefficient of
a6
in
f
f
}\8
:
28.
29.
(a
- 6)
- b ).
(a
+ b)
-^
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
258
REVIEW EXERCISE
Find the numerical values
1.
27 x*
27 x-y
*=M
or
y=2j
2.
16 x*
9 xy~
-f
32 afy
4 *2
4 xy
13 a a b
lj
2j
3}
4j
2J
4J
a 8~T
+
a2
3
2
ft'
ft
3,
4.
3,
2,
3,
4,
3,
4,
5.
2,
^+
=
=
=
2,
3,
3,
3,
4,
4,
5.
4,
2,
3,
4,
3,
2.
2,
1,
1,
2,
2,
1,
3,
6.
38
aft
24
=
=
ft
2
(2 a
2,
2,
3,
3,
4,
4,
5,
6.
1,
2,
1,
2,
2,
4,
2,
3.
5.
a 2^
3 a l} 2
-r
ac
aft
aft
2,
4,
4,
5,
5,
5,
2,
1,
5,
1,
3,
5,
6.
3,
3,
2,
1,
2,
4,
2,
7.
a)(a
3,
4,
1,
2,
2,
1,
2,
2,
1,
l,
2,
1,
3,
3,
ft)
- a(a
4-
4,
2,
2.
1,
3,
3.
ft
c)
c(a
7
a
6
=
=
=
2,
-2,
1,
1,
3,
-3,
if
(a-ft)(a-c)
(ft- c )(ft-a)
-f-
2
ft
), if
,f
1,
be
2,
(c
5J
if
2,
31 a 2 ft 2
3,
1,
^+^
2,
=
=
2
?/
M.
if
3,
=
=
=
+
2,
2,
;]
4-
2,
3
-r C T
+
+
+ c2 + 2
c)(c
1,
ft
(ft
x^l,
6.
24 afya
-f
ft
5.
if
?/
4
(2 a
3J
a:
4.
y
3.
of
(c-a)(c-ft)'
-4 -
1,
-1,
3,
4,
2,
2,
2,
4,
2,
2,
1.
1.
2.
-|-
c), if
259
x
c)
(b
6-)
= 1,
= 2,
c = 3,
x = 4,
a
1,
/>
9.
a, by
The
and
Find
Add
2,
5,
(c
(5,
g)(x
c(x
a) (c
3,
2,
4,
6,
5,
1,
2.
2,
3,
1.
'
b)
2.
=
=
c =
3,
10,
8,
4,
21,
17,
24,
5,
26,
15,
7,
r, if
41.
29,
25,
9.
21,
20,
40.
11. x 2
+
-
2 ax*
-f
a zx
z8
4x y
xy -
6 x
a8
4 x2
,'
12 xy*
2
?/
x3
5 z3
4 xy
G y4
4 xy*
.c'
4
?y
2 a3
3 ax'2 ,
-f
7 y4
4 x
4
/
-f
3
//
ax'2
10 z 8
x'
2 x 8.
6 y4
zy +
12
6 2 8.
12 xy*
4 y4
4
.
+ x/y 2 +
+ y'2z +
2 3 x
10 y'2 + 5 z2 - 7 ys, - x 2 + 4 2 ~ 10 z 2 +
z 2 + 11 yz + 8 2:2 - 2 x?/, 4 z - \ yz + xz,
2
2 x2 +
and
9 2:2
y'
xy.
1 + 3 x + 2 x 8 - x 5 4 - 2 x2 - 8 3 + 7 x4
- 4 x'2 -f 12 x and 5 2 + 7 x8 - 11 x 5
12
13. x 3
14.
3,
a}
~c)(b- a)
- 1, - 2, 3,
+ 1, -f 8, 4,
- 2, - 4, 5,
+ 2, + 4,
c is represented
10. x 3
12.
c)(x
b(x
.r
7/
ary,
15.
16.
11 z 4
-12
x4
11 x 8
4
2 */, 7 xy 3 - 2 a?y + 3 aty - 8 y
y
3
4 8
5
3
5
4
*
+
+
xy
a?y
y, 7y
4
*y
+ 12 a 8 - 10,
a 4 + 11 a - a 5
,
14
6 a4
4 a8
-7xy* +
x^ij
8 x4
or
17. 4 a 5
18.
a:
r>
a;
- a8 - 7 +
- a 4 - 5.
z 3,
x3
2 x 2//
2 a2
4a
2
x?/
7 y3
+ 3 y 2* - 2 z8 4 x- 8 + 2 // - 11 z 3 4 4 ?p 2 - 3 xyz,
and 3 y 8 -f 12 z 8 - 7 y 2* 4- 4 xyz + 4 xy'2 - 4 yz\
,
9 a2
3 a5
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
260
19.
6 VI
20.
2VT+7 - ?>
x
*/
6 x8
4x
4-
-2
a 2x
From
G x 4y
2 y5
-x
4-
the
2 x2
4-
xy
From
sum
26.
of 2
From
sum of 2
29.
from
Add
0" 30.
find
(a) a
ft
Simplify
34.
12 x 5
4-
2 xs
take the
- 2 x 8y2 44 - x - x2
of
of
2 c
the
ft
G x2
sum
G x
3 a,
4- c 4-
ft
2 c
a,
of
2 c
5 10
,
4-
c 4-
2 a
4-
4- c
ft
2 c
a,
- 5 10 -
x4-y4-2,
-f
ax 2
and
a'2x,
4-
4-
x2
2 x6
7 x
x'2 .
4
4 x 4 ?/
/-
2 x2
-f
and 4
4- 5,
4-
5
y/
-2x
x5
4-
x//
5
?/
54-2 x 2 and
x*,
7 x
7 12
c,
(</)
-\-
G 11
(c) a 4-
ft,
to 3 x 2
ft,
and a
ft,
3 x2
3 c take
ft
4-
c.
ft
2 x
;]
and a
3 will give
4-
4-
3 c take
ft
- 2 - c.
- 3 x - 1 and x 8 -
and 2 a
ft,
4-
5 x
c 4- a
a,
2 a
and 2 a
ft,
ft
3 x2
5 10
x.
G 11 4- 3
4-
and
of G x 5
3 y5
and 5 x 3
4-
x?y
sum
x8
2 x8
2,
4-
3 ax 2
4-
4 x8
11 x.
4-
sum
ft
G x5
4-
sum
4 x2
Ifcc
5 10
4-
z,
ft
4- c,
ft
c,
7 12
G 11
4-
z,
7 12
=x
-}~
(*) a
(/) a
and
+
-
d=
x4-#4-z
ft
4-
4-
</,
rf.
x - (5 y - 6T
- 4 ft) 4- 2 a - (a - 2
_[5ft-{^ (5 c - 2 2
8
4
x* - [4 z 8 - {G * 2 - (4 * - 1)}] - (x 4- [4 x 4- 6 x ]
31. 2 x
33.
^V
the
7 12
(ft)
32.
sum of
- 3 .n/ 4
4 a 2x
28.
3 x
4vTT~y 3.
- x 2 4- 4 x 8 from
4-
and 4 x - 2
4-
27.
the
//
the
take 4
From
25.
the
4-
2 a 2x
4-
23.
24.
G a8
of
x 3 from G a 8
and
sum
the
ax'2 4- 3
2 x2
22.
4-
4 x2
4-
4- 7.
Take
21.
of 2 x 8
- [3
if
(3
6-
ft
_^
ft
4-
-f-
c)}]
a:
4- 1).
13-3ft-[l7a-5ft^[7fl-3ft-{4fl~4ft-(2a-3ft)}]].
- (x* - 4) - x - 5 - {2 x 2 - (7 x 4- 2) - (4 x 2 - 27~-~7)}].
35.
3 x2
36.
I
2a4-7c-(7ft4-4c)-[6a-3ft4 2~c4-4c-{2a-(ft-2T-2)}].
[4
REVIEW EXERCISE
37. 7 a 2
38. (5 a
39.
2x
40.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
2 a
[2
{3
j-
- [4 x -
+ {4
2 z
-f [3 c
ft
7 a - 5)} + (3 a 2 - 4 a - 12).
- (2 a + 5 a - 0)} - (2 a 2 - 7).
- (5 y - 3T~2~s)} + 5 2].
- JT^T+1)} + (2 - 3 c)].
-2 a + (2 a 2 -
a2
- [3 y -
41. 3 x
-{5
2
261
(3 a
ar
ft
- (2 x2 - (7
a;
+ 2) -
(4 x
2 x
-7)}].
13 ft
ft
_[&-{2c-(3d +
Perform the operations indicated
47.
48.
49.
50.
7e)-a}].
(*
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
?/
ft
ft
ft
a:
?/
61.
(ar
7)(ar
5)(a:
3).
62.
63.
64.
(a:-2)(r-4)(a:-9).
2
2 x + !)(* - * 2 +
(x + x + l)(a:
65.
(z
66.
(r
67.
68.
(1
(a;
a) (2:
^+
y)(x
2
7/
-*)(! +
a)(x
)
(x
ar)(l
+ a 2 )(a: 4 + a 4 ).
- ary + 2) (^ 4 ?/
^ 2 )(1
**).
1).
*V +
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
262
69.
70.
(a
71.
(a
72.
(2
75.
(a
76.
77.
78.
79.
(a
(:r
"
ft
4- c
ft)(a
(??2
Simplify
p(p +
-f-
?)
(x
2 y) (2 ^
84.
(p
4-
3 y)2(/
85.
O
(a
(x
89.
(x
90.
--y
I)(a
m
(x
1).
).
A 2 *).
4-
- ac b
+ n~ + /? 2c -
20
- 2ft) 8 ( + 2 ft).
- 3y) a (* 2 4- 6*y - 9y2).
n
ft
ft
+ + c).
- m np c - n pc).
ft"
c)(a"*
?n
an b
ft
4-
88.
-f
).
1).
+ 4 A) (a - ft) + 4(2 - a) (2
+ 7(7> ~ 'y) 2 4- <f(p - q).
83.
87.
4-
p ) (w
(x
)OK
2 am
82. a(2
86.
2m
2a
-f
12
74.
a:
80. 4 (a
81.
4-
73.
y).
+
+
12
l)(a
2
6)(a^+ - am&t
2n
(a
l)(u
a;y'*4-y
(rtP+i 4-
(a
4-
-2a +
2a
-f
a:
4- ft)
b)*(a
l)(a
- y)\x
ar
2 a
z 3 )(a 6
z 3) (a 8
44-
y
y)
3ft)
-(2a
-
- (x -
- (^
3 V)
b 4- c)
4-
y)
- (a
4-
,v) 4- (a? 4-
y) (^
4-
4 ^/(.r
ft- c)
y)*(x
3 v)^(;>
2
2
4-
xy
).
4-
).
2
.
+ *) - 2 (y 4- z) - z\x 4- y).
4- y + z)(x + y - z)(x -y + z)(- x + y + z).
_ ft) (a: + a)(x + b) + (b-c)(x + ft) (a: 4- c)
- a) (a? 4--(c
4-
y) (y
4-
j;
2) (s
95.
93.
y).
4-
94.
92.
a 2 ).
3 9).
- (ft 4- c) 2 - (c 4- a) 2 - (a 48 8 8 4- c)
4)
(ft 4- O
(a 4(a 43 a
2 ft}) -f (3 a
5 {3 a
(4
2 (a
3 (ft
c)].
3[a{2 a
c)}
91.
^)
- (/> 2
4-
y) (^
4-
/;
(a 4-
ft
4-
c)
ft
ft
ft
ft
^>)
8
ft)
c)(ar
4-
a2
4-
ft
4-
a8
4-
ft
a).
2
4- c .
4- c
8
.
a}.
ft
identities,
side
of the equality.
(a) (a
(ft)
8
4- b 4- c) rr
a8
4-
ft
4- c
4-
3(6
(.:-y)( a;-2y)(.r-3y)4-l)y( a
4-
c)(c
4-
a)(n
ft).
:-y)^-2y)4-18 // (2r-y)4-6
8
//
REVIEW EXERCISE
Simplify
96.
5(a
3*- 5 a 21
(10 a
99
O3a
4
(6 x
4-
3m n
(3'
4-
42
23 x s
33 z
4-
a;
5(a
4-
&)
5 a*.
-=-
2a
35
4a;
3".
-T-
3")
41 x
4-
72 x 2
]-
Qa-f-l^
3 3n
~*~
6)
5 a*)
4-
O4a
4~
(20 x*
O2a
4-
4- b)
98.
100.
103.
4- &)
[10(
6 (a
102.
263
20)
(3 a*
-*-
4-
~ (4 ^ -
4- '30)
a?
5 x
5).
4-
10).
1O4.
105.
106.
(2<
107.
108.
109.
110.
(x*
(2 y
111. (80 a
112.
113.
114.
9 ax 8
44-
3 a
4-
12
4-
02 y
23 a
16 y a
50
4-
4-
- (y 2 2 ~
)
(a
48)
5 y
6 a
5 a
12).
10).
(4
2 y
a,v/
4 a 2// 2
4-
/>
//
-=-
a:
117.
(a
118.
(a
119.
(a
8
8
120.
Cr
121.
(z
122.
123.
124.
4-
4-
16 a 2
^4
8 68
256)
4-
& 8)
-s-
8
4- c 4-
~-
(a
4
6 afo)
4a
4-
16).
+ ^ 4 ).
-26
(a
2 2
-f-
4-
c).
1).
-r-
2
(a:
4-
xy
4-
).
- *) -(x 8 - 1).
2
(a+ - 3 a"+ 4- a"- ) - (a 1 2 8
a*- 6 )
(a**
(a
&).
(x
4-
10
-r-
1).
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
264
125.
126.
127.
128.
(1
a8
8 z 8)
-5-
(1
2 x).
z8
*-
What is the
2
by a*-ab + 26 ?
129.
130.
G ax
By what
-f-
remainder when a
expression must a:
3 a b
12
8 a*b + 4 a
131. By what expression must 3 a
2 ab + & 2 ?
be divided to give the quotient 3 a 2
132.
x*
G x2
a:
divided
b* is
x*7
ttfc
+ 2187?
- 12 M
be divided to give
remainder?
9 as quotient, with 8 as
5 #
3 be multiplied to give
-f
x2
&).
a 2 6'2
133. 3(2 x
134.
135.
136.
137.
4(ar
+?+4=
139. 1
o
13.
140. 10(2 x
143.
a:
a:
142.
3)
a:
138.
141.
1)
9)
7(0 x
32)
+ 5 + 1=15.
4x
3(2 j
3).
- 3 a:).
- G) - 2 {3
8)} ^ 5(13
4(j
= 5{2 x - 3(* + 4) + 9} - (1 - 3 x).
2(3 x + 4)
8 [2 (a: - 1) - (x + 3) ] - 5{.r + 7[or - 2(4 - a:)]}.
a?
- (j -
144. 4-2(3ar
145. 5
- (3 a?
2 [2 x
- 2 7^~5] +
+ (x 4- 1) (a?
- l)(ar + 2) (a: (ar
146. x
147.
a?
148.
(2ar-
149.
(5a:
150. (4 x
- 3) (3 x 4- 7) =
3)
= x\x - 2) +
(7 x
1 1)
(3 x
2(ar
1).
+ 4).
- 4) - (9 x +
10)
(a:
3)
REVIEW EXERCISE
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
157.
158.
159.
160.
161.
162.
164.
265
(x
a;
a:
ar
a;
+ 5) 2 -(4-a:) 2 =r21a:.
- 2) a + 7(x - 3) = (3 x - 7) (1 x - 19) + 42.
5(ar
- 17) 2 + (4 x - 25) 2 - (5 x - 29) 2 = 1.
x
(3
O + ;T)O - 9) + (a; + 10) (ar - 8) = (2 x 4- 3)(* (ar
+ ?=13 +
^
10
o
2o
163.
7)
113.
+ ^s-O.
f-^
2
4
;j
of
which y
is
the
greatest.
166.
How many
eacli flock Y
The sum
The second
of the three angles of a triangle is 180.
angle of a triangle is twice as large as the first, and if 15 were taken
from the third and added to the first, these two angles would be equal.
170.
What
is
is
surrounded
108 square
F. will produce F.
= 2 C.?
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
266
173.
number increased by
multiplied by
174.
number divided by
diminished by
An
175.
3 gives the
same
result as the
numbet
result as the
number
3.
3 gives the
same
3.
The two
train.
What
respectively.
is
the distance?
176.
177.
sister
is
boy
the
sum
and
3 years
if
each
the father.
179. Four years ago a father was three times as old as his son is
now, and the father's present age is twice what the son will be 8 years
hence.
180.
is
16 horse power
181.
The length
of 80 horse
other.
by 2
feet;
if
each
dimension
182.
is
The age
183.
is
boy
father; the
of the elder of
it
sum
father.
184. x*
185.
+x-
y-y
186. z 2
2.
-42.
-92;-36.
187.
188.
_ no.
-ll?/-102.
189. aW + llab-2&.
7/
13 a + 3.
+ 11 ~ 6.
z 2 + x - 56.
190. 4 a 2
191. 10x 2
192.
a;
REVIEW EXERCISE
- 77 y + 150.
2 a 2 - 19 a - 10.
193. y 2
194.
195. a 2
3a
196. 6
3y 2
197.
- 28.
a;
198. x*
5 xy
- 6 y2
13 y
a;
205.
14x 2 -25ary + Gy 2
206.
3 x* -x -
12 x
+4.
13
6 2.
219.
120.
28
ary
//
48.
a:
66 y.
if-W-y+b.
210.
-11 2 + 10
20 x 4 - 20 z 8 -
ar.
221.
5 x 2.
222. x*y
a:
223.
+ G *2#2 + 9 x*y\
6 x* + 5 a:y - 6 2
230.
15 x 2
231.
9a-4a6
232.
(a
229. *2
233.
211.
212. 3 x
- 21
a:
54.
224.
+ 30 x.
2
2 2 2 2
x
+
)
(a + z )
(a
2 3
+
+
y
a;y)
(x
(r
y)
6 a 2 + 5 a - 6.
218. x
220.
- 22 z +
217. 2 afy
209.
a:
29 y
a:
216. 2 x 2
201. # 2
15.
204. 5
200.
4.
a;
+ 1 1 a*b - a 2/A
214 12 x*y - 14 2 - 10 xy.
215. z + 5x 2 - 6s.
?/
+ ary - 10 y a
x* - 12 * - 64.
199. 2
213. 60 a 2
267
?/
7x 2
225. a^a
226.
a;
-f
yx*
+ z*x + z*y.
227. 7a
228.
a:
8.
+ b - c) 2 -
(a
26 x
a
.
- c) 2
234.
235.
a;
236. 24
+ 2 - 1.
-23 -12.
-a;
a:
238.
a:
239.
(13z
240. 4a 2& 2
242. xm+l
237.
a:
241. (a +
- xm y + xym -
5# 2) 2 -
2 2
(a 6
(a
m +^.
2
3y
244. 2a
3%
te
ly
a:
a:
+ la
a:
+ 4y2) 2
- x + 1.
2 2
y -f
a:
1.
c 2 ) 2.
2
c)
(c
2
rf)
245. 3 ap
243. 4
248.
(12
a:
246. 3 x
247.
mx +
- (b + rf) 2
- 6 aq - 3 c/> + 6 cq.
- 3 xf + 3 * 2y - 3 xy.
.
a+a* + o a +l.
wiy
aw.
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
268
- 6 by.
3 ay 4- a + 2
4- 14 bx
a%% 8 - 3 abc - a 2 />c 2 -f 3.
2 8 - 2 ax 2 + 2 for 2 - 2 aft*.
2 a.r + a# + az -f 2 6z
fry 4- &z.
249. 7 ax
250.
251.
a;
252.
Find the
II.
ft
-I-
C. F. of:
253.
G(x+
9(x
l)'\
1).
2
+ 23 x -f 20.
+ 20 x 4- 8.
2 2
+ 39 xy 4- 15.
x*y* 4- 18 xy + 5, 18 x
2 - 11 a
2 - 10
a 4- 9.
a
4- 10, a
3 a 2 2 - 5 ab -f 2, 3 a% 2 - 4 ab + 1.
10 x 2 - 23
+ 12, 30 ^ - G7 x -f 33.
2
2
- (55.
x
16
x
7
-f 71 x
413, 28
12 2 2 - 1 9 ;ry -21,48 afy 2 - 73 xy - 91.
254. 3 #2
-|-
10
255. 5 x 2
7 r
256.
a;
a;
8,
-f 2,
15 # 2
z/
257.
258.
/;
259.
a?
260.
a:
261.
a:
//
+ 8 x + 5, x 2 -f 9j: + 20.
* 2 - 9 x + 14, 2 - 11 x -f 28.
x 2 + 2 x - 120, x* - 2 z - 80.
x* - 15
+ 30, * 2 - 9 x - 36.
262. x 2
263.
x-
264.
265.
ar
+ 3 x + 2, x 2 + 4 + 3, x 2 + 5 -f
- 3 x - 4, * 2 - x - 12.
* a - 23 x -f 20.
2 x2 - 7
-f 5,
2 z 2 -f 13 x + 1 5, 8 2 + 10 x - 3.
x 2 - 18 ry + 32 y 2 2 - 9 xy + 14 y 2
266. z 2
ar
ar
6.
267. z 2
268.
a:
269.
;r
270.
a:
271. 2-2-
272
x2
a;
273
-f
2
-f-
a:
!8a:
- 77
+ 77
P a -5y>+4.
^2-7/7 + 12
'
2?5
x2
~
+
a;
'
2?6
a:
8 xf
<
3 xy
-7
- 17
+
a;
40 y 2
6
*
14
12 Jr 2__7^/_ J/ 2
+ 3 .ry - 2/ 2
28 x 2
REVIEW EXERCISE
8
277
278.
agg
m ~n
w 4 + 2 7w% 2 -f
sa
*2
281
a;
2Q4
'
279.
280.
2 q^(
z4
w mp - n 2
a:
z2
(a
+ ac
c)a;
a;
294
295
296
'
297
'
'
289
'
290
22
+
2
2 yz
fr
4-
_ 22 _
- -
ar
2*
-f
*2
3 x
ar
- 2*
+ 3 x*
- 2c
a:
- (y -
z)
y*
z2
ary
'
2 2
<?
+ 2 cV +
2 a 2^ 2
ft*
*
t
z2
y)'
x'2
'
2 zx
293
?/.rL.!/...
288
a;
0;2
292
"
(j;
*2
291
287
t-
283
286
282.
'
285
)P
4- J' 4-
-8x+8
'
n*
+ Og-e.
-9
"
"*
4 *2
269
c4
+ 2 0:2
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
270
298
23.
-23.
+ 19)
19
23
Lnl +
300.
ar
a;
+4
__
+ -*_ +
-la?-la?
+
l)(ar
2)
l)(ar
2)(*
3)
303.
(a
x
x
~~
c) (a
+^
(a
ct)
c)(a
~
''^
a) (x
(:
2.
7.
-f e)
6)
_
305.
O(c-a)
i_
a
20
306.
X2
+9
(c-a)(a-i)
1
_L
x2
12 x
4-
308.
+ 7 _ 44
35
3.
^_2*-
^-
m+n
"*"
309.
310
307.
a:-2
*-3
^.
4
+
a?
304.
+
2Lz|
3
x
(x
(a:
'
301.
302.
2 99
"
19(23
(m
+
3
a:
+ n) 2
^ ""
-2
ar-3
a:
-2
a:
17
x 2 -5a:-i-6"
(a-
+7
BE VIEW EXERCISE
i
311.
a2
x8
x2
-.-
+ +
a;
ft
_.
-
312.
a:
2ft 2
313.
a8
314.
.,+
a
(1
*2
-9*+
1 -f
(a?
nl
1a:
g(jL+ 2 )
a;
8*
2 x'
2)
^^^_
4-
Dx
8(1-*)
4(1
15
319.
+*)
8(1
x(l
*)
4(1
321
6_
c)
2_ (a._
- *)
+ * 2)
c) 2
- (a - ft) 2
g~ft
ft-c
322.
323.
*2
316.
317.
*2
20
,2
10 z 2
315.
318.
271
'(a-6)*-(a:-r)a
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
272
Simplify:
z2
325.
2 x*
324.
10
-lOx
2 a
^ ""
a;
5x- 2
1B x
10 o#
2
?/
331 g gy
6y
3
a:
3y
-f
'
12 a
40
4 xy
-8
*2
a;
^2
l5rt~+~54*
6 q
5 x
3;B
1037
.y
2
y/
?/
(a?-4y)
3(2 x
^/
- ll.y-20
27^-12^7
- 5 a - 6*
6~7**
- 9 *// + 27
- 7 xy + 12
x'
x 3y
6 a*
24 y 2
a;
4 y2
2y
fl
2
;/
3 y
y~4-y+
'
_
3 y) 2
6
(
15
^e
10
a;
- 15
-33
a:
?/
a:
a:
-f
5 sy
zy
2
+ 0^ +
^2^7 a...
.a:
'
.
'
a:
~"
+ 8 2 - 4 x?/ 2 ^_ G x 2 + 13 gy_+
- 19 xy + 6 y 2
8 x* '
10
2 y
5 x8
*2
'
333.
- 7 acy + 12 y2
+ 5 a:y + y 2
42
4 a
x*
a:
+lOar
+lly-10
2 z6
333.
250
J?_ x fl^-^ffjje _
2
11
8
.V
332
i^+^T-
03
4g~0yg
329
330
^ "" 12 *.
2
a;
'
^ - 28
8
'
334
-*
a2
328.
-i-
3a; 2
327
4 r8
8 x2
4 x
+ 4 y*
- 2 y2
20
44
'
REVIEW EXERCISE
~
336.
c*
c*
337.
q2
a2
(a-f2/,)
338.
342.
343.
344.
fl-.1V.
\x
340.
+ IV.
347.
xi
348.
349
**
_
o;
350.
-i.
'
-"l
a>74
a:
76
1+
\.
2"
'
.;r
~ ~
x2 + 8 +
-5 2 .13
13 s
i--, if a
3.
352.
353
^-3
pE+1
354.
- +
?_2
^
a:
.
r
+^
/2x~l
V
5a:~2
10
V.
\5yl
346.
345.
-?-f!?.y.
Simplify
yj
339.
ni + -.
aj
(a-Wi + iJ.
(ar
\
+ lV.
(a
\
341.
*|
278
11
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
274
355
___
_/|
2(*-l)J
U<>-3)
356
357.
ar
1-10*W*-1
1-** JUa-l
1-*
YTx
fl
V
xy
+ ya
xl
xy
+ yl
x*
358.
359.
y-x
y360. (a
yabc
361.
1+2
i+5
1+1
362.
9 x2
-f
363.
(~
364.
+ 1 + W?* _ 1 +
(*
2x
\3a
2x) \3a
365.
1
-f
I
-
366.
a2
4-
REVIEW EXERCISE
^\
367.
\b*
+ c*
+
b
(b* -f c*)
}
b*-c*)^
c
4-
368.
(1
+ab)(l+bc)
369.
a
370
+
.
~^
_
'
'
(-/')(&-o)
372.
373
"1*7
374.
275
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
276
375.
-3
Solve the equations
376.
a:
8
(a;
45
379. 4(*
.
+ 6)-
380. 5 {2 x
5"^
J !__7.
a:
1)
5*-8,*-2 = 15.
378. 2(3 x
381.
or
iLf-5 + !*=! = 2 J.
377.
<3
|(x
+ 4) +
-(* +
10)
20
=
1
1)}
x-f
x -
10
|(x
j(*
v/
O
7)
= 0,
+ 5)-
^
- ^-^
+
_j_
3(*
10
x
^-\:)
-f
51)
+2J
382.
.
'
_j-
a:
3_ = !.
383. __4
2x
vC
a:
10
385
17
387
-7ar =
L*J> _
14
(5 ar
ear-7
+
i3JTo^
1
389
10ar
15
"""
28
+ 16ar_63 -24 g
2T~~~ia
2J
'
12f
8 a'
390.
0,
14(ar-l)
18
105
a:
REVIEW EXERCISE
x
391.
_x
3737-0
^
x
a:
"i
~r;
'2 a;
^ (a -
(8 x
3) (x
8
9*
a?
R
-
7 ~r
"
a)
(a:
3)
1) = (4 x
1(5
a;
H- 1
4-
3(4 *
1) (4 x
397.
1
398.
.5
399.
.5
-f .6
400. 3*
401. y
rt
^=
=r
.25 x
.8
.2
a:
.75
408. (x
5).
402.
c
c
-}-
-q.
-f
404.
a:-
2)(ar
1.
4O5
40,.
-f .25.
-(a:
-f 1
JLg:==
7wa:
a;*
177,147.
&
a:
a;
403.
a;
*2
l)(x
x
x
396.
7 _ x
-8~a; -
a:
a;- 6~a:
ar- 5
277
a)
a)(a:
a)(x
a-(a;
&)(>:
ft)
2(ar
) (a;
J).
+ 2a +2&) = (a: +
-f 6) -f c
(z
a)(a:
____-_
^
a:
a:
i).
2 a)
1).
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
278
410.
(x
-f
411.
(x
- a)(x -
a)(z
412.
b)
b)
-f
417.
mx ~
nx
(a
x1
-2
a)
6 2a.
2
.
-f c
ab
1
mx
nx
b)(x
b)(x
a-b
I2x
- c) - (5 -
418
~j-o.
-f
-f
(x
416
x
415.
(x
_a
-f
414.
2 alb
c)(:r
a)
lfi:r
- (c -
a)(x
b)
0.
rt
~r
l
419.
)
ar
IJ a;
2 a
-f c
~
a
4x
2 b
6
Qx
3 x
2 c
6
-f
in 9 hours
B walks
11 miles
and
if
422.
A man
423.
down again
How
REVIEW EXERCISE
A
424.
lowed
279
steamer which goes at the rate of 264 miles a day is foldays by another which goes 286 miles a day. When will
in 2
425. Find two consecutive numbers such that the sum of the fifth
and eleventh parts of the greater may exceed by 1 the sum. of the
sixth and ninth parts of the less.
426. x
427.
y,
i,
z2
y\
-xy + y*.
x*
428. a
|.
5,
t>,
a8
-f
2 ab
-f
6 2.
and
429. 3
5x
432.
7y
22
-I
22
y, if
wi*
+ y=
ny; ax
10 inches long
line
- iand
430. z 2
1J.
-\-
by
ex
dy.
is
Find
434. If a b
=5
435. Solve
436.
Which
and
7,
ratio
is
n(n
x)
14
15, find
=p
greater, 5
m n(p
:
7 or 151
If
is
one
equal
c.
x).
208?
437. Prove that the number of miles one can see from an elevation
of h feet
438.
a.
b.
is
Which
miles.
(9
c.
d.
fc
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
280
29(a
&)
c.
2
(3 a
2 ab
x, if
551 (a 3 -
8 ft)
2
ft
2
(5 a
-f
19(a
4 ai
&).
12
ft
a?
(5 a
The volumes
ft).
440.
their diameters.
If
441. 7
a:
-2y=
a;
5y
59.
443.
x + 17 #
53; 8 x + y = 19.
33 x + 35 y = 4 55 * - 55 y = -
444.
7jr-9y =
445.
7a?-y = 3; 5x+4y=lQ.
= 25.
7 a: - 3 y = 3 5 -f 7
442.
446.
447.
448.
449.
450.
451.
452.
453.
454.
455.
456.
457.
458.
459.
17;
9ar-7# =
a;
16.
71.
?/
x + 5 y = 49 3 x - 11 y = 95.
ax + ly = 2 a*x + & 2# = a + b.
5z-4:# = 3;r-f-2# = l.
ox -f &// = 2
+ y) = a +
8a + 21+3ft = 0.
28 = 5 a - 4
12 - 89 = q.
5j + 7 7 =
=
2; 42 = 15y + 137.
20y + 21
18a = 50 + 25y; 5#+ 10 = -27 a.
56 + 10y = 7a;; 15ar = 20 + 8y.
- 11 7; 21 7 = 27 + Op.
9/> = 2
- 7 y = 25; 4 = 5 y + 29.
3
- 35.
8 - 59 = 3 z; 5 2 = 7
;
ft.
/>(.*;
ft;
ar
a:
/)
a;
a:
+ 5y)- (or
|-l(*-2y)=0; 1(3
|
a;
REVIEW EXERCISE
460.
3 x
28i
~~~^ = 5;7;c=56-3y.
8
461.
a?
3 y
a?
~~10
15
12
__
"10
10
463.
465.
4 g
7g
467.
468. ^
.?/
a:
.
'
= 2;
i^
2 g
47O
469.
cte -
by
472. ax
cx
ey =/.
475.
474.
dx+frj-
c\
= 2J.
(2
--i = 5; i-
4*
by
= m;
+ ey-n.
-_
&
3~12
471. ax
3 y
- 2y)-
(or
= 7;- + -=2.
+y
473.
car
=
4-
rf
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
282
478.
to
If 1
it becomes equal
becomes equal to ^. Find the
if 1
it
fraction.
479.
The sum
of three
numbers
is
is
21.
half the
480. There are two numbers the half of the greater of which exceeds the less by 2, also a third of the greater exceeds half the less by
2.
Find the numbers.
481. Of the ages of two brothers one exceeds half the other by 4
is equal to an eighth of
483.
latter
spends \ of his.
had each at first?
then has
as
much
son's
484. Find two numbers such that twice the greater exceeds the
by 30, and 5 times the less exceeds the greater by 3.
less
487.
sum of
number
consists of
two
the number.
digits
4,
whose difference
is
4;
if
the
Find
REVIEW EXERCISE
488. There
number
283
two
the
sum
is
of the digits
of
also
if
number.
489.
equals d.
491. x
-f
492. ,
493.
a;
-f
29|
41; *
$x
a:
+z=
499. 3 x
500.
and the
difference of their
18J ; x
-f z
13|.
+ 5=84.
*i, ,
3
G; 2
a:
ar
-f-
3 y
2 z = 8
- z = 20;
;
2y + 2z =
a;
a:
-4#+
a:
497. y
:
4a;-5#+2z =
Solve
62
3 y
494.
498.
425
495.
496. 4
is
is b.
//
5 y
i-f-i
11;
a;
;/
-f
101
=a;
1+1z = 6;
y
502. 3ar
5; z
1;
2 z
25 ;
a;
- z = 12.
= 209; 2
+z=
35.
a:
a: -f
i-fi =
= 79.
e.
+ 2y = 8; 4z+3z = 20;
= 15; 2y + 3a = ll;
=
-2^ 20; 2/>-3r = 4; 30
506. 2
3^ =
a;
'
507. --\
'
8;
5^
9z
10;
a:
4r=-9.
4
?/
2z
= 15.
2.
3z
35.
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
284
516.
517.
+
+
3579
2+?.
!f
== 2800,
ra?
524
523.
ll"
1472.
= 3a-f& + r,
36 + c,
i=a + 6 c,
z
jx
[y +
+y + = +
2
z-
=3a-&-c.
REVIEW EXERCISE
285
in 3 days,
first
the
sum
together?
529. A boy is a years old his mother was I years old when he was
born; his father is half as old again as his mother was c years ago.
Find the present ages of his father and mother.
;
it
separately
531. A number of three digits whose first and last digits are the
same has 7 for the sum of its digits; if the number be increased by
Find the number.
90, the first and second digits will change places.
532. In
circle
and
A ABC, AB=6, BC = 5,
touches
AC
F respectively.
in /),
533. Two persons start to travel from two stations 24 miles apart,
and one overtakes the other in 6 hours. If they had walked toward
each other, they would have met in 2 hours. What are their rates of
travel?
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
286
Draw
The number
work
of
How
long will
537. If
is
to
t
/
in
days
it
of
workmen
take 11
men
to
3.3
down
2
t' .
the graph
from
D=
1 to
12.
do the work?
seconds, then /
= 3 and write
Draw
is
Draw
pendulum
of length
8 feet.
Draw
x.
538. 3 x
5.
542. x
539. 2 x
7.
543. x 2
5.
547.
3 x.
544. z 2
3.
548. x 8
x.
545. x *-x
2.
549. x*
540. 2
541.
3 x.
2 x
546. 2
x*,
from x
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
x2
x*.
2 to x
1.
= 4,
REVIEW EXERCISE
The formula
551.
a.
Represent
] f/f
287
by a falling body
is
to t = 5.
graphically from t =
(Assume g = 10
scale unit of the t equal to 10 times the scale
How
c.
In
.)
far does a
how many
x*-"2x-7 = Q.
2
~0a: + 9 = 0.
553.
2
554.
+ 5 - = 0.
555. x* - 5 x - 3 = 0.
556. z 2 - 3 x - = 0.
557. x 2 ~ 2 - 9 = 0.
558. 3 x* - 3 - 17 = 0.
566. x 4 - 4 x 2 + 4 - 4 = 0.
2
567. x 5 - 4 - 11 x* +
+
2
8
569. If y +5
10,
a. Solve// = 0.
= 5.
J. Solve
.r
561.
-1
562.
563.
564.
a;
565.
a?
4 x - 15 = 0.
+ 10 x - 7 =
- 13 = 0.
3 x - G
- 3 x - 1 = 0.
3
+ 3 z - 11 = 0.
2 8 - 6
+ 3 - 0.
z 4 - 10 x 2 + 8 = 0.
560. 2
a:
a;
559. 2 x 2
552.
j;
a;
a:
.r
a:
.r
a:
a;
x-
18 x
0.
568.' 2*
= 0.
a;
//
e.
f.
c.
r?.
Solve y
Solve y
5.
15.
2.
=m
has
Solve graphically
570
'
571.
572.
'
8.
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
288
+ ,-4,
j^
x -f = 3.
y =10,
|4,-5
xy = 0.
577.
4'
(f-,
?/
581.
{f_7l j?
582.
|''- o2
=
578.
579.
2
\*>
a:
+
[
:
y*
or
25.
f-MV
--
585
594.
595;
596.
600.
586
'
jf:ji f-
6)T
'
587.
(a-iy.
588.
(a
589.
(1-a:)
-f ?>)
(a; + ^) + (air-%)8.
4
- %) 4
(aa; + %)
(a*
5 6
+
*)
(1
a:)
(1
2 2
-f
(2 + 3 x + 4
)
(2 -3 x +
(a
8
ft)
590>
(2
591.
(3
592.
(1
593.
597.
(1
598.
(1
599.
a:'
3.
-f-
>
3'
a:.
583.
jj+;frf
2* +
?/
a;
(1
(#
x) (l
+
+
-
<r)3 -
3
,
a:)
xY.
4
2)
^)
+ x' )'2
- x + 2 )'2
601. (1 +
a;
z2) 8
602. 64 a 12
128 a 10 6
603.
4-8 xf +
604.
a:
16
-2
605. a 8
606. 9
+
2
-4
?/
'
14
100 a 8
608.
a:
/;
100
?/
a:
?y
~+
x
10
a:
a:
a:
V 6x
611. a
612.
a:
-f
aAa:
- 2 6a: +
2
?/
9 6
-f
943
25 c
+-+
30 &c
a;
--+
10 ac
-~-bx.
?/
a:
//
fe
1) .
5 a*.
609.
610. a 2a; 2
10 6.
1
9(5
//
a:
^i -
10
2
+
x^f - 128 a*^ + 04 aty
4 6 2
10 3
5
4
3
2
+ y.
-f
zy x*y* +
^s_ 14 a 4/,4 + 4 a 8^6 + 9 a a^e _ 6 aW + 8
04 aty 6
+
+ 4 a 6& 2 +
x -f 13 2 - 4 8 -f 4 4
+ i 2 ) 2 -f (a 1 - 2 & 2 ) (4
a:
a;
2
(2 a ft
-f
a:
4 fSb
607.
30
aa: 2 .
a6.
REVIEW EXERCISE
Find the fourth root
4
613.
4-
of
a2
4 a*b
614.
10:r 4
+ 9G* 3 +
615.
HI x s
108 afy
616.
10 a 4
32
289
fe
2
/;
-f
aft
4
ft
+ 81.
+ 54 'x*y* - 12 a?y + y*.
+ 24 a 2 4 - 8 aft 6 + 8
+
21G.*; 2
21Ga;
/;
ft
of:
617. a 8
8 tvb
28 a 6 //2
618. a 8
10 a*
112 a 8
50 a c ft 8
70 a 4 ft 4
50 a 8 ft 6
28 a 2ft
- 448 z +
1120
619. 942841.
621. 0090.2410.
620. 25023844.
622. 4370404.
625-
VOIOOD + V582T09.
a:
1792 x*
aft
+ 1792 2
- 1024 x +
ft
8
,
a:
256.
623. 49042009.
624. 44352.30.
V950484
626.
- V250 - \/4090.
627. 49.871844.
629. 035.191209.
631. 494210400001.
628. 371240.49.
630. 210.15174441.
632.
633. 21.
634.
32
635. 4J.
636.
2.
637. 40.
9g.
638. GGff.
5.2,
= 70.
+
2
-21 x = 100.
*+* = 156.
x 2 - 53 x ~ - 150.
8*' + 24* = 32.
9a; 2 + 189 z = 900.
651. (x -
640. x 2
641.
642.
643.
644.
645.
646. x 2
9 x
a-
647t x
-f
2)
-f
(x
~
-
+ 9x
_ 5x _
16
= 0.
22
= 0.
=
648
x2
649.
* + 9? , = 87.
650. 3a; 2
2
5)
66
+x = 14.
= (x +
7)
2.
290
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
"""
ar
ab
REVIEW EXERCISE
~
X+
1>
x
-
"
~T~
+c
~
a
i~
i
c
~
b
rj* 2
4 x +
+ Ox + 4
690.
291
4(5
691.
692.
693.
694.
1 + V* -2bx
+ a 2 + 2 ax
a
a )jr
2 a(l + & )z -fa 2 (1
ax + to -f ru: 2 - ax - bx - c = 0.
.
695.
ft
696.
698.
699.
a:
- 2V3:r
-f
+ fa +
1 = 0.
2 V5
a:
ex
-a-b-c=
fx
702. 2(4 :r
704.
706.
707.
708.
/'r'S
__
(:r
'
0.
^^
0.
7r\O
fi
697. ax 2
a;
a:)
)'*' _i.
:r)O
7^^
-6a:-
28
x2
21
a:
^^ ^T
^3"
:c-f 1)
42.
0.
5
'^
0.
1
0.
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
292
+36 = 0.
16 x* - 40 a 2* 2 + 9 a 4 = 0.
2n
n
2
2
-f-2aar + a -5 = 0.
*2
709. **-13a: 2
710.
711.
25
16
|
-16
- 44#2 + 121 = 0.
25
713. 3or
a:
___ _
2* -5 3*2-7
714
'
a2
715.
719.
The area
720.
equals CO feet.
722.
217
The
is
find them.
$375;
he had waited a few days until each share had fallen $6.25
might have bought five more for the same money. How
shares did he buy ?
if
in value, he
many
726.
sum
is
47 and product
312?
727.
A man
10 pounds more of coffee, paying $ 12 for the tea and $9 for the coffee.
If a pound of tea cost 30 J* more than a pound of coffee, what is the
price of the coffee per
pound ?
-4*+
728.
12
729.
(J)-*
8- l
(3|)*
(a
-8
+
ft)'
64-
+ i.
REVIEW EXERCISE
293
implify :
30.
(y*
31.
(a*
32.
(a*
33.
y*
x*)(a*
/^
-f
+w
(rrr
+ y*+l)(y*.-l).
+
c^
5 n*
a*x*
+w
+ x*).
- aM -
ft*c*)(a*
?n^n^
n )(m*
-f
35.
36.
(a-2
37.
(a-
38.
(1
39.
(i*
&-2)( a
-2_
4 d*).
j-2).
(64 x~
41.
(^ -
42.
(a*
(a^
6*
2 a
M+
44.
(x*
46.
(4
48
^i?
(4 x~*
a:
3 ar 2
27
ary*
x^y
x T
n.
(v/x)- X
6)
c*
-f
^2?
a;-
a8)
l)(>r
U*")
-4-
sT~
a*6^
-*
-i
(<i*
&*).
aM"
9 x*
42 x*
.2?
1).
^ + cb-
y*).
-f-
(x*
3 y"*).
(x*
(a*
28 x
y*)
-f-
(4 x~^
-r-
-f
12 x*
50.
52.
n^).
40.
43.
6*
34.
'
-f
a).
49)*.
c*).
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
294
753.
754.
755.
r*._
x
1 4j "r
[1r^ T
1
;.
O/lf
^
^ II r*
*
4"*"
1 "1
A
1.
JU.1+J
756.
757.
2^3(^-2^21 + 4^-3^:0.
+ V22
758.
759.
776.
760. 4\/50
12 V2b8
761.
\/G86
v/lG-v/128.
768.
vff +
2-V2
4-
SVlOOO.
V^~ 4^ -2^/2
2-V3
IIEVIEW EXERCISE
780.
295
y/a
-f
+ Va
y/a
Va
782.
781.
783.
786.
787.
+ 2V21.
789.
38-12VIO.
790. 14
791.
103
94-42V5.
- 2 V30.
792.
75-12V21.
793. 87
799. a
+ 2 Vab
- VlO.
3J-
- 4 V(j.
16 + 2V55.
9-2VI5.
788. 13
794.
- 12VIT.
12 ^
ac + 6t
Simplify
801.
806.
+ 3 V5
+ 3V5
Va
3 V'5
(
7-3V5
+ V3
+ V3
- 2V3*
807.
Va
809.
-f
Va
-f
+ Va
a;
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
296
811.
x/aT+l
- V? =
(x
- \/2y -
813.
1.
812.
a:
VaT+lJ
-f
814.
815.
\/2(r+
816.
817.
818.
819.
/3
1)
a:
+ v/2 x +
+ V3
a:
-f
15
12
13.
= 17.
= 1.
+ 10-3Var- 1
V* + 60 = 2 Vx~-K5 + V5.
2\/^"+~5 + 3Vor-7 = V25 - 79.
/9ar
a:
820. 3
836.
Va:
- V-c^lJ - V2 -
829.
Va:
28
830.
V14 a;
-f
831.
\/12
832.
V2a:
833.
Va:
834.
V3
ar
a;
+
3
ar
10.
+ V9 x - 28 = 4 V2 ar
14.
+ V3a:+ = 0.
+ ViTli + V7 - 13 = 0.
-f
2 VaT+1
a:
-2 Vx
-f 1
-f
= V5x + 4.
+ Vx - 4 =
V4a;-f 5
0.
^l - g.
KEVIEW EXERCISE
838. 5 x*
839. 4 a;
840.
a:
36.
6.
V4 x 2 - 10 x -f 1 = 10 x + L
* 2 - 3 - 3 Va: 2 - 3 x - 10 = 118.
a:
843. x 4
6
844. x
-f
x4
a;
a:
-f
- x*y +
847.
a;
848.
a:
7 a8
3x
+3
-4
a:
851. x*
4-
a;
854.
a;
855.
a;
a^
13
a;
-8a: 2
857. 4 x 8
-f
858. 16
859. 8 a; 8
860. 8
a:
-J-
a;
13
a/
4.
15.
4o.
a;
19 x
40 x 2
14.
3x
a;
9.
-f
49.
868. a 8
b**.
-64.
870. a*"
-f
& 6n .
872. a 8
873.
- 1000 6.
+ 512 y8
8^-27^.
+ 1.
+ 216 rt
aty a 10 - ab9
871. a
a:
3.
19a;-12.
866. 729
64 y*.
-f 12.
l-64a.
+
865. 64 a
80.
4 xy 8
869. a* *
a;
863. z*y 8
+ 16.
-f 1.
+ a8
861. 27
-f
2 a#*
27 y 8.
4-
8
a;
a:
2 x
11
-f"
856. x 8
18a:
-f
a:
4.
a;
-2a; 2
853. x
4 ar 2
852.
6 2 -f 3 6 s.
a;
-f 2.
850.
a;
- 28 a -
845. 5 a 4
846. 4 x*
849. a 8
867.
9)
-f
862.
- 12\/(ar4-4)(5z~
841. 4 a: 2
842.
11 x
-f
297
874.
875. a 18
ft*.
4- a.
876. a l0m
- 1.
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
298
877.
Show
that 99
878.
Show
that 1001 79
879. For
by x
880.
what value
1 is divisible
by 100.
1 is divisible
of
2 #3
is
by 1000.
mx*
5x
3 exactly divisible
3 ?
+ 2y=\2, xy + y = 32.
2 3
2
z3
xy + y = 7.
y = 28, x
8
3
+ y = 13:3.
-f y = 7,
2
+ xy = 10, y*+ xy - 15.
4
2
2
+ afy 2 +
-f ary + y = 37,
881. x
882.
-f-
883.
a:
884.
a;
885.
a;
886.
a:
a:
888.
a:
889.
a;
890.
a:
a:
a:
892. 1
x
? + p"ia-
L+L=13.
5;
a:
a:
a:
y
y
9
9
=
=
37
152,
a:
l-I =
xz
895.
1_3.
1-1-21;
x
894.
?/
a;
-;Vi'
896.
481.
a:
893.
--.
887.
M1
891
4
?y
8f.
+ ary + 2 = 37.
- xy + y 2 = 19.
- 18.
-f
?/
a:
x*-xy- 35, a# f
+ xy = 126, y 2 4- sy = 198.
2
+ 3 y 2 = 43, 2 + xy = 28.
2
+ 2 f = 17, 3 x 2 - 5 xy + 4 f = 13.
2
2
= 16 y, y(a:2 + y 2 ) = 25 x.
ar(ar + y )
2
2
2
2 xy - y = 2 ay + a
a# = 2 aa: + 6
897. z 2
898.
899.
900.
901.
a;
a;
a:
a:
3?
REVIEW EXERCISE
902. xa
-f
903. x 4
a;
904.
905.
906.
907.
908.
909.
299
+ 2 a:y +
2 =
=
x*
9.
-f
+
243,
y
#
y
ary
2
2
-f
-f y = 84,
Vary + y = 6.
- y) (a? - y) = 33.
(0 x + y}(x + y) = 273, (!) *
Vx -f 10 -f v^+T4 = 12, * + y = 444.
x + y 2 = aar, y
x 2 = by.
+ y = 9, ^ 2 - #y + 2 = 27.
23 x 2 - y2 = 22, 7 y - 23 = 200.
a:
-f
2 y
xy 2
1,
2 x 2y
xy
or
ar//
-f-
a;
?/
^:
910.
^-f!i^2, ny
911.
L/ay =
ma:
5?
ft-
m*.
+ g.
g=^
a
o
o-
+ a:y = 2, 3 y 2 + xy = 1.
2
913.
+ 2 ary = 39, xy + 2 y 2 = 65.
2
5 xy = 11, y 2 + 3 ary =
2.
914.
2
915. x -f 2 a:y = 32, 2 y 2 -f ay/ = 16.
2
2
2
916. x 2
ry + y = 3, # + xy + y = 7.
2
- 3(* + y) = 6.
917. (*
3)2 = 34, *y
3) -f (y
918. (3 x - y) (3 y - x) = 21, 3 :r(3 - 2 y) = 49 2
919. (a; + 2 y) (2 + ?/) = 20, 4 (a; + ?/) - 16
y
3 8 =
920. (o; + y)(a; 3 -|-y 8 ) =1216,
y
49(x
y).
2 2 =
6 2 (x 2 + y 2).
921. a;y = a(ar + y),
y
3
2
2
922.
+ y 8 = 189.
y + a:y = 180,
923. 9 -f 8 y -f 7 ay/ = 0, 7 + 4 y -f 6 ary = 0.
2
924.
+ ary = a*, y 2 + xy = b 2
925. xy + x= 15, ary
y = 8.
2
* 2 ~ g.V + y 2 =
+ xy + y a = (a? - y)^
03
926
12
+y
+y
927. 2 + y = 2 a 4- 6, ^ 2 + 2 a:y = a a
912.
a:
a:
a:
a;
.r
a;
a:
a;
or
or
a:
a?
a:
a:
a:
a:
ar
928.
y
a:
929. yz
24,
zx
xy
12,
a:y
8.
0.
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
300
(*+s)(* + y)=10,
930.
+ z)=18,
=
ar(a? -f y + 2)
931. s(y
932.
933. (y
+ a)(* + y
y(
The
935.
their cubes
936.
2240.
is
two numbers
Find the numbers.
difference of
270.
is 20,
is
is 3,
and the
difference of
is
certain rectangle contains 300 square feet; a second rec8 feet shorter, and 10 feet broader, and also contains 300
square feet. Find the length and breadth of the first rectangle.
937.
tangle
is
The sum
938.
sum
of the perimeters of
squares.
34
feet,
and
its
diagonal
is
The sum
941.
the
sum
of the perimeters of
square.
942. The
sum
of the circumferences of
two
circles is
Assuming
IT
44 inches,
= -y,
find
Find at what
rate each
man
ran in the
first
heat.
REVIEW EXERCISE
301
whose
is
field is
Find the
unaltered.
its
perim-
eter
948. A certain number exceeds the product of its two digits by 52 and
exceeds twice the sum of its digits by 53. Find the number.
is
sum
the
954.
Two
travelers,
and
starts
from
A and
from
P and
Q, at
starts
is
Find an edge of
miles, that
it
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
302
956.
Sum
to 32 terras, 4,
Sum
959. Find an A.
....
2.
^ V-
5,
P.
sum
to 20 terms,
fourth of the
J,
',
terms
first five
is
one
term being
unity.
series
1G
24
4-
32
961. 16
-f
21
-f
36
4-
.-.,
962. 36
24
1G
...,to infinity.
960.
+
-
963.
(iiven a
964.
How many
10,
terms
to 7
to 7 terms;
4, s
Find
88.
n.
amount
to
123,454,321?
965.
966.
Sum
Sum
to n terms, 1
to n terms,
sum
of
4- 1 4-
968.
Sum
to infinity,
969.
Sum
to infinity,
-^-1 +
971.
972.
Sum
Sum
Sum
V-j
970.
12434+
-.
to infinity.
*"
-j$V
1
2
- 4-142
....
- V2
+ O 2 4 y 2 ) + O 8 + y*)
+ y) + x-(x 2 4 y 2} 4- x*(x 3 -f 8)
+ y) + (2x + f) + (3 x + y 8 ) 4-
to 10 terms, (x 4-
;>/)
to n terms, x(x
to 8 terms, (x
.v
-f
1-
(ft)
.3151515....
to n terms, the
terms being in A. P.
5
n
and
"
4-
977.
sum
4.
n+l(n + l)
976.
first
+ !Lni
The
!Ll^ +
...
+
T
(
(to 2 n terms),
+-
(to
V
J'
infinity).
!)
common
of 20 terms.
Find the
difference.
5.
Find the
REVIEW EXERCISE
303
980.
How many
sum
982. The
terms of 18
of n terms of 7
17
10
and
-,
+ 11+
of n terms of an A. P.
0.
amount
,
is
+ lY
"(L V;3
'
is
term.
to 105?
Find
40,
n.
983. The 21st term of an A. P. is 225, and the sum of the first
nine terms is equal to the square of the sum of the first two. Find the
first
common
difference.
986.
all
2
of
perfect number
by which
integers
+ 2 1 + 2'2
divisible.
is
the series
the
If
sum
sum multiplied by
a perfect number.
is
v^5
....
is
it
v7-!
v'i
first
(Euclid.)
of
of
the series
numbers.
987. The Arabian Araphad reports that chess was invented by
amusement of an Indian rajah, named Sheran, who
rewarded the inventor by promising to place 1 grain of wheat on
Sessa for the
the 1st square of a chess-board, 2 grains on the 2d, 4 grains on the 3d,
and so on, doubling the number for each successive square on the board.
11
--- - -
988.
V2
989. 5
v/2
1.1
992.
What
2 a
.2
.04
2.01
3.001
990.
..-,
.-.,
to oo.
3>/2
to oo
4.001
.,
to
n terms.
av/2
+
V2
sum
to infinity
of
may
be 8?
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
304
fifth
term of a G. P.
is 4,
and the
fifth
term
is
8 times
512
997.
45 and 765
find the
of squares of four
numbers
in
G. P. are
numbers.
squares.
is
pump removes
of the
What
strokes?
many
density ?
ABC
a circle is inscribed.
1003. In an equilateral triangle
second circle touches the first circle and the sides AB and AC.
third circle touches the second circle and the
to infinity.
inches.
What
is
the
sum
same
sides,
and
if
A
A
so forth
AB =
1004. Two travelers start on the same road. One of them travels
uniformly 10 miles a day. The other travels 8 miles the first day and
After how
increases this pace by \ mile a day each succeeding day.
many days will the latter overtake the former?
REVIEW EXEHCISE
1005. Write down the
(a
first
*)".
(1-2 #)
305
5.
a;
the
first
terms
four
in
the
expansion
#).
- o/) 14
- l) w
bfy.
-f
- ft) 19
fifth
term of (1
x)
18
9
.
a:)
lQ
b)
x)
9
.
(1
*2
coefficient
a:
\88
1
in
X ----
5a
coefficient of
-7
x 9 in (5 a 8
|V
- -i-V
2i/
5
.
a:
8 7.
of
INDEX
[NUMBERS REFER TO PAGES.]
148
Abscissa
Absolute term
"
178
value
....
Addition
Aggregation, signs of
Algebraic expression
"
9,
....
sum
progression
.Base of a power
Binomial
"
theorem
Consistent equations
....
130
Constant
155
10
Coordinates
148
18
Cross product
41
Difference
246
Discriminant
20
Discussion of problems
10
Dividend
45
54
Division
45
Divisor
45
-10
255
Bracket
Checks
232
23
193
.
.241
'
**
.193
.
difference
....
multiple, lowest
...
fractional
graphic
representa-
....
160
linear
54, 129
literal
54, 112
"
91
"
'*
"
"
123
Evolution
807
.130
.108
'
246
105
...
.181
fraction
11
108
251
ratio
63
consistent
tion of
Coefficient
130
Equations
20, 37, 49
Composition
Elimination
"
Character of roots
Complex
120
Consequent
27
Brace
53
.210
Degree of an equation
Axiom
**
120
mean
Arrangement of expressions
Average
Common
249
Antecedent
*'
123
Alternation
Arithmetic
210
....
Conditional equations
Conjugate surds . . .
....
....
numerical ....
quadratic
simple
simultaneous
54
.178
129, 232
54
........
169
INDEX
808
Exponent
Exponents, law of
Extraneous roots
65, 184
.
70
...... 227
81)
Factoring
70,
Fourth proportional
Fractional equations
17
Linear equation
Extreme
Factor
"
theorem
"
II. C
Like terms
227
Mathematical induction
exponent
Fractions.
proportional
Mean, arithmetic
"
Multiplication
91
346
120
338
341
geometric
Geometric progression
.251
Graphic solution of simultane.
Mean
....
.
54, 112
.31,
53
23
10
91
102, 212
ous equations
100
Negative exponents
11
numbers
195
tions
Graph of a function
Grouping terms
Highest
common
.154
factor
53
Identities
Imaginary numbers
Inconsistent equations
Independent equations
Index
130
Power
253
Insertion of parentheses
.
.
Integral expression
Interpretation of solutions
19
42
7
Prime factors
76
28
Problem,
Product
70
Progressions, arithmetic
241
27
83
10
Polynomial
102
9
9,
......
Polynomials, addition of
"
square of
109
148
148
89
235 Parenthesis
Perfect square
13
205
86 Ordinate
Origin
Homogeneous equations
Infinite, G.
Order of operations
"
of surds
1,
'*
geometric
246
251
121
Inversion
123
Proportion
Involution
105
Irrational
numbers
Known numbers
Law
of exponents
Laws of
signs
205
Quadratic equations
Quotient
Radical equations
Radicals
....
178
45
221
205
INDEX
Ratio
national
76,
Rationalizing denominators
Reciprocal
Roots of an equation
"
character of
"
....
171
Substitution
133
104
Sum, algebraic
228
Surds
22
......
54
193
Theorem, binomial
193
Third proportional
of
33, 45
Term
"
23
18
205
27
Rule of signs
10
absolute
178
....
255
120
Transposition
54
Trinomial
10
240
Series
...
Signs of aggregation
Similar and dissimilar terms
9,
.
Simple equations
Simultaneous equations
Square of binomial
of
27
Unknown numbers
129, 232
....
polynomial ....
....
17
Similar surds
"
Square root
205
...
120
215 Subtraction
169 Subtrahend
Real numbers
Remainder theorem
Removal of parenthesis
Root
309
Vinculum
4
155
9
40
42
Zero exponent
197
ANSWERS
TO
WILLIAM
P.
STrtn
MANGUSE
gork
COPYRIGHT,
BY
1910,
NorfoooS
J. 8. Gushing Co.
ANSWERS
Page
2.
1.
$160.
2.
32,8.
9.
Page
13.
Bl
1.
3.
11.
Page
Page
4.
2.
Not
in
7.
5.
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1.
5.
3.
14.
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15.
20.
21.
27.
(a)
1,
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6.
1.
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9 m.
20
Page
25.
4.
11.
0.
17.
13.
25.
6.
Page
16.
8.
15.
8.
16.
3.
9.
8.
7m.
16.
23.
1.
14,
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12.
-2.
-3.
18.
-15.
13.
19.
6.
24.
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5.
13 d.
25.
1.
1.
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85,
Yes.
6.
c.
14.
13.
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17.
16.
19.
2.
3 m,
2
18.
10.
20.
36.
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3.
3.
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24. 8
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16.
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1,000,000.
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13.
192.
12.
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Multiplication.
16.
1.
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12,2.
10g.
27.
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4.
5.
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18.
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1.
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$60.
5.
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512.
12.
$20,
21.
5.
128.
Page
Philadel-
3.
7.
7.
-7.
22.
16.
8.
-10.
-1.
-2.
28.
11.
jo.
$10,
$100.
larger than
is
sign.
- 150.
loss,
16.
14
Page?.
-30?.
4.
$ 1 50
10.
2.
8.
15.
- 3.
6.
12.
3.
0.
-32.
15.
20.
South
4.
ft.,
expenditures.
6.
29.
5000.
1.
arithmetic.
below
sign.
westerly motion.
9. 37
S., -37.
7.
$4700.
Seattle 12
5.
in.
16f
in.,
7.
16
.$9400,
8. 16 in., 16 in.,
7. 48 ft., 8 ft.
6. A $90, B $ 128, C $ 16.
10. 150,000,000 negroes, 15,000,000 Indians.
18, 18, 144.
ft.
phia
3.
5,000,000.
Ot
2.
5.
13.
20.
1.
6.
14.
6.
7.
2.
24.
15.
ANSWERS
ii
11.
Page
237.
7.
14.
50.
04.
31.
35.
(/* 4-
inial,
4- 4
16.
17.
ft)(X-
13.
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Polynomial, Trino-
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50,000
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17.
37.
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18.
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12 a.
23.
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31.
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34.
173.
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5e
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20.
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24.
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13.
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$80,
Page
7.
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12.
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(<7)
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1$.
36.
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Page
21.
29.
6.
35.
5.
41.
2.
28.
4.
34.
1.
10.
8.
27.
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21
7.
2.
57.
Page
31.
7.
18.
1.
24.
10
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-ft)
w.
2 x.
9.
eZ
7.
Page
13.
62.
10.
14.
17
50=
100
(6)
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= -5 -
m= --
15.
100
m.
16. (a)'
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v
10)
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100.
17.
(2 a;
10)
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3^-740, (c) (2z-f 600) (3
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12.
rrax-lO,
(A)
x 460.
?i
100
2x- (3x-
11.
(3
sc
700)
(x
-f
1200)
200,
(a) 2 x
- (3x -
(e)
3x -
700)
5,
1700) = 12,000,
800 = x + 1300.
x- 200) -f(^ +
ANSWERS
vili
18.
(a)
V
'
'
ft
(d)J
v
100
w
(/)
=^8000,
Page
100
'
2.
30 yr.
14. 30 mi.
7.
250.
15.
Page
67.
1.
55,11.
Page
68.
4.
12,2.
480
Ib.
12.
4pt., 5pt.
9.
Page
70.
Page
71.
in.,
3.
12,8,24.
11 in.
Page
14.
Page
74.
1.
4.
600,
1200.
8.
4.
9.
Page
75.
05,5.
80 A.
18.
9.
6.
7.
1250.
12.
19.
24J.
150,000.
30,0.
2.
4.
45
14.
15
in.,
15.
in.
7 hr.
6, 12, 14.
5.
1,3,5.
3,0,16.
6.
20,21,22.
90,000,000 gold,
72.
3.
5.
11.
2$.
$40.
17.
42yr., 28yr.
5, 10, 25.
13.
300.
2.
18.
4.
10.
6. 52,13.
8. 160 lb.,
7. 8,10.
78,79.
10. 40 yr., 10 yr.
11. 29,000 ft., 20,000 ft.
13.
9.
in.,
25.
3.
90 mi.
16.
1.
100
5.
13,7.
7.
15.
9.
8.
Pace 65.
100
100
10
13.
1.
20 yr.
13. 85 ft.
= SJL+J-
100
64.
'
'
180,000,000 copper,
15 yd., 20 yd.
200,
3 hr., 15 mi.
10.
12 mi.
11.
by 12 yd.
70^,210^.
10 yd.
2.
1200.
5.
6.
12.
5$ hr.
7.
3.
200.
5 lb.,
1 lb.
82 mi.
3. 6 aty (3 + 4 6)
2. 3x (3r.-2).
Oaj(o6-2cd).
2 2
2
5. 11 w(w' + wi - 1).
6. z?/(4^ + 5xy - 6).
7a*fe(2a & -l).
17z8 (l-3z + 2x-'). 8. 8(a6 2 +6c2 -c2 a2 ). 9.
Page
4.
7.
10.
13.
15.
17.
78.
1.
a a (a 8 -a+l).
10aVy(2a 2 -ay4-3y 2 ).
11.
12.
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'2
>
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21. 13-13.
23. 2 3 6 7.
22. 2.3.4-11.
(p + 7)(3a-5&).
Page 79. 1. (a -4) (a- 3). 2. (a + 4)(a + 8). 3. (ro-3)(w--2).
5.
6.
4. (z-5)(z-2).
(a-5)(a-4).
(a + 6) (a + 3).
20.
PageSO.
10.
(y
13.
(y
7.
(*-4)( +
+ 8)(y-2).
+ 7)(y-3).
11.
14.
8. (
+ 4)(*-2).
(y-ll)(y-4).
9.
2).
(a
5)(a
+ 6).
12.
15.
(y-8)(y + 2).
(y-7)(y + 2).
ANSWERS
ix
(p-8)0> + l).
-7 6) (a -10 6).
(ay-8)(ay-3).
16.
19.
17.
(<7
20. (a
(a
a:
19.
(3#-y)(+4y).
22.
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20.
28.
a(2u; + 3)(-c4-4).
100 (a; -y) 2
29.
31.
10(3
25.
26.
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(4a;-5y)(3a; + 2y).
x (5 a;
+ 4) (a;
-f 2).
32.
21.
(15z-2y)(x-5y).
23.
a;
-y) (a;- 2 y).
10 y2 (\) x + l)(x~ 3).
33. 10 a 2 (4 - w*)(l -2 n 2 ).
27. 10(2
30.
34.
No.
8.
No.
9.
(3a-26).
13.
Page 84.
(15a-y-2)
10.
Yes,
21. 9ft
w(?-3)
140 w 2
27. 9.
1.
(* + y)(z-y).
4.
(2o + l)(2-l).
7. (10a + ft)(10a-ft).
.
28.
25.
2.
5.
Yes, (6 a;
Yes, x\x
24. 24
9.
19.
23.
29.
(a
14.
Yes,
No.
16.
10.
22.
26.
(y-8) 2
11.
a-
3 by2
Yes, (4
18. Yes, 10(a - 6) 2
15.
+ 3?i) 2
(5x-2y) 2
Yes, (w*
9.
30.
40
5)
a.
- y) 2
Yes,
17.
Yes,
20.
25.
aft.
12.
Yes,
216 aft.
x.
+ 8)(a-3).
3.
(l+7a)(l-7a).
(0
6.
(0
+ 6)(6-6).
+ 0(9-0-
23.
25.
B 2 (12+ y 2 )(12-y 2 ).
Page 85.
12.
(5xy
14.
16.
ft
18.
20.
26.
(m + n +p)(m + w-p).
(m + n + 4p)(w + - 4p).
1.
3.
10.
13x7.
27.
2.
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103x97.
(w ~ n
(x
ANSWERS
7.
-r)(4x
(4x 4- y
(m + 2 u + (\p)(m +
9.
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5.
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f>
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Or 4-1) (^4-2).
2
2
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7.
3.
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7.
(a
4-
/>; (->
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Page
1(V/
88.
2
2 y) (a
1.
10.
x(x
14.
10(2
16.
(2x-7)(x 2 -2).
18.
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21.
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fid).
lj
fc)(
8.
(w'
?>
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6.
+ 2 //).
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2.
ah}.
(m -
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&).
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1).
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ft)
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?>).
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23.
25.
(Ox
fo).
(a
10(8x' 4-l)
a
4- l)(
4- 1).
x-
7 ?/)(7
(5
y/).
+ .'})(c - 4).
30. 13(
n 4-3*).
- 0+ 12).
^OC 1
(<
4).
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4-
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1).
27.
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).
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1).
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a-
w)(m- 3- n).
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5).
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c).
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5
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8.
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(f>
?>).
Exercise 47.
4.
Exercise 46.
Page 87.
(!__/>).
5.
8.
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4.
6.
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j).
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12.
(2 a
</)
Page 86. 1. (a +
(2a-3fc)0*+ tf)-
3.
'2
12.
y(2x-?/).
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6.
2).
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33.
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35. 2 (a 4- 8) (
(16- 4- 2 y).
-8).
36. (x//,?-50)(xt/z- 1).
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2
2
3
39. fi(c4-26).
40. 3p (^-9)(j) -4).
41. 3(.e 4- 3)(x 4- 2)(x
2).
1. 2 a 2
13x 3 y.
4. 12.
2 5 a 2 6c 2
3.
5. 450.
Page 89.
(^
34.
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(16
4-
6.
a;
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Page 90.
(w4-w) 2
12.
1.
7.
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+
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7.
b.
4- 3.
Page 92.
42a 3 x.
WIM.
13 x 8
8.
2(m4-l)'
2. 5 x8
3.5 m2
x-2.
9. x4-3.
14. y-6.
15. 2
1.
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7.
40
2.
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x 2 */3
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9.
14.
8.
13.
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3.
8.
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5.
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a
4.
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x
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16.
M.
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11.
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10.
19.
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4-
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a -4.
6.
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9.
12
5.
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80a6
4-
n)
2
.
ANSWERS
10.
13.
11. 6a2&(rt-6).
(a-2y2 (a-3) 2 (a-4) 2
14. (a-2)(a + 2)2.
+ &)(-&)
(
.
12.
15.
+ y) (a: -y).
+ &) 2 ( - 6).
30(3
2 (a
+ l).
18.
2(2a-l)
x
22.
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a
1.
23.
+8b
+5
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x
24.
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b
w
2
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20
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1).
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ANSWERS
Xll
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21
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8.
92
+ qc + ab
bc
10
11
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ft
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121
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196 a2
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1/2
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rtv+Ji:'.
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26.
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4.
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1.
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6a-5-f^.
w +
_
i + _J?
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7.
+ lH
rt
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i.
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in
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u.
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xiii
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(a
y)
1.
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?.
1.
1.
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w^x
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Page 105.
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7.
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1.
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2.
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2
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1.
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a.
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14.
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8.
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23.
1.
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Page 110.
2.
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24.
30.
4.
31.
3.
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4.
37.
1.
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11.
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0.
Page 111.
46.
7.
47.
41.
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33.
27.
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ANSWERS
XIV
'/
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nm.
16.
17.
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w
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Page 114.
35.
Page 116.
1.
6.
11.
$0,000.
Page 117.
16.
19.
$40,000
21.
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15.
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$12,000.
3 da.
23.
9.
min. after
5ft-
36.
4.
8,2.
30mi./hr.
14.
17.
A's, $45,000
22.
3.
40 yrs., 10 yrs.
8.
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104, 212,
(ft)
00.
2.
40 mi./hr.
13.
Page 118.
14, 15.
30.
min. after
38ft-
30 yrs.
12. $00.
7.
18,15.
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(a)
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13,
9; 10,002, 10,003,
7, 8,
Page 119.
(ft)
74, 75
33.
_JL.
10,
(ft)
26 mi.
7
28.
-^m
hr.,
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4x'2 :3?/ 2
17.
18.
Page 124.
9.
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34.
2.
3.
9.
275:108.
w 4-
min.
(a) 4 min.
?i
1:3,2.
1:1=1:1,
17.
14.
Yes.
1.
Yes.
2.
7.
4.
f.
10.
x-y.x + y.
10.
ft.
Yes.
3.
No.
10.
11.
7}
3.
5.
J.
3:2.
3.
1:4.
15.
6.
11.
2x:3y.
16.
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~.
1:
1:1, Yes.
Page 125.
16. 20.
30 mi.
4.
13.
:2.
1:1
2:1.
1.
8.
12.
6.
29. 10,11.
31. (a) 25, 26
30. 9ft.
32. 11 hrs., 33, 55 mi.
(d) 500,000, 500,001.
d~ n
mi.
(a) 12 hr., 30, 24 mi.; (ft) 5 hr.,
;
(c) 2 hr.
Page 121.
7.
-,
min.
5,0,
12.
18.
3|.
40wn.
13.
19,
4.
8.
9$.
15.
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19
Yes.
5.
14.
1|.
20.
12.
25, No.
15.
81.
7.
ANSWERS
22.
w;
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23.
24.
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25.
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40.
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31.
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31.
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56.
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lo mi.
57. 24 1
127.
59.
200 mi.,
Page
Page 128.
1.
32+
(e) Directly.
mi., 174+
2.
3.
13J, 31J.
19.8 oz. copper, 2.2 oz. tin.
8.
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7,5.
27,20.
17.
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1.
1.
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Page 135.
4.
4,5.
9.
10.
16.
11, 7.
2, 3.
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3.
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7,46.
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1,1.
4,6.
2, 3.
3.
2,3.
6.
11.
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6. Jan. & part of Feb.
7. Jan. 16
to July 20.
8. Apr. 20 & Oct. 25.
9.
18.
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11. Apr. & May.
12. Nov.
13. Jan.
14. Jan.
15. July.
16.10. 17. Apr. 20 to Oct. 26.
;
Page 153.
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ANSWERS
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Page 186.
25.
22.
Page 187.
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5.
7,
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0, 3, f.
1.62.
1.37,
27. 2.74,
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21.
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26.
0,
30. %,
35.
2,
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f.
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46.
49.
Page 189.
51.
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Page 191.
2
26.
V3
in.
Page 192.
5.
5.
14.
18.
i, i
57.
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20 eggs.
V^~2.
6.
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$ 120.
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3,
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17.1,2,2,3.
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25. 4 da.
ft.
1.
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10 mi./hr.,
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24. 15
120
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$80.
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11.
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i,
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14, 15.
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= 0. 55. a8 - 2 x2 - 5 x + 6 = 0.
58. x*-4x=0.
+ 11 x- 6 = 0.
2.
12.
6,-
48.
3.
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1.
3,
2.
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2, 6.
19.
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- Oa;*
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34.
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44.
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6V-64.
4,7.
47.
$30 or $70.
27.
2.
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3,
10 or 19.
15.
1.
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Page 194.
3.
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- 2, 3.
V ~ 16
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22.
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1, 2,
AB =
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ft
25. 0, 2, 3.
29.
3, 7.
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4,7.
43.
50.
18. 20 nii./hr.
mi./hr.
33.
20. a,
2.
V7.
24. 0,
28.
37.
2.
AB = 204 ft.,
- 3.
19. 0, 3,
1, 2.
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25, 35.
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16.
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5. Real,
Imaginary, unequal.
Real, unequal, irrational.
6. Imaginary, unequal.
7.
Real, equal, rational.
equal, rational.
3.
8.
9.
Imaginary, unequal.
unequal, rational,
11.
Imaginary, unequal.
12.
10.
Real,
Real, equal,
ANtiWEUS
rational.
13.
17.
m, p.
18.
22.
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XXii
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ANSWERS
XXIV
2V3.
7.
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20. 1.732.
9.
+ 5V2.
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19.
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11.
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24.
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29.
1.1805.
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7.
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8.
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ANSWERS
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Page 228.
0.
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30.
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XXV
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Page 229. 4. (w - l)(m - 2)(m- 3).
(p-l)(p-2)(p-2). 7. (p-l)(p-3)(p-6). 8. (+!)( -2)
10. (a - l)(a-3)(a - 4).
9.
(B4-3).
(w-2)(m-3)(2m + 5).
12. (w-p)(w-2p)(wi-3p)(w*4-2p).
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2
6. (2a + l)(4a*-2a + l).
7.
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9. 27(2 a 4-fc)( 4 2 -2
(a -4 &)(* + 4 & + !&*).
10. (10 -#0(100 + 10^ + 4 ).
11. a(.r - l)(z 2 + z + 1).
12. a(l+a)(l_a-fa 2 ).
13. (a+&)( 2 14. (rt- + ^)( 4 -a 2 6 2 -h6 4 ).
15. (
16. (a- l)(a 4 + a + a 2 -f a -f 1).
(&y-2a#H-4).
17. (a + l)(a*-a 8 + a--a + l).
18.
(m 4 + l)(ro- w 4 + 1).
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20. (8- a) (04 + 8 a + a 2 ).
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22. (4 mn - 2 ) ( 10 w 2 n 2 -f 4 winy 2
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ANSWERS
xxvi
Page 237.
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3.
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ANSWERS
Page 250.
a.
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6.
11.
1.
12.
4.
3.
13.
4.
50.
19.
1.
4.
and
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d.
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Page 258.
- 53, - 192,
0, 32,
7. 0,
1.
27,
1, 0,
- 170, - 419.
3.
- 1, 0.
5. 0, 7, 7, 10,
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Ja.
11.
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8
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ANSWERS
xxviii
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40. 3
a
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251.
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362.
361. 0.
1.
407. 2(a
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ANSWERS
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411.
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412.
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413.
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425. 5-1,55.
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424. 24 days.
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441. 3, 10.
439. (a)
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ANSWERS
Page 284.
- 2.
509.
513.
510.
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525.
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(6) 3.24,
Page 287.
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1.38.
|,
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10 to 8.5 -f.
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If
3.6,
4, 2
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(gr)
f\4
3,0;
86
35
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<z
ft
4 &8
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1,
ft
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21
2&6
- 21 a2 +
-3x + 3x2 -rA
3 4
86
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fts
ft
+
7
rt?>
a^
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4.51,
5.10,
2.3,1.15; -2.3,
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o>
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2,
0, 0.
rr\*
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(a)
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4.
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35
imag.
imag.
2,
1.78, 2
8.5+.
1.6
or
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2.5, 1.73, 2
(/)
- 1.37.
- 5.62,
4.37,
563.
566.
568.
1.5.
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552. 3.83,
556.
5.54,
571.
2.24 sec.
(c)
555.
- 3.25,
(a) 2.75,
.4.
- .54.
- 1.03, 2.03. 559. - 1.02,
562. - 1.53, - .35, 1.88.
558.
(ft)
3.
550.
2.4,
(e)
5.7.
-1.31,3.31.
1.
31.25m.
1.56 sec.
537.
(d)
(6)
.7,
2.10, 4.16.
561.
.62.
564.
2ft da.
536.
1.24.
y% Z
+^
588i
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12 x
tt
a _
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7
687i
e
rt
rt 4^2
6 tf -f
ir
&
591.
2 1 a 5 ft 2
_^
27-54x
3 ^254
>
598.
604.
x8
599.
600. 2(4
602. 8 a6
-8
a4 &
+6
a2 &2
4 6.
- xj/ -f xV - xV -f
4.
+3
-f
603.
6 x2
2
605.
2 x
7
- 2 xt/
a4
-f
x3
x'2
-2
+
4-
6 x4
4-
8 x2 ?/4
2 a*b
x8
-f
x4
3 xG -f-x.
- 8 x3^.
-
3 a6 3
ft*.
ANSWERS
XX XIV
606.
-x
-(-
-S
2 a-b
607.
x3
608.
&-.
3 x
4-
'
4-
x
609. 2 x-
(*_ +
610.
a:
611.
ft).
X*
(a-3&4-5rj.
612.
Page 289.
617.
a-b.
623. 7003.
646. 2,
-8.
642.
4.
625. 1010.
626. 898.
631.
12,
7,
661.
-a, -
666.
13,
- 3f
667. 0,
663.
668. 5,
~-
673.
6,
688.
4-
6,
703.
3, 2,
705.
(_
4.
/>
~a
689.
4-
'
682.
+
~^'2 +
/>
ix
1.
0,
a,
-6.
690.
'
fe
).
4- b
\,
ac
fe
+^~<
^A,
l-a6
695.
ft-a
J^-^.
\.
-+^
2 a
696.
__
1,
\+ab
a-f6-fc
4,
698.
2f.
701.
V2.
V2.
\/3
1,
2,
706.
V7,
699.
4.
2,
.
702.
- 3,
1,
K-
1|,
V5 1.
- |, - f
3 V^3).
708. 1
704.
V^~3).
x/^15).
0.
-if
678<
685.
If
^-^
3.
^, ^.
684.
be
(5
V2,
681.
4- c )
- 2f -
V3 ^'
2f
1m*.
a/>
665.
670. 5,
If
..
^~
'
If
660. 2, 4
.-
1J.
2&).
655.
I}'/.
7>)
692.
fo
1,
- 25.
- 2f
b
669. 5,
.
n-^l +-^.
c,
645. 4,
650. 2,
664. 4, 0.
<T!
680.
ab
8 6
674.
677
694.
700.
4.
9*.
|.
659. 3,
l/'3,
(ab)-.
687. a
Page 291.
1,
-3,
654.
4$.
(i -f-
697.
1,
649. 9,
{Z
b.
+w
2
4- 7/
~
686. |o, 3 a.
__
628. 009.3.
If
672. a
a2
658. 3,
+ b,a-
V^+lO^M-"^-.
2
+ 36 )K3 +
(
691. 2 a
627. 7.002.
644.
3.
-0.
653. 2,3.
ft.
If
1,
662. a
b.
652. 2,
657.
If
671. 2f, 0.
683.
6*.
622. 2092.
10.
2,
656.
679.
616. 2 a
78.04.
633. If.
634. 1$
639. 4330 da.
640. 5, - 14
638. 8 f
648. 11,
621.
632.
703,001.
643. 50,
13.
-11.
647. 2,
Page 290.
676. i,
620. 5002.
- y.
x2
615. 3
4- 3.
a:
619. 971.
637. 0.303.
636. 3.001.
641. 25,
614. 2
4- b.
2.
630. 14.702.
635. 2.049.
624. 210.0.
629. 25.203.
651.
613.
618. y
V"^TJ.
7Q7>
j(_
ANSWMHti
Page 292.
3,
VV> -L4V-34.
712.
715.
709.
713.
?->.^.
1, 1,
45da.
724.
"V3-
729.
13,
Page 293.
cr*-lr*.
739. 4 x' 5
-(-
w" +
747.
rt3
750.
2u: 8'o'a
2 ar-
x2
+a2
-f
f-
1.
743.
738.
740.
Hi
a;~
^^
^3
748.
a-
5
,
+cx*
a:-*
2
(t'
lr'~
r} t
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,.
J- 4
a 4 6- 4
f^'
'>
.,-V/^
2x-3^
4-7.
749.
1.
a*&M.
-[-
- 12 af -V^ 4
746.
.r-J w
<-
-f
>
728.
300.
735.
^-i-^-- -,
24
732.
d" + Hid.
4- ^
a*tj~
V2
Va^T
db
723. 8,9,10,11.
727.
39,8.
rt
718.
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722. 8,9.
2 tf-'c- 1 -/>--
742. ^ Ti
4-
3 x~*
726.
731. a 2
1.
737. a"- 2
4
741. x-\-y.
-i-3x
734.
-x
717.
714.
iv/Jj.
721. 00.
15 shares.
730.
736.
711.
-;-
<
725.
m-n.
v'll,
17ft., 13ft.
720.
733.
i^,
3
719.
710.
2.
751.
a;-
r,
a 2 6^.
752.
1
Page 294.
753.
754.
.r.
756.
755.
-^
758.
759.
5.
29\/3.
760.
fya-w&cu.
30\/10
33^2.
763.
767.
34.
1-^ _
;r+y->
768.
764.
-3^.
4-
104
v/2.
59,257.
769. T%.
773. ^7x-y.
776.
782
*+V(
-"r 2
24-V2.
34-2V3.
778.
3-2>/2.
)'
- V2.
786.
v/7
789.
VT14-V5.
2\/5-3V2.
790-
2v 3-v 2.
793.
3V7-2VO.
794.
J(v'lO-2V
785.
777.
787. 7
3V5.
795.
788.
VIO-\/3.
- 2. 792. 3V7-2V3.
3V5-2V3. 796. 3-V7.
791. 3 VlT
ANSWERS
XXXVI
797.
6+V7.
800.
+
"
X/^-^+A^
2
*a
o
Va + 6 + Vtt-"fc.
798.
801.
802.
\/5.
806. 48.
+j!>..
Page 296.
812.
813.
1.
+ 2x2 -
810.
8(?/
tt
4
819.
818. 4.
820.
11.
826. 0.
825. 7.
827.
834.
821.
838.
-1.
828.
2
(x 4-*4- 1)(V
(('
843.
11, 14.
811.
1C.
817.
10.
-X4 1).
H.
839. 2, 3,
(x
845.
+ 2)^ 3 +
(a
17.
832.
1).
.r
824. 7.
7.
Hoots
830.
833.
|, $.
840.
8).
844.
-f-
-2)(5
50(i
4-
823.
829.
|.
25.
837.
d)*.
- 7,
4, 6,
842.
816. 23.
822. 3.
6.
Va.
836.
\/2.
8 09. x.
0,3.
Page 297.
841. 0, 2|.
17.
804.
b'
13.
-
831.
835.
o.
^E*!.
x
815.
o
are extraneous.
808.
x 4 ), 16xyV2*/^-~x2
?/
814.
19.
^VG.
a2
V& -
6 4-
803.0.
**.
807.
*x
Va -
799.
4, 1.
(:r
04-
a* 4- 7
1)
20).
846.
(x4-2?/)(x-2y)(4x
848. (x
1) (x 4- 2) (x
-.r?/
849.
2).
847.
l(l^).
(a +
?>)
(a
^>
(,
a-
856.
(x-l)(^~3)(.r-4).
+ 3)(2x4-3).
2
2 - 6
xy + 9 )(4 x
2
(9x 4l2x + 10).
(x*y*-ryz + z*).
858.
(2x
(x 4- l)(x
1)(4 x
(r. 4-
jc
2/
jr
::}
?>
?>
%7
?/
2wt
>wt
ft
ft
rc
-f-
Page 298.
882.
3,
1,
879.
886.
;
2,
891.
2,
4, 2.
895.
5,
3;
3, 6.
2,
- 1.
899.
|
'
5,
892.
8,
887.
3,
$,;,
2.
7,
= -
884.
2, 5.
1,
889.
896.
m = 2,
880.
4.
883.
1, 3.
4.
3,
'*
897.
J V|,
3.
- f.
^, 2.
db 7,
^ V}.
11.
2, 1
5,
894.
4,
898. 4, 3;
0,
- 4,
4,
890.
900.
885.
888.
5, 4- 3.
,
893.
$.
881. 4, 4
29.
2,
f,
3,
8.
3,
1,
-f
- 4.
jV3
ANSWERS
6
oJ---
901.
V 41
Page 299.
904.
T3.
902.
2, 1
3,
911.
909.
tt2
Y,
8,
921.
0,0;
923.
0,
a
915.
=F J.
- 1.
4,
8,
-4
4,
2, 1
w, w
<
903.
3,
12.
906.
115,
914.
1,
- 2, -
- 1, - 2.
5,
922.
6,
925.
3,
920.
2.
1,
3, 6.
4, 5.
5, 2.
ft-
-f
56, 28.
a, 6
927.
ft
&
'
3
928.
1, 1
-i-fcVira^
_2
;
7,
930.
933.
dL 4.
3,
3,
20
ft.,
15
ft.
938.
941.
19
ft.,
16
ft.
942. '3
Page 301.
948.
951.
6 da.
945.
952.
Page 302.
960.
280.
60
12
956.
961.
in.,
ft.,
ft.,
4.
934.
2|
in.
40
i(-
ft.
6.
4,
-333.
962.
3),
J(_
958.
ft.
sq. ft.
940.
981.
986.
4.
6,
982.
978.
10, 12, 14
3.
983.
....
5, 11.
987.
979.
984.
947.
in.
954.
11,760 sq.
950.
6 mi.
959.
26-j.
|, J, f,
5,
%* - 1 =
7,
8,
100 rows.
2,
1,
964.
4.
-.
J.
9,
980.
11.
248.
2 yd.
955.
-5
....
11,111.
977.
Page 303.
12, 8.
- V-~~3).
963.
108.
936.
7, 4.
ft.
16 in., 9
7 ft., 4
953.
in.
957.
946.
ft.,
932.
8.
6,
935.
480
939.
ft.
0,
6.
i>,
943. 15
+ V-
5l4f.
931.
2.
6.
in.,
949.
73.
7,
4,
937.
yd.
2,
;'
Page 300.
1).
2 w
?/i
5.
'
ft
V.I.
3,
1, 2
919.
924.
28, 66
I)
v/Ca^T)^ -
!)(&-
913.
916.
2.
3,
Va926.
V5
2.
4,
918.
1,
910.
^y.
fj,
V5
6, 8.
v/(ai-
|, i-1"
912.
4,
19,01;
^.
917.
905.
'
V^3),
$(l
1;
S07. 0,
6, 3.
6;
'
1,
2, 8.
2;
8,
XXXVll
80.
7 or 30.
985.
8.
18,446,744,073,709,651,615.
ANSWERS
xxxviii
^f (2-f-3V2).
988.
992.
993.
2(2 -v/2).
Page 304.
997.
X,
(Z>)
4V3.
1004.
9 da.
1003.
^Trsq.
32
78
13
in.
(tx
Page 305.
14 y
1008.
1009.
192,192rt?)r
1012.
1014.
1017.
1021.
*.
i-^l^.
3003.
280
995.
(a)
1001.
5(>0
\, r
(6)
2.
996.
-^
+ v 2).
1002.
ax + 78 a3
13
1(5.
4, 8,
--1
a 13
1080 x*
-"
r?
2^ +
(a)
1005.
810 x 2
?/
2 MJ--iy
- 92,378 <W
120
84 y*
991.
0.
2 ...
243
1006.
1007.
4-
a-
13
-JI + 1 / 1 _ -_L\
(5,18,51.
999.
() 12(2+V3),
1-
994.
1000.
n+
a' x
W1W
990.
12, 24.
(J,
0.
989.
1015.
1018.
252
35.
9 /> l
6 /> 6
72
5
?/
C-
1010.
and 92,378
8 8
2,870 a 6
1013.
720 *
y*>
1019.
1011.
:J2
7
.
?/
} (
70
"
.
240 r 8
4-
+ 448 - 128
I- '^^
1016.
120
12,870
z8
a;
and
1020.
120
5&7
r 10
ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA
By ARTHUR SCHULTZE.
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