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ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

THE MACM1LLAN COMPANY


NKVV YORK

PAI-I.AS

BOSTON CHICAGO
SAN FRANCISCO

MACMILLAN & CO,


LONDON

LIMITKU
HOMBAY CALCUTTA
MELUCK'KNK

THE MACMILLAN

CO. OF
TORONTO

CANADA,

LTD.

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

BY

ARTHUR

SCJBULIi/TZE,

PH.D.

FORMERLY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF MATHEMATICS, NKW YORK ITNIVEKSITT


HEAD OF THK MATHEMATICAL DKI'A KTM EN T, HIH
SCHOOL OF COMMERCE, NEW 1 ORK CUT

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY


1917
All rights reserved

COPYRIGHT,

BY

1910,

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.

Set up and electrotyped.

Published

May,

1910.

Reprinted

February,
January, 1911; July, IQJS
January, 1915; May, September, 1916; August, 1917.

September, 1910

Berwick & Smith Co.


Norwood, Mass., U.S.A.

J. 8. Cushlng Co.

1913,'

PREFACE
IN

this

book the attempt

in algebra,

with

all

while

still

made

to shorten the usual course

giving to the student complete familiarity

the essentials of the subject.

similar to the author's


to its peculiar aim,

"

While

in

Elementary Algebra,"

many

respects

this book,

has certain distinctive features, chief

which are the following


1.

is

owing

among

All unnecessary methods

and "cases" are

omitted.

These

omissions serve not only practical but distinctly pedagogic


" cases "
ends. Until recently the tendency was to multiply
as far as possible, in order to make every example a

social

case of a memorized method.

Such a large number of methods,

however, not only taxes a student's memory unduly but in variably leads to mechanical modes of study. The entire study
of algebra becomes a mechanical application of memorized
rules,

while the cultivation of the student's reasoning power


is neglected.
Typical in this respect is the

and ingenuity

treatment of factoring in

methods which are of

many

text-books

In this book

all

and which are applied in


advanced work are given, but "cases" that are taught only
on account of tradition, short-cuts that solve only examples
real value,

manufactured for this purpose, etc., are omitted.


All parts of the theory whicJi are beyond the comprehension

specially
2.

of

the student or wliicli are logically

practical

teachers

know how few

unsound are

omitted.

All

students understand and

appreciate the more difficult parts of the theory, and conse-

PREFACE

vi

quently hardly ever emphasize the theoretical aspect of alge


bra.
Moreover, a great deal of the theory offered in the averis logically unsound ; e.g. all proofs for the sign
text-book
age

two negative numbers, all elementary proofs


theorem for fractional exponents, etc.

of the product of
of the binomial
3.

TJie exercises are slightly simpler than in the larger look.

The best way to introduce a beginner to a new topic is to offer


Lim a large number of simple exercises. For the more ambitious student, however, there has been placed at the end of
the book a collection of exercises which contains an abundance

of

more

difficult

cises in this

work.

book

With very few

differ

bra"; hence either book


4.

from those

may

exceptions

in the

all

the exer

"Elementary Alge-

be used to supplement the other.

Topics of practical importance, as quadratic equations and

graphs, are placed early in the course.

enable students

This arrangement will


of time to

who can devote only a minimum

algebra to study those subjects which are of such importance


for further work.

In regard

may

to

some other features of the book, the following

be quoted from the author's "Elementary Algebra":

"Particular care has been bestowed upon those chapters


in the customary courses offer the greatest difficulties to

which

the beginner, especially problems and factoring. The presenwill be found to be


tation of problems as given in Chapter

quite a departure from the customary way of treating the subject, and it is hoped that this treatment will materially diminish the difficulty of this topic for young students.
" The book is
designed to meet the requirements for admis-

sion to our best universities

and

colleges, in particular the

requirements of the College Entrance Examination Board.


This made it necessary to introduce the theory of proportions

PREFACE

vii

and graphical methods into the first year's work, an innovation


which seems to mark a distinct gain from the pedagogical point
of view.

"

By studying proportions during the first year's work, the


student will be able to utilize this knowledge where it is most
needed,

viz. in

geometry

while in the usual course proportions

are studied a long time after their principal application.


"
Graphical methods have not only a great practical value,

but they unquestionably furnish a very good antidote against


'the tendency of school algebra to degenerate into a mechanical application of

memorized

rules.'

This topic has been pre-

sented in a simple, elementary way, and


of the

modes of representation given

it is

hoped that some

will be considered im-

provements upon the prevailing methods. The entire work in


graphical methods has been so arranged that teachers who wish
a shorter course

may omit

these chapters."

Applications taken from geometry, physics, and commercial


are numerous, but the true study of algebra has not been
sacrificed in order to make an impressive display of sham
life

applications.
to solve a

It is

undoubtedly more interesting for a student

problem that results in the height of Mt.

McKinley

than one that gives him the number of Henry's marbles. But
on the other hand very few of such applied examples are
genuine applications of algebra,

nobody would find the length


Etna by such a method,

of the Mississippi or the height of Mt.

and they usually involve difficult numerical calculations.


Moreover, such examples, based upon statistical abstracts, are
frequently arranged in sets that are algebraically uniform, and
hence the student is more easily led to do the work by rote

than when the arrangement


braic aspect of the problem.

is

based principally upon the alge-

PREFACE

viii

It is true that

problems relating to physics often

offer

a field

The average

pupil's knowlso small that an extensive use of

for genuine applications of algebra.

edge of physics, however, is


such problems involves as a rule the teaching of physics by the
teacher of algebra.

Hence the

field of

genuine applications of elementary algebra


work seems to have certain limi-

suitable for secondary school


tations,

give as

but within these limits the author has attempted to

many

The author

simple applied examples as possible.


desires to acknowledge his indebtedness to Mr.

William P. Manguse for the careful reading of the proofs and


for

many

NEW

valuable suggestions.

YORK,

April, 1910.

ARTHUR SCHULTZE.

CONTENTS
CHAPTER

PAGB

INTRODUCTION

Algebraic Solution of Problems


Negative Numbers

Numbers represented by Letters


Factors, Powers, and Hoots

.......
...

Algebraic Expressions and Numerical Substitutions

CHAPTER

15

........
....

Subtraction

III

...

MULTIPLICATION

Numbers

Monomials

Multiplication of a Polynomial by a

10

22

29

CHAPTER

Multiplication of

15

27

Signs of Aggregation
Exercises in Algebraic Expression

Multiplication of Algebraic

10

II

ADDITION, SUBTRACTION, AND PARENTHESES


Addition of Monomials
Addition of Polynomials

Monomial

31
31

....

34

35

Multiplication of Polynomials

36

Special Cases in Multiplication

39

CHAPTER IV
46
46

DIVISION
Division of Monomials

Division of a Polynomial by a Monomial


Division of a Polynomial by a Polynomial
Special Cases in Division
ix

47

48
61

CONTENTS
CHAPTER V
PAGE

,63

LINEAR EQUATIONS AND PROBLEMS

.....,.

Solution of Linear Equations

Symbolical Expressions

Problems leading

to

55
67

63

Simple Equations

CHAPTER VI
FACTORING

Type

76
I.

Type II.
Type III.
Type IV.
Type V.
Type VI.

Summary

Polynomials, All of whose Terms contain a


mon Factor

Quadratic Trinomials of the


Quadratic Trinomials of the

Com77

Form x'2 -f px -f q
Form px 2 -f qx + r

The Square of a Binomial x 2


Ixy
The Difference of Two Squares
Grouping Terms

....
-f

/^

78

80
83

84
86
87

of Factoring

CHAPTER

VII

HIGHEST COMMON FACTOR AND LOWEST COMMON MULTIPLE

Common Factor
Lowest Common Multiple

CHAPTER

89

89

Highest

91

VIII
93

FRACTIONS
Reduction of Fractions
Addition and Subtraction of Fractions

93
97

102

Multiplication of Fractions
Division of Fractions

104

Complex Fractions

105

CHAPTER IX
FRACTIONAL AND LITERAL EQUATIONS

......

112

Literal Equations

Problems leading to Fractional and Literal Equations

108
108

Fractional Equations
.

.114

CONTENTS

XI

CHAPTER X

RATIO AND PROPORTION

.........

PAGE

120

Ratio

120

Proportion

121

CHAPTER XI
SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS OF THE FIRST DEGREE
Elimination by Addition or Subtraction
Elimination by Substitution
Literal Simultaneous Equations
Simultaneous Equations involving More than

....

129
130
133
138

Two Unknown

....

140

....

148

Graphic Solution of Equations involving One Unknown Quantity


Graphic Solution of Equations involving Two Unknown Quan-

168

Quantities

Problems leading to Simultaneous Equations

CHAPTER

143

XII

GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF FUNCTIONS AND EQUATIONS


Representation of Functions of One Variable

164

160

tities

CHAPTER

XIII

INVOLUTION

165

Involution of Monomials

165

Involution of Binomials

166

EVOLUTION

...

CHAPTER XIV
169

Evolution of Monomials

170

Evolution of Polynomials and Arithmetical Numbers

171

1*78

CHAPTER XV
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS INVOLVING ONB UNKNOWN QUANTITY
Pure Quadratic Equations

178

Complete Quadratic Equations


Problems involving Quadratics

181

Equations in the Quadratic


Character of the Roots

Form

189
191

193

CONTENTS

xii

CHAPTER XVI
PAGK
195

THE THEORT OP EXPONENTS


Fractional and Negative Exponents
Use of Negative and Fractional Exponents

....

195

200

CHAPTER XVII
RADICALS

205

206

Transformation of Radicals
Addition and Subtraction of Radicals

210

.212

Multiplication of Radicals
Division of Radicals

.....

Involution and Evolution of Radicals

219

Square Roots of Quadratic Surds


Radical Equations

CHAPTER

214

218
221

XVIII

THE FACTOR THEOREM

227

CHAPTER XIX
SIMULTANEOUS QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
I.

II.

......

Equations solved by finding x +/ and x


/
One Equation Linear, the Other Quadratic

III.

Homogeneous Equations

IV.

Special Devices

232

232

234

236
237

Interpretation of Negative Results

and the Forms

-,

241

243

Problems

CHAPTER XX
PROGRESSIONS

246

Arithmetic Progression
Geometric Progression
Infinite

24(j

251

263

Geometric Progression

CHAPTER XXI
BINOMIAL THEOREM

BEVIEW EXERCISE

..

255

268

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION
1.

Algebra

may

it

arithmetic,

be called an extension of arithmetic. Like


numbers, but these numbers are fre-

treats of

quently denoted by
problem.

letters,

as illustrated in

the following

ALGEBRAIC SOLUTION OF PROBLEMS


2.

Problem.

is five

The sum

two numbers is 42, and the greater


Find the numbers.
the smaller number.
of

times the smaller.


'

Let

5 x = the greater number,


6x
the sum of the two numbers.

Then
and

6x

Therefore,

= 42,

x = 7, the smaller number,


5 x = 35, the greater number.

and
3.

A problem

4.

An

is

a question proposed for solution.

equation is a statement expressing the equality of

quantities; as,

6 a?

two

= 42.

In algebra, problems are frequently solved by denoting


numbers by letters and by expressing the problem in the form
of an equation.
5.

6.

Unknown numbers

letters of the alphabet

are employed.
B

are usually represented


as, x, y,

z,

by the

last

but sometimes other letters

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

EXERCISE

Solve algebraically the following problems


1.

The sum

numbers is 40, and the greater


Find the numbers.

of two

times the smaller.

A man

is

four

and a carriage for $ 480, receiving


for the horse as for the carriage.
much
did he receive for the carriage ?
2.

twice as

3.

sold a horse

How

much

and

B own

vested twice as

a house worth $ 14,100, and

much

capital as B.

How much

has

in-

has each

invested ?
4.

The population

of

South America

is

9 times that of

Australia, and both continents together have 50,000,000 inFind the population of each.
habitants.

The

and fall of the tides in Seattle is twice that in


their sum is 18 feet.
Find the rise and fall
and
Philadelphia,
5.

rise

of the tides in Philadelphia.


6.

Divide $ 240 among A, B, and C so that A may receive


much as C. and B 8 times as much as C.

6 times as

A pole 56 feet high was broken so that the part broken


was 6 times the length of the part left standing. .Find the
length of the two parts.
7.

off

8.

If

The sum

two

of the sides of a triangle equals 40 inches.


sides of the triangle are equal, and each is twice the
A
remaining side, how long is each side ?

9.

The sum

triangle is
are equal,

of the three angles of any


180. If 2 angles of a triangle
and the remaining angle is 4

times their sum,

how many

degrees are

there in each ?

G
10. The number of negroes in Africa
10 times the number of Indians in America, and the sum of
both is 165,000,000. How many are there of each ?

is

INTRODUCTION

Divide $280 among A, B, and C, so that


much as A, and C twice as much as B.

11.

B may

receive

twice as

Divide $90 among A, B, and C, so that B may receive


much as A, and C as much as A and B together.

12.

twice as

13.

which

is

line 20 inches long is divided into two parts, one of


long are the parts ?
equal to 5 times the other.

How

travels twice as fast as B, and the


tances traveled by the two is 57 miles.
14.

sum

of the dis-

How many

A, B, C, and

15.

does

much

take, if

and

as B,

miles did

each travel ?

D buy $ 2100 worth of goods. How much


buys twice as much as A, C three times as

six times as

much

NEGATIVE NUMBE
EXERCISE

Subtract 9 from 16.

1.

2.

Can 9 be subtracted from 7 ?

3.

In arithmetic

4.

The temperature

What

is

why

cannot 9 be subtracted from 7 ?


"*

noon is 16 ami at 4 P.M. it is 9


the temperature at 4 P.M.? State this as an
at

of subtraction.
5.

less.
6.

The temperature

8.

4 P.M.

is

7, and

at 10 P.M.

it is

10

expressing the last

below zero) ?
What then is 7 -10?

answer
7.

at

What is the temperature at 10 P.M. ?


Do you know of any other way of
(3

Can you think

of

any other

practical examples

require the subtraction of a greater

which

number from a smaller

one?
7.

Many

greater

practical examples require the subtraction of a


one, and in order to express in

number from a smaller

a convenient form the results of these, and similar examples,

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

it becomes necessary to enlarge our concept of number, so as to


include numbers less than zero.

8. Negative numbers are numbers smaller than zero; they


are denoted by a prefixed minus sign as
5 (read " minus 5 ").
Numbers greater than zero, for the sake of distinction, are fre;

quently called positive numbers, and are written either with a


prefixed plus sign, or without any prefixed sign as -f- 5 or 5.
;

The

fact that a

below zero

thermometer falling 10 from 7 indicates 3

may now

be expressed
7 -10

= -3.

Instead of saying a gain of $ 30, and a loss of $ 90


we may write

is

equal to a

loss of $ 60,

$30
The

9.

-$90 = -$60.

6,

It is convenient for

10.

number

absolute value of a

without regard to its sign.


5 is
The absolute value of

is

the number taken

of -f 3 is 3.

many

discussions to represent the

numbers by a succession of equal distances laid off on


from a point 0, and the negative numbers by a similar

positive

a line

series in the opposite direction.


,

-6

-5

lit
-4

-2

-3

+\

+2

-1

Thus, in the annexed diagram, the line from


the line from

to

4,

+4

4-5

+6

to 4- 6 represents 4- 5,

etc.

left.

equals 4, 5 subtracted from

EXERCISE
1.

The addition of 3 is repspaces toward the right, and the subtrac-

4 represents

resented by a motion of "three


tion of 8 by a similar motion toward the

Thus, 5 added to

If in financial transactions

we

1 equals

6, etc.

indicate a man's income

by

a positive sign, what does a negative sign indicate ?


2. State in what manner the positive and negative signs may
be used to indicate north and south latitude, east and west

longitude, motion upstream

and downstream.

INTRODUCTION
3.

If north latitude

is

indicated by a positive sign, by what

is

south latitude represented ?

is

north latitude represented

4.

If south latitude

5.

What

6.

is

indicated by a positive sign, by what


?

the meaning of the year


6 yards per second ?
erly motion of
is

20 A.D. ?

merchant gains $ 200, and loses $ 350.


- 350.
(b) Find 200

Of an

(a)

east-

What

is

his total gain or loss ?


7.

If the temperature at 4 A.M. is


8 and at 9 A.M. it is 7
what is the temperature at 9 A.M. ? What, therefore,

higher,
is
8

- +7?
8. A vessel

sails

journey.
9.

sails

A
22

(6)

11.
12.
13.

14.
15.

16.
17.

26.

from a point in 25 north latitude, and


Find the latitude at the end of the

(a)

Find 25 -38.

vessel starts from a point in 15 south latitude, and


due south, (a) Find the latitude at the end of the

journey,
10.

starts

38 due south,

(b)

Subtract 22 from

From 30 subtract 40.


From 4 subtract 7.
From 7 subtract 9.
From 19 subtract 34.
From subtract 14.
From
12 subtract 20.
2 subtract 5.
From
1 subtract 1.
From

15.

24.

To
6
2
To
To
1
From 1
To - 8
To
7
From

25.

Add

18.

19.
20.

21.
22.

23.

add

1.

add

2.

subtract 2.

add

9.

add

4.

1 subtract 2.

1 and 2.

Solve examples 16-25 by using a diagram similar to


10, and considering additions and subtractions as

the one of

motions.

(a)

Which is the greater number


lor -1? (b) -2 or -4?

28.

By how much

27.

12.

add

is

7 greater than

12 ?

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
29.

Determine from the following table the range of tempera-

ture in each locality

NUMBERS REPRESENTED BY LETTERS


11. For many purposes of arithmetic it is advantageous to
express numbers by letters. One advantage was shown in 2
others will appear in later chapters ( 30).
;

EXERCISE
1.

2.
3.

and

4.
5.

many

If the letter

What

the value of

is

the value of 17

c,

= 5?

if c

ifc

5t?

if

a=

6,

= -2?

boy has 9c? marbles and wins 4c


marbles has. he ?
If a

Is the last

marbles,

answer correct for any value of d ?


m dollars and lost 11 m

merchant had 20
much has he left ?

8.

What

9.

Find the numerical value

10.

is

4?

6.

that

means 1000, what

What is the value of 3 6, if b = 3 ? if b = 4 ?


What is the value of a + &, if a = 5, and 6 = 7?

7.

How

is

the

sum

of 8 &

If c represents a certain

number ?

and G

how

dollars.

b ?

of the last

answer

if b

= 15.

number, what represents 9 times

INTRODUCTION

if

11.

From 26 w

12.

What is the numerical

subtract 19 m.

value of the last answer

if

m = 2?

m = -2?
13.

From 22m

of the answer

if

subtract

m=

25m, and

14.

Add

15.

From

16.

Add -lOgand +20 q.


From 22# subtract 0.

19.

find the numerical value

2.

13 p, 3p, 6p, and subtract 24 p from the sum.

10 q subtract 20

17.

q.

18.

From subtract 26
Add - 6 x and 8 x.

From

20.

x.

Wp subtract 10^).

What sign, therefore,


140.
21. If a = 20, then
understood between 7 and a in the expression 7 a ?
7 a=

is

FACTORS, POWERS, AND ROOTS


The

12.

signs of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division,


in algebra as they have

and equality have the same meaning


in arithmetic.
13.

If there is no sign between

number, a sign of multiplication


6

x a

is

generally written 6 a

Between two
(either

or

14.

Since 24

Similarly,

15.

thus,

x n

a letter and a

is

written win.

however, a sign of multiplication


has to be employed as, 4x7, or 4 7.
;

written 47, for 47

A product is

two or more

letters, or

understood.

figures,

4x7 cannot be

two

is

means 40

-f 7.

the result obtained by multiplying together

quantities, each of which is a factor of the product.


3 x 8, or 12 x 2, each of these numbers is a factor of 24.

7, a, 6,

is

6
aaaaaa, or a ,

c are factors of 7 abc.

is the product of two or more equal factors


called the " 5th power of a," and written a5
" the 6th
is
power of a," or a 6th.

power

aaaaa

and

The second power is also called the square, and the third
2
power the cube; thus, 12 (read "12 square") equals 144.

ELEMENTS OF ALQEBEA

8
16.

The

base of a

is

power

number which

the

is

repeated

as a factor.

The base

of a 3

is a.

17. An exponent is the number which indicates how many


times a base is to be used as a factor. It is placed a little
above and to the right of the base.

The exponent

of

is

is

the exponent of an

EXERCISE
1.

Write and

2.

72

find the numerical value of the square of 7,


the cube of 6, the fourth power of 3, and the fifth power of 2.
Find the numerical values of the following powers :

If

6.

42

10.

11.

3.

2*.

7.

2*.

4.

52

8.

10 6

5.

83

9.

I 30

a=3, 6=2, c=l, and


3

10

18.

ci

20.

19.

b2

21.

d\

28.

If

29.
30.

d=^
22.

23.

9
.

12.

(4|)

13.

(1.5)

2
.

14.

25 1

15.

.0001 2

16.

l.l 1

17.

22

+3

2
.

find the numerical values of:

a*.
2

(6cf)

24.

(2 c)

25.

ab.

26.

27.

(4 bdf.

at).

= 8, what is the value of a?


If m =
what is the value of m ?
=
If 4
64, what is the value of a ?
a3

-jJg-,

In a product any factor


product of the other factors.
18.

In 12 win 8/), 12
19.

(i)

is

the coefficient of

numerical coefficient

is

is

called the coefficient of the

mw 8p,

12

m is the coefficient of n*p.

a coefficient expressed entirely

in figures.
In

17

When

aryx,

17

is

the numerical coefficient.

a product contains no numerical coefficient, 1


1 a, a Bb
1 a*b.

stood ; thus a

is

under-

INTRODUCTION

20. When several powers are multiplied, the beginner


should remember that every exponent refers only to the number near which it is placed.
2

means 3

aa, while (3

=3ax

3 a.

= 9 abyyy.
2* xyW = 2-2.2.2. xyyyzz.

afty

1 abc*

7 abccc.

EXERCISES
If

= 4, b = 1, c = 2, and x = ^, find the

numerical values of

21.
root is one of the equal factors of a power.
According to the number of equal factors, it is called a square root, a
cube root, a fourth root, etc.
3

is

is

the square root of 9, for 32 = 9.


the cube root of 125, for 6 8 = 125.

is

the

root of a 5 the nth root of a".

fifth

indicated by the symbol >/""; thus Va is the


is the cube root of 27, \/a, or more simply
the square root of a.

The nth

root

fifth root of a,

Va,

is

Using

(Va)
22.

this

= a.
The

is

A/27

symbol we

index of a root

root is to be taken.
sign.
In v/a, 7
23.

is

The

bracket,

[ ]

may
is

express the definition of root by


the

number which

what

the index of the root.

signs of aggregation are


;

indicates

It is written in the opening of the radical

the brace,

the parenthesis,

and the vinculum,

( )

the

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

10

They are used, as in arithmetic, to indicate that the expres*


sions included are to be treated as a whole.
Each
10

is

b) is

(a

1],

sometimes read "quantity a

EXERCISE

= 2, b = 3, c = 1, d

If a

x (4 -f 1), 10 x [4
by 4 + 1 or by 5.

of the forms 10

to be multiplied

0,

10 x

4"+T indicates

that

b."

9, find the numerical value of:

1.

Vff.

7.

Val

13.

4(a

+ &).

2.

V36".

8.

-\fi?.

14.

6(6

+ c).

3.

V2a.

9.

4V3~6c.

15.

(c-f-d)

4.

v'Ta.

10.

5Vl6c.

16.

6.

\/c.

11.

aVc^.

17.

6.

V^a6.

12.

[6-c]

3
.

AND NUMERICAL

ALGP:BRAIC EXPRESSIONS

SUBSTITUTIONS

An

24.

algebraic expression is a collection of algebraic

bols representing

25.

some number

monomial or term

separated by a sign
(6

+ c + d}

26.

is

or

is

e.g.

6 a26

Vac

an expression whose parts are not


as 3 cue2,

~*
Vx,

o c ^and
a monomial, since the parts are a
(6 +
-f-

A polynomial is an

c -f d).

expression containing more than one

term.
y,

27.

a2

28.

A binomial is
62 ,

!^-f\/0-3

and |

ft,

and a 4

+ M -f c

4
-f-

d 4 are polynomials.

a polynomial of two terms.

\/a are binomials.

A trinomial

is

a polynomial of three terms.

V3

sym-

-f 9.

are trinomials.

INTRODUCTION
In a polynomial each term

29.

is

11

treated as

were con-

if it

tained in a parenthesis, i.e. each term has to be computed


before the different terms are added and subtracted. Otherwise
operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are to be performed in the order in which they are written
all

from

left to right.

E.g. 3

Ex.

_|_

means 3

4-

20 or 23.

28

Find the value of 4

1.

+5

32

*^.

= 32 + 45-27
= 50.
Ex.

If a = 5, b = 3, c = 2, d = 0,
- 9 aWc + f a b - 19 a 6cd

2.

2
of 6 ab

find the numerical value

6 aft 2 - 9 a& 2 c + f a 6 - 19 a 2 bcd


= 6 5 32 - 9 5 32 2 + ^ 5 8 3 - 19
= 6. 5- 9-9. 6- 9- 2 + I-126- 3-0
= 270 - 810 + 150
= - 390.
EXERCISE 8*
3

If

a=4, 5=3, c=l, d=Q, x=^,

2.

+ 26+3 c.
3a + 56

3.

a 2 -6.

4.

a2

5.

5a2

6.

2 a2

7.

6a2 +4a62 ~6c'

8.

27

1.

52

find the numerical value of:


9.

5c6 2 +-6ac3
3

17c3

-d

11.

3a& 2 + 3a2 6-a&c2

-f & -f c

-hl2o;.

10.

'

-5c

+-d

12.

-46c-f2^^
+ 3 a& +- 4 6^9 ad.
3

- 5 ax

-+12a(i

50 a6cd.

4
.

13.

(a

14.

(a -f b)

*15.
16.

a2

+ (a + 6)c
6
(2 + a
2

-f

).

4a6-fVa-V2^.

* For additional
examples see page 268,

2
.

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

12
&

17

18

'

Find the numerical value of 8 a3

22.

a = 2, 6 = 1.
a = 2, 6 = 2.

23.

a =3,

24.

a=3,

21.

25.

26.
27.

6=2.

28.

6 = 4.
=
= 5.
a
3, 6

30.

29.

Express in algebraic symbols


31. Six times a plus 4 times
32.
33.

-f-

6s, if

6 a6 2

a = 3, 6 = 3.
a = 4, 6 = 5.
a =4, 6 = 6.
a = 3, 6 = 6.
a = 4, 6 = 7.

6.

Six times the square of a minus three times the cube of


Eight x cube minus four x square plus y square.

cube plus three times the quantity a minus

34.

Six

35.

The quantity a

minus

12 cr6

plus 6 multiplied

6,

6,

2
by the quantity a

2
.

Twice a3 diminished by 5 times the square root of the


quantity a minus 6 square.
36.

37.

Read the expressions

38.

What kind of expressions are Exs. 10-14

of Exs. 2-6 of the exercise.


of this exercise?

The

representation of numbers by letters makes it posvery briefly and accurately some of the principles
of arithmetic, geometry, physics, and other sciences.
30.

sible to state

Ex.
a, 6,

If the three sides of a triangle contain respectively


c feet (or other units of length), and the area of the

and

triangle

then

is

square feet (or squares of other units selected),

8 = \ V(a + 6 + c) (a 4- 6 - c) (a - 6 -f c) (6

+ c).

INTRODUCTION

15

13

E.g. the three sides of a triangle are respectively 13, 14,


15 therefore
feet, then a
13, b
14, and c

and

S = | V(13-hl4-fl5)(13H-14-15)(T3-14-i-15)(14-13-f-15)

= V42-12-14.16
1

= 84,

i.e.

the area of the triangle equals

84 square

feet.

EXERCISE

The

distance s passed over by a body moving with the


uniform velocity v in the time t is represented by the formula
1.

Find the distance passed over by


A snail in 100 seconds, if v .16 centimeters per second.
A train in 4 hours, if v = 30 miles per hour.
b.
c. An electric car in 40 seconds, if v = 50 meters per second
5000 feet per minute.
d. A carrier pigeon in 10 minutes, if v
:

a.

2. A body falling from a state of rest passes in t seconds


2
over a space S
(This formula does not take into ac^gt
32 feet,
count the resistance of the atmosphere.) Assuming g
.

(a)

How

far does

a body fall from a state of rest in 2

seconds ?

stone dropped from the top of a tree reached the


ground in 2-J- seconds. Find the height of the tree.
How far does a body fall from a state of rest in T ^7 of a
(c)
(b)

second ?
3.

By

using the formula

find the area of a triangle

whose

(a) 3,
(b) 5,
(c) 4,

sides are respectively

4, and 5 feet.
12, and 13 inches.
13, and 15 feet.

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

14
4.

If

meters,

the radius of a circle


etc.),

the area

square meters,

etc.).

If

6.

2 inches.

(b)

=p

Find by means

(b)

It

represents the simple interest of

years, then

(a)

units of length (inches,

square units (square inches,


Find the area of a circle whose radius is

(a) 10 meters.
5.

is

$ = 3.14

The
The

interest on

dollars at r

fo

in

or

%>

of this formula

interest

5 miles.

(c)

$800

for 4 years at

ty%.

on $ 500 for 2 years at 4 %.

If the diameter of a sphere equals d units of length, the

$=

3.14d (square units). (The number 3.14 is frequently denoted by the Greek letter TT. This number cannot
be expressed exactly, and the value given above is only an
surface

approximation.)
Find the surface of a sphere whose diameter equals
(a)
7.

8000 miles.
If the

(b) 1 inch.

diameter of a sphere equals d

volume

V=

10

(c)

feet,

feet.

then the

7n

cubic feet.

Find the volume of a sphere whose diameter equals:


(a) 10 feet.

(b)

feet.

(c)

8000 miles.

denotes the number of degrees of temperature indi8. If


cated on the Fahrenheit scale, the equivalent reading C on the
Centigrade scale may be found by the formula
y

= f(F-32).

Change the following readings


(a)

122 F.

(b)

to Centigrade readings:

32 F.

(c)

F.

CHAPTER

II

ADDITION, SUBTRACTION, AND PARENTHESES

ADDITION OF MONOMIALS
31.

While

word sum

in arithmetic the

refers only to

the

result obtained

by adding positive numbers, in algebra this


word includes also the results obtained by adding negative, or
positive and negative numbers.
In arithmetic we add a gain of $ 6 and a gain of $ 4, but we
cannot add a gain of $0 and a loss of $4. In algebra, however, we call the aggregate value of a gain of 6 and a loss of 4
the sum of the two. Thus a gain of $ 2 is considered the sum
of a gain of $ 6 and a loss of $ 4. Or in the symbols of algebra
$4) =
Similarly, the fact that a loss of
loss of

$2 may be

+ $2.

$6 and a gain

of

$4

equals a

represented thus

In a corresponding manner we have for a loss of $6 and a


of

$4

(- $6) + (-

$4) = (-

loss

$10).

Since similar operations with different units always produce


analogous results, we define the sum of two numbers in such a
way that these results become general, or that

and

(+6) + (+4) = +
16

10.

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

16
32.

These considerations lead to the following principle

If two numbers have the same sign, add their absolute values
if they have opposite signs, subtract their absolute values and
;

(always) prefix the sign of the greater.


33.

The average

of two

numbers

average of three numbers


average of n numbers is the

is one half their sum, the


one third their sum, and the
sum of the numbers divided by n.

is

Thus, the average of 4 and 8

The average
The average

of 2, 12,

(-17)

18.

15

19.

is 0.

3 J.

0, 10, is 2.

10

of:

Find the values


17.

is

of 2, '- 3, 4, 5,

EXERCISE
Find the sum

of:

+ (-14).

+ (-9).
+ -12.

20.

l-f(-2).

21.

(_

22.

In Exs. 23-26, find the numerical values of a + b


23.

24.

= 2,
= 5,

6
6

= 3, c =
= 5, c =

4,

5,

d = 5.
d = 0.

-f c-j-c?, if :

ADDITION, SUBTRACTION,
a

25.

26.
27.

30.

31.

= -23, c=14,
& = 15,
c = 0,
&

1?

d = l.
d=

3.

What number must be added to 9 to give 12?


What number must be added to 12 to give 9 ? What number must be added to 3 to give 6 ? C*
What number must be added to 3 to give 6? **j
Add 2 yards, 7 yards, and 3 yards.
}/
Add 2 a, 7 a, and 3 a. \\
Add 2 a, 7 a, and 3 a.
-'

28.
29.

= 22,
= -13,

AND PARENTHESES

'

32.
33.

Find the average of the following


34.

3 and 25.

35.

5 and

- 13.

36.

12,

13,

39.

-8

'

and

37.

2, 3,

38.

- 3,

sets of

numbers:

- 7, and
4,
- 4, - 5,

13.
6,

- 7,

and

1.

F.,

2.

Find the average of the following temperatures


27 F., and 3 F.

F.,

40. Find the average temperature of New York by taking


the average of the following monthly averages 30, 32, 37,
:

48, 60, 09, 74, 72, 66, 55, 43, 34.


41. Find the average gain per year of a merchant, if his
yearly gain or loss during 6 years was $ 5000 gain, $3000 gain,
$1000 loss, $7000 gain, $500 loss, and $4500 gain.
:

Find the average temperature of Irkutsk by taking the


average of the following monthly temperatures
12,
10,
-4, 1, 6, 10, 12, 10, 6, 0, - 5, -11 (Centigrade).
42.

34.

Similar or like terms are terms which have the same

literal factors, affected

6 ax^y and

7 ax'2 y, or

by the same exponents.


5 a2 &

and

or 16

Va + b

and

2Vo"+~&,

are similar terms.

Dissimilar or unlike terms are terms


4 a2 6c and
o

4 a2 6c2 are dissimilar terms.

which are not

similar.

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

18
35.

The sum

The sum

of 3

of

two similar terms

x 2 and

x2

is

another similar term.

is

x2 .

Dissimilar terms cannot be united into a single term. The


indicated by connecting

sum of two such terms can only be


them with the -f- sign.
The sum
The sum

of a
of a

and a 2
and

is

is

-f-

a2

-f (

6), or

6.

In algebra the word sum is used in a


36. Algebraic sum.
b
wider sense than in arithmetic. While in arithmetic a
denotes a difference only, in algebra it may be considered
b.
either the difference of a and b or the sum of a and
The sum

of

2 a&, and 4 ac2

a,

is

EXERCISE

2 a&

-|-

4 ac2.

11

Add:
1.

-2 a
+3a
-4o

2.

ab

xY
xY
7 #y

12

6.

7.

Find the sum of


9.

-f-

2
,

-f

4 a2,

5 a2

2
wp2 - 13 rap

12

10.

dn

7 a 2 frc

-3a

2 a2,

13
b sx

11.

2(a-f &),

12.

5l

13.

Vm

-f- ii,

3(a-f-6),

5Vm + w,

+ 6 af

25 rap 2, 7 rap2.
9(a-f-6),

12Vm-f-n,

12(a-f b)

14

AND PARENTHESES

ADDITION, SUBTRACTION,
Simplify

19

15.

-17c + 15c8 + 18c + 22c3 +c3

17.

xyz

+ xyz

12 xyz

+ 13 xyz + 15 xyz.

Add:
18.

ra

19.

+m
"""

ZL

21.

a
a8

x*

**,

22.

20.

23.

^24.

25.

-1

-co*

l^S

26.

mn

27.

xyz

mri

Simplify the following by uniting like terms:


29.
30.

3a-76 + 5a + 2a-36-10a+116.
2a -4a-4 + 6a -7a -9a-2a + 8.
2

31.

32.
33.

"Vx + y

Vaj + y 2

2 Vi

+ + 2 Va; + / + 3 Va; + y.
2/

Add, without finding the value of each term


34.

5x173 + 6x173-3x173-7x173.

35.

4x9'

-36.

10x38
ADDITION OF POLYNOMIALS

Polynomials are added by uniting their like terms. It


convenient to arrange the expressions so that like terms may
be in the same vertical column, and to add each column.
37.

is

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

20

2
Thus, to add 26 ab - 8 abc - 15 6c, - 12 a& 4- 15 abc - 20 c
5 ab 4- 10 6c
6 c 2 and
7 a&c 4- 4 6c + c 2 we proceed as
,

f 110WS:

& c~15&c

26 aft- 8

-20c2

-12a&4l5a&c

- 6a&
a5c

Numerical substitution

and

a, 5,

- 3 a -f 4

sum

convenient method for

offers a

To check

the addition of

any convenient

assign

ft

-f 5

c, e.g.

-f-

= 10

3, therefore the answer

correct.

is

NOTE. While the check is almost certain


an absolute test e.g. the erroneous answer
;

equal

Sum.

c'

a = 1, 6=2, c = 1,
= - 3 + 8 + 5 = 1 0,
2 0-25- c=
2- 4-1 = -3,
4 = 7.
a 4- 2 6 + 4 c =
1 +4

numerical values to

then

But 7

ca

26

6c

checking the sum of an addition.


3 a -f 4 1) 4- o c and 4- 2 a
26

the

4 be

9a&
38.

6ca

-f-lO&c

to

show any

a406

It is

error,

4c would

not
also

7.

In various operations with polynomials containing terms


with different powers of the same letter, it is convenient to
arrange the terms according to ascending or descending powers
39.

of that letter.
7 4.

4 5 x"2 + 7 x* 4 5
-7a &+4a

6 a7

of x.

fi

5
4

is

6c

arranged according to ascending powers


4 7 a&<d? + 9 6 5 4 e 7 is arranged ac-

aW

cording to descending powers of

a.

EXERCISE

Add

the following polynomials

1.

2a

2.

9 q 4- 7

364-6
t

c,
s,

3a
2?

V3. 2z2 -4?/ 2 -f2z 2

0^-9 z

- 3 s,

c,

and

and

-3ar -22/2 4z

46
4-

12

4a4-6
12 q

2
,

5
2

a;

2c.
4-

s.

-3 /- 2z

2
.

* For additional examples see page 259.

2
,

and

AND PARENTHESES

2i

14d-15e + 2/, 16e + 17/-90, -18/+6y + d,

and

ADDITION, SUBTRACTION,
4.
</

- 15

d.

-12a 4 15& -20c - 12 6 ~5 a - 5 c ll& -7c


-6 4- a
-- 1 a 4 1 0, -7ar + 3B -5,and
6. 6 # 4 5 z 4 2
7, 6 #
2

5.

and

tf

^_.Ga 4-3x45.
2

9m 48m 4- 7v/i-f- 6, 5-6 w- 7m - 8 m 2m -12,


m
4 6.
8.
xy3xz + yz, 2xy + 4:XZ-}-5yz,4:xy xz 6yz, and
- 2 #?/ 4
5 a + 4 aft - 5 cr& + 7 6
9. 6a -5a &47a& -4&
and
2

7.

and

?ft

?/z.

+lOa 6-ll&
10. a +
1>

10a

11.

a
4ar

13.

4(a

14.

a4

v 15.

^*

12.

-h

-f-

byb
!

c^c

<l,

^2

a4

1
e, e

/,

+ 50 + 62 - 5a^-6
8

-f 6)

1,

a2

6(a

- (b + c)

6)

-f

5 (a

and

- 7^

3
?/

a2

1,

6)

+ 3,

a,

/
3
?

2(6

a.

2iB 8

+ 2y + 2
8

8
,

and

+ c) + (c -f a),

and

+ a + 1.
- 9(a + &) - 12,

and

a2

and

7(a

- 12(a 4- 6) + 14(a 4 6) 4 10.


16. 7
4 5 x*y 2 y?y* 3 xf,

and a 2 4- a.

2
j

3(c -f a),

-f-

3
?

+ 5)

a;

4 ajy
17.

a;

o^?/

4 y\

and

a;

?/.

- VS 4 2 Vc, - Va 4 2 V& 4 6 Vc, - 4 Va - 10 Vc,


4 Vc.
a 4 a - a, a 4 a - 1, - a 4 a 4 1, and 1 4 a - a
3a
9 y\ 3 afy - 3 ay 6 afy + 6 ay/ 4 10
and - 3
5 Va

and 5 Vb
18.
19.

a)

?/ ,

-y -^/.
v/20. w* 4 3 m n 4 3 m?i 4
2w - 2n
2

3
rz ,

in

m n 4- 3 mn
2

n8

and

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

22

w + 3 m + 2 m,
5

21.
3

22.

23.

16m 7/-12my

24.

c,

?n

-2m+2m

- ra + m,
5

8
,

and

-2

2-fa
3

"27.

1/

n + <w 2 ,4

2tn*
Sic

2
,

-f-3f

n-2<w +n ,5< 3
2

4^4.3^* 2n

s
,

+ n*.

-4-5a-6

-T-8a;-9aj

2
,

and

+ 9 x + 12
26.

-}-

e,

l-2aj

25.

d, c

5y
3

d+e
a
6.
+d
a, and e
+ 6y - 17 + 4 ?nfy - m 4m ?/-?/

6 -f c

4^ + 3t*n

and

-f-

and 2

7 m.

a,-

a3 -a 4

-a +7a,
2

SM/Z + 2

a:?/

-f

- 11 xy + 12.

3 a-f^, a s -f3o

bxyz~lx,

2,

and

5+a\

12 xyz, and

$ xy

3^2

SUBTRACTION
EXERCISE

13

If from the five negative units


three negative units are taken, how
1.

What

main ?

is

1,

1,

therefore the remainder

1,

1,

negative units

many

when

is

1,

re-

taken

-5?

from

Instead of subtracting in the preceding example, what


to obtain the same result ?

2.

number may be added

The sum

3.

1,

and

total of the units -f 1, -f 1,

What

1, is 2.

ative units are taken

-f-

the value of the

1, -f 1,

+ 1,

sum

two neg-

if

1,

If three negative units are taken

away
4.

2?

away

is

What

is

When - 3

therefore the remainder


is

taken from 2

when

5. What other operations produce the


subtraction of a negative number?

6.

If

you diminish a person's

richer or poorer ?

is

taken from

debts, does

same

result as the

he thereby become

ADDITION, SUBTRACTION,
7.

AND PARENTHESES

23

State the other practical examples which show that the


number is equal to the addition of a

subtraction of a negative
positive number.

40. Subtraction is the inverse of addition.


In addition, two
numbers are given, and their algebraic sum is required. In
subtraction, the algebraic sum and one of the two numbers is

The algebraic sum is


given, the other number is required.
called the minvend, the given number the subtrahend, and the
required number the difference.
Therefore any example in subtraction

may

be stated in a

5 take
form e.g. from
What
3, may be stated
number added to
3 will give
5?
To subtract from a the
number b means to find the number which added to b gives a.
Or in symbols,
a-b =
different

x,

if

Ex.

1.

From

5 subtract
to

Hence,

2.

From

(-

Hence,

Ex.

3.

From

3 gives 5

evidently 8.

- 3.
3 gives

to

6)

is

-(-3) = 8.

5 subtract

The number which added

a.

3.

The number which added

Ex.

+b

-(-

5 subtract

3)

is

2.

= - 2.

+ 3.

This gives by the same method,

41.

The

results of the preceding examples could be obtained

by the following
Principle.

To

subtract, change the sign

of the subtrahend and

add.
NOTE. The student should perform mentally the operation of chang8 2 6 from
6 a 2 fc,
ing the sign of the subtrahend thus to subtract
6 a 2 6 and
8 a 2 6 and find the sum of
change mentally the sign of
;

24

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

42. To subtract polynomials


of the subtrahend and add.

Ex.

From _6ar3

-3z + 7
2

-6ar3 -3o2 +7
2 or3 - 3 r*-5o;-f 8

we change the

sign of each term

- 3 x* - 5 x + 8.
Check, If x = l
= 2

subtract 2 x

-t-

AND PARENTHESES

ADDITION, SUBTRACTION,
41.

Subtract the sum of 2

m and 7 m

from

42.

From 10 a

subtract

14 a

12 &

-f

25

10m.
-f 12 b -f

c,

and

check the answer.


43.

From

7 x 2 ?/

a/ + ?/ subtract

ar -f

7 a 2 ?/ - 5 #?/

3
7/ ,

and check the answer.

-a

-7a

44.

From

45.

From 5a-(>& + 7c
From 2 x2 8 a?y + 2

46.

2 aa

-f

47.

From mn -f ??/>

48.

From a3

49.

From

+ qt

-f

96

2
:c

-f

11 c-f 17

6 6

8 o#

1.

subtract 10 b

c -f d.

50.

From

1 -f & take 1 -f b

51.

From

52.

From

2 a

53.

54.

From a3 subtract 2 a3 -f- a 2 -j- a


From 3 or 2 a:// + 2 subtract

55.

From 5 a 2

56.

From 6 subtract l-t-2a-f3& + 4<7.


From 16 + a3 subtract 8 2 a + a2 -f a3
From a 4 - 4 a*& + 6 a & - 4 a^ 4- & 4 subtract a

57.

58.

+3x

a;

-f &

-f-

-f-

&

12 take 3

take a

&

-f-

4 x + 11.

-j- c.

1.
#?/

2 y2 .

subtract 2 a 2

+ 2ab

?/

?/-'

ar -f-

2 ab

d.

2
?/

mn -f wp -f- w>t.

mt subtract
a

take 11 a

take 2

a2

+ 2 a - 7 a - 2.

2 subtract a3

8d
2
?/

1 subtract

6a

-f-

2y

2
.

4-

6 a-&

59.

+ 4 a&

From

-f 6

+4

4
.

6(a-f- 6)-f- 5(6

+ c)

4(c

+ a)

subtract

7(a-f&)

REVIEW EXERCISES
1.

2.

tract 4
x

From

the

sum

of

4- b -h c

and

subtract

& -f c

_ 6 _ 2 c.

3.

and a 2

From
x2

the
2 a;

From a3 +
a

+ 4.

sum

of x2

4x

-f-

12 and 3 a2

3 #

3 sub-

7.

2 a2

4 a subtract the sum of a 3

-}-

a2

2a

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

26

From

4.

+4x

the difference between a?

subtract

Subtract the

6.

Subtract the

7.

m +4m
9.

sum

x2 + 2 and

of

of 5 a2

sum

6 a

sum

from 2 ra

Subtract the

the

between 5 a
12.

duce
13.

duce
14.

sum

+4

and 4

a?

cc

7 and

from x3

+ a^

2a2 + 3a

4m*

and

+ 7 m.

sum

of #

a3

+ f and

+1
+a

a2

4-

and a2

and 4 a

What expression must


8a3 -2a-7?
What

m +5 m +6m

of 6

Subtract the difference of a and a

To

+ 58+1

iE

+ 6 + c from a + b + c
a
+2
y from 2
2

ar*

10. To the sum of 2a + 66 + 4c and a


2 c.
10 a + 5 b
sum of9ci-66 + c and
11.

a:

2.

Subtract the

8.

+5

+ 1.

-j-

5.

from 2 a2 + 2 a
5

a?

4 6

+a

*/

2 c add the

add the difference

a.

be added to 7 a 3

expression must be added to

+4a

2 to pro-

3a + 56

cto

pro-

~2a-6 + 2c?
What

expression must be subtracted from 2 a to produce

-a+6?
v

,15.

What must

be added to
b

16.

17.

20.

= x +g

6.
6.

A is n years old.
n years hence ?

m
21.

+b

z,

How

is 2 a years old.
years ago ?

4^ + 4^ + 2

to produce

=x

find

18.

19.

2y + z,
+ 6 + c.
6

0?

c.

old will he be 10 years hence ?

How

old was he a

b years

ago?

ADDITION, SUBTRACTION,

AND PARENTHESES

27

SIGNS OF AGGREGATION
43.

By using the signs of aggregation,


may be written as follows:

additions

and sub-

tractions

Hence
the

it is

-f ( 4- &

+ d) = a + b

+ d.

obvious that parentheses preceded by the -f or


be removed or inserted according to the fol-

may

sign

lowing principles

44. I. A sign of aggregation preceded by the sign -f may be


removed or inserted without changing the sign of any term.
II.

moved

may be resign of aggregation preceded by the sign


inserted provided the sign of evei'y term inclosed is

changed.

E.g.

a+(b-c) = a +b - c.

+ c) = a
=a
6
c)
( 4-=
a
b
c
a

o+(

45.

&
-f-

-f- c.

& -f

c.

If there is no sign before the first term within a paren*

thesis, the sign

is

-f-

understood.

(b

c)

=a

6 4-

c.

46. If we wish to remove several signs of aggregation, one


occurring within the other, we may begin either at the innermost or outermost. The beginner will find it most convenient
at every step to

remove only those parentheses which contain

no others.
Ex. Simplify 4 a -

(7 a

+ 5&)-[-6& +(-25- a^6)]

4a-{(7a + 6&)-[-6&-f(-2&- a~^~6)]}


= 4 a -{7 a 6 b -[- 6 b -f (- 2 b - a
-

-f-

= 4a
sss

4a

7a
12

06
6.

66

2&-a + 6

Answer.

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

28

EXERCISE 15*
Simplify the following expressions
1.

x + (2y-z).

2.

a-(3b

3.

4.
5.

2c).

+ (2a -6 + c ).
a -(a + 26 -c ).
2a -(4a -26 +c ).
a3

11.

2a

7.

a -f (a -

8.
9.

(-a + 6).

6.

10.

- (a + 6).

6)

a-(- + 6)-f (a-2 b).


2m
a

4a-f-

2a;-y

(60;-

+ 5a-(7-f 2a )-f (5-5a).


2

13.
14.

(m

-f- 7i

n p)
___

(m

-h jp)

m~n-\-p.

15.

m+n

16.

a2

+ [#

(m

?*,)

+ M> + w

m -f

ft)-

(r

a;)].

17.

22.

18.

(6

19.

[36+

21.

(a

By removing

c)

+ [3 a
{3c

6)+

{a

a)}

6a].

-2c].

[a-

parentheses, find the numerical value of

1422 - [271 47.

26
(c

Signs of aggregation

271 + (814 - 1422)

may

be inserted according to

43.

In the following expression inclose the second and


third, the fourth and fifth terms respectively in parentheses,:
Ex.

1.

Ex.

2.

last three

Inclose in a parenthesis preceded by the sign


terms of

See page 260.

the

AND PARENTHESES

ADDITION, SUBTRACTION,
EXERCISE

29

16

In each of the following expressions inclose the last three


terms in a parenthesis
:

d.

1.

a-\-l>

2.

2m-n + 2q-3t.

3.

5 a2

4.

4 xy

>

7 x* 4-9 x + 2.
- 2 tf - 4 y* - 1.

In each of the following expressions inclose the last three


in a parenthesis preceded by the minus sign

terms

5.

6.

7.

p + q + r-s.

-27i2 -3^ 2 + 4r/.


y

-f-

_ r)X - 7-fa.

+ d.

EXERCISES

ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION

IN"

EXERCISE
Write the following expressions
I.

5^2

The sum^)f

and

n.

17
:

The

2.

NOTE. The minuend is always the


of the two numbers mentioned.

difference of a

3.

The sum

The

difference of the cubes of

5.

The

difference of the cubes of n and m.

6.

The sum

7.

The product
The product

8.
9.

10.

II.
12.

of tKe squares of a

and

b.

and

of the fourth powers of a

and

n.

and

6.

n.

of the cubes of

m and

n.

Three times the product of the squares of


The cube of the product of m and n.

m and n.

The square of the difference of a and b.


The product of the sum and the difference

Nine times the square of the sum of a and


by the product of a and b.
13.

6.

and the subtrahend the second,

4.

of

and

'

first,

of

m and n.

6 diminished

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

30
14.

The sum

square root of

of the squares of

a and

b increased

by the

x.

15.

x cube minus quantity 2 x2 minus 6 x plus

16.

The sum

ference of a and

of the cubes of a,

b,

and

6.

divided by the

dif-

d.

Write algebraically the following statements:

V 17.

The sum

of a

and

18.

The

difference of the cubes of a

difference of

a and

uct of a and

6,

by the difference of a and


a 2 and b 2

b multiplied

b is equal to the difference of

and

6 is equal to the square of

plus the square of

b divided

by the

a plus the prod-

b,

-19. The difference of the squares of two numbers divided by


the difference of the numbers is equal to the sum of the two
numbers. (Let a and b represent the numbers.)

CHAPTER

III

MULTIPLICATION

MULTIPLICATION OF ALGEBRAIC NUMBERS


EXERCISE

18

In the annexed diagram of a balance, let us consider the


and JB, and
forces produced at
by 3 Ib. weights, applied at
let us indicate a downward pull at
by a positive sign.

3.

By what sign is an upward pull at A represented ?


What is the sign of a 3 Ib. weight at A ?
What is the sign of a 3 Ib. weight at B ?

4.

If the

1.
2.

two loads balance, what force is produced by the


Ib. weights at A ?
Express this as a multi-

addition of five 3
plication example.
5.

If the two loads

balance,

taking away 5 weights from

A?

what
What,

force is produced
therefore, is

by

X 3?

6. If the two loads balance, what force is produced by the


addition of 5 weights at B ? What, therefore, is 5 x ( 3) ?

7.

If the

two loads balance, what force

ing away 5 weights from

is

produced by tak-

B ? What therefore is
31

5)

x(

3) ?

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

32
If

8.

method of the preceding


what would be the values of

the signs obtained by the

examples were generally

true,

5x4, 5x(-4), (-5)X4,


9
9.

11,

(- 9) x

11, 9 x

(-

11),

(-

9)

x (-

11) ?

State a rule by which the sign of the product of

two

fac-

tors can be obtained.

48. Multiplication by a positive integer is a repeated addition;


4 multi44-44-4 12,
thus, 4 multiplied by 3, or
plied by 3, or

4x3 =

(_4) X
The preceding

3=(-4)+(-4)+(-4)=-12.

definition,

however, becomes meaningless

the multiplier is a negative number. To take a number


7 times.
times is just as meaningless as to fire a gun

if

Consequently we have to define the meaning of a multiplicaif the multiplier is negative, and we may choose any definition that does not lead to contradictions. Practical examples^

tion

however, such as given in the preceding exercise, make


venient to accept the following definition

it

con-

49.

by a negative

Multiplication

integer is a repeated

sub-

traction.
4

Thus,

x(-8) = ~(4)-(4)-(4)=:-12,

(- 4) x

~ 3> = -(- 4)-(- 4)-(-4) = +

12.

NOTE. This definition has the additional advantage of leading to algenumbers which are identical with those for positive numbers, a result that would not be obtained by other assumptions.

braic laws for negative

In multiplying integers we have therefore four cases


trated

by the following examples

4x3 = 4-12.

4x(-3)=-12.

illus-

MULTIPLICATION

We

50.

33

assume that the law illustrated for positive


is true for all numbers, and obtain thus

shall

and negative integers


the

Law

TJie

of Signs:

product of two numbers with

positive; the product of two

numbers with unlike

(-a)(+6) = -a&; (- a)(-

Thus,

EXERCISE

&)

=+

a&;

1.

3.

X(-5).
(-7) X (-12).

4.

(-2)X

6.

NOTE.
tors

is

If

5.

6.

no misunderstanding

etc.

19

Find the values of the following products

2.

like signs in
signs is negative.

6x-7.
(-2)x9.
(-4)X(-15).

possible, the parenthesis

is

about

fac-

frequently omitted.

7.
8.
9.

10.
11.

-5x-3.
4 - 7.

13.

_3.(-4J).

_2. -.
3. _2^ -3.

14.

(-2)
8
(- 3)

15.

(-4)'.

16.

(-1)

17.

(-10)

18.

-1- -2- -3- -4. +5.

7
.

4
.

12.

6.-2--f

19.

Formulate a law of signs for a product containing an

even number of negative factors.


20. Formulate a law of signs for a product containing an
odd number of negative factors.

If a
cal

2, b

= 3, c =

1,

x=

0,

and y

= 4,

find the numeri-

values of:

21.

22.
23.
24.

4a6c.

3 a2?/2

2a

25.
.

6c.

Ua b
z

x.

aW.

8 4

26.

2a6

27.

11 aWcx.

28.

(c#)

8
.

29.

- (a&c)

2
.

31.

4a -f-26 2
2a + 3&2 -6c*

32.

4 a2 - 2

30.

f+x

2
.

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

34

Find the numerical value

a8

of 8

a=2,

= -3.
4.
6 =

34.

a=

51.

By

&

33.

1,

- 1 2 a 6 -f 6 aW - 6 if
35. a =
2, 5 = 2.
36. a = 3,
6 = 1.
2

MULTIPLICATION OF MONOMIALS
3

Hence 2 x 2

Xa

= (a
=aa

=2

m and

general, if

am

=2

23

definition,

2 2

x2

n are two positive


a

to

(m

52.

known

is

(a

factors)
-f n) factors.

fl

fl

=2

23 + 5

8
*.<?.,

2.

Or

in

integers,

to

fl*"

This

= 2- 2 -2

25

and

2 2,
2 2 2
.

/w

+w

to

factors)

as

The Exponent Law

of Multiplication

of the factors.
6 aWc x - 7
&*# =(6

The exponent of

product of several powers of the same base

is

equal to the

the

sum

oj

the exponents

Ex.

1.

(a

7)

a8 )

(ft

&*)

d*.

53. In multiplying a product of several factors by a number,


only one of the factors is multiplied by the number.
Ex. 2. 2 x (2* 5 7 2 )= 26 5 7 2
25)

Ex. 3. 4 x (2

=8

25, or 2

100,

i.e.,

EXERCISE

200.

20

Express each of the following products as a power


1.
2.

m*.m
a

B.

(^

12

9.

-(a?

2/)

-(aj

U
U
.(-12) .12

3a-7abc.

13.

4- (2- 25-

7).

78

(-a)

127 9

6"
127 U

7
.

.(-7).7.

Perform the operation indicated


12.

10.

2/).

127

6.

8
2/)

5.

(a6) -(a5)

11.

4.

7.

2 -2

3.

14

14.

2(7.3-5),

16.

5(7-11.2).

IB.

50(11-2.3).

17.

2(14.50-3),

M UL TIPLICA TION
18.

7(6- f-

19.

20.

11(3- 6- A).
4 aft -5 aft 2

21.

19

27.

2).

28.
29.

22.
'

23.

mV

lla

25.

5
2

3
ft

3 tfy 2z*.

(- 2

aft

).

(-

- 7 w'W (-8 n^W).


2

9 afy

32.

(- 4

33.
34.

/).

35.

aft

31.

C a 2ftc).

(-

-7p*q r*.-7pqt.
_4aft.-4a#.

30.

c-(-4a ftc ).

aft

6 e/ a

2 ran4

- 5 xy
19 aW

24.

26.

35

ftc

2ac).

2 a3 ?/ ).
2

a 2 ft 3) 2

ax /) 2
4 1
(- 3 win )
.

(2

(-

2 a2 ) 3

MULTIPLICATION OF A POLYNOMIAL BY A MONOMIAL


we had to multiply 2 yards and 3 inches by 3, the
would obviously be 6 yards and 9 inches. Similarly the
for
quadruple of a 4 2 b would be 4 a -f 8
If

54.

results

ft,

= (a + 26)+(a + 2

ft)

-f (a 4-

ft)

+ (a + 2

ft)

55. This principle, called the distributive law, is evidently


correct for any positive integral multiplier, but we shall assume it for any number.

Thus we have

in general

a(b
56.
tet^m

-f c)

= ab

+ac.

To multiply a polynomial by a monomial, multiply each


by the monomial.

- 3 a2 6(6 a*bc + 2 be -

1)

=-

18 a 4 6 2 c

EXERCISE

- 6 a2 62c -f 8 a2 6.

21

Find the numerical values of the following expressions, by


first multiplying, and then adding
:

1.

2(5-fl5-f25).

3.

2.

6(104-20430).

4.
7.

3(124342).
2(645410).

5.

12(| + 1

4 i).

17(10041042).
23(10004100420).
6.

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

36

Express as a sum of several powers


8.

9.

10.

5(5
2

6 (6

52

5 7 ).

+6 +6
2

7 3 (7 3 -f-7

+7

4 13 (4 9

11.

-4

-4).

12.

).

10

).

Perform the multiplications indicated:


13.

14.

~2mn(m +n -p ).

m(m-hn -\-p).
2

aW(

16.

4 %Pq\

17.

-5 x\-

aW + 3 a

pqr + 5 pr
5 x2 - 5 x-

- 6 a6).

19.

20.

c(- ^ c + 2
- 2 mn(9 mV - 5 w*V -f 7 wn).

21.

7 a 6

?/

6 c

7).

5).

- 3 aftc).

22.
23.

24.

By what

-:
expression must

be multiplied to give

26.

4o; -f7a;asa product.


Express 3a^
Find the factors of 3x + 3 y + 3z.

27.

Find the factors of 6

or*

28.

Find the factors of 2

ofy

25.

-f

3 a4

x* -f

arty

+8

- 60 a&

4
a; .

29.

Find the factors of 5 a

30.

Find the factors of 6 ary - 3 x2y 2 + 3

10

aft.

xy.

MULTIPLICATION OF POLYNOMIALS
57.

polynomial may be written as a monomial by inb by


within a parenthesis. Thus to multiply a
the
distributive
and
write
+
z,we
y z)
apply
(a
b) (x

Any

closing

+y

law.

(a

it

- 6) (x -f y

z)

= x(a
= (ax

b)

+ y(a

z(a

b)

bx) -f (ay

by)

by

az

b)

(az

+ bz.

bz)

M UL TIP LICA TION

37

58. To multiply two polynomials, multiply each term of one by


each term of the other and add the partial products thus formed.

The most convenient way of adding the partial products is


to place similar terms in columns, as illustrated in the following example

Ex.1. Multiply 2 a - 3

by a

b.

2a-3b
a-66
2 a - 3 ab
2

2 a2

10 ab

13 ab

+ 15 6 2
+ 15 6 2

Product.

59. If the polynomials to be multiplied contain several


powers of the same letter, the work becomes simpler and more
symmetrical by arranging these expressions according to either
ascending or descending powers.

Ex.

2.

Multiply 2

+ a -a- 3 a
3

by 2 a

Arranging according to ascending powers

a2 + l.

Check.
2

- 3 a 2 + a8

a
4- 4.a

- 3 a 2 + a8
- 2 a2 6 a8

60.

Examples

2"

a2

-7

a2

a =
=-

I
1

=2

a
2

If

-f

2 a*

+ a8 + 3 - a6
4 a 8 + 5 a* - a6
*

in multiplication can be checked

=2
by numerical

substitution, 1 being the most convenient value to be substituted for all letters.
Since all powers of 1 are 1, this method
tests only the values of the coefficients

and not the values of

the exponents. Since errors, however, are far more likely to


occur in the coefficients than anywhere else, the student should

apply this test to every example.

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

38

EXERCISE 22*
Perform the following multiplications and check the results

+ 2y).

17.

(2 x*

36).

18.

(4ra

3.

(5c-2d)(2c-3d).

19.

4.

(2w

1.

(2s

3y)(3a?

2.

(4a-f 76)(2tt

3n)(7m

+ 8n).
3<7).

5c)(2a-6c).

22.

(6p

6.

(2

7.

(9m-2n)(4m + 7tt).

8.

(aj-f6y)(aj

9.

(6i-7n)(llJ-n).

-f-

-f-6<7)(5^)

23.

a-l)(2a?-fl).

24.

7y).

25.
26.

-2) (3 A: -1).

(13

(6xy + 2z)(2xy

12.

(8r-7*)(6r-39.

28.

(2m

13.

(llr + l)(12r

1).

29.

(a

12)(a?^2-|-l).

30.

(4 a

15.
16.

(rcya

(a&c
2

4 2).

+ 7)(2a&c-3).

(a -|-2a

33.

(4a

35.

(m?n?p

36.

(x

37.

(a

OQ
OO.

//)4
lA/

QQ
O7.

27.

31.

+ 2)(a-3).
2

l)(ra-f 2).

10.

14.

-f-ra

(a

11.

A;

20.

21.

5.

- 4) (x + 1).

- 1 - 2m)(l -m).
2

36)

2
.

I)

(6a~7)

32.

2
.

(6a&c-5)
-3a6-f-2)(2a6~l).

-^

2
.

mnp -f- 4) (mnp 4- 2).

+ & + 1-f a^faj -1).


2

'

//j.2
^/

40.

(m-fn)(m-4- n)(m

41.

(a-^-26)

n)(m

n).

8
.

* For additional examples see page 261.

MUL TIPLICA TION

39

SPECIAL CASES IN MULTIPLICATION


61.

The product

two binomials which have a common term.

of

The product of two binomials which have a common term


equal to the square of the common term, plus the sum of the two
unequal terms multiplied by the common term, plus the product
62.

in

of the two unequal terms.


6 ft) (5 a
9 ft) is equal to the square of the common term, 25 a 2 ,
(5 a
plus the sum of the unequal terms multiplied by the common terms, i.e.
16 ft) (5 a)
75 ab, plus the product of the two unequal terms, i.e.
(
2
Hence the product equals 25 a'2
54 ft 2 .
75 ab
-f 54 ft .

EXERCISE
Multiply by inspection
1.

2.
3.

23

+ 2) (a -f 3).
(a-3)(a + 2).

15.

(a

16.

(a

_3)(a _4).

17.

(ra- n)(w-f w).


2 5 b z) (a2 -f 4
(a

(a;

(a

-9) (a + 9).

+ 3) (a -7).

6.

(-!)(* -5).

19.

(a5

6.

(p-12)(p + ll).

20.

(a

7.

(wi

21.

(100

8.

(6

9.

10.

+ 9)(m+9).

-7)

(a

-8).

+2) (100 + 3).


1) (10 + 2).
+ 5) (1000 + 4).

(10+

(2,-25)(y+4).

(1000

+ 60)(f-2).

24.

(100-1) (100

(J

(*- !!)(

12.

(a

13.

2^*-12)(ajy

22.

11.

+ 21).

- 2 6) (a -f 6).
-2
(a
6) (a -3 6).

2 6) (a

(1000

26.

102 x 103.

27.

1005x1004.

28.

99

+ 2).

-2) (1000 + 3).

25.

102.

14.

(a

29.

Find two binomials whose product equals

6).

2
).

23.

-12) (6 -f- 13).

ft

- 4).
(ofy* -f 3) (tfy*

18.

4.

2
a?

3x

+ 2.

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

40

Find two binomial factors


sions

of each, of the following expres-

30.

ar'-Sz +

31.

33.

+ 6 a + 8.
7 a + 10.
w 2 ro - 15.

63.

Some

32.

G.

35.

w + 2 w - 15.
m2_ 3m _ 4

36.

n2

34.

a2

37.

10ii+16.

-p- 30.

special cases of the preceding type of examples

deserve special mention

II.

III.

(a-

Expressed

in general language

sum of two numbers

is equal to tlie square


I.
77ie square of the
of the first, plus twice the product of the first and the second, plus

of the second.

the square

square of the difference of two numbers is equal to the


square of the Jirst, minus twice the product of the first and the
II.

71ie

second, plus the square of the second.

is

III.

The product of the sum and

equal

to the difference

the difference

of two numbers

of their squares.

The student should note that the second type

(II) is only a

special case of the first (I).


Ex.

(4

x3

i/

the product of the

second,

i.e.

49

2
is
)'

equal to the square of the

y*.

Multiply by inspection

2.
3.

+ 6)
(a + 2)

(a

(a

-a)

16 y* t plus twice

EXERCISE

1.

first, i.e.

and the second, i.e. oft x 3 y'2 plus the square of the
Hence the required square equals 16 xP -f- 66 s; 8j/ 2 + 49 y4
first

24

4.

(a-2)

5.

+ 3)

6.

(p

(*-5)

7.

<J>-7)

8.

(a-26)

9.

(x+3i/)

2
.

2
.

MULTIPLICATION
10.

12.

(a

19.

(6afy

20.

(m -f

n)(ra

21.

(2m + 3)(2m-3).

-3)
2 2

22.

tt

-5)

26

(^

2
.

2
.

34.

104 2

35.

(1000

+ 2) (100 -2).

29.

(a

-I)

x*+2xy+y\
a 2 -2a6 + &

43.

44.

Pind two binomial


sions

-5c )

2
(5 r -f 2

2
.

37.

991

38.

(20

39.

99x101.

46.

n 2 -f4n+4.

49.

a 2 + 10 ab -f 25 b\

-2m-hl.

).

22

42.

45.

).

+ 5)(5+a).
(m -27i )(m + 2n
2

-f-

1)

998x1002.
:

47.

n*-6n+9.

48.

a 2 -8a6+166 2

factors of each of the following expres-

51.

50.

y?-f.

54.

9a -496

55.

16aW-25.

64.

The product

a2 -9.

52.

2
.

of

16.

56.

25 a

57.

9 a2

53.

62

-25n

-9.

- 30 ab + 25 6

2
.

two binomials whose corresponding terms

are similar.

By

Extract the square roots of the following expressions


2

2 2

2/

r*-2t )

41.

(4 a 6

(5

2 2

28.

+ 3z)

-11 # )

36. ,998

(2a#

+ 11
-2
(5 r

30.

).

(2a6-c)

17.

27.

+ 5).

(100

w )-

16.

18.

(a;

+ 1)
(100 + 2)

103

2 2

25.

31.

33.

(^-.ll^X^+lly

40.

-7& )

24.

32.

(6a

-f 7).
2

(100

(3p -9)

-5)(c d

(c-d

15.

-7)(a
2

23.

G> +5g)*.

14.

13.

(2x-3yy.
2
(4a-36)

11.

41

actual multiplication,

3x
5x

we have

2y
4y

2xy-Sy*

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

42

The middle term

of the result is obtained

by adding the
These products are frequently called the cross products, and are represented as

product of 5 x

2 y and

4y

3 x.

follows:

or

Wxy-12xy
Hence in general, the product of two binomials whose corresponding terms are similar is equal to the product of the first two

sum of the

terms, plus the

cross products, plus the product of the

last terms.

EXERCISE
Multiply by inspection

(2a-3)(a + 2).
(3m + 2)(m-l).

1.

2.
3.

4.
5.

6.

8.
9.

(2x y

10.

(6

(5a-4)(4a-l).
(4s + y)(3-2y).

11.

(-

12.

(5a?

13.

(10

i-

(x

65.

2 2
2 2
(2a 6 -7)(a & +

(2m-3)(3m + 2).

(5a6-4)(5a&-3).

7.

25

x 2 -3 6 s).
) (2

2
ft

The square

(a 4- &

5).

+ z )(ary + 2z ).
2

+ 2) (10 4-3).
(100 + 3)(100 + 4).

of a polynomial.

+ c) = a + tf + c
2

14.

,-f

2 a&

-f

2 ac

+ 2 &c.

7%e square of a polynomial is equal to the sum of the squares


of each term increased by twice the product of each term with
each that follows it.

The student should note

that the square of each term is


the
while
always positive,
product of the terms may have plus
or

minus

signs.

M UL TIPLICA TION
EXERCISE
Find by inspection

n+p)

(m-f

2.

(x-y+z)*.

3.

(a

+ 6-5)

6.

(,i-2&-c)

5.

(u-4& +

2
.

3c'.

Find the square root


11.

s?

12.

7.

4.

26

1.

43

(.r

8.

(2a-36 + 5c)

9.

4y

(3

2
.

s-f n)

2
.

10.

of

+ y + z + 2xy + 2yz + 2 xz.


2

2
-+-

n2

2
"-f-

jp

-f 2

mn

2 ?wp

2 np.

13.

66. In simplifying a polynomial the student should remem.


ber that a parenthesis is understood about each term. Hence,
after multiplying the factors of a term, the beginner should
inclose the product in a parenthesis.

Ex.

Simplify (x + 6) (a

- 4) - (x - 3) (x - 5).
x

-4) =

Check.

+ 6)( - 4) - (>-.3)(z- 5) = (7 - 3) - (= [ Xa + 2 - 24] - [a? - 8 x + 15]


- X2 + 2 x - 24 - y? + 8 - 1 5
= 10 - 39.
= 10 x - 39.
-

If

1,

20

a;

a;

EXERCISE

= - 29.

27

Simplify the following expressions, and check the answers


!.

2.

6(a

-2)-6.
6~2(a + 7).
5.

2(m
3

n)

3.

4(* + 2)-5(-3).

4.

4(aj-2)-h3(-7).

3(m + n)H- (m

n).

+ 6 )-2(6 + &)~(&4-& ).
2

6.

3(6

7.

(m-f n)(m+2)-3m(n + m).

8.

(a-2)(a-3)~(a-l)(a-4).

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

44
9.

10.
11.
12.

4(m + 2)

+ 5(w

5)(oj-2)

(a?

3)

(a;-

- 2) + (n - 7) (n + 4) - 2 (n* - 2)

13.

(n -f 5) (w

14.

6(p+2)-7(p-9)-2(i> + l)(p-l).

15.

16.

x- 2 y)(3 x -f 2 y) - (4 - y) (a3 (a -f 6) - 4 (a + &) (a -f 2 6) + (a (5

17.

18.

19.

20.
21.

22.

(a

-fa-f

1)

a - 1)

- (a + 1) (a - 1).
8

CHAPTER

IV

DIVISION
is the process of finding one of two factors
and the other factor are given.
The dividend is the product of the two factors, the divisor
the given factor, and the quotient is the required factor.

Division

67.

if

their product

Thus
by

-f

12

to divide

3 gives

by

But

12.

Since

68.

3,

this

-f

we must find

number

it

the
;

number which

hence

12
r
+3

multiplied

=4.

= -f ab
= ab
b =
ab
b =
ab,
b

-f-

and

-f b

-fa

_a

is

is

-f-

=+b

follows that

4-a

ab

a
ab

Hence the law

69.

multiplication

Law

70.

a8 -5- a5

Or

=a

of

3
,

is

the same in division as in

It follows from the definition that


Exponents.
X a5 a8

for a 3

in general, if

greater than

of signs

Like signs produce plus, unlike signs minus.

m
n, a

-f-

and n are positive integers, and


m ~ n an = a m
a" = a'"-", for a
<

45

is

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

46

71. TJie exponent of a quotient of two powers with equal bases


equals the exponent of the dividend diminished by the exponent

of the divisor.

DIVISION OF MONOMIALS

2x y

7 3
72. To divide 10x y z by
number which multiplied by
number is evidently

Therefore,

the quotient

Hence,

coefficient is the quotient

and whose

sign,

found

literal

we have

2
,

2x*y

of their
part

the

find

This

= - 5 a*yz.

of two monomials

in accordance with the

to

gives 10 x^ifz.

is

a monomial whose

preceded by the proper

coefficients,

quotient of their
law of exponents.

is the

literal

parts

73. In dividing a product of several factors by a number,


only one of these factors is divided by that number. Thus
(8 12 20)-?-4 equals 2 12 20, or 8 3 20 or 8 12 5.
-

EXERCISE
Perform the divisions indicated

28

'

3.

-39-*- 3.
15

5.

3 19 -j-3

10.

12

38
'

35

13

-j-2

(3
-

7'

-4*
4

-2 4 )^(3 4 .2 2).
56

'

2V

14

11.

y-ffl-g

15

(2

68

.3*.5 7 )-f-(
2

36 a
'

-5.25

''

5 11

'

12

4.

'

3"

76-H-15.

'

-12 a

2abc

-56aW

-42^
'

'

UafiV

DIVISION
lg

-^1^.
16 w
7

7i

20>

_Z^L4L.

01

-240m

14
132 a V*
1

10
iy.

40

3J)

23.

2
(15- 25. a ) -=- 5.

24.

22.

fl

6c

/5i.

120m-

(7- 26 a

47

-f-

25.

13.

(18

26.

2a )-f-9a.
2

DIVISION OF POLYNOMIALS BY MONOMIALS

To divide ax-}- fr.e-f ex by x we must find an expression


which multiplied by x gives the product ax + bx -J- ex.
74.

But

+ b e) ax + bx + ex.
+ bx -f ex = a 4- b +

x(a

TT

aa?

Hence

-\-

c.

a?

To divide a polynomial by a monomial, cfc'wde each term of the


dividend by the monomial and add the partial quotients thus
formed.

3 xyz

EXERCISE

29

Perform the operations indicated


1.

2.
5.

fl

o.

_5* + 52)

(5*

-5.

52

(G^-G^-G^-i-G
(11- 2

11 -3

+ 11

18 aft- 27 oc

9a

-14gV+21gy
Itf

97
.

-25 -2 )^-2

3.

(2

4.

(8- 3

-5)-*- 11.

Q
y.

<?

+8- 5 + 8-

5a5 +4as -2a

7) -*-8.

-a

15 a*b

12

aW + 9 a

3a

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

48

22

4,

m n - 33 m n
s

-f

55

mV

- 39 afyV + 26 arVz 3

- 49 aW + 28 a -W - 14 g 6 c
4

15.

2
(115 afy -f 161 afy

16.

(52

17.

(85 tf

afyV - 39

- 69
4

oryz

a;

3
?/

- 23 ofy

-5-

- 65 zyz - 26 tf#z)
3

- 68 x + 51 afy - 34 xy* -f 1 7
4

23 x2y.

-5-

13 xyz.

a;/)

?/

-f-

- 17

as.

DIVISION OF A POLYNOMIAL BY A POLYNOMIAL


75.

Let

2 a 2 -f 3
a, divide

it

- 12 -f 6 a - 20 a
3

be required to divide 25 a

6a3 -20a

-f

25a-12

by

descending powers of

a, or, arranging according to

2
by 2a -

The term containing the highest power of a in the dividend (i.e. a 8 ) is


evidently the product of the terms containing respectively the highest
power of a in the divisor and in the quotient.
Hence the term containing the highest power

If

the product of 3 a and 2

4 a

3, i.e.

of a in the quotient is

6 a3

12 a 2

-f

9 a, be sub-

8 a 2 -f 16 a
tracted from the dividend, the remainder is
12.
This remainder obviously must be the product of the divisor and the
rest of the quotient.
To obtain the other terms of the quotient we have

therefore to divide the remainder,

8 a2

-f-

16 a

12,

2
by 2 a

4 a

3.

We

consequently repeat the process. By dividing the highest term in


the new dividend
8 a 2 by the highest term in the divisor 2 a 2 we obtain
,

the next highest term in the quotient.


4 by the divisor 2 a2
4 a
Multiplying

4,

8 a2

-I-

16 a

no remainder.
Hence 3 a

12,

is

+ 3, we

obtain the product

which subtracted from the preceding dividend leaves


the required quotient.

DIVISION
The work

usually arranged as follows

is

- 20 * 2 +
3 - 12
0aa2 +
a3

25 a
{)

8 a? 4- 16

12

a-

49
:

2 a2

8 a

+3

4 a
4

12

76. The method which was applied in the preceding example may be stated as follows
1. Arrange dividend and divisor according to
ascending or
:

descending powers of a common letter.


2. Divide the first term of the dividend by the first term of the
divisor, and write the result for the first term of the quotient.
3.

Multiply this term of the quotient by the whole divisor, and

subtract the result


4.

Arrange

the same order as the given


new dividend, and proceed as before.

remainder in

expression, consider
5.

the dividend.

from

the

as a

it

Continue the process until a remainder zero is obtained, or


of the letter according to which the dividend

until the highest poiver

was arranged

is less

than the highest poiver of the same

letter in

the divisor.

77.

Checks.

Numerical substitution constitutes a very con-

venient, but not absolutely reliable check.


An absolute check consists in multiplying quotient and
divisor.
The result must equal the dividend if the division

was

exact, or the dividend diminished by the remainder


division was not exact.

Ex.

1.

Divide 8 a3

-f

8 a

- 4 + 6 a - 11 a
4

by 3 a

Arranging according to descending powers,


6 a4

+ 8 a8 -

6 a4

11

a2

-11

a2

a'

-f

8a

4 a3
12 a 8

3 a2

+
+

8 a
2 a

-4
+ 6a - 4

3 a

-2

2 a8

-f

4 a2

if

- 2.
^ _ _
,

=
a _+ 2
.

the

7-r-l,

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

50
Ex.

2.

Divide a4

- 46 -6a6
4

-f-

2
l
by 26 -3a& + a

Arranging according to descending powers of

a<a4

6 a36

- 3 a8

fr

-f

9 a2 6 2

-f

2 a2 6 2
2

-46*

we have

a,

a2

8 ab

a*

3 ab

+ 2 6^
- 2 62

-46*

- 3 a^ + 9a 2 6 - 6 ab 8
2

+ 6 a& a - 4 6 4
- 2 a^a + 6 aft - 4

ft*

Check.

The numerical

example since
larger

number

it

substitution a

1,

&

1,

cannot be used in this

Hence we have

renders the divisor zero.

either to use

for a, or multiply.
2 - 8
ab + 2 & 2 ) ( a _ 3 ab - 2 6 2 )
(a
= [(a2 - 3 aft) + 2 62 ] [(a2 - 3 a&) - 2 62 ]
= (a 2 -3 aft) 2 -4 6*
= a2 - 6 8 6 + 9 a2 6 2 - 4 5*.

EXERCISE

30 *

Perform the operations indicated and check the answers

2.

(jf_2y-15)-i-<y-6).

3.

2
(15 a

4.

- 46 a# -f 16 )
_
26 mn 4- 5 n )
(5 m
2

i/

-5-

-*-

(5

a-

(m

5 w).

5.
6.

7.

(6^-53^ + 40)^(6^-5).

8.

(56

2
a; -f-

19 x

-15) --(8

-3).

9.

10.

11.
12.

13.

2
(25 a

- 36

2
ft

-j-

(5

-f-

* See page 263.

6)

DIVISION

51

+ 23a& + 20)-*-(2a& + 6).


(8xy + lo-22x' y)-+(2x y-3).
- 11 a + 9 a - 2) (3 a - 2).
(3 a
13 m + 47 m + 35 w
(1
(5 m -f

14.

(6a

&

15.

16.

-f-

v/17.

-f-

18.

(a?
s

19.

(aj

-8)

-*-(

(81

1) .

2).

-3aj-2)-^(oj-2).

m + 1 - 18 m
4

20.

-5-

-f-

(1

m -f 9 m

).

SPECIAL CASES IN DIVISION


78.

Division of the difference of two squares.

Since

(a -f b) (a

a
I.e.

V)

=a

2
,

-f b

the difference of the squares of two numbers is divisible


of the two numbers.

by the difference or by the sum


Ex.l.

EXERCISE

31

Write by inspection the quotient

of

--

x
c

'

v7

-^.

+ 3*

169 a<6 2

ISVft-Qc 8
64

'

- 81 c8

'

a2 -166 2
'

'

10

a?

-1
'

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

52

Find exact binomial divisors of each


expressions
9.

10.

of

the following

w
a

-!.

-b.

11.

aW

12.

a;

12

13.

-r/

14.

36 a4 ?/ 4

121a

- 49.

100

-9&

2
.

1.
16
.

16

15.

16.

1,000,000-1.

-100ry.

CHAPTER V
LINEAR EQUATIONS AND PROBLEMS
79.

The

first

member

or left side of an equation

is

that part

The secof the equation which precedes the sign of equality.


ond member or right side is that part which follows the sign of
equality.
Thus, in the equation 2 x
0.
second member is x

9,

80. An identity is an equation


of the letters involved.

the

first

which

is

member

is

2 x

4,

the

true for all values

a2
6 2 no matter what values we assign to a
Thus, (a + ft) (a
b)
and b. The sign of identity sometimes used is = thus we may write
,

(rt+6)(a-ft)

b'

81. An equation of condition is an equation which is true


only for certain values of the letters involved. An equation
of condition is usually called an equation.
.r

-f9

= 20

is

true only

when

a;

hence

=11;

it

is

an equation

of

condition.

A set of numbers which when substituted for the letters


an equation produce equal values of the two members, is
said to satisfy an equation.
82.

in

Thus x

12 satisfies the equation x

the equation x

13.

20,

7 satisfy

13.

An

equation is employed to discover an unknown num(frequently denoted by x, y y or z) from its relation to

83.

ber

known numbers.
63

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

54

an equation contains only one unknown quantity, an^


unknown quantity which satisfies the equation is

If

84.

value of the

a root of the equation.


9

85.

To

86.

A numerical

tities are

- 2.
87. A

solve

an equation

is

20.

to find its roots.

equation is one in

which

all

expressed in arithmetical numbers

the

known quan

as (7

x) (x -f 4)

a;

literal

equation

known

is

quantities
as x -f a
letters

= bx

88.

first

one in which at least one of the

is

expressed by a letter or a combination of


c.

linear equation or

which when reduced

+2=

a root of the equation 2 y

is

an equation of the first degree is one


form contains only the

to its simplest

power of the unknown quantity;

9ie

as

= 6#-f7.

linear equation is also called a simple equation.

The process

89.

of solving equations depends upon the

lowing principles, called axioms

fol-

sums are

1.

If equals be added

2.

If equals be subtracted from equals, the remainders are

to equals, the

equal.

equal.
3.

If equals be multiplied by equals, the products are equal.

4.

If equals be divided by equals, the quotients are equal.

5.

Like powers or

NOTE.

= 0x5,
90.

Axiom

is

of equals are equal.

like roots

not true

but 4 does not equal

if

the divisor equals zero.

Transposition of terms.

its sign.

x + a=.b.
Consider the equation
b
Subtracting a from both members, x

right

0x4

term may be transposed from

one member to another by changing

I.e.

E.g.

5.

a.

(Axiom

2)

the term a has been transposed from the left to thQ

member by changing

its

sign.

LINEAR EQUATIONS AND PROBLEMS


x

Similarly, if

Adding a

to both

The result is
first member to

+ a.

Consider the equation


Multiplying each member by

Ex.

1,

x-\-

a=

When x =

changed

6-fc.
b

(Axiom

3)

6# = 4x + l + 6.
4x 1 + 6.
2 x = 6.
x = 3.
(Axiom

4)

c.

Qx

3.

The first member,


The second member,
Hence the answer, x =

To

be

a?

Subtracting 4 x from each term,


Uniting similar terms,
Dividing both members by 2,

93.

may

SOLUTION OF LINEAR EQUATIONS


1.
Solve the equation Qx 5 = 4 -f 1.

Adding 5 to each term,

Check.

1)

if

91. The sign of every term of an equation


without destroying the equality.

92.

(Axiom

we had transposed a from the


member and changed its sign.

the same as
the right

= b.

members,

55

6a-5 = 18-5 = 13.


4-fl = 12-fl = 13
3, is correct.

solve a simple equation, transpose the

unknown terms

member, and the known terms to the second. Unite


similar terms, and divide both members by the coefficient of the

to the first

unknown

quantity.

Ex.2. Solve the equation (4


Simplifying,

Transposing,
Uniting,

- 8,
-f
If y

Dividing by
Check.

y) (5

y)

= 2 (11

3 y)

+ #*.

20 - 9 y + y2 = 22 - 6 y -f y\
- 9 y + 6 y = 20 -f 22.
3 y - 2
y=
f
.

The first member, (4-y)(6- y) = C4 + })(5-f


The second member, 2(11 - 3 y) + y 2 = 2(11 +

1
4 = 26 i
+ | = 26 -f f = 26$

i)^ V=
2)

JI

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

56
Ex.

Solve the equation | (x

3.

= \ (x + 3).

Simplifying,

\x

2-^x-fl.

Transposing,

=2
= 3.
x = 18.

Dividing by
If

Cfcecfc.

The
The

-f-

Uniting,

it

4)

J,

= 18.

member
right member
left

{(x
(x

- 4) =
+ 3) =

x 14
x 21

= 7.
= 7.

NOTE. Instead of dividing by \ botli members of the equation \ x


would be simpler to multiply both members by 0.

= 3,

BXEECISB 32*
Solve the following equations by using the axioms only
1.

5# = 15+2a;.

2.

7a?

3.

a;

4.

a;

a?.

a?.

Solve the

following

check the answers


9.

10.

11.

6.

Xx 7 = 14.
4a + 5 = 29.

7.

17

8.

5.

= 5a?+18.
= 60 -7
= 16 + 5

equations

a?

a;

+ 16 = 16 + 17.
3 = 17
3
a?

a?.

by transposing,

etc.,

and

- 17 + 4y = 36.
= 2 ?/- 7.
12. 9
9a? = 7
13. 13 y -99 = 7 y- 69.
13a?
3a?.
14. 3-2 = 26-4.
24-7y = 68-lly.
15. 17 + 5a;-7a: = 39-4a; + 22.
-50.
16. 17 -9 x + 41 = 12 -8
17. 14y = 59-(24y + 21).

4y

11

?/

a?

18.

19.

20.

87-

21.

9(5 x -3)

22.

6(3

a?

= 63.

-3)= 9(3

+ 24) = 6 (10 x + 13).


+ 7(3 + 1) =63.

v23. 7 (6 x
a;

-16).

24.

* See
page 264.

a;

aj

LINEAR EQUATIONS AND PROBLEMS


25.

73-4* = 13*~2(5*-12).

26.

6(6a;-5)-5(7a>-8)=4(12-3a5) + l.

27.

7(7 x

28.

+ 1) -8(7-5

a?)

57

+24 = 12 (4 - 5) + 199.
a?

29.
30.
31.

5)

(as

- 1)
(a

(a?

(a;

+ 3) =
- 5) =

(a;

(a;

-7) (a; + 4).

+ 7)

(.7;

- 3) + 14.

.32.

33.

34.

(aj-

35.
36.

37.
38.
.

39.
40.

41.

- 12) (2 + 5) - (2 + 6) (4 - 1 0) = 0.
- 7) (7 x + 4) - (14 x + 1) + 7) = 285 + 21 a*
(z + 2) -(a-5) :=2.
- 3) + - 4)
(x + I) + (x + 2) = (x
2(* + l) -(2J-3)( + 2) = 12.
- 2) (M - 3) - 5(2 u - 1) (u - 4) + 4 w - 14 = 0.
(6 u
=5
44. |
+6=
|aj
(4

(5 x

(a?

(a?

42.

a?

-Jaj.

43.

SYMBOLICAL EXPRESSIONS
94.

Suppose one part of 70 to be

a?,

and

let it

be required to

If the student finds it difficult to answer


find the other part.
this question, he should first attack a similar problem stated
in arithmetical

numbers

the other part.

Hence

if

one part

only,

e.g.

One part

Evidently 45, or 70
is

a?,

the other part

of 70 is 25

find

25, is the other part.


is

70

x.

WJienever the student is unable to express a statement in algebraic symbols, he should formulate a similar question stated in
arithmetical numbers only, and apply the method thus found to the
algebraic problem.

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

58
Ex.

What must

1.

be added to a to produce a sum b ?

Consider the arithmetical question


duce the sum of 12 ?

The answer is 5, or 12
7.
Hence 6
a must be added

Ex.
If 7

2.

-f-

What must

to a to give

y yards cost $ 100

find the cost of one yard.

if

-f

y yards cost $ 100, one yard will cost

EXERCISE

2.
3.

4.
5.
6.

7.
6.
9.

10.

5.

--

$> 100
yards cost one hundred dollars, one yard will cost -

Hence

1.

be added to 7 to pro-

100

dollars.

33

By how much does a exceed 10 ?


By how much does 9 exceed x ?
What number exceeds a by 4 ?
What number exceeds m by n ?
What is the 5th part of n ?
What is the nth part of x ?
By how much does 10 exceed the third part of a?
By how much does the fourth part of x exceed b ?
By how much does the double of b exceed one half
Two numbers differ by 7, and the smaller one

Find the greater one.


11. Divide 100 into two

parts, so that

one part equals

of c ?
is

p.

a.

13.

Divide a into two parts, so that one part


Divide a into two parts, so that one part

is b.

14.

The

two numbers

is

d,

and the

Find the greater one.


15. The difference between two numbers
Find the smaller one.
greater one is g.

is

c?,

and the

12.

smaller one

16.
17.
is

a?

difference between

is 10.

is s.

What number divided by 3 will give the quotient a? ?


What is the dividend if the divisor is 7 and the quotient
2

LINEAR EQUATIONS AND PROBLEMS


18.

What must

19.

The

59

be subtracted from 2 b to give a?

smallest of three consecutive numbers

is a.

Find

is x.

Find

the other two.


20. The greatest of three consecutive
the other two.

21.
is

is

# years

is

and

is

How many years

y years old.

B?

older than

22.

old,

numbers

y years

old.

How

old was he 5 years ago ?

How

old will he be 10 years hence ?


If A's age is x years, and B's age is y years, find the
of their ages 6 years hence.
Find the sum of their ages

23.

sum

5 years ago.
24.

has ra dollars, and B has n dollars.


amount each will then have.

If

gave

dollars, find the

25.

How many

26.

A has

cents are in d dollars ? in x dimes ?

dollars, b dimes,

and

How many

c cents.

cents

has he ?
27.

A man

had a

dollars,

and spent

How many

5 cents.

cents had he left ?


28. A room is x feet long and y feet wide.
square feet are there in the area of the floor ?

29.

and 3
30.

and 4

Find the area of the

floor of

feet wider than the one

a room that

Find the area of the


feet

floor of a room that is 3 feet shorter


wider than the one mentioned in Ex. 28.

33.
34.

35.

2 feet longer

mentioned in Ex. 28.

31.
rectangular field is x feet long and
the length of a fence surrounding the field.
32.

is

How many

What
What
What
What

?/

feet wide.

is

the cost of 10 apples at x cents each ?

is

the cost of 1 apple

is
is

Find

x apples cost 20 cents ?


the price of 12 apples if x apples cost 20 cents ?
the price of 3 apples if x apples cost n cents ?
if

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

60

36. If a man walks 3 miles per hour, how many miles


he walk in n hours ?

man walks

wil\

r miles per hour,

how many

miles will

38. If a man walks n miles in 4 hours,


he walk each hour ?

how many

miles does

37.

If a

he walk in n hours

If a man walks r miles per hour, in how many hours


he walk n miles ?

39.

will

40.

How many

miles does a train

move

in

hours at the

rate of x miles per hour ?


41.

x years ago

was 20 years

cistern

cistern can be filled

How

old.

old

is

he

now ?

by a pipe in x minutes. What fraction of the cistern will be filled by one pipe in one minute ?
42.

43.

alone

in

fills it

is

filled

by two pipes. The first pipe


x minutes, and the second pipe alone fills it in

y minutes. What fraction of the cistern will be


second by the two pipes together ?
44.

Find 5

45.

Find 6

48.

Find

49.

The numerator

by

If

3.

-.50.

a;

%
%
%

of 100
of

47.

Find x

%
%

per

of 1000.
of 4.

of m.

m is the

The two

-46. Find a

a.

x.

filled

of a fraction exceeds the denominator

denominator, find the fraction.

digits of a

number

are x and

y.

Find the

number.

To express in algebraic symbols the sentence: " a exceeds


much as b exceeds 9," we have to consider that in this
by
statement "exceeds" means minus ( ), and "by as much as"
Hence we have
means equals (=)
95.

as

a exceeds

by as much

as c exceeds 9.
c

9.

LINEAR EQUATIONS AND PROBLEMS


Similarly, the difference of the squares of a

a2

by 80 equals the excess of a over


i<5

80

a3

Or,

-}-

80.

80.

(a

b increased

'

b'

-b ) + 80 = a

and

61

-80.

cases it is possible to translate a sentence word by


in algebraic symbols in other cases the sentence has to
be changed to obtain the symbols.

In

many

word

There are usually several different ways of expressing a


symbolical statement in words, thus:

= c may

be expressed as follows

The

difference between a

a exceeds b by c.
a is greater than b by
b is smaller than a by

The

excess of a over b

EXERCISE

and

b is

c.
c.

is c, etc.

34

Express the following sentences as equations

2.

The
The double

3.

The sum

1.

double of a

is

of a and 10 equals 2

One

third of x equals

5.

The

difference of x

6.

The double

7.

8.

c.

x.

c.

and y increased by 7 equals

a.

of a increased

by one third of b equals 100.


Four times the difference of a and b exceeds c by as
as

d exceeds

The product

diminished by 90
b divided by 7.
9.

10.

of x increased by 10 equals

4.

much

c.

9.

of the
is

sum and the difference of a and b


sum of the squares of a and

equal to the

Twenty subtracted from 2 a

subtracted from

a.

gives the

same

result as 7

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

62

Nine

10.
11.

12.

as

much below a

#is5%of450.

100

14.

50

is

of m.

20, express in algebraic

a;

as 17

13.

is

is

If A's age is 2 x, B's age

16.

is

A is twice as old as B.
A is 4 years older than

(a)
(b)

is

x%

x % of
is

above

a.

3x

symbols

a.

of 700.
15.

m is x %

of n.

and C's age

10,

is

B.

Five years ago A was x years old.


(d) In 10 years A will be n years old.
(e) In 3 years A will be as old as B is now.
(c)

->.,*(/)

(g)
(Ji)

Three years ago the sum of A's and B's ages was 50.
In 3 years A will be twice as old as B.
In 10 years the sum of A's, B's, and C's ages will be 100.

If A, B, and C have respectively 2 a, 3


1200 dollars, express in algebraic symbols

17.

4-

a;

-700, and

(a)

(6)

If

has $ 5 more than B.

gains

$20 and B

loses

$40, they have equal

amounts.
If each

(c)

money
(d)

and

(e)

If

18.

5x

man

gains $500, the

sum

of A's, B's,

and C's

will be $ 12,000.

B together have $ 200 less than C.


pays to C $100, they have equal amounts.

A sum of money consists of x dollars, a second sum. of


30 dollars, a third sum of 2 x + 1 dollars. Express as

equations
of the
(a) 5
:

(b)
(c)

(d)

(e)

third

00

%
a%

x c/ of
a % of
4

sum

sum equals $ 90.


sum equals $20.
the first sum equals 6 % of the third sura.
the first sum exceeds b % of the second sum by
first

of the second

of the first plus 5

of the second plus 6

equals $8000.

x % of the

first

equals one tenth of the third sum.

of the

LINEAR EQUATIONS AND PROBLEMS

63

PROBLEMS LEADING TO SIMPLE EQUATIONS


The simplest kind of problems contain only one unknown number. In order to solve them, denote the unknown
96.

number by x (or another letter) and express the yiven sentence as


an equation. The solution of the equation (jives the value of the
unknown number.
The equation can frequently be written by translating the
sentence word by word into algebraic symbols in fact, the
;

equation is the sentence written in alyebraic shorthand.

Ex.

much

Three times a certain number exceeds 40 by as


Find the number.

1.

as 40 exceeds the number.

Let x = the number.


Write the sentence in algebraic symbols.
Three times a certain no. exceeds 40 by as much as 40 exceeds the no.
=
x
x

3x

-40

40-

3z-40:r:40-z.

Or,

3x

Transposing,
Uniting,
3 x or 60 exceeds 40

Check.

+ x = 40 + 40.
4 x = 80.
x = 20, the required

by 20

number.

40 exceeds 20 by 20.

Ex. 2. In 15 years A will be three times as old as he was


5 years ago. Find A's present age.

= A's present age.


verbal statement (1)

Let x

The

(1) In 15 years

(2)

will

16

may be expressed in symbols (2).


be three times as old as he was 5 years ago.

(x

Simplifying,

Transposing,

Dividing,

In 15 years

Check.

=3

3x

16

p)

15.

-23 =-30.
x= 15.

Uniting,

30

x+16 = 3(3-5).
15.
x + 15 = 3 x

Or,

will

be 30

6 years ago he was 10

but

10.

NOTE. The student should note that x stands for the number of
and similarly in other examples for number of dollars, number of

years,

yards, etc.

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

64
Ex.

56

3.

is

what per cent

= number

Let x

of 120 ?

of per cent, then the

Uldbe

66

-*-.
300

| x
x

or,

Dividing,

Hence

120,

56.

= 46f.
% of

40

5(5 is

120.

EXERCISE
1.

- 2.
3.

4.

problem expressed in symbols

What number added

35

to twice itself gives a

sum

of

39?

Find the number whose double increased by 14 equals


Find the number whose double exceeds 40 by 10.

44.

Find the number whose double exceeds 30 by as much

as 24 exceeds the number.


5.

original
6.

number added
number.

42 gives a

to

sum

equal to 7 times the

Find the number.

47 diminished by three times a certain number equals


2.
Find the number.

twice the number plus


7.

Find
8.

A will

Forty years hence

be three times as old as to-da3r

his present age.

Six years hence a

12 years ago.

How

old

is

man will be
he now ?

twice as old as he was

9. Four times the length of the Suez Canal exceeds 180


miles by twice the length of the canal. How long is the Suez

Canal?

what per cent of 500 ?


% of what number?

10.

14

is

11.

50

is

12.

What number

is

of

350?

Ten times the width of the Brooklyn Bridge exceeds


800 ft. by as much as 135 ft. exceeds the width of the bridge.
13.

Find the width of the Brooklyn Bridge.


14. A train moving at uniform rate runs in 5 hours 90 miles
more than in 2 hours. How many miles per hour does it run ?

LINEAR EQUATIONS AND PROBLEMS

15.

and

$200, and
as

How

15.

16.

have equal amounts of money. If A gains


A
have three times as much

will
loses $100, then
?
dollars
each
has
many

and

have equal amounts of money.

$200, B will have


lars has A now?
17.

A has
A

give to

to

65

five

$40, and

times as

much

has $00.

make A's money

If

gives

How many

as A.

How many dollars

equal to 4 times B's

must

money

dol-

A man

wishes to purchase a farm containing a certain


He found one farm which contained 30 acres
too many, and another which lacked 25 acres of the required
number. If the first farm contained twice as many acres as
18.

number

of acres.

the second one,

how many

acres did he wish to

buy

19. In 1800 the population of Maine equaled that of Vermont.


During the following 90 years, Maine's population increased
by 510,000, Vermont's population increased by 180,000, and
Maine had then twice as many inhabitants as Vermont. Find

the population of Maine in 1800.

97. If a problem contains two unknown quantities, two verbal


statements must be given. Ill the simpler examples these two

statements are given directly, while in the more complex probWe denote one of the unknown

lems they are only implied.

numbers (usually the smaller one) by

x,

and use one of the

given verbal statements to express the other unknown number


in terms of x.
The other verbal statement, written in algebraic

symbols,

Ex.
14.

1.

is

the equation, which gives the value of

One number exceeds another by

8,

x.

and their sum

Find the numbers.

The problem consists of two statements


I. One number exceeds the other one by
II. The sum of the two numbers is 14.
:

8.

is

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

66

Either statement may be used to express one unknown number in terms of the other, although in general the simpler one
should be selected.
If

we

Let x

and

select the first one,

= the

smaller number,
8
the greater number.

Then x -+- =
The second statement written
the equation
^

#4a;

Simplifying,

o\

(o?-f 8)

Transposing,

in algebraic

symbols produces

= 14.
= 14.
-i

<

a-

-f

-f

x =14

8.

= 6.
= 3, the smaller number.
8 = 11, the greater number.

2x

Uniting,
Dividing,

a?

-j-

Another method for solving this problem is to express one unknown


quantity in terms of the other by means of statement II viz. the sum of
the two numbers is 14.
;

Let

the smaller number.

Statement

14

Then,

the larger number.

in

expressed
symbols is (14
x)
course to the same answer as the first method.

= 8,

Ex. 2. A has three times as many marbles as B.


25 marbles to B, B will have twice as many as A.
The two statements
I.

II.

If

are

Use the simpler statement,


x
3x

Then,

To

If

ot

A gives

has three times as many marbles as B.


A gives B 25 marbles, B will have twice as

terms of the other.


Let

which leads

viz. I, to

express one

many as A.
unknown quantity

in

= B's number of marbles.


= A's number of marbles.

express statement II in algebraic symbols, consider that by the

exchange
Hence,

A will lose,
x
3x

4-

and

will gain.

= B's number of marbles after the exchange.


26 = A's number of marbles after the exchange.

26

LINEAR EQUATIONS AND PROBLEMS


x

-f

25

x
x

25

Therefore,
Simplifying,

Transposing,

= 2(3 x
= 6x

Qx

67

(Statement II)

25).
50.

25

60.

- 5 x - - 75.
x = 15, B's number of marbles.
Dividing,
3 x = 45, A's number of marbles.
Check. 45 - 25 = 20, 15 + 25 = 40, but 40 = 2 x 20.

Uniting,

'

98.

The numbers which appear

in the equation should

be expressed in the same denomination.


of dollars to the number of cents, the

always

Never add the number


number of yards to their

price, etc.

Ex. 3. Eleven coins, consisting of half dollars and dimes,


have a value of $3.10. How many are there of each ?
The two statements are
I. The number of coins
II. The value of the half
:

is 11.

dollars

and dimes

is

$3.10.

= the number of dimes, then,


x = the number of half dollars.

Let

x
11

from

I,

Selecting the cent as the denomination (in order to avoid fractions),

we

express the statement II in algebraic symbols.

-)+ 10 x = 310.

Simplifying,

50(11
660
50 x

Uniting,

Dividing,

Check.

= 310.
- - 550 -f 310.
40 x - - 240.
x = 6, the number of dimes.
11
x = 5, the number of half dollars.
cents, 6 half dollars = 260 cents, their sum

50 x

Transposing,

6 dimes

= 60

+
+

10 x

10 x

is

.$3.10.

EXERCISE

1.

Two numbers

the smaller.
v,

2.

differ

by 44,
Find the numbers.

Two numbers

differ

by

36

and the greater

60,

and their sum

is five

is 70.

times

Find

the numbers.

w'3.

The sum of two numbers is 42, and the


Find the numbers.

6 times the smaller.

greater

is

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

68
4.

One number

is

six

times another number, and the

greater increased by five times the smaller equals 22.


the number.

Find

5.

Find two consecutive numbers whose sum equals 157.

6.

Two numbers

differ

by

and twice the greater exceeds


Find the numbers.

39,

tnree times the smaller by 65.


7.

The number

of volcanoes in

Mexico exceeds the number

of volcanoes in the United States by 2, and four times the


former equals five times the latter. How many volcanoes are
in the
8.

United

States,

and in Mexico

cubic foot of iron weighs three times as much as a


If 4 cubic feet of aluminum and

cubic foot of aluminum.

2 cubic feet of iron weigh 1600


foot of each substance.
9.

find the

Ibs.,

weight of a cubic

Divide 20 into two parts, one of which increased by

3 shall be equal to the other increased by

9.

A's age is four times B's, and in 5 years A's age will be
three times B's. Find their ages.
10.

11. Mount Everest is 9000 feet higher than Mt. McKinley,


and twice the altitude of Mt. McKinley exceeds the altitude of

Mt. Everest by 11,000

mountain
12.

Two

as the larger one.

is

the altitude of each

vessels contain together 9 pints.

one contained 11 pints more,

much

What

feet.

it

If the smaller

would contain three times as

How many

pints does each contain ?

14 years older than B, and B's age is as


below 30 as A's age is above 40. What are their ages ?
13.

is

much

line 60 inches long is divided into two parts.


Twice
14.
the larger part exceeds five times the smaller part by 15 inches.
How many inches are in each part ?
15.

On December

longer than the day.

21, the night in

How many

Copenhagen

lasts 10 hours

hours does the day last ?

LINEAR EQUATIONS AND PROBLEMS

problem contains three unknown quantities, three


One of the unknown num-

If a

99.

69

verbal statements must be given.


bers is denoted by x, and the other
of x

two are expressed in terms


by means of two of the verbal statements. The third

verbal statement produces the equation.


Tf it should be difficult to express the selected verbal state-

ment

directly in algebraical symbols, try to obtain

it

by a

series of successive steps.

Ex.

A, B, and C together have $80, and B has three


as A.
If A and B each gave $5 to C, then

1.

times as

much

sum of A's and B's money would exceed


much as A had originally.

three times the


as

money by

The three statements

are

C's

A, B, and C together have $80.


II. B has three times as much as A.
III. If A and B each gave $5 to C, then three times the sum of A's
and B's money would exceed C's money by as much as A had originally.
I.

the

number

of dollars

3 x

the

number

of dollars

has,

the

number

of dollars

has.

Let

According to

and according

II,

to

I,

80

has.

To

express statement III by algebraical symbols, let us consider


the words ** if A and B each gave $ 5 to C."

x
8x

90

first

= number of dollars A had after giving $5.


= number of dollars B had after giving $5.
4 x = number of dollars C had after receiving $10.
5

Expressing in symbols
Three times the sum of A's and B's money exceeds C's money by A's
3
x
( x _5 + 3z-5)
(90-4z) = x.
original amount.
x = 8, number of dollars A had.
The solution gives
:

3x

80
Check.

If

respectively.

4x

= 24,
= 48,

number

of dollars

had.

number

of dollars

had.

to C, they would have 3, 19, and 68,


or 66 exceeds 58 by 8.

and B each gave $ 5

8(8

+ 19)

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

70

man spent $1185 in buying horses, cows, and


Ex. 2.
sheep, each horse costing $ 90, each cow $ 35, and each sheep
$ 15. The number of cows exceeded the number of horses by
and the number of sheep was twice as large as the number
How many animals of each kind
did he buy ?

4,

of horses and cows together.

The
I.

IT.

III.

three statements are

The total cost equals $1185.


The number of cows exceeds the number of horses by 4.
The number of sheep is equal to twice tho number of horses and

cows together.
Let
x

then, according to II,

and, according to III,


2 (2 x -f 4) or 4 x

x
4

90 x

Therefore,

85 (x
15 (4 x

and,

Hence statement
90 x
Simplifying, 90

Transposing,
Uniting,
Dividing,

Check.

-j-

may

+ 4)
+

8)

the

= the

number of horses,
number of cows,

= the number of sheep.


= the number of dollars spent for horses,
= the number of dollars spent for cows,
= the number of dollars spent for sheep

be written,

+ 35 (x +-4) -f 15(4z-f 8) = 1185.


+ 35 x 4- 140 + (50 x x 120 = 185.
90 x -f 35 x + GO x =
140
20 + 1185.
185 a = 925.
x = 5, number of horses.
x -f 4 = 9, number of cows.
4 x -f 8 = 28, number of sheep.

5 horses, 9 cows, and 28 sheep would cost 6 x 90 -f 9


+ 316 420 = 1185; 9 -5 = 4 ; 28 2 (9 5).

28 x 15 or 450

EXERCISE

x 35

-f

37

Find three numbers such that the second is twice the


first, the third five times the first, and the difference between
the third and the second is 15
1.

2.
first,

first

Find three numbers such that the second is twice the


2, and the sum of the

the third exceeds the second by


and third is 20.

LINEAR EQUATIONS AND PROBLEMS

71

Find three numbers such that the second is 4 less than


the third is three times the second, and the sum of
the first and third is 36.
3.

the

first,

4.

"Find three

the third

is 4,

second by
5.

numbers such that the sum of the first two


times the first, and the third exceeds the

is five

2.

Divide 25 into three parts such that the second part


first, and the third part exceeds the second by 10.

is

twice the
6.
v
-

Find three consecutive numbers whose sum equals

63.

The sum

of the three sides of a triangle is 28 inches,


the second one is one inch longer than the first.
If twice

7.

and

the third side, increased by three times the second side, equals
49 inches, what is the length of each?

New York

has 3,000,000 more inhabitants than Philaand Berlin has 1,000,000 more than Philadelphia
(Census 1905). If the population of New York is twice that
of Berlin, what is the population of each city ?
8.

delphia,

9.

180.

The

three angles of any triangle are together equal to

first,

If the second angle of a triangle is 20 larger than the


and the third is 20 more than the sum of the second and

first,

what are the three angles ?

10. In a room there were three times as many children as


If the number of
women, and 2 more men than women.
men, women, and children together was 37, how many children

were present ?
x

11.

is

twice as old as B, and


is 5 years younger than
sum of B's and C's ages was 25 years.

Five years ago the


What are their ages ?
C.

v
.

12.

the

Find three consecutive numbers such that the sum of


and twice the last equals 22.

first

13. The gold, the copper, and the pig iron produced in one
year (1906) in the United States represented together a value

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

72
of

The copper had twice

$ 750,000,000.

arid the value of the iron

of

Find the value of each.

the copper.
14.

the value of the gold,

was $300,000,000 more than that

California has twice as

many

electoral votes as Colorado,

and Massachusetts has one more than California and Colorado


If the three states together have 31 electoral votes,
together.

how many

has each state

If the example contains


Arrangement of Problems.
3
or
4
of
different
such
as length, width, and
kinds,
quantities

100.

area, or time, speed, and distance, it is frequently advantageous


to arrange the quantities in a systematic manner.

A and B

start at the same hour from two towns 27 miles


walks at the rate of 4 miles per hour, but stops 2 hours
on the way, and A walks at the rate of 3 miles per hour without stopping. After how many hours will they meet and how

E.g.

apart,

many

miles does

walk

Explanation. First fill in all the numbers given directly, i.e. 3 and 4.
Let x = number of hours A walks, then x
2 = number of hours B
walks. Since in uniform motion the distance is always the product of

and time, we obtain 3 a; and 4 (x


But the
2) for the last column.
statement "A and B walk from two towns 27 miles apart until they
meet " means the sum of the distances walked by A and B equals 27 miles.

rate

Hence
Simplifying,

Uniting,
Dividing,

3x

4 (x

2)

27.

3z + 4a:-8 = 27.

= 35.
= 5, number of hours.
8 x = 15, number of miles A

walks.

LINEAR EQUATIONS AND PROBLEMS


Ex.

73

The length

of a rectangular field is twiee its width.


were increased by 30 yards, and the width decreased by 10 yards, the area would be 100 square yards less.
Find the dimensions of the field.
l.

If the length

" The area would be decreased


by 100 square yards," gives
(2.x

+ 00)
2 x2

(a -10) = 2s -100.
+ 10 x 300 = 2 z2 100.
2

Simplify,
Cancel 2 # 2

and transpose,

The

40 yards long and 20 yards wide.

field is

Check.

70x10
Ex.

The

or 700.

2.

terest as a

= 200.
z = 20.
2 a = 40.

10 x

an area 40 x 20 =800, the second

original field has

But 700

= 800

sum invested

certain

sum $200

larger at

at 5

4%.

=
=

What

brings the same


is the capital?

+ 200).
+ 8.

Therefore

.05

Simplify,

.053;

Transposing and uniting,

.01

Multiplying,
Check.

= 800; $ 800 = required sum.


x .06 = $ 40; $ 1000 x .04 = $ 40.

$ 800

fid

100.

.M(x
.04

8.

in-

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

74

EXERCISE

38

rectangular field is 10 yards and another 12 yards


wide. The second is 5 yards longer than the first, and the sum
Find the length
of their areas is equal to 390 square yards.
1.

of each.
2.

rectangular field is 2 yards longer than it is wide.


were increased by 3 yards, and its width decreased

If its length

Find the dimen-

by 2 yards, the area would remain the same.


sions of the field.
3.

as a
4.

certain

sum $ 50

A sum

sum

invested at 5

larger invested at 4

%
%.

brings the same interest


Find the first sum.

invested at 5 %, and a second sum, twice as large,


What are the

invested at 4 %, together bring $ 78 interest.

two sums

Six persons bought an automobile, but as two of them


were unable to pay their share, each of the others had to pay
5.

$ 100 more.

Find the share of each, and the cost

of the auto-

mobile.

Ten yards

and 30 yards of cloth cost together


much per yard as the cloth,
how much did each cost per yard ?
6.

of silk

If the silk cost three times as

42.

For a part he
7. A man bought 6 Ibs. of coffee for $ 1.55.
paid 24 ^ per pound and for the rest he paid 35 ^ per pound.
How many pounds of each kind did he buy ?
8.

Twenty men subscribed equal amounts

to raise a certain

money, but four men failed to pay their shares, and in


order to raise the required sum each of the remaining men had
to pay one dollar more.
How much did each man subscribe ?

sum

of

walking at the rate of 3 miles per hour, and


follows on horseback traveling at the rate of
5 miles per hour. After how many hours will B overtake A,
and how far will each then have traveled ?
9.

sets out

two hours

later

LINEAR EQUATIONS AND PROBLEMS


v

10.

and

direction, but

set out

A has

75

walking at the same time in the same


If A walks at the rate

a start of 2 miles.

miles per hour, and B at the rate of 3 miles per hour, how
must B walk before he overtakes A ?

of 2
far

walking at the rate of 3 miles per hour, and


from the same point, traveling by coach
in the opposite direction at the rate of 6 miles per hour.
After
how many hours- will they be 36 miles apart ?
11.

sets out

two hours

later

starts

New York to Albany is 142 miles.


Albany and travels toward New York at the
rate of 30 miles per hour without stopping, and another train
starts at the same time from New York traveling at the rate of
41 miles an hour, how many miles from New York will they
meet?
X

12.

The

distance from

If a train starts at

CHAPTER

VI

FACTORING

An

101.

expression is rational with respect to a letter, if,


it contains no indicated root of this letter

after simplifying,

irrational, if it does contain

a2

\-

V&

is

to 6.

some indicated root of

rational with respect to

and

this letter.

irrational with respect

102. An expression is integral with respect to a letter, if


this letter does not occur in any denominator.
-f-

db

+ 62

is

integral with respect to a, but fractional with respect

to b.

103.

An

expression

and rational, if it is integral


to all letters contained in it; as,

is integral

and rational with respect

a-

104.

The

factors of

+ 4 c2

2 ab

an algebraic expression are the quantities

which multiplied together

will give the expression.

In the present chapter only integral and rational expressions


are considered factors.
J
Although Va'

b~

stage of the work, consider


105.

<2

a2

Ir

vV

b'

2
?>

we

shall not, at this

a factor of a 2

factor is said to be prime, if it contains

factors (except itself

The prime

and unity)

factors of 10 a*b are 2, 5,

76

otherwise
,

a, a, 6.

it is

2
.

no other

composite.

FACTORING
106.

the process of separating an expression


expression is factored if written in the

is

Factoring

77

An

into its factors.

form of a product.
2
4 x + 3) is factored if written
(x'
would not be factored if written x(x
and not a product.

The factors

107.

The prime

of a

factors of 12

4)

form

+3,

It
(a;
8) (s-1).
for this result is a sum,

monomial can be obtained by inspection

&V

Since factoring

108.

in the

is

are 3, 2, 2,

01,

x, x,

y.

?/,

the inverse of multiplication,

it fol-

lows that every method of multiplication will produce a method


of factoring.
E.g. since (a + 6) (a
2 IP
factored, or that a

= a - 62
+ &)(a 2

6)

(a

it

that a 2

follows

- 62

can be

&).

Factoring examples may be checked by multiplication


by numerical substitution.

109.

or

TYPE

I.

POLYNOMIALS ALL OF WHOSE TERMS


CONTAIN A COMMON FACTOR

mx + my+ mz~m(x+y + z).


Ex.

110.

The

1.

Factor G ofy 2

greatest factor

common

and the quotient


But, dividend

- 9 x if + 12 xy\

to all terms

a% - 9 x2 y 8 + 12

2 x2

is

3 xy

-f

55.)

flcy*

by

xy'

Divide

xy\

2
1/

= divisor x quotient.
- 9 x2^ + 12 sy* = 3 Z2/2 (2 #2 - 3 sy + 4 y8).

6 aty 2

Hence

Ex.

is

2.

Factor

14 a*

W-

21 a 2 6 4 c2

+ 7 a2 6

c2

a2 6 2 c 2 (2 a 2

- 3 6a + 1).

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

78

EXERCISE
Resolve into prime factors

- 12 cdx.

1.

6 abx

2.

3x*-6x*.

3.

15

&-{-20a

4.

14a

5.

Ilro8

&3

39

6.

4 tfy -f- 5 x*y 2

7.

17 a? - 51 x4

8.

9.
-7a &
10.
+ llm -llm.
11. 32 a *?/ - 16 a'V -f 48 ctfa^
2

6 xy

+ 34 X
8 a*b -f 8 6V - 8 c a
15 ofyV - 45 afy - 30 aty.
a -a '-J-a
4

8
.

12.

13.

34

14.

a^c 8 - 51

aW + 68

a6c.

15.

16.
17.
18.

19.

q*-q*-q

+ q.

a(m-f-7i) + & ( m +
3
(a + 6) -3 /(a + 6).
7i

)-

a;

+ 13 -8.

21.

13- 5

22

2.3.4.5 + 2.3.4.6.

23.

5-f 2

6.

20.

TYPE

IT.

QUADRATIC TRINOMIALS OF THE FORM

111. In multiplying two binomials containing a common


3 and 5 to obterm, e.g. (as
3) and (cc-f-5), we had to add
tain the coefficient of x, and to multiply
3 and 5 to obtain the
term which does not contain x or (x 3)(x -f 5)
15.
x2 -f-2 x

In factoring x2

15 we have, obviously, to find two


numbers whose product is
15 and whose sum is -f- 2.
2
Or, in general, in factoring a trinomial of the form x -f-/>#-f q,

we have

to find

whose product

2x

-f

two numbers m and n whose sum is p and


and if such numbers can be found, the
y

is g;

factored expression

is

(x -}-m)(x

+ n).

FACTORING
Ex.

Factor a2

l.

-4 x - 11.

We may consider
or

77

1,

79

77 as the product of
1 77, or
7 11, or
11 and 7 have a sum equal to
4.
.

11

7,

but of these only

Hence

a:

- 4 x - 77 =

(a;- 11) (a

7).

Since a number can be represented in an infinite number of


ways as the sum of two numbers, but only in a limited number
of ways as a product of two numbers, it is advisable to consider
the factors of q first. If q is positive, the two numbers have
both the same sign as p. If q is negative, the two numbers

have opposite

signs,

and the greater one has the same sign

as p.
of this type, however, can be factored.

Not every trinomial


Ex.

2.

Factor a2

- 11 a + 30.

The two numbers whose product


and -6.
a2

Therefore
Check.

Ex.

If

3.

tf

30 and whose

sum

11 are

a 4- 30 = (a - 5) (a
6).
+ 30 = 20, and (a - 5) (a - G) = - 4 - 6 = 20.
.

+ 10 ax - 11 a

2
.

11 a2 and whose sum


The numbers whose product is
and
a.
2
11 a?=(x + 11 a) (a- a).
Hence
fc
-f 10 ax

is

10 a are 11 a

12 /.
Factor x? - 1 afy 8
The two numbers whose product is equal to 12 yp and whose sum equals
3
8
7 y are -4 y* and -3 y*. Hence z6 -? oty+12 if= (x -3 y)(x*-4 y ).

Ex.

is

11

a = 1, a 2 - 1 1 a

Factor

is

112.

4.

In solving any factoring example, the student should first


all terms contain a common monomial factor.

determine whether

EXERCISE

40

Besolve into prime factors :


4.

tf-

5.

3.

m -5m + 6.
2

6.

a2 -

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBEA

80

x*-2x-8.
+ 2x-S.

22.

8.

x2

9.

y_ 6y

24.

7.

10.

?/

11.

?/

12.

?/

23.

16.

+6y

16.

-15?/

25.

44.

26.

-5?/-14.

27.

+ 4?/-21.
+ 30.
or - 17
+ 30.
2

13.

28.

?/

14.

15.

a 2 +11 a

29.

a?

30.

16.

a2

21.

a4

TYPE
113.

a;

x*y
ra

-9a&-226
+ 8 a -20.

2
.

ITT.

32.

4xy

21y.
21 a 2

4 wia 2

a'
2

- 70 x y - 180
2

34.

10 x y 2

35.

200 x2

36.

4 a 2 - 48

+
+ 446

400 x
aft

a;

2
.

200.
2
.

QUADRATIC TRINOMIALS OF THE FORM

According to 66,
- 2) = 20 x2 + 7 x - 6.
(4 x + 3) (5 x
20 x2 is the product of 4 a; and 5 x.
6 is the product of + 3 and
2.
.

+7
Hence

33.
2

+ 7ax 18.
-17a& + 7(U

</

a 2^ 2

20.

?/

31.

18.

a2

-7p-8.
+ 5<y 24.

17.

19.

ay -11 ay +24.
ra + 25ra + 100.
3?/-4 +
a' -2a&-24&
n + 60+177>
a + 7 a -30.
a -7 a -30.
a? + 5
+ 6 a.
100 xr - 500 x + 600.
6 a -18 a + 12 a

a?

is

the

in factoring 6

x2

sum of the
13 x

+ 5,

cross products.

we have

to find

two

bino-

mials whose corresponding terms are similar, such that

The
The

first

last

two terms are factors of 6 x 2


two terms are factors of 5,

and the sum

By

give the correct

of the cross products equals

we find which of the


sum of cross products.

actual trial

13

x.

factors of 6 x 2

and 5

FACTORING
If

we consider that the

factors of -f 5

and that they must be negative,


sible

81

as

must have

13 x

is

combinations are contained in the following

6x-l

6.e-5

x-5
- 31 x

x-1

3xl
\/
/\

V
A

V
A

Evidently the

combination

last

a;

2x- 5
- 17 x

11 x
is

like signs,

negative, all pos:

V
A

a;

2o?-l

13 a

the correct one, or

- 13 x + 5 = (3 x - 5) (2 x - 1).

In actual work

it is not always necessary to write down


and after a little practice the student
combinations,
possible
should be able to find the proper factors of simple trinomials

114.

all

The work may be shortened by the

at the first trial.

ing considerations

follow-

If p and r are positive, the second terms of the factors have


same sign as q.
2. If p is poxiliw, and r is negative, then the second terms of
1.

the

the factors

have opposite signs.

a combination should give a sum of cross products, which has the


same absolute value as the term qx, but the opposite sign, exchange the
If

signs of the second terms of the factors.


3. If py? -\-qx-\-r does not contain any monomial factor, none
of the binomial factors can contain a monomial factor.

Ex.

Factor 3 x 2

- 83 x

-f-

54.

The
and

factors of the first term consist of one pair only, viz. 3 x and x,
the signs of the second terms are minus. 64 may be considered the

product of the following combinations of numbers 1 x 54, 2 x 27, X x 18,


6 x 9, 9 x 6, 18 x 3, 27 x 2, 54 x 1. Since the first term of the first fac:

tor (3 x) contains a 3, we have to reject every combination of factors of


54 whose first factor contains a 3.
Hence only 1 x 54 and 2 x 27 need

be considered.

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

82

3s-2

3x-l

x-54

-27

- 83 x
- 163 x
2
=
83 x + 64
Therefore 3 z
2) (x
27).
(3
a;

The type

115.

pa; -f go; -h r is

the most important of the

trinomial types, since all others (II, IV) are special cases of
In all examples of this type, the expressions should be
it.

arranged according to the ascending or the descending powers


of some letter, and the monomial factors should be removed.

EXERCISE
Kesolve into prime factors
1.

2.
3.

4.
5.
6.

7.
8.

2x* + 9x-5.
4a2 -9tt + 2.
3x*-Sx + 4.

5m -26m -f 5.
6n + 5?i-4.
3a + 13a; + 4.
Sar' + Sa-G.
2

13.
14.

10a?2

10.
11.
12.

15.

16.
17.
18.

-9a;-7.
12^-17^-1-6.
6n 2 -f 13w + 2.
2

2.y

+ 172/-9.
2

14 a -fa -4.

15

21.

10a2

40*.

- 77 xy + 10 y
-23afc + 126

aj*

24.

- 13 xy + 6 y2
12 x -7 ay- 10
4a? + 14oj + 12.

25.

G a2

2
.

i/ .

ar*

+ 11

or

+ 12 a.

26.

12y -2/-6.
2

SoJ + llay

23.

2i/

19.

20.

22.

+ 2/-3.
- 17-9.
10 a - 19 a -f 6.
9 y + 32^-16.
2m -t-7w + 3.

9.

41

27.

28.

100^-200^ + 100^.

29.

5 a6

30.

-9 a - 2 a
90 x*y - 260 xy - 30 y
6

31.

90 a

32.

33.
34.
35.

- 300 ab

250

-f-

2
.

2
fc

f-3y -4y
40a -90aV + 20aV.
144 x - 290 xy -f 144 y*
4x
8 ofy + 3 y
2

-f-

FACTORING

TYPE

83

THE SQUARE OF A BINOMIAL

IV.

Jr

2 xy

+/.

form are special cases of the preceding type, and may be factored according to the method used
In most cases, however, it is more convenient
for that type.
Expressions of this

116.

them according

to factor

a2

to

2 xy

65.

+ if = (x

2
?/)

trinomial belongs to this type, i.e. it is a perfect square,


of its terms are perfect squares, and the remaining

when two
term

equal to twice the product of the square roots of these

is

terms.

The student should note that a term,


must have a positive sign.

in order to be a perfect

square,

24 xy

16 y?

Evidently 10

+ 9 y'

&

is

24 xy

2VWx

a perfect square, for


+ 9 y2 = (4 x - 3 y) 2

x V0y2" = 24

To factor a trinomial which

is

a perfect square, connect the

square roots of the terms which are squares by the sign of the

maining term, and

EXERCISE

42

2.

m + 2mn + n
c -2cd-d
2

8.

9.

-10g-f25.

10.

+6a6
2

wi -f

4.

x* - 10 x -f 16.

11.

2/

5.

a 2_4 a &

12.

13.

25

-10a6-25.

6.

7.

m -14ww + 49n
2

2
.

14.

-f

a4

a -flOa&4-6 4

+ 462.

3.

re-

indicate the square of the resulting binomial.

Determine whether or not the following expressions are


feet squares, and factor whenever possible
1.

xy.

6 m*ti

-f

n*.

x>

16 a

- 20 xy -f 4 y\
- 26 ab + 9 6
2

per-

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

84
15.

16a 2 -24a&4- 9& 2

16.

+ GO + 25.
225 ofy - 60 a# + 4.

3<>

a;

19.

a;

17.

- 20 ab + 10 b
a - 2 ofy + ofy
m - 6 m* + 9 m.
10 a 2

18.

2
.

20.

Make the following expressions perfect squares by supplying the missing terms
:

-6& +

21.

u2

22.

x*-Sx + (

).

24.

+ 6a + (
9a -(
) +

25.

144 a 2

23. a2

TYPE

+(

).

16&*.
2

)-f816

27.

64 a 4

28.

4m

29.

m
4a + 12a + (

30.

!Gar

20

-f-

-(

According

to

-/.

65,

^//c

Ex.

1.

Ex.

2.

Ex.

10

10

a4
a2

2
-f 6 is

-f b

2.

a -9.

3.

36

-6

2
.

(a

prime.

EXERCISE

tf-y\

-b)
= (a* + b*)(a + b)(a-b).

- 6 = (a

Resolve into prime factors


1.

to the

- 3 * ).
aV - 9 z* = (2 ary + 3 z ) (2
1G a - 64 6 = 16(a - 4 6
= lG(tt +2Z> )(a -26 ).
4

3.

NOTE,

).

)+25.

difference of the squares of two numbers is equal


the sum and the difference of the two numbers.
of
product
i.e.

).

THE DIFFERENCE OF TWO SQUARES

V.

JT

117.

100w +(
)+49.
-48 a +(
).

26.

).

43

4.

4a2 -l.

5.

1-49 a

6.

81

-*

2
.

2
.

7.

100a2 -68

8.

a2 & 2 -121.

9.

9a2

FACTORING

One or both terms are squares

118.

Ex.

Factor a

1.

- (c 4- d)

a2 - (c

Ex.

85

of polynomials.

2
.

+ d) 2 = (a + c + cZ) (a - c - (I)

Resolve into prime factors and simplify

2.

EXERCISE 44
Resolve into prime factors
1.
2.

3.

(m-7?)

(m -f
#

5.

16

T.

8.

-y.

9.

_p

16p

n)

4.

6.

(m-f-n)
2

(?/

4-

2:)

(y -f

cc

a:)

25a -(&-c)
(m-h2n)

36|>

(m

3n)

2
(
2

(2a-5&) -(5c-9ef)
2

10.

(a

11.

x?

(x

12.

(x -f

13.

(2a

14.

(2s

6)

-f-

2
.

y)*.
2

9 2/ 2

?/)

+ 5) -(3a-4)
2

2
.

2
.

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

86

TYPE

GROUPING TERMS

VI.

By the introduction of parentheses, polynomials can


frequently be transformed into bi- and trinomials, which may
be factored according to types I- VI.
119.

A. After grouping
tain a

Ex.

Ex.

the terms, ive find that the

1.

2.

Factor ax
ax

Factor

or

x8

-f-

bx

bx

-f

ay

+ by

5 x2

- 6z2

ay

con-

x
x

-f by.

= x(a + &) +

Resolve into prime factors

= z2

ax + bx

2.

ma

3.

2an-3&n + 2ag-3&?.

4.

4:cx

5.

10ax-5ay-6bx + 3by.

6.

a?

+ ay+by.

+ m&

+ 4cy--5dx

+ x + 2x + 2.

By

6)

(.r,

5)

- (x -

5)

45

1.

?*a

y(a

-f 5.

EXERCISE

B.

new terms

common factor.

7.

nb.

5dy.

8.

raV + nV

9.

3 a 2ic

10.

a3

11.

12.

a5

m ?/
2

- 4 6 x -f 3 a y 2

+ ab 6
- 7 c + 2c - 14.
- a a - ab + bx.
a 26

grouping, the expression becomes the difference of two

squares.

Ex.1. Factor 9 x*-y*-4:Z 2 -f 4 yz.

= (3 x + y - 2

(3 x

- y + 2 2).

FACTORING
Ex.

Factor 4 a2

2.

87

+ 9 tf - 4 f - 12 aaj

-f-

6y.

Arranging the terms,


4 a2

- 62 + 9

_ 4 _ 12 ax + 4 6y
2
= 4 a 2 - 12 ax + 9 a2
+ 4 &t/ 4 y2
= (4 a 2 - 12 z + 9 x2)_ (&2 _ 4 ty + 4 ^2)
a;*

*/2

ft

EXERCISE
Kesolve into prime factors
1.

2.
3.

+ 2xy + y*-q*.
l~a -2a5-6

x*

4.

36

5.

-4a6 + 46 -25.

7.
8.

a 2 -10a6
4

46

m - 6 ww + n 2

<

6.

+ 256 2

x -ar -2a;-l.
2

SUMMARY OF FACTORING
First find

I.

monomial factors common

to all terms.

Binomials are factored by means of the formula

II.

a 2 -6 2

= (a + 6)(a-6).

Trinomials are factored by the method of cross products,


although frequently the particular cases II and IV are more conIII.

venient.

IV.

Polynomials are reduced to the preceding cases by grouping

terms.

EXERCISE

47

MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES*
Resolve into prime factors
!.

2.
3.

16.

+ 16.
w -m 2.

8ra
2

6a4 + 37a2 + 6.
6a4 -12a2 + 6.

6.

2a3/

4.

+c+

2/

* See page 266.

7.

a8 - 9 a2

8.

4 v*

$-

m -Gw + 9-n
2

- 10 xy + 4 y\
2
.

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

88
10.

x*-xif.

11.

10 a 2

12.

4a

13.

49 a 4

14.

-32 aft + 6

4ft

2
ft .

17.

18.

?v

7#2

or

_w
8

ft

ft

16. 2

4 a;

+ 14.

19. 5a'
20.

a6

22.

3 a2

156.

23.

24.

a;

3
25. a

ft

a.

+ a + a + l.
2

:J

ft

+ 2 ?<s

>r

_|_ ft)2

256

35. 2

38.

a5

39.

42 s 2

(a;

2
?/)

V
2

51 xyz

+ 50.

40. 3
41.

__ G4.

a -128.

36. any

48.
+ 6 aft + 3
80 a
310 x
40.
4

20

34.

-50^ + 45.
a3

32.

29.

tt

33. (^

n Qy 2 .
2

30.

27.
28.

-42 a + 9 a
20a -90a -50.
4

-2a + a*-l.
42 x - 85 xy + 42 y
10 w
43 w
9.
25 a
+ 25 aft - 24.
13 c - 13 c - 156.

26.

3#4 -3a2 -36.

CHAPTER

VII

HIGHEST COMMON FACTOR AND LOWEST COMMON


MULTIPLE

HIGHEST COMMON FACTOR


120.

The

common

highest

factor (IT. C. F.) of

two or more

the algebraic factor of highest degree common


expressions
to these expressions thus a 6 is the II. C. F. of a 7 and a e b 7
is

Two

expressions which have no


are prime to one another.
121.

The H.

common

factor except unity

two or more monomials whose factors

C. F. of

are prime can be found by inspection.


The H. C. F. of a 4 and a 2 b is a2
.

The H.
The H.

C. F. of

aW, aW,

C. F. of (a

8
ft)

and

and (a

cfiW is
2

fc)

a 2 /) 2

(a

4
ft)

is

+ 6)

(a

2
.

122. If the expressions have numerical coefficients, find by


arithmetic the greatest common factor of the coefficients, and
prefix it as a coefficient to H. C. F. of the algebraic expressions.
Thus the H. C. F. of 6 sfyz, 12 tfifz, and GO aty 8 is 6 aty.

The student should note


H. C.

F. is the lowest

that the power of each factor in the


power in which that factor occurs in any

of the given expressions.

EXERCISE
Find the H. C. F. of

4.

2.

3.

15

aW,

13 aty

8
,

25

48

W.

39 afyV.

5.
6.

89

33

2
7

22 3 2
2

s
,

24

23 3
,

3
,

5,

5
7

34 2s
,

II

2
.

54

32

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBEA

90

6 rarcV, 12 w*nw 8, 30

7.

mu\

39 afyV, 52 oryz4, 65 zfyV.


38 #y, 95 2/V, 57 a>V.

8.
9.

aWd,

10.

225

11.

4a

12.

4(m -f ?i)

10

8 a

a&X -15 bed

75

16 a

3
,

11

24 a

5(w + w)

2
,

6(m+l) (m+2),

14.

3
a;

(a7

5
?/)

7(m + n}\m
2

8(?/i-f-l)

aj*(a?

6.

13.

- y)\

O+

12

0^(0;

3),

ri).

4(m+l)

- y)

2
.

3
.

123. To find the H. C. F. of polynomials, resolve each polynomial into prime factors, and apply the method of the
preceding article.
Ex. 1. Find the H. C. F. of
+ 4 if, x2

^-4^

and

tf

-7 xy + 10 f.
- 3 xy + 2 y* = (x - 2 ?/) (x - y)
- 7 xy + 10 2 = (x - 2 y) (a; - 5 y).
= x 2 y.

x*

x2

Hence the H. C. F.

7/

EXERCISE
Find theH.
1.

4 a3 6 4 8 a663 - 12 as 66

2.

15 x-y^ 2 10 arV - 5 x3?/ 2

3.

25 m27i, 15

4.

3ao;

49

C. F. of:

7/i

-3^

n2

10

mV.

6 mx - 6
4

4
?io; .

5.

6 a2

6.

y?

7.

a2

8.

ar*

- 6 a&,

10.

12.
13.
14.

15.
16.

a;?/

a;

^-707 + 12, 0^-80:4-16, ^a + 5^ + 6,^-9, ^-f a;-6.


a2 - 8 a + 16, a3 -16 a, a -3a-4.
a2 + 2a-3, a2 + 7a-f!2, a3 -9a.
y + 3y-64,y + y-42,
2a -f5a-f 2, 4a -f 4a2

-5^

- # 4 afy -f 4
- 6 a' + 2 a& + 6
- 5 + 6, ^-

9.

11.

5 a6

2
.

3
.

LOWEST COMMON MULTIPLE

91

LOWEST COMMON MULTIPLE

multiple of two or more expressions is an


be divided by each of them without a
which
can
expression
124.

common

remainder.

Common

2
multiples of 3 x

The

125.

lowest

and 6 y are 30 xz y, 60

common

x^y'

300 z 2 y,

etc.

two or more

multiple (L. C. M.) of

expressions is the common multiple of lowest degree; thus,


ory is the L. C. M. of tfy and xy*.
126. If the expressions have a numerical coefficient, find by
arithmetic their least common multiple and prefix it as a coefficient to the L. C.

The
The

M of the algebraic expressions.

L. C.

M.

of 3

L. C.

M.

of 12(a

aW,

a^c8
3

ft)

c6 is

and (a

C a*b*c*.

+ &)*( -

&)

is

12(a

+ &)( - 6)2.

127. Obviously the power of each factor in the L. C. M. is


equal to the highest power in which it occurs in any of the

given expressions.
128. To find the L. C. M. of several expressions which are
not completely factored, resolve each expression into prime
factors and apply the method for monomials.

Ex.

1.

Find the L.

C.

M.

of 4 a 2 6 2 and 4 a 4

4 a 2 &2

2.

Find the L.C.M. of as -&2 a2 + 2a&-f b\ and 6-a.


,

= (a -f

Hence the L.C.M.


NOTE.

=4 a2 62 (a2 - 6 3 ).

Hence, L. C. M.

Ex.

-4 a 68

The

L. C.

M. of the

last

&)'

(a

6) .

- (a + &) 2 (a

In
example
ft).
two lowest common multiples, which
is

also

general, each set of expressions has

have the same absolute value, but opposite

signs.

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

92

EXERCISE
Find the L.
1.
2.

a,

a 2 a3
,

C.
.

xy\

afy,
3

y*.
2

4a

3.

7.

4 a 5 6cd, 20

8.

ic

a,

10.

50

M. of:

8 a.

5.

6.

afc'cd

3 ab, 3(a

4.

40 abJ, 8 d 5

+ b).

9.

-f

6 y, 5

a?

a2

2
a?-b\ a + 2ab + b' 2a-2b.

a~b,

a?

14.

7i)

3(m

18.

19.

x2

a,-

a;

-f2, x

4,

a;

-f-

3#

+ 2,

21.

a 2 -fa6, a&

#,

x2

3 a

20.

or -f-

+ 5 a + 6,

+&

22.

a -!, a^-1,

23.

ic

24.

ax -{-ay ~

7ic+10,
bx

15

3,
2

a2

2
.

a 2 -f 4 a +4.

-f

x2 + 4 a

-f 4,

#.

~ab

6b 2

1.
a?

lOaj-f-lfi,
by,

3 a

a.

+ n) 4 m

-4)(a-2)

30

a, a.

+ 6.
+ 2, a -f 3, a 1.
2 a - 1, 4 a - 1, 4 a -f 2.

17.

?/.

15.
16.

ic

y,

b,

(a

13.

-{-

3
Z>

3 a

x.

a;

2(m

12.

a?b,

5 a 2 ^ 2 15

T a

(a-2)(a-3) ( a -3)(a-4)
2
2a?b-'2ab 2
a, 2 a

8 afy, 24

11.

xif,

b,

x*

~5a;-f 6.

2 x -\-2 y.

(For additional examples see page 268. )

CHAPTER

VIII

FRACTIONS

REDUCTION OF FRACTIONS

129.

with a

-f-

fraction is

an indicated quotient; thus -

is identical

The dividend a is called the numerator and the


The numerator and the denominator

b.

divisor b the denominator.

are the terms of the fraction.


All operations with fractions in algebra are identical

130.

with the corresponding operations in arithmetic. Thus, the


value of a fraction is not altered by multiplying or dividing
both its numerator and its denominator by the same number;
the product of two fractions is the product of their numerators
divided by the product of their denominators, etc.
In arithmetic, however, only positive integral numerators
shall assume that the

and denominators are considered, but we

arithmetic principles are generally true for

all

algebraic numbers.

131. If both terms of a fraction are multiplied or divided by


the same number) the value of the fraction is not altered.
rni

Thus

132.

and

Reduce

1.

Remove
tor, as 8,

TT

= ma

mb

is

Hence

~-

successively all
2

a?,

j/' ,

and z 8

and

mx = -x
my y

in its lowest

denominator have no

its

Ex.

fraction

a
-

terms

common

when

its

numerator

factors.

to its lowest terms.

common

divisors of

(or divide the terms

.ry
^

24

2 z
= --

3x

by

numerator and denomina-

their H. C. F.

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

94

133. To reduce a fraction to its lowest terms, resolve numerator


and denominator into their factors, and cancel all factors that are

common

Never cancel terms of the numerator or the

to both.

denominator; cancel factors only.

Ex.

2.

a*

Keduce

6 a'

6a
qs

_. 6

tf

Ex.

3.

Keduce

a*

*8a

to its lowest terms.

24 a2

n2 + 8 a
24 a*

_ ap 2 - 6 a + 8)
6 d\a* - 4)

~ 2 62

--

to its lowest terms.

a2

62

_Q

2 6

EXERCISE 51*
Reduce
i

to lowest terms

9-5

o
3

*'

32

78

2.33

-7 a

'

12a4"

T^

3T5"**

'

36 arV
18 x2^'

* See page 268.

K
6

'

39 a2 6 8c4

FRACTIONS
7-

^-.

9.

10.

11

'

22 a 2 bc
1

8.

4-

m-

n h

95

11

21.

J-

~__ 9n _ 22

^+3*.
LJZJ^JL.

9x +

23.

^ Mtr

"a"

04

!l

'-M

12.

??i

or

it*?/

2fi
25.

7i

-9
- 10 a + 3
2

rt<

3a

15

x1

4 xy

"-^

'

//(/

' ft<

'

_.*..

?tt

^"

"
16.

.7

27.

?/

-*-7 *
,

OQ

12
15

m
m

3 a3

7 w,n

_6a

4
18.

19.

a;

^'

wn + n
2
?i

T>

a/i

+6
^.

29.

nx
17.

26.

14.

+y

30.

5^-10
y

rt

"-""-;'

31.

32.

ny

ELEMENTS OF 'ALGEBRA

96

Reduction of fractions to equal fractions of lowest common


Since the terms of a fraction may be multiplied

134.

denominator.

by any quantity without altering the value of the fraction, we


may use the same process as in arithmetic for reducing fractions to the lowest

Ex.

mon

common

denominator.

Reduce -^-,
and
6rar 3 a?
kalr

1.

to their lowest

com-

T
denominator.

The

L. C.

M.

To reduce

of

//-*

2
,

3 a\ and 4

aW

is

to a fraction with the

12 afo 2 x2 .

denominator 12 a3 6 2 x2 numerator
,

^lA^L O r 2 a 3

and denominator must be multiplied by

22

'

Similarly, multiplying the terms of

***- by
^ 3

2
,
'

we have

by 4

-M^-1^22
,
'

2>

6' .r

2
,

and the terms of

and

Tb reduce fractions to their lowest common denominator,


C.M. of the denominators for the common denominator.
Divide the L.C.M. by the denominator of each fraction, and
135.

take the L.

multiply each quotient by the corresponding numerator.

Ex

Reduce

to their lowest

common

TheL.C.D. =(z

denominator.

+ 3)(z- 3)O -

1).

Dividing this by each denominator,


(x

3),

and

(a-

we have

the quotients (x

1),

8).

Multiplying these quotients by the corresponding numerators and


writing the results over the common denominator, we have

(a

+ 3) (a -8) (-!)'
NOTE.

Since a

(z

-6
+ 3)(s-3)O-l)'

we may extend this method

6a;~16
(a

+ 3) (x- 3) (-!)'

to integral expressions,

FRACTIONS
EXERCISE

97

52

common denominator

.Reduce the following to their lowest


1.

5?, JL.
22 a2

^*

5a

n">

.T

2,^1.

3.

a?

^'

*
.

.,

'

S?

.,

m^

?y2"

o
o

a.

2aj
~

>

7^

i, i.

26

5c

**.

S*

7i

5
o>

",oj

o atf

2 ab*

2a-l
_
n.

5a
-

6.

o*

77"

or

9a ~l' 3a-l
2

2 a8

zl

3.T

4a

+ 6 a-

jj

'

8'

'

6
*

'

3y

Ga-1
9

'

ay

bxby

IB.

?--,

ax

a
g

'

2a
;

-f-5

a2

25

- a+2

18.

'

a 2 -3a-f 2

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF FRACTIONS


136.

Since --{-c

= 5L^
c

(Art. 74), fractions having a

common

denominator are added or subtracted by dividing the sum or the


difference of the numerators by the common denominator.
137. If the given fractions have different denominators,
they must be reduced to equal fractions which have the
lowest common denominator before they can be added (01
subtracted).

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

98

Ex

Sim

'

The L.

C. D.

^
is

4(2 a

- 3 ft)(2 a

-f

Ga-6

2^JT)

ft).

Multiplying the terms of the first fraction by 2(2 a


the second by (2 a - 3 ft), and adding, we obtain
2 a

2(2 a

+3
-3

6 a

ft

4(2 a

-f

ft

ft)

_ 2(2 a +

ft)

(2 a

4(2 a

ft)

_ 8 a 2 -f 24 aft

~~

ft

12 a 2

The

138.

-f

aft -f

21

ft)

- 20 aft

4(2a-3ft)(2a-f
20 a 2

the terms of

+ 3 ft) -f (2 a - 3
- 3 ft)(2 a + 3 ft)

18

-f

+ 3 ft),

(6 a -ft)

-f

ft

and subtraction should be

results of addition

ft

3ft)

re-

duced to their lowest terms.


T?

Ex.

2.

cr

_T__

-r-

-\-t

Simplify

a2

ab

a-3b

a(a

ft).

_ 3 ab + 2 = ( a _ ft)( _ 2
a 2 -2 aft :=(- 2
= a(a - (a 2 6).
L. C. D.
3
a
2a +
"~
a2

ft2

ft).

ft).

Hence the
a
a2

-f

2 6

ft)

ft

ft

- aft

a2

aft

a2

ft2

_(a +

aft

2ft)(a-2ft) +a (2q +
a(a - ft) (a

2
=a -4

ft

a(a

=a

^.

4 6

Ca2

2
(2 a 4- aft)

ft)~.

(a-8ft)(a~-ft)

2ft)

- 4 aft +

ft

2ft)

ft)(a

+ 2qg+6~ag-f4a&-8

ft

a(a-ft)(a -2ft)
...

NOTE.
(a

ft)

a(a

+ 5 aft - 7
- ft)(a - 2

a(a

-2

2 a2

ft

ft)

_. (2

a(a

7 ft)fa
ft)(a

ft)

ft)

'

ft)

In simplifying a term preceded by the minus sign, e.g.


(a
ft), the student should remember that parentheses are

understood about terms ( 66) hence he should, in the beginning, write


2
the product in a parenthesis, as
4 aft -f- 3 ft 2).
(a
;

FRACTIONS

99

EXERCISE 53*
Simplify

2a-4

2.

9m + 7n

3.

2x + 3y

3x

5a-76

8.

9.

3a

46

106

6a-116

15a-26

13 a

116

2a

4a

4a

10.

'

7.

++.
6

36

36

12.

3u

2v

12 uv

5 wv

8v

30 u

18 v

13.

-+-

19.

_H_ + _*_.
a+6 a 6

14.

? + i-

20.

15.

A+2_3.

21.

j>0

16.

i>

-1*

18-

t-3

q
*

M.

m-f 3

23.

m-2*

-^4-f25.

1 -f

1
17.

5n

x + 2y
45

15

6m

24.

a "" 2 6
'

m
m

2L +
2a

a _2
6 a 4- 5

1
1 -f

a-2
a + 3*
2 a -7
a-f-1

2)
* See page 270.

'

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

LOO

26

27

x*3x + 2 x-2

,9.

3a

2x

x2

+.
a

+ 3y

Gx

5x

x-3y

~.

'

30.

a-f-1

31.

32.

_m

+m

36

&

34.

a2+ a ^_2&2

x-2

35.

Qfi
ou

Q
3
*

/j.

'

TTo

<1

n.

'>

-.9

a2

- 679
2

/ IIlNT:

+ 1.

i. _
'

+b

Let a

+a=

42.

?^

-_ +
a?

\_

ic

41.

O
:_

"I

L
"I

IT-i ~T~ 7

a-f 1-f

39.

40.

/Yl

37

38.

_w

a;

+ y.

43.

?/

^-2-^+6m 3
45

'

x2

-7x+12~x

44.

a
2

'
}

-l7x + 4:~

^>

FRACTIONS
To reduce a

139.

101

fraction to an integral or
*

mixed expression.

= +
ceo
Hence

5a2 -15a-7 = 5 a2
5a

oa

v
Ex.

1.

*-

T,

Reduce

or

4 x3

2a; 2

+ 4tf

2x

(S74)
v
'

15a

oa

5a

17

2 x2

+ 4x
4 x2 - 6 x
+ 10x-

5a

to a

.7

=a

mixed expression.

2 g 4- 6

4 x2

Therefore

3g

- 17

17

(2^ + 2x

5-3

-f

(2x-,'3)
2

EXERCISE

54

Keduce each of the following fractions


expression

to a

9a2 -6a + 2
3a

*-

m -f 6

n 2 + 7n + 14

fi

+1

mixed or

integral

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

102

MULTIPLICATION OF FRACTIONS
140. Fractions are multiplied by taking the product of tht
numerators for the numerator, and the product of the denominators for the

or,

expressed in symbols:

denominator;

_ac
b'd~bd'

Since -

141.

= a,

we may extend any

fractions to integral numbers,

To multiply a fraction by an

-x

e.g.

principle proved for

=
b

integer, multiply the

numerator by

that integer.

142. Common factors in the numerators and the denominators


should be canceled before performing the multiplication.
(In

order to cancel

common

factors, each

nator has to be factored.)

Ex.

!.

Simplify
1
J

The

Ex.

2.

expreeaion

F J
Simplify

=8

numerator and denomi-

FRACTIONS
EXERCISE
Find the following products
8

'

"

'

48

..

'

53 *38

14 b*

10 a 8

5c

36C2

"

'

76

10 (a

56

5#

3a 2 6

c&

GoA

ai>

9m
_
JO.

-25n

3m +&n

a2

12
2

ar
"

'

"

3m

,.
14.

5n

15.

_G
x

2 ab

+ 1"

"

fc

12 d6 4- 20

b*

'

a 2 -5a-h4
<

(x

I)

a2 -5a-6

a;

aj

18.
a?

-f

a;

o,

o?-f

a2 4-3a-4
a2 3 a 4

x2 + x

17.

'

14m4

q~.
4

7a-216

ot

"

34 ab 2

4a-f-86
"

56 2c

17 ab
'

'

'

6)

"

21m*

36^

as b*'

4- 6

'

4 ac2

'

'

8.

55

a2

2!v!
2
4

103

50

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

104

DIVISION OF FRACTIONS
143. To divide an expression by a fraction, invert the divisor
and multiply it by the dividend.
Integral or mixed divisors
should be expressed in fractional form before dividing.

The

144.

dividing 1

number

reciprocal of a

is

the quotient obtained by

-f-

by that number.

The

reciprocal of a

is

The

reciprocal of J

is

+*

The reciprocal of ?
Hence the

a
|.

+ + * = _*_.
x
a + b

is

reciprocal of a fraction

obtained by inverting

is

the fraction, and the principle of division


follows

may

be expressed as

145. To divide an expression by a fraction,


expression by the reciprocal of the fraction.

the

multiply

Ex.

1.

Divide X-n?/

by

x** -f xy 2

s^jf\ =
2

x'

-f

x*y

x*

- y3
+

x3

2/

+y

x*y~ -f y

x'

xy*

EXERCISE 56*
Simplify the following expressions
x*

'""*'-*-

ft2
'

om

'

13 a& 2
5

+a

.
:

2 a2 6 2

r
-

i_L#_-i-17

ar

u2

a 4-1

* See page 272.

a-b

FRACTIONS

-.-

^-5^+4

'

105

t
'

'

a^-3^-4
?

4*

.
'

'

>

m
12

a
a2
6

a?-~ab

2a

4- 5

4-g-20

80
50

??i

^y

?/

4-

a:

+3

mm

ga2

25

15 #4- 10 ?/ _._
~#

a*?/

in^o

a2

.T ?/

45

4-g-2
2

w + 56

-f- 1

4a

a-

5 a
4-

'

"xy

14

15

a2

(Jf

fr

a2

4- 6

+ 064- 6

COMPLEX FRACTIONS
146. A complex fraction is a fraction whose numerator or
denominator, or both, are fractional.

Ex.

l.

Simplify

<!

a
a2 c

-L

4.

&

_6

4-

ab 2 4-

4-

a6 2 4- &c 2

&c*

a
,

ac

a2c

4- afr 4- ^c

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

16

147.

In

many examples

the easiest

mode

of simplification

ia

multiply both the numerator and the denominator of the


mplex fraction by the L. C. M. of their denominators.
If the numerator and denominator of the preceding examples
multiplied by a&c, the answer is directly obtained.

x -}- ?/
x y
_x^_l
X ~V
x+y
.

Ex.

2.

Simplify

xy

+y

Multiplying the terms of the complex fraction by


(x
y), the expression becomes
(x

EXERCISE
Simplify

57

x
2.

y
X

4*
2
y

3.

JL.

4.

+6.

&

6.

7i+~
.

,a

^c

-n
a

7.

9.

_^

,y

m ""

-.

32

8.

i.
c

x*

10.

FRACTIONS

m
11.

1
15.

a "~
2

12.

~T"

!^-5n

107

y
1

&

+2

'

-i

19

20

a4-6
13.

m^n*
n

17.

"

"

1
/*-_i_i

4-

14.

s-y

18.

1+ 1
ti

(For additional examples see page 273.)

flg-f-l

a?l

a;-~l

ic+1

CHAPTER IX
FRACTIONAL AND LITERAL EQUATIONS

FRACTIONAL EQUATIONS
If an equation contains fracbe
removed
by multiplying each term by the
may
L. C. M. of the denominator.
148.

Clearing of fractions.

tions, these

^-2^
63 =

Ex.1. Solve

-* + *-*.

12

Multiplying each term by 6 (Axiom


2 x

Removing parentheses, 2x

2(x
2

a;

3)

9x

Uniting,

Ex.

If

2.

=
=

89),

72

-3

72

(a; 4-

Bx

4)

12

x.

Qx.

2z-2a;-f3# + C:E=-6-f72-12.

Transposing,

Check.

3,

= 6,

each

member

-I

reduced to

1.

14

Solve

is

= 64.
= 6.

+1

+3

-!)(&+ 1) (x + 3),
+ 1) (a + 3) - 14 (a; - l)(z + 3) = - 9(se + !)( 14 x 2 - 28 x + 42 = - 9 x2 + 9.
5 x2 + 20 x + 15
15 - 42 + 9.
14 z 2 + z 2 + 20 x - 28 a =
5 x2
- 8 x = - 48,
= 6.

Multiplying by (x

5(3

Simplifying,

Transposing,
Uniting,

85

Check.

If

6,

each

member

is

reduced to

108

1.

I).

FRACTIONAL AND LITERAL EQUATIONS


EXERCISE
Solve the following equations

109

58

_ +7
a?

32

'2

--.
3

a?

"T"" 4

"

4- 1

_7-7

""~TiT"

a?

a;

'

3
10.

^-1 = 9.
a/

12.

= 12.

+4
14.

1+5

= 19

-^^0

= 5.

&

a/

'

11.

- = 2.

a:

16.

=
xx
a?

a?

*>

a;

13.

= 2.

a?

18.

hi-

15.

+^ + 3 = 11.
^'

2,

a;

20

on

334

+2

y-2

+1

y-3 ==

2
^

16

ELEMENTS Of ALGEBRA

110

24.

?_=_.

29.

y+3~2

25.

l-~.

26
26.

4a4-l4*
+

27

2^12 = 2

28

=
34.

35.

36.

31
31.

32

_J_ = _J3 ._
_

20

x+3 x-3

33.

6
.

o^-

13

J_.

3x

3x-2

3x-2

3x*-2x
23 x

51

2a?-3
A*

22

26

4^-9

2^4-3
37.

38

^^

'

39

'

x- 11_4 x-

40.

149. If two or more denominators are monomials, and" the


remaining one a polynomial, it is advisable first to remove the
monomial denominators only, and after simplifying the resulting equation to clear of all denominators.

FRACTIONAL AND LITERAL EQUATIONS


Ex.1.

Solve

5#

10
Multiplying each term by
tors,

16 x

Transposing and

L. C. M. of the monomial denomina-

10, the

2(
+3-~

~ &Q
n
=:

a;

26

1,

a;

a;

20 g

~ Jff

each

9,

member

Solve the following equations


41

is

2.

a:

= 20 x -

5x

Dividing,
If

16 x

Transposing and uniting,

Check.

uniting.

Multiply ing by 6

60.

45.

9.

reduced to

^.

5a;-2

42
9

,,

43.

24

a;

-f

8#-f 2__ 2x

13

15

44.

~~7-16*

10 x -f 6 __ 4a;-r-7
5

6a?

6a-fll~~

+l

6x-flO
'

2a?~25

15

28

64-14

17a?~9
14

.2

18

==

111

7a;-29
507-12'

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

112

LITERAL EQUATIONS
150. Literal equations ( 88) are solved by the same method
as numerical equations.
When the terms containing the unknown quantity cannot be

actually added, they are united

factoring.

= (a -f 6)
mnx = (1 4- m

ax

Thus,

by

-f-

x -f- m 2*

bx

jr.

mn) x.

Ex.1.

ax-

Clearing of fractions,

+ bx ax

Transposing,
Uniting,

6)z

= !=?_=^6?

a;

=a

-f

-f

(a

= 3 & 2 ab.
= 2 -f b 2 - 3 6 2
= a' - & - 2 62

IP

bx

Dividing,

Reducing

151.

It

a
to

lowest terms,

frequently occurs that the

expressed by

Ex.

2.

or

x, y,

L=

If

3a-c

Multiplying by 3 (a

Transposing

all

,
?

Uniting the
Dividing,
5>

a,

fr

unknown

not

letter is

find

in

terms of b and

c)

ac

+6

= (2a + &)(3a-c).
= 6 a2 - 2 ac + 3 aft - be.

6c

terms containing a
6 ab

Simplifying,

-f
6.

3(a-c)

- c) (3 a -

6 a&

z.

6(rt-fc)(a-c)
6 a2

ab.

6 ac

to

one member,

+ 2 ac

3 ab

9 a&

4 ac

and multiplying by

1,

=
=

a(9 b

= -l^
9 b

4-

4 c

6 6c

5c.

7 6c.
-f

4 c)

= 7 &c.

c.

FRACTIONAL AND LITERAL EQUATIONS


EXERCISE
Solve the following equations

59

*,

2.
3.

4.

6.

+ 3a; = 8 4 #.
a + 26+3aj=2o + 6 + 2a?.
mx = n.

11.

ax

13.
14.

-4-- = c

21.

Z>

3(*-

12.

10.

iw

= 3 (6 a).
= 2(3a
=
aaj-ffta?
+ 7^ = 0*+^

8.

9.

113

4 (a

x)

3(2a +

aj)

a).

25

a;

?+l
a/'~~

= 2L

-f- a;

;i

c.

^o;

-f-

+ &o; = 6
(m -f n) = 2 a + (m-?i)a?.

a^

co?.

a?

n) x

15.

(wi

16.

- = H.

18.

=px + q.

- = n.

17.

+ =
xx

1.

26.

= 5.

a?

x!7

a
ITo

IIL

= vt,
= rt,
s =

_
~

2 8.

If s

solve for v.

29.

If s

solve for

30.

If

31.

If

V-t

If

Solve the same equation for^).

34.

The formula

for simple interest

-, solve for a.
c

-=-+!,

f P

33.

solve for y
a.

^^a =
1

32.

t.

solve for/.

30, Ex. 5) is

=^,

denoting the interest, p the principal, r the number of $>, and


n the number of years. Find the formula for:
i

() The
(6)
(c)

The
The
i

principal.
rate.

time, in terms of other quantities.

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

114

(a) Find a formula expressing degrees of Fahrenheit


terms of degrees of centigrade (<7) by solving the equation

35.

(F)

in

(ft)

Express in degrees Fahrenheit 40

If

36.

is

100

C.,

- 20

the circumference of a circle whose radius

= 2 TT#.

then

C.,

Find

R in terms of C and

C.
is

R,

TT.

PROBLEMS LEADING TO FRACTIONAL AND LITERAL


EQUATIONS
152. Ex. 1. When between 3 and 4 o'clock are the hands of
a clock together

At

3 o'clock the hour hand

is

15 minute spaces ahead of the minute

hand, hence the question would be formulated After how many minutes
has the minute hand moved 15 spaces more than the hour hand ?
:

x
x

Let
then

= the required number of minutes after 3 o'clock,


= the number of minute spaces the minute hand moves
over,

= the number

and
12

Therefore x

of minute spaces the

hour hand moves

over.

~ = the number of minute spaces the minute hand moves


more than the hour hand.
x

Or

~^ = 15

'

!i^=15.

Uniting,

Multiplying by

- 180.
= 16^- minutes after
x=

11 x

12,

Dividing,

3 o'clock.

Ex. 2. A can do a piece of work in 3 days and B in 2 days,


In how many days can both do it working together ?
If

by

1,

we denote
then

respectively
ff

/-

the required

A would do

number

each day ^ and

of

days by x and the piece of work


while in x days they would do

j,

~ and
and hence the sentence written in algebraic symbols
^,
2
3

FRACTIONAL AND LITERAL EQUATIONS

115

more symmetrical but very similar equation is obtained by writing


**
The work done by A in one day plus
the work done by B in one day equals the work done by both in one day."
in symbols the following sentence

Let

= the

required

Then

= the

part of the

Therefore,
Solving,

32

= |,

number

of days.

work both do

or 1J, the required

in

number

one day.

of days.

Ex. 3. The speed of an express train is $ of the speed of an


If the accommodation train needs 4
accommodation train.
hours more than the express train to travel 180 miles, what is
the rate of the express train

xx*

180

Therefore,

152

+4

(1)

= 100 + 4 x.
4x = 80.

180

Clearing,

Transposing,

Hence
fx

Explanation

If

is

36

= rate

of express train.

the rate of the accommodation train, then

the rate of the express train.

Ox
j

But

in

uniform motion Time

Distance

Rate
Hence the rates can be expressed, and the statement, u The accommodation train needs 4 hours more than the express train," gives the equation /I).

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

116

EXERCISE
1.

60

Find a number whose third and fourth parts added

together

make

21.

Find the number whose fourth part exceeds


part by 3.
2.

3.

Two numbers

ceeds the smaller by


4.

What
5.

2.

The sum of two numbers


numbers ?

is oO,

is

Find two consecutive numbers such that

Two numbers

^ of the other.

J-

of the greater

9.

by 3, and J of the greater


Find the numbers.

differ

Twenty years ago A's age was |

Find A's
8.

and one

ex-

are the

l
of the smaller.
to s

7.

fifth

by 6, and one half the greater


Find the numbers.

differ

increased by ^ of the smaller equals


6.

its

is

equal

of his present age.

age.

The sum

of the ages of a father and his son is 50, and


of the father's age.
-|

10 years hence the son's age will be

Find their present ages.


9
its

post

is

a fifth of

length in water,

and 9

its

length in the ground, one half of


What is the length

feet above water.

of the post ?

A man left ^ of his property to his wife, to his daughand the remainder, which was $4000, to his son. How

10
ter,

much money

did the

man

leave ?

11. A man lost f of his fortune and $500, and found that
he had \ of his original fortune left. How much money had
he at first?

12
left

After spending ^ of his

^ of his money and $15.

at first?

money and $10, a man had


How much money had he

FRACTIONAL AND LITERAL EQUATIONS


13.

The speed

of an accommodation train

is

117

f of the speed

of an express train.
If the accommodation train needs 1 hour
more than the express train to travel 120 miles, what is the
rate of the express train?
152, Ex. 3.)
(

An express train starts from a certain station two hours


an accommodation train, and after traveling 150 miles
overtakes the accommodation train. If the rate of the express
train is -f of the rate of the accommodation train, what is the
14.

after

rate of the latter ?


15.

At what time between 4 and

a clock together?
16.

5 o'clock are the hands of

152, Ex. 1.)

At what time between 7 and 8

o'clock are the

hands of

a clock together ?
17.

At what time between 7 and

8 o'clock are the hands of

a clock in a straight line and opposite


18.

A man

has invested

the remainder at

6%.

J-

of his

19.

money

4%, ^ at 5%, and


has he invested if

at

How much money

his animal interest therefrom is

more

$500?

A has invested capital


at

4%.

investments.

at 4J % and P> has invested $ 5000


They both derive the same income from their
How much money has each invested ?

20. An ounce of gold when weighed in water loses -fa of an


How many
ounce, and an ounce of silver -fa of an ounce.
ounces of gold and silver are there in a mixed mass weighing

20 ounces in
21.

A can

22.

air,

and losing

1-*-

ounces when weighed in water?

do a piece of work in 3 days, and B in 4 days.


In how many days can both do it working together ? ( 152,
Ex. 2.)
can do a piece of work in 2 days, and

how many days can both do

it

B in 6 days.

working together

In

23. A can do a piece of work in 4 clays, and B


In how many days can both do it working together

in
?

12 days.

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

118

The

and their solutions differ only


two given numbers. Hence, by
taking for these numerical values two general algebraic numbers, e.g. m and n, it is possible to solve all examples of this
type by one example. Answers to numerical questions of this
kind may then be found by numerical substitution. The problem to be solved, therefore, is
A can do a piece of work in m days and B in n days. In how
153.

last three questions

in the numerical values of the

many days
we

If

let

method of

can both do

= the

it working together ?
required number of days, and apply the

we

170, Ex. 2,

Solving, 3;=

-f-

obtain the equation

Therefore both working together can do

To

-- = -.
n x

it

in

mn

-f-

days.

A can do this work in 6 days


Q
= 2.
and n = 3. Then

find the numerical answer, if

ft

and

in 3 days,

they can both do

make
it

i.e.

in 2 days.

Solve the following problems


24.

In

piece of

how many days

work

if

can

(a)
(6)
(c)

(d)

and

each alone can do

ofdavs:

A in 5,
A in 6,
A in 4,
A in 6,

it

working together do a

in the following

number

B in 5.
B in 30.
B in 16.
B in 12.

25.

Find three consecutive numbers whose sum

is 42.

26.

Find three consecutive numbers whose sum

is 57.

The

last

two examples are

special cases of the following

problem
27. Find three consecutive numbers whose sum equals m.
Find the numbers if m = 24 30,009 918,414.
:

FRACTIONAL AND LITERAL EQUATIONS

119

Find two consecutive numbers the difference of whose

28.

squares

is 11.

Find two consecutive numbers -the difference of whose

29.

squares

is 21.

30. If each side of a square were increased by 1 foot, the


area would be increased by 19 square feet.
Find the side of
the square.

The

last three

examples are special cases of the following

one:

The

31.

difference of the squares of

two consecutive numbers

find the smaller number.

By using the result of this


problem, solve the following ones
Find two consecutive numbers the difference of whose squares
is ?n

is (a)

51, (b) 149, (c) 16,721, (d) 1,000,001.

Two men

same hour from two towns, 88


one traveling 3 miles per hour, and
the second 5 miles per hour. After how many hours do they
meet, and how many miles does each travel ?
32.

miles

start at the

apart, the

first

Two men start at the same time from two towns, d miles
the
first traveling at the rate of m, the second at the
apart,
After how many hours do they
rate of n miles per hour.
33.

meet, and how many miles does each travel ?


Solve the problem if the distance, the rate of the

first,

and

the rate of the second are, respectively


(a) 60 miles, 3 miles per hour, 2 miles per hour.
2 miles per hour, 5 miles per hour.
(b) 35 miles,
:

(c)

64 miles, 3J miles per hour,

4J-

miles per hour.

by two pipes in m and n minutes


how
In
many minutes can it be filled by the
respectively.
two pipes together ? Find the numerical answer, if m and n
are, respectively, (a) 20 and 5 minutes, (b) 8 and 56 minutes,
34.

(c)

A cistern can

6 and 3 hours.

be

filled

CHAPTER X
RATIO AND PROPORTION
11ATTO

The

154.

Thus the

two numbers
number by the

ratio of

dividing the

first

ratio of a

and

is

is

the quotient obtained by

second.

- or a *

b.

The

ratio is also frequently

(In most European


countries this symbol is employed as the usual sign of division.) The
ratio of 12 3 equals 4, 6 12 = .5, etc.

written a

the symbol

b,

155.

being a sign of division.

ratio

is

used to compare the magnitude of two

numbers.
" a
Thus, instead of writing

is

6 times as large as

?>,"

we may

write

= 6.

156.

The

first

term of a ratio

is

the antecedent, the second

term the consequent.


In the ratio a

ft,

the

is

numerator of any fraction

is

The

antecedent, b is the consequent.


the antecedent, the denominator

the

consequent.

157.

The

ratio -

is

the inverse of the ratio -.

a
158.

Since a ratio

fractions
if its

may

b
is

fraction, all principles

be af)plied to ratios.

E.g. a ratio

is

relating

terms are multiplied or divided by the same number,

Ex.

1.

Simplify the ratio 21 3|.

A somewhat shorter way

would be to multiply each term by


120

to

not changed

6.

etc.

AND PROPORTION

RATIO
Ex.

2.

Transform the

ratio 5

1.

equal

*~5

3J so that the

33
:

72:18.

3.

J:l.

4.

$24: $8.

4|-:5f

6.

5 f hours

3:4.

9.

8.

3:1}.

10.

8^-

hours.

27 06: 18 a6.

11.

16 x*y

12.

64 x*y

24

xif.

48

a-y

3
.

ratios so that the antecedents equal

16:64.

15.

159.

7|:4 T T

Transform the following

two

5.

7.

unity

61

ratios

62:16.

Simplify the following ratios

term will

'4*

EXERCISE

1.

first

Find the value of the following

2.

121

16.

17.

7f:6J,

is

proportion

1.

18.

16a2 :24a&.

a statement expressing the equality of

ratios.

= |or:6=c:(Z are

160.

The

first

proportions.

and fourth terms of a proportion are the


and third terms are the means. The last

extremes, the second

term

is

the fourth proportional to the

first three.

In the proportion a b = c c?, a and d are the extremes, b and c the


means. The last term d is the fourth proportional to a, b, and c.
:

If the means of a proportion are equal, either mean


the mean proportional between the first and the last terms,
and the last term the third proportional to the first and second

161.

is

terms.
In the proportion a b
:

and

c,

and

is

c,

b is the

mean

the third proportional to a and

b.

proportional between a

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

122
162.

Quantities of one kind are said to be directly proper

tional to quantities of another kind, if the ratio of any two of


the first kind, is equal to the ratio of the corresponding two

of the other kind.


ccm. of iron weigh ,30 grams, then G ccm. of iron weigh 45 grams,
6 ccm. = 30 grams 45 grams. Hence the weight of a mass of
iron is proportional to its volume.
" we
"
NOTE. Instead of u
If 4

or 4 ccm.

may say,

directly proportional

pro-

briefly,

portional.'*

Quantities of one kind are said to be inversely proportional to


quantities of another kind, if the ratio of any two of the first
kind is equal \o the inverse ratio of the corresponding two of

the other kind.


If 6 men can do a piece of work in 4 days, then 8 men can do it in
3 days, or
8 equals the inverse ratio of 4 3, i.e. 3 4. Hence the number of men required to do some work, and the time necessary to do it, are
:

inversely proportional.

163. In any proportion


product of the extremes.

t/ie

Let

product of the means


b

=c

is

equal

to the

d,

!-;
Clearing of fractions,
164.

ad =

The mean proportional

the square root

be.

bettveen two

numbers

is

equal to

of their product.

Let the proportion be

Then
Hence

=b
= ac.__(163.)
b = Vac.

a b
:

c.

165. If the product of two numbers is equal to the product of


two other numbers^ either pair may be made the means, and the

other pair the extremes, of a proportion.


If

mn = pq, and we

divide both

?^~ E.
q~~ n

(Converse of

members by

nq,

163.)

we have

AND PROPORTION

PATIO
Ex.

Find

1.

x, if

x = 12

Ex.

rn

a?

8:6 =

4$ = 35,

If

166.
I.

III.

=c

d,

=d

c.

= 35

(Called Alternation.)

of these propositions

To prove

may be proved by

is

true

example

ad

if

Division.)

a method which

= be = be.
ad = be.
bd

bd.

ad

if

But

163.)

^ =^'

Hence

These transformations are used to simplify proportions.


Change the proportion 4 5 = x 6 so that x becomes the

167.

last term.

By

true.

(Frequently called Inversion.)

illustrated by the following

I.

is

then

V.

Or

true

4|.

hence the proportion

+ b:b = c + d:d. (Composition.)


a + b:a = c + d:c.
d d. (Division.)
a
b b=c
=
b
d.
a+b a
c-)-d:c
(Composition and

IV.

This

is

Or

Any

and 5 x

a:c=b:d.

II.

is

Determine whether the following proportion

2.

t:

8 x

7.

= 42. (163.)
= f f = 3 J.

12x

Hence

123

inversion 5

=6

x.

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

124
IT.
its

Alternation shows that a proportion is not altered when


its consequents are multiplied or divided by

antecedents or

the same number.


E.g. to simplify

consequents by

3:3

Or

1:1

To

III.

divide the antecedents by 16, the

48:21=32:7x,

7,

= 2:3.
= 2:x,

i.e.

5:6

simplify the proportion

Apply composition,

11

=4

division,

Divide the antecedents by

V. To simplify

5, 1

m 3n

Apply composition and

=4

x.

x.

IV. To simplify the proportion 8


Apply

= 2.

3
3

=
=

= 5 -f x

x.

jr.

x.

= + *.

mx

= ^-

division,

2x

tin

.!=!*.

Or

3n

=-

Dividing the antecedents by m,


JJ

A parenthesis is understood

NOTE.

x
x

about each term of a proportion.

EXERCISE

62

Determine whether the following proportions are true


1.

2.
3.

5^:8 = 2:3.
= 7:2f
3J.:J

= 12 5ft.
8ajy:17 = i^:l-^.
11

4.
5.

15:22=101:15.

Simplify the following proportions, and determine whether


they are true or not
:

6.

7.

10.

= 20:7.
8.
=
9.
72:50 180:125.
m n (m n) = (m + rif m
2

= 24:25.
13 = 5f llf

18:19

120:42

6
2

n 2.

RATIO AND PROPORTION


Determine the value of x
11.
12.

40:28 = 15:0;.
112:42 = 10:a.

13.

03:a?=135:20.

14.

a?:15

17.

1, 3, 5.

21.

3, 3t, f.

20.

2, 4, 6.

22.

ra, w,j>.

25.

16 and

31.
35.

to

37.
38.
39.

40.

rap, rag.

and

a.

27.

29.

a and

1.

34.

ra

to

8 a 2 and 2 b 2

Find the

28.

2 a and 18

If ab

ra

a 2 and ab.

33.

x 10

23.

32.

Form two

14 and 21.

and 2/.

equation 6
36.

4 and 16.
|-

96.

26.

Find the mean proportional


30.

to:

19.

28.

4z = 72

= 35:*.
4 a*:15ab = 2a:x.
16 n* x = 28 w 70 ra.

18.

Find the third proportional

2.8:1.6

16.

Find the fourth proportional

9 and 12.

21

15.

= l^:18.

24.

125

a.

+ landra

proportions commencing with 5 from the

= 5 x 12.

= xy,

form two proportions commencing with

ratio of

y, if

6x = 7y.
9 x = 2 y.
6 x = y.
mx = ny.

41.
42.
43.
44.

+ fyx = cy.
x:5 = y:2.
x m = y n.
2 3 = y #.
(a

45.

7iy = 2:x.

46.

47.

=x
1 =x

2:3 = 4- x:

49.

6:5

50.

x.

= 15-o;:ff.
2= 5
x x.
:

a.

a2

Transform the following proportions so that only one


48.

b.

contains x:

1.

= 2 + x: x.
= 3 43 + x.
5=

51.

22: 3

52.

19

53.

18

a?

a;

a?.

terra

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBEA

126

State the following propositions as proportions :


T
(7 and T) of equal altitudes are to each, othei

54.

(a) Triangles

as their basis (b

and

b').

(6) The circumferences (C and C ) of two


other as their radii (R and A").
(c) The volume of a body of gas (V) is
1

circles are to

each

inversely propor-

tional to the pressure (P).

The

(d)

(A and

areas

A') of two circles are to each other as

(R and R').
The number of men (m) is inversely proportional to the
number of days (d) required to do a certain piece of work.
the squares of their radii
(e)

55. State whether the quantities mentioned below are


directly or inversely proportional
(a) The number of yards of a certain kind of silk, and the
:

total cost.

The time a

(b)

train needs to travel 10 miles,

and the speed

of the train.

The length

(c)

of a rectangle of constant width, and the area

of the rectangle.

The sum

(d)

of

money producing $60

interest at

5%, and

the time necessary for it.


(e) The distance traveled by a train moving at a uniform
rate, and the time.

56.

line 11 inches long

22 miles.

The

57.

their radii.

on a certain

areas of circles are proportional to the squares of


If the radii of two circles are to each other as

and the area of the smaller

7,

what

is

58.

map corresponds to
how many miles ?

line 7^- inches long represents

circle is

8 square inches,

the area of the larger?

The temperature remaining

the same, the volume of a

body of gas
inversely proportional to the pressure.
under a pressure of 15 pounds per square inch has a volume of
gas

is

16 cubic

feet.

What

will be the

12 pounds per square inch ?

volume

if

the pressure

is

RATIO AND PROPORTION


The number

69.

127

of miles one can see from an elevation of

very nearly the mean proportional between h and the


diameter of the earth (8000 miles). What is the greatest distance a person can see from an elevation of 5 miles ? From
h miles

the

is

Metropolitan

McKinley (20,000

Tower (700

feet

high) ?

From Mount

feet high) ?

168. When a problem requires the finding of two numbers


which are to each other as m n, it is advisable to represent these
unknown numbers by mx and nx.
:

Ex.
as 11

1.
:

Divide 108 into two parts which are to each other

7.

Let
then

Hence
or

Therefore

Hence
and

= the first number,


= the second number.
11 x -f 7 x = 108,
18 x = 108.
x = 6.
11 x = 66 is the first number,
7 x = 42 is the second number.
11

A line AB, 4 inches long,


2.
produced to a point C, so that

Ex.
is

(AC): (BO) =7: 5.

Find^K7and BO.

Let

AC=1x.

Then

BG = 5 x.
AB = 2 x.

Hence

Or

2 x

4
'

4.

x=2.
Therefore

14

= AC.

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

128

EXERCISE
1.

Divide 44 in the ratio 2

2.

Divide 45 in the ratio 3

7.

3.

Divide 39 in the ratio 1

5.

4.

A line 24 inches

long

63

9.

divided in the ratio 3

is

5.

What

are the parts ?


5. Brass is an alloy consisting of two parts of copper and
one part of zinc. How many ounces of copper and zinc are in
10 ounces of brass ?

consists of 9 parts of copper and one part of


ounces of each are there in 22 ounces of gun-

Gunmetal

6.

How many

tin.

metal ?

Air is a mixture composed mainly of oxygen and nitrowhose


volumes are to each other as 21 79. How many
gen,
cubic feet of oxygen are there in a room whose volume is 4500
7.

cubic feet?
8.

The

7 18.

total area of land is to the total area of

If the total surface of the earth

water as

is

197,000,000 square
miles, find the number of square miles of land and of water.
9. Water consists of one part of hydrogen and 8 parts of
:

oxygen.

grams

How many

grams of hydrogen are contained in 100

of water?

10.

Divide 10 in the ratio a

11.

Divide 20 in the ratio 1 m.

12.

Divide a in the ratio 3

13.

Divide

b.

7.

in the ratio x:

The

three sides of a triangle are 11, 12, and 15 inches,


and the longest is divided in the ratio of the other two. How
14.

long are the parts ?


15. The three sides of a triangle are respectively a, 6, and c
inches.
If c is divided in the ratio of the other two, what are
its

parts ?
(For additional examples see page 279.)

CHAPTER XI
SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS
169.

An

equation of the

unknown numbers can be


the unknown quantities.

first

degree containing two or more


by any number of values of

satisfied

2oj-3y =

If

6,

2 y =
- -.
y =
a?

,-L

then

(1)

/0 \
(2)

= 0,
=,y=--|.
x = 1, y =
1, etc.

I.e. if

If
If

Hence, the equation is satisfied by an infinite number of sets


Such an equation is called indeterminate.

of values.

However,

there

if

different relation

is

given another equation, expressing a


y, such as

between x and
*

+ = 10,

(3)

unknown numbers can be found.


From (3) it follows y 10 x and since

these

to be satisfied

by the same values of x and

y must be equal.

Hence

2s -5

= 10 _ ^

the equations have


the two values of

y,

(4)

= 3.
is x = 7, which substituted in
(2) gives y
both
are
to
be
the
same
satisfied
Therefore,
equations
by
values of x and y, there is only one solution.
The

root of (4)
if

129

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

130
170.

system

a group of equa
by the same values of the unknown

of simultaneous equations is

tions that can be satisfied

numbers.
6 and 7 x
3y =
by the values x = I, y

are simultaneous equations, for they are


2 y = 6 are
But 2 x
2.
6 and 4 x
y
not simultaneous, for they cannot be satisfied by any value of x and y.
The first set of equations is also called consistent, the last set inconsistent.

-H

2y

satisfied

171. Independent equations are equations representing different relations between the unknown quantities such equations
;

cannot be reduced to the same form.

~ 50, and 3 x + 3 y =. 30 can be reduced to the same form


-f 5 y
Hence they are not independent, for they express the
x -f y
10.
same relation. Any set of values satisfying 5 x + 6 y = 60 will also satisfy
the equation 3 x -f- 3 y = 80.
6x

viz.

172.

unknown

system of two simultaneous equations containing two


quantities is solved by combining them so as to obtain

one equation containing only one

unknown

quantity.

The process of combining several equations so as


make one unknown quantity disappear is called elimination.
173.

174.

The two methods

By
By

I.

II.

of elimination

to

most frequently used

Addition or Subtraction.
Substitution.

ELIMINATION BY ADDITION OR SUBTRACTION


175.

E,X.

Multiply (1) by

Multiply (2) by

Solve

2,
3,

Subtract (4) from (3),


Therefore,

-y=6x
6x

-f

4y

- 26.

= - 24,
26 y = 60.
y = 2.
21 y

(3)
(4)

SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS

131

Substitute this value of y in either of the given equations, preferably

the simpler one (1),

3x

Therefore

In general, eliminate the

common

letter

coefficients

Multiply (1) by
Multiply (2) by

+ 2.2 = 9 + 4 = 13,
3-7- 2 = 6- 14 =-8.

(3)

and

25 x - 15 y
39 x + 15 y

5,

3,

(4),

Therefore
Substitute (6) in (1),

Transposing,
Therefore

Check.

13

Hence

to eliminate

= 235.
= 406.
64 x = 040.
x = 10.
60 - 3 y = 47.
3y =
3.
y = 1.
x = 10.
10 - 3 1 = 47,
10 + 5 1 = 135.

(3)
(4)

(6)

by addition or subtraction :

Multiplyy if necessaryy the equations by such

make

have the lowest

3. 8

2.

176.

whose

multiple.

Check.

Add

+ 4 = 13
x = 3.
y = 2.

the coefficients

If the signs of these


if unlike,

add

numbers as

will

of one unknown quantity equal.


coefficients

are

like,

subtract the equations;

the equations.

EXERCISE

64

Solve the following systems of equations and check the

answers:

'

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA
5.

^
= ll.

13-

2/

= 24.

17.

-I

a;

6-1

l7a; +

'

1fi fl ,4.1ft

= 6.

is

+ 22/ = 40,

fl<>*
r A

8.
I

5y

oj

= 17.
19<

a;-f2/

= 50.

'

9-

r
20.

_.

= 41,
[2o; + 3?/
{ 3 x -f 2 y = 39.
x
11.

12.

3#

3.9

?/

= 0,

~ y~~>
22.
'

,v

23.
13.

14.

15

'

3X

7x

y = 1U,
*
+ 3 y = 50.
'

-60.

94
^4

'

25

*- 3.5 y = -2.3.

SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS

133

ELIMINATION BY SUBSTITUTION
177.

8,

Solve

Transposing

(1)

(2-7,
I3ar + 2y = 13.
and dividing by

7 y in (1)

Substituting this value in (2)

7
(

21 y

Clearing of fractions,

^""

2,

"

?/

(2)

24

+2y=
+

4 y
25 y

Therefore

= 26.
= 60.
= 2.

This value substituted in either (1) or (2) gives x

178.

Hence

Find

in one equation the value of

to eliminate

terms of the other.


tity in the

by substitution

and

unknown quan-

solve the resulting equation.

EXERCISE
Solve by substitution

3.

an unknown quantity in

Substitute this value for one

other equation,

13.

65

f5aj

l3a;

= 2y + 10,
= 4#-8.

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

134

179. Whenever one unknown quantity can be removed without clearing of fractions, it is advantageous to do so in most
cases, however, the equation must be cleared of fractions and
;

simplified before elimination

is

possible.

(1)

Ex.

Solve

(2)

Multiplying (1) by 12 and (2) by 14,

9 = 36.
+ 21-2y-4 = 14.
4* + 3y = 19.
7x_2y=-3.

43 + 8-f-3y +
7z

From

(3),

From

(4),

Multiplying (6) by 2 and (6) by

(7)

and

(8) ,

Substituting in (6)

+8
2

(6)
(6)

3,

Sx + 6y =
Adding

(3)
(4)

3S.

(7)

21z-6y=-9.
29 x = 29.
x = l.
2 y = - 3.
7
y = 6.

(8)

EXERCISE

66

Solve by any method, and check the answers:

+ 5(y + 5) = 64.
f8(z-8)-9(y-9) = 26,

""^IT

(4t(x-\-)

'

\6(a;-6)-7(y-7)==18.

3.

SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS


3x
4.

"25

'

tsjj

- 1) + 5(6 y - 1) = 121,
r4(54(5 x
l2(3'

'

15

8.

14.

9.

a;

+y
2

a;

"*"

ff

_13
~

2'

15.

10.

16.

4
11.

10

2a?-5

17.

12.

4^

~
3
=

3a?-2^4

13.

4~2v

18.

y-M
a;-f-2

2,

= 3.

135

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

136

<X +

-4_1
2'
19.

a;

-f y - Q ^

l_3

2/4-1

4'

20.

21.

22.

?~y

3x-\-"
1

23

24.

((*
((

{;

180. In many equations it is advantageous at first not to


consider x and y as unknown quantities, but some expressions

involving

x,

and

y, e.#.

- and x
y

SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS


x
Ex.

Solve

1.

137

(1)

(2)

2x(2),

(3)

a;

33

Clearing of fractions,

Substituting x

11 x.

3 in (1),

y=4.

Therefore

Examples

of this type, however, can also be solved

by the regular

method.
Clearing (1) and (2) of fractions,
15 y

+ 8 x - 3 xy.
- 4 x = 4 xy.

(4)
(6)

2x(5),
(4)

(6)

+ (G),

(7)

Dividing by 11

y,

EXERCISE
Solve

#, etc.

67

2'
3.

1.

1.
2*

*
x
2.

4.

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

138

4
K
---6 = 5,
x y

10

5.

"

12

25

6.

253
7.

21
9
--=

x
8.

M-Oi
y

a;

o
6,

13.

331
9.

LITERAL SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS


181.

Ex.

1.

(1)

Solve

(2)
(1)

n,

(2)

6,

(8)

(4),

= en.
6w3 + bny = 6p.
bmx = en
anx
anx + bny

(3)
(4)
ftp.

SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS


(an

Uniting,

bm)x

Dividing,

(2)

x w,
x a,

amx + bmy
amx -f any =

(7)

- W,

any

(1)

(an

Uniting,

bmy
bm}y

en

bp.

an

bm

cm.

(6)

ap.

(7)

ap

cm.

ap-

cm.

W - cm
y=
an

EXERCISE

bm

68
-f-

ax

-f-

5.

ny =

fax -f

6^

=
= 9a + 46.

fy/

1.

11.

= l,

12.

Find a and

13.

From

14.

c,

.y

of a, w,

x -f my = 1,

I sc

6.

6y

+ by = 2 a&,

nx -f my == m.

139

s in

terms of

n, d,

and

I if

the same simultaneous equations find d in terms

and L

From the same

equations find s in terms of

a, d,

and

I.

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

140

SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS INVOLVING MORE THAS

TWO UNKNOWN QUANTITIES


To solve equations containing

three unknown quantities


three simultaneous independent equations must be given.
182.

By
tions,

unknown quant iff/ from any pair of equasame unknown quantity froni another pair, the

eliminating one

and

problem

the

reduced

is

containing two

of two simultaneous equations

to the solution

unknown

quantities.

Similarly, four equations containing four unknown quantireduced to three equations containing three unknown

ties are

quantities, etc.

Ex.

1.

Solve the following system of equations:

= 8,
Eliminate

(1)

-4,

(2)

l.

(3)

y.

Multiplying (1) by

4,

8B-12y +

Multiplying (2) by

3,

Oa + 12?/- 15z=-12

17 x

Adding,
Multiplying (2)

Multiplying (3)

Adding,

16z
z

32

20

by 3, x + 12 y - lf> z - by 2, 8 x - 12 y + 6 z =
- 9z =11 x

(4)

12
2
10

(6)

Eliminating x from (4) and (5).

-(5),

100

Therefore

= 30.
= 3.

20.

1.

(4)

Substitute this value in (4),

17 x

Therefore
Substituting the values of x and z
2

Hence
Check.

3y

(6)

(7)

in (1),
-f

12 =s

8.

3y =

6.

=* 2.

2.1-3.2 + 4.3 = 8; 3.1+4.2-5.3=-4;


4.1-6.2 + 3.8 = 1.

(8)

SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS


EXERCISE

1.

10 x

+ y -f z = 15,

141

69

8.

4-

9.
k

2/

-f 2

-M

?/

2?

4.

a;

-f

a?

a?

+ 70-9 = 26,

10.

4.

11.

~6?/

== 6,

12.

5.

x
13.

15 2

7.

+ 2 y -f 2 = 35,
4 = 42,
2z = 40.

= 45.

14.

-f-

i/ -f-

= 14,

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

142

15.

23.

3x

?/

= 0,

60;

16.

5,

(3

_.
1510

4-

17.

_2

'

074-2!

18.

.2

a;

4- .3

+ .42 = 2,
^

19.

=s

20.

27.

84
21.

= llz,
= 8*.

22.
;

32.

= 2.6
2.

SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS

30.

M=i,
y

29.

143

=1

2.

= 2 m,
+ z = 2p,
z + x = 2 n.
# 4- 2/

31.

2/

PROBLEMS LEADING TO SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS


183. Problems involving several unknown quantities must
contain, either directly or implied, as many verbal statements
as there are unknown quantities.
Simple examples of this

kind can usually be solved by equations involving only one

unknown

quantity.

99.)

In complex examples, however,


every

unknown quantity by

it is advisable to
represent
a different letter, and to express

every verbal statement as an equation.

Ex. 1. The sum of three digits of a number is 8. The


digit in the tens' place is | of the sum of the other two digits,
and if 396 be added to the number, the first and the last digits

Find the number.

will be interchanged.
Obviously
of the other

it is difficult

hence we employ 3

Let

y
z

100

10 y

two of the required

letters for the three

+z-

the digit in the units' place.


the number.

three statements of the problem can

+z-

+2+

now be

readily expressed in
.

8.

+ lOy + z + 396 = 100* + 10y + x.

The solution of these equations gives x


Hence the required number is 125.
Check.

terms

quantities.

= the

symbols:

100s

digits in

unknown

the digit in the hundreds' place,


1
digit in the tens place,

and
Then

The

to express

= 8;

= 1(1+6);

l,y
125

2,

396

= 6.

= 521.

(1)

(3)

ELEMENTS OF ALGE13KA

144
Ex.

If both numerator and denominator of a fraction be

2.

increased by one, the fraction is reduced to | and if both numerator and denominator of the reciprocal of the fraction be dimin;

ished by one, the fraction


Let
and
then -

x
y

= the

we

reduced to

Find the

2.

fraction.

nurn orator,

denominator

expressing the two statements in symbols,

By

fraction.

is

= the
= the
x

obtain,

(1)

and

x-

These equations give x

(2)

and y

4_2. 5_

3+1
5+1

Check.

5.

Hence the

fraction

is

f.

_4_

A, B, and C travel from the same place in the same


B starts 2 hours after A and travels one mile per
hour faster than A. C, who travels 2 miles an hour faster
than B, starts 2 hours after B and overtakes A at the same
How many miles has A then traveled?
instant as B.

Ex.

3.

direction.

Since the three

men

traveled the

same

= xy + x
xy = xy -f 3 x
2 y = 2.
x
3x-4y = 12.
= 8.
y = 3.
xy

Or

(4)-2x(3),
From (3)
Hence xy
Check.

distance,

2y
4y

2.

12.

C4)

a:

= 24,

x 4

= 24,

(2)

(3)

24 miles, the distance traveled by A.

x 3

(1)

= 24.

SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS


EXERCISE

145

70

1.
Four times a certain number increased by three times
another number equals 33, and the second increased by 2
equals three times the first. Find the numbers,

Five times a certain number exceeds three times another


11, and the second one increased by 5 equals twice

2.

number by
the

first

Find the numbers.

number.

Half the sum of two numbers equals 4, and the fourth


3.
Find the numbers.

3.

part of their difference equals


If 4 be

4.

Tf 3 be

is J.

to

added to the numerator of a fraction, its value


added to the denominator, the fraction is reduced

Find the

fraction.

<>

numerator and the denominator of a fraction be


If 1 be subtracted from
increased by 3, the fraction equals .}.
both terms, the value of the fraction is fa. Find the fraction.
5.

If the

6.

If the

numerator of a fraction be trebled, and

its

denomi-

nator diminished by one, it is reduced to J. If the denominator be doubled, and the numerator increased by 4, the
Find the fraction.
fraction is reduced to \-.
7. A fraction is reduced to J, if its numerator and its
denominator are increased by 1, and twice the numerator
What is the fracincreased by the denominator equals 15.

tion ?

The sum

8.

and

if

What

18
is

is

the

of the digits of a number of two figures is 6,


to the number the digits will be interchanged.

added

number

(See Ex.

1,

183.)

added to a number of two digits, the digits will


be interchanged, and four times the first digit exceeds the
second digit by 3. Find the number.
9.

10.

sum

If 27 is

The sum
of the first

of the three digits of a number is 9, and the


two digits exceeds the third digit by 3. If

9 be added to the number, the last two digits are interchanged.


Find the number.

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

146

11. Twice A's age exceeds the sum of B's and C's ages by 30,
and B's age is \ the sum of A's and C's ages. Ten years ago
the sum of their ages was 90. Find their present ages.
12.

Ten years ago A was


B was as

as old as

and 5 years ago


their ages is 55,

how

old

is

old as

each

is

will be 5 years hence ;


now. If the sum of

now ?

A man

invested $ 5000, a part at 6


and the remainder
bringing a total yearly interest of $260. What was
the amount of each investment ?
13.

at

5%,

14. A man invested $750, partly at 5% and partly at 4%,


and the 5% investment brings $15 more interest than the
4 % investment. What was the amount of each investment ?
15.

sum

of $10,000

is

partly invested at

partly at

6%,

5 %, and partly at 4 %, bringing a total yearly interest of $530.


and
The 6
investment brings $ 70 more interest than the 5

investments together. How


6 %, 5 %, and 4 %, respectively ?

4%

16.

A sum

to $8000,

money and
17.

of

money

much money

at simple interest

and

in 8 years to $8500.
the rate of interest ?

A sum

of

money

invested at

amounted

What was

at simple interest

to $090, and in 5 years to $1125.


the rate of interest?

is

amounted

What was

in 6 years

the

sum

of

in 2 years

the

sum and

The sums of $1500 and $2000 are invested at different


and their annual interest is $ 190. If the rates of interwere exchanged, the annual interest would be $ 195. Find

18.

rates
est

the rates of interest.


19. Three cubic centimeters of gold and two cubic centimeters of silver weigh together 78 grains. Two cubic centimeters of gold and three cubic centimeters of silver weigh

together 69 J- grams. Find the weight of one cubic centimeter


of gold and one cubic centimeter of silver.

SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS

147

20. A farmer sold a number of horses, cows, and sheep, for


$ 740, receiving $ 100 for each horse, $ 50 for each cow, and
$15 for each sheep. The number of sheep was twice the
number of horses and cows together. How many did he sell

of each if the total

number

of animals

was 24?

21. The sum of the 3 angles of a triangle is 180.


If one
angle exceeds the sum of the other two by 20, and their
difference by GO , what are the angles of the triangle ?

22.

On

points,

/),

the three sides of a triangle


E, and F, are taken so

ABC,

respectively, three

AD = AF, ED = BE, and CE


If AB = G inches, BC = 7
inches, and AC = 5 inches, what is
that

OF.

the length of
NOTE.

Tf

AD, BE, and CF?

a circle

is

inscribed in the

An C touch ing the sides in D,


and F '(see diagram), then AD = AF,
BD = HE, and GE = CF.
triangle

23.

7<7,

circle is inscribed in triangle

sides in D,

E, and F.

ABC touching the three


sides if AB = 9,

Find the parts of the

BC=7, andCL4 = 8.
In the annexed diagram angle a = angle b, angle c =
angle d, and angle e
angle/. If angle ABC = GO angle
BAG = 50, and angle BCA = 70,
B
find angles a, c, and e.
24.

NOTE.

is

the center of the circum-

scribed circle.

It takes

25.

A two hours

longer

24 miles, but if
A would double his pace, he would
walk it in two hours less than
than

B.

to travel

Find their

rates of walking.

CHAPTER

XII*

GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF FUNCTIONS AND


EQUATIONS
184.

Location of a point.

two fixed straight lines


XX' and YY' meet in
at right angles, and PJ/_L
XX', and PN _L YY', then

It'

the position of point


is
determined if the lengths
of

P3f and
185.

Coordinates.

PM

lines

called

the

point P.

The

abscissa

The

and P^V are


of

coordinates

PN,

or its equal

is the abscissa; and


r
or its equal OA is

OM,
PM,
the ordinate of point P.
jr, the ordinate by ?/.

PN are given.

is

usually denoted by

line XX' is called the jr-axis, YY'


they-axis, and point
the origin.
Abscissas measured to the riyht of the origin,
and ordinates abore the x-axis are considered positive ; hence

The

coordinates lying in opposite directions are negative.

The point whose abscissa is a;, and whose ordinate is


usually denoted by (X ?/). Thus the points A, B, (7, and

186.
?/,

is

Dare
and

respectively represented

(2,

by

(3 7 4),

(2,

3),

(3,

-3).
* This chapter

may

be omitted on a
148

first

reading.

2),

GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF FUNCTIONS


The
is

process of locating a point


called plotting the point.

149

whose coordinates are given

NOTE. Graphic constructions are greatly facilitated by the use of


cross-section paper, i.e. paper ruled with two sets of equidistant and
parallel linos intersecting at right angles.
(See diagram on page 151.)

EXERCISE
1.

Plot the points:

2.

Plot the points: (-4,

3.

Plot the points

4.

Draw

71

-2), (-4,

(4, 3), (4,

(-5,

2J-),

2),

1), (4, 0),

(0, 3), (4, 0), (0, 0), (0,

(-3, -3).
(-2,

0).

- 2).

the triangle whose vertices are respectively

(4, 1),

(-l,3),and(l, -2).
6.

Plot the points

(6,

4)

and

(4,

4),

and measure

their

distance.
6.

What

the distance of the point

is

(3,

4)

from the

origin ?
7.

(4,1),

Draw

the quadrilateral whose vertices are respectively

(-1,4), (-4, -!),(!, -4).

8.

Where do

all

points

lie

whose ordinates

tfqual

4?

9.

Where do

all

points

lie

whose abscissas equal zero ?

10.

Where do

all

points

lie

whose ordinates equal zero?

11.

What

12.

If a point lies in the avaxis, which of its coordinates

is

the locus of

(a?,

y) if y

=3?
is

known ?
13.

187.

What

are the coordinates of the origin ?

Graphs.

If

two variable quantities are so related that

changes of the one bring about definite changes of the other,


the mutual dependence of the two quantities may be represented
either by a table or

by a diagram.

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

150

Thus the following

New

volumes

Y'ork City
of a certain

to 8 pounds.

of

pound

tables represent the average temperature

from January 1 to December 1, and the


amount of gas subjected to pressures from

The same data, however, may be represented graphby making each number in one column the abscissa, and
the corresponding number in the adjacent column the ordinate
of a point.
Thus the first table produces 12 points, A, B, C, D,
188.

ically

each representing a temperature at a certain date.


in like manner the average temperatures for
every value of the time, we obtain an uninterrupted sequence
etc.,

By representing

of points, or the curved line


the temperature.

To

find

the so-called graph of

from the diagram the temperature on June

ure the ordinate of F.

15

ABCN

may be found

1,

we meas-

Thus the average temperature on May

to be 15

on April 20, 10

on Jan.

15,

A graphic

representation does not allow the same accuracy of results


as a numerical table, but it indicates in a given space a great many more
facts than a table,

and

it

impresses upon the eye

all

the peculiarities of

the changes better and quicker than any numerical compilations.

GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF FUNCTIONS

151

i55$5St5SS
3{utt|s33<0za3
Graphs are possibly the most widely used devices of applied matheThe scientist uses them to compile the data found from
experiments, and to deduce general laws therefrom. The engineer, the
matics.

physician, the merchant, uses them.


Daily papers represent ecpnoniical
facts graphically, as the prices and production of commodities, the rise
and fall of wages, etc. Whenever a clear, concise representation of a

number

of numerical data

is

required, the graph

EXERCISE
From the diagram
questions

is

applied.

72

find approximate answers to the following

Determine the average temperature of New York City


on (a) May 1, (b) July 15, (c) January 15, (d) November 20.
1.

ELEMENTS OF ALGEKRA

152
2.

At what date

New York
is

is

(a) G

or dates

10

C., (1)

is

C., (c)

the average temperature oi


1 C., (d) 9 0. ?

3. At what date is the average


temperature highest
the highest average temperature?

What

4. At what date is the average temperature lowest?


the lowest average temperature ?

What

5.

During what months

New York
6.

is

the average temperature of

above 18 C.?

When

is

the average temperature below

C. (freezing

point) ?
7.

From what

date to what date does the temperature

increase (on the average)?


8.

11

When

is

the temperature equal to the yearly average of

0. ?
9.

10.

What

is

How

much,

increase from
11.

June

on

the

average,

1 to

July

1 ?

does

the

temperature

During what month does the temperature increase most

rapidly
12.

the average temperature from Sept. 1 to Oct. 1?

During what month does the temperature decrease most

rapidly ?

on

13.

During what month does the temperature change least?

14.

Which month

is

the coldest of the year?

15.

Which month

is

the hottest of the year?

16.

How much warmer

May

on the average

is it

on July 1 than

1 ?

we would denote the time during which the temperaabove the yearly average of 11 as the warm season,
from what date to what date would it extend ?
17.

ture

If

is

GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF FUNCTIONS

When is the average temperature the same as on April

18.

153
1?

Use the graphs of the following examples for the solution


of concrete numerical examples, in a similar manner as the temperature
graph was applied in examples 1-18.
NOTE.

19. From the table on page 150 draw a graph representing


the volumes of a certain body of gas under varying pressures.

20. Construct a diagram containing the graphs of the mean


temperatures of the following three cities (in degrees Fahren-

heit)

Represent graphically the populations

21.

sands) of the following states

22. One meter equals 1.09 yards.


transformation of meters into yards.

Draw

23.

Hour

Temperature

(in

hundred thou-

Draw

a temperature chart of a patient.

graph for the

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

154
If

24.

then

C
2

is

the circumference of a circle whose radius

(Assume ir~

irJl.

circumferences of

all circles

>2

.)

from

is J2,

Represent graphically the


= to R = 8 inches.

to 20
Represent graphically the weight of iron from
cubic centimeters, if 1 cubic centimeter of iron weighs 7.5
25.

grams.
26. Represent graphically the cost of butter from
5 pounds if 1 pound cost $.50.

to

27. Represent graphically the distances traveled by a train in


3 hours at a rate of 20 miles per hour.

dealer in bicycles gains $2 on every wheel he sells.


the daily average expenses for rent, gas, etc., amount to
$8, represent his daily gain (or loss), if he sells 0, 3, 2 ...
28.

If

10 wheels a day.
29.

The

cost of manufacturing a certain book consists of the


$800 for making the plates, and $.50 per copy

initial cost of

for printing, binding, etc.


1 to 1200 copies.

Show

graphically the cost of the

(Let 100 copies = about \- inch.)


On the same diagram represent the selling price of the books,
if each copy sells for $1.50.

books from

REPRESENTATION OF FUNCTIONS OF ONE VARIABLE


189. An expression involving one or several letters
a function of these letters.
2

2 xy

190.

+ 7 is a function of x.
2
8
y' + 3 y is a function of x and

is

called

y.

If the value of a quantity changes, the value of a


of this quantity will change; e.g. if x assumes

function

successively the

values

1,

2,

3,

4,

assume the values 7, 9,


2
x -f 7
gradually from 1 to 2, x

tively

7 to 9.

x*

+7

will

respec-

x increases
will change gradually from
13,

19.

If

GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF FUNCTIONS


191.

same

-A

variable is a quantity

155

whose value changes in the

discussion.

constant

is

a quantity whose value does not change in the

same discussion.
In the example of the preceding article, x
a variable, while 7 is a constant.

is

supposed to change, hence

it is

The values of a function for the


be given in the form of a numerical
table.
Thus the table on page 1G4 gives the values of the functions x 2 x3 and Vsr, for x=l, 2, 3
50.
The values of func192.

Graph

of a function.

various values of x

may

may, however, be also represented by a graph.


E.g. to con struct the graph
x
of x 2 construct a series of
-3
points whose abscissas rep2
resent X) and whose ordi1
tions

nates are the corresponding


i.e. construct

values of x2

',

the points (-3,

(-1,1),
and (3,

9),

(-

2, 4),

(0,0), (1,1), (2, 4),


9),

and join

the

points in order.
If a more exact diagram
is

required, plot points which

lie

between those constructed above, as

Ex.

To

1.

Draw the graph of x2 -f- 2 x

Q-,

-J),

(1^,

4 from x

2),

etc.

4, to

obtain the values of the functions for the various values of

following arrangement

may

be found convenient

x = 4.
a*,

the

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

156

Locating the points(

4, 4),

(-3, -1), (-2,4)... (4,20),


and joining in order produces
the graph

ABC.

(To avoid

very large ordinatcs, the scale


unit of the ordinatcs is taken
smaller than that of the x.)

For brevity, the function


is

frequently represented

by a single letter, as y.
Thus in the above example,
2
4
and if
y = x -f- 2 x
;

01

+*

*/

.,-,

?/

rf

the

involving only

power of the variable.


Thus 4x + 7, or ax + b -f c are funclirst

tions of the first degree.

It can be

194.

proved that the

of a function of the first degree

graph
is a straight

line, hence two points


are sufficient for the construction

of these graphs.

Ex.

Draw

2.

If
If

by a

= 2x-3.

z
x

= 0, j/=-3.
= 4, y = 6.

3) and (4, 5), and join(0,


straight line produces the required graph.

Locating
ing

the graph of

>

if

/*

1i>

>

function of the

degree is an integral
Y'

rational function

71

4J, etc.

193.
first

,,

GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF FUNCTIONS


EXERCISE

Draw

157

73

the graphs of the following functions:

1.

a?

+ 2.

4.

2x +

l.

7.

2-3x.

10.

a?

2.

x-l.

5.

3x

2.

8.

11.

xz + x.

3.

12.

4a?

13.

I.

a?
2

a;
2

+ 4.

16.

a;

the graph of

the diagram find


(3.5)2;

Va25;

or

(c)

1.

a*

3.
y = 2x
= -4.
a;

?/

ar.

from

#=

4 to

05

= 4,

and from

(ft)

(/)

(_

1.5)2;

Vl2^

22. Draw the graph of or


from the diagram determine:

(d)

20.

-fa--

Draw

(6)

19.

6 -fa- -or.

2.

x+1.

21.

(a)

-Jar

17.

a;

(e)

18.

a;

15.

(a)

9.

a?.

-3 a -8.

14.

a;

6.

a?.

(C )

(-2.8)';

(0)

V5;

a?

+2

from x

(d)

(-If)

(^)

VlO-'S".

1 to

a;

= 4,

The values of the function if x = \, 1J-, 2J-.


The values of a?, if a;2 4 # + 2 equals
2, 1, 1-J-.
The smallest value of the function.
The value of x that produces the smallest value

and

of the

function.

The values of x that make 2 4 a? + 2 = 0.


2
4 x -f 2 = 0.
(/) The roots of the equation x
2
The
of
a
x -f 2 =
the
4
roots
1.
equation
(</)
The roots of the equation x2 4 x -f 2 = 2.
(7i)
it*

(c)

23. Draw the graph ofy=2-j-2#


and from the diagram determine

#2 from # =

2 to a?=4,

(a)
(6)
(c)

(d)
(e)

The values of y; i.e. the function, if"a; =


The values of a*, if y = 2.
The values of a*, if the function equals zero.
The roots of the equation 2 -f 2 a a*2 = 0.
The roots of the equation 2 -{-2x a*2 = l.
-J-,

1-J-,

2J.

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

158

Degrees of the Fahrenheit

24.

(F.) scale are

expressed in

degrees of the Centigrade (C.) scale by the formula

Draw

(a)

the graph of

C = f (F-32)
4
F
F=l.

from
to

From

(b)

the diagram find the number of degrees of centi-1 F., 9 F., 14 F., 32 F.

grade equal to

Change

(c)

A body

25.

to Fahrenheit readings

10

moving with a uniform

second moves in

seconds a distance d

C.,

C.,

C.

velocity of 3 yards per

=3

1.

formula graphically.
Represent
26. If two variables x and y are directly proportional, then
this

y=

cXj

where

c is a constant.

Show

that the graph of two variables that are directly proportional is a straight line passing through the origin (assume
for c

any convenient number).

27.

If

two variables x and y are inversely proportional, then


y = - where
x

Draw

c is

the locus of this equation

a constant.
if c

= 12.

GRAPHIC SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS INVOLVING ONE

UNKNOWN QUANTITY
Since we can graphically determine the values of x
make a function of x equal to zero, it is evidently possible
Thus to find
to find graphically the real roots of an equation.
what values of x make the function x2 + 2x 4 = (see 192),
we have to measure the abscissas of the intersection of the
195.

that

graph with the o>axis, i.e. the abscissas of


3.24.
Therefore x = 1.24 or x =

P and

Q.

GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF FUNCTIONS


196.
tion x 2

To

solve the equa4


1, de-

+2x

termine the points where


If
the function is
1.
cross-section paper

the points

by

may

used,

otherwise

inspection,

draw through

is

be found

1) a
line parallel to the #-axis,
(0,

and determine the

abscis-

sas of the points of intersection with the graph,

2 and 1.

viz.

197. An equation of the


the form ax2
bx
c
0,

+ =

where

known

a, 6,

and

represent

\-3

-2

1/2

--1

quantities, is called

a quadratic equation. Such


equations in general have

two

Y'

roots.

EXERCISE

74

Solve graphically the following equations

4x_ 7

-a -5 = 0.
= 0.

10.

or

2.

11.

a2 -2a;-7

3.

12.

(a)

1.

0.

4.
6.

6.

13.

8.

14.

(6)

(c)

a2

(a)

x2

7.

9.

a:

(a)
(6)

-6a;-f 9

= 0.

4x

= 0.

159

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

160

GRAPHIC SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS INVOLVING TWO


UNKNOWN QUANTITIES
198.

equations involving two

of

Graph

unknown

quantities.

we can

represent graphically equations of the form y


function of x ( 1D2), we can construct the graph or locus of any

Since

unknown

equation involving two

quantities, that can be reduced

to the above form.

Thus

to represent

-L^-

=2

y=

and construct

graphically, solve for

?/,

i.e.

graphically.

Ex.1. Represent graphically


JJ y.

Solving for

Hence

y ='-"-

?/,

if

if

2,

2,

Locating the points

X'-2

== 2.

(2,

and joining by a straight

4)

line,

and

(2, 2),

produces the

If the given equation is of the


we can usually locate two

199.
first

Thus

required locus.

7*

y.

3x

in

degree,

points without solving the equation for


the preceding example:

- 2 y ~ 2.
= 0, y = -l.

3x

If

Hence we may

join (0,

1)

and

(f

0).

Ex.2. Draw the locus of 4 x + 3 y = 12.


If

0,

?/

=4

Hence, locate points

them by

straight line

if

(0,

AB.

0,

fc

= 3.

(3, 0), and join


the required graph.

4) and

AB

is

NOTE. Equations of the first degree are called linear


equations, because their graphs are straight lines.

GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF FUNCTIONS

161

200. The coordinates of every point of the graph satisfy


the given equation, and every set of real values of x and y
satisfying the given equation is represented by a point in

the locus.
201.

To

Graphical solution of a linear system.

find the roots of

the system.

By

method

the

of

the preceding article


construct the graphs

AB

and

and

(2) respectively.

The

CD

of

coordinates

(1)

of

AB

point in
satisfy the equation

every

but only one point

(1),

in

AB

also satisfies

equation

(2), viz.

By measuring

x=

3.15,

AB

and CD.
P, the point of intersection of
the coordinate of P, we obtain the roots,

= .57.

202. The roots of two simultaneous equations are represented


by the coordinates of the point (or points) at which their

graphs intersect.
203.

Since two straight lines which are not coincident nor


simultaneous

parallel have only one point of intersection,


linear equations have only one pair of roots.

Ex.

3.

Solve graphically the equations

(1)

\x-y-\- 1=0.

(2)

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

162

Using the method of the preceding para,


AB the locus of (1), and

graph, construct
CD the locus of (2)

Measuring the coordinates


of intersection,

Ex.

we

Solve graphically the

4.

lowing system

Solving (1) for y,y~


Therefore, if x equals
respectively

0,

3,

Locating the

+ 3), (4,

4,

points

3), etc.,

V25

y*

5,

fol-

25,

(1)

-C.

(2)

4,

2,

3,

4.0,

4.5,

1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,

4.9,

5,

4.5,

4,

y equals
3, 0.

(5,0), (-4,
and

obtain the graph (a circle)


2
equation x

x2

of P, the point

obtain

joining, we
of the

AB C

= 25.

Locating two points of equation (2),


e.g. (-2, 0) and (0, 3), and joining by a
straight line,

3x

we obtain DE, the graph

of

2 y = -6.
Since the two

points

graphs meet in two


and $, there are two pairs of
By measuring the coordinates of

roots.

P and Q we find
204.

Inconsistent equations.

The equations
2
4

= 0,
= 0,

(1)

(2)

cannot be satisfied by the same values of x and y,


i.e.
they are inconsistent. This is clearly shown
by the graphs of (1) arid (2), which consist of a
pair of parallel lines.
intersection,

and hence no

There can be no point of

roots.

In general, parallel graphs indicate inconsistent equations.

GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF FUNCTIONS


205.

'163

Dependent equations, as

2^3
and

3x

-f

2y

==l

=6

have identical graphs, and, vice versa, idengraphs indicate dependent equations.

tical

EXERCISE

75

Construct the loci of the following equations:


1.

a+r/=6.

3.

2x

2.

2x

4.

x~y=0.

y6.

Draw
system,

3?/=6.

4.

5.

6.

y=x + 5.
2

7.

y=

8.

a2

the graphs of the following systems, and solve each


If there are no solutions, state reasons.

if possible.

9.

17.
1

6*

+ 7 y = 3.

2x

+ 3^

10.

.,

a;

= 4.
19.

20.

16

22.

16

23.

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

164

"~
24.

26.

- 14 y = - 8.

4 a

= 3(6 - y).

25.

29

28.

30.

3
31.

Show

that the same values of x and y cannot satisfy the

three equations

-f

5y

5.

TABLE OF SQUARES, CUBES, AND SQUARE HOOTS

CHAPTER

XIII

INVOLUTION
206.

Involution

the operation of raising a quantity to a

is

positive integral power.


To find (#(**&)" is a problem of involution.

a special kind of product, involution


repeated multiplication.

Law

207.

According to 50,
3
-f a = -f a
= +- a2

of Signs.

-fa- -faa
a
a
a
Obviously
1.
2.

3.

Since a power

may be

is

a3

etc.

follows that

it

powers of a positive quantity are positive.


All even powers of a negative quantity arc positive.
All odd powers of a negative quantity are negative.
^4/?

is

a)

2
aft ) 9 is

positive, (

negative.

INVOLUTION OF MONOMIALS
208.

According to
1.
2.

8.

4.

effected

(-

6 3 )*

52,

= a2
5
=
6
(5 )*
n m
n
(a ) = a
(a

= (-

3 a2 6 8 )

a2

a2
b5

on

(-

=
?>

fi

to in factors

3 a268 )

a 8
= _ (2m )

(8

+ 2 = a.
= 6+ 5 + +fi =

2+2
5

____
16
*)"" 27 n
165

(-

62.

by

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

166
To find

the exponent

of the power of a power, multiply tht

given exponents.

To

raise

a product

to

a given power,

raise each of its factors to

the required power.

To

raise

a fraction

to

a power, raise

terms to the required

its

power.

EXERCISE
Perform the operations indicated
1.

2.

(>y.

2 4

(-a )

5.

3.

76
:

2 5

(-a )

/2mV.
(-277171

2 11
.

(afc )

24.

\ 3 J

6.

4.

)*.

'

M-W
10.

(-2ar).

27

'

'

11.

13.

^---

_4_V '
_4_

V/

/-2?n?A 4

30.

15.

am-Vy)

16.

(-|^^)

.
'

V 3xy )'

INVOLUTION OF BINOMIALS
209.

210.

by

and

The

square of a binomial

The

cube of a binomial

&-

we

was discussed

63.

obtain by multiplying (a

= a + 3a 6 + 3a6 + *
6)
= a - 3 a 6 -f 3 a6 - 6
(a
6)

(a

in

_j_

+ 6)

INVOLUTION
Ex.

Ex.

167

Find the cube of 2 x -f- 3 y.

1.

(2s)

s=

8 a; 3

3
+ 3(2aO*(Sy) + 3(2aj)(3y)>
+ 36 z2y + 54 xy* + 27 y3
.

n
of 3 x* - y

Find the cube

2.
2

(3 x

- y) = (3 y?y - 3(3 a*)a(y


= 27 a - 27 ay + 9 x y2n 6

EXERCISE

77

Perform the operations indicated:


1.

2.

(a

+ &)8

(a?-?/)
3

(a-fl)

4.

(m-2)
8
(w+w)

6.

8.

3.

5.

7.

(a-j-7)

Find the cube root of

+ 4aj)

(7 a

-I)
2

a;)

(l

8
.

-I)

3
.

+5a)

3 8

(1

13.

(3a-f26)

14.

(6m+2w)

15.

(3

a- 6

16.

(3a

17.

(a

18.

(4

or*

62

8
.

8
ft)

-l)

3
.

20.
21.

a8 -3a2 + 3a-l.

10.

+ 3a 6 + 3a& -f-&
^-Sx^ + S^ -^

19.

12.

(1

(3

lx

-a)

9.

(5

86

23.

w + 3 w + ra8
-126 + G6-l.
2

1 -f 3

22.

211. The higher powers of binomials, frequently called ex.


pansions, are obtained by multiplication, as follows :

+ 6) = o + 3 d'b + 3 a6 +
= a + 4 a?b + 6 a & + 4 a6 + b
+
(a
6)
= a + 5 a 6 + 10 a*b + 10 a 6 -f 5 aM + 6
(a + 6)
8

b*.

(a

An

examination of these results shows that

1.

The number of terms

is

etc.

1 greater than the exponent of the

binomial.
TJie exponent of a in the first term is the same as the expo2.
nent of the binomial, and decreases in each succeeding term by L

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

168
T7ie

3.

exponent ofb

1 in the second term of the result,

is

and

increases by 1 in each succeeding term.

The
The

4.
5.

of the first term is 1.


of the second term equals the exponent of the

coefficient
coefficient

binomial
6.
TJie coefficient of any term of the power multiplied by the
exponent of a, and the result divided by 1 plus the exponent of b,
is the coefficient of the next term.

Ex.

Expand

1.

ic

-f

5 x*y

(x

10

^V +

Ex.2. Expand (a??/)

10 x*y*

The

212.

+ y5

5
.

x5

5 xy*

x'2

10

(-

5 x4 y

signs of the last answer arc alternately plus


y are positive, and the

minus, since the even powers of

and
odd

powers negative.
Ex.

Expand

3.

<?

16

2
(2 #

3 y3 ) 4

- 4(2 * )'(3 *f) -f 6(2 ^) (3 y ) 8


- 4(2^(3 ^'+(3 y
- 96 ^y -f 216 o?y - 216 a^ 4- 81 y

2 4

ic

EXERCISE

8 4

12
.

78

Expand:
1.

(p + q)

7.

2.

(w

3.

(tf-f-1)

4.

9.

(c-fd)

10.

5.

(m-J)

6.

(l-a&)

4
.

?i)

?/)

(1-for)

8.

(1

14.

&)
5

(?/i-~w)

(a-f 5)

12.

(a~^)

(2 4- a)

16.

17.

18.

25.

(l-fa

19.

(m -fl)

(m

(m

2 5

5
.

I)

+ n)

(?>i?i
2

mn

15. (l

11.

13.

6 2 ) 5.

8
.

-f c)*.

(mnp

I)

20.

(2w

21.

(3a -f5)

-f-l)

2
22. (2 a

5)

23.

(2a-5c)

24.

(1 -f 2

4
a:)

CHAPTER XIV
EVOLUTION
213.
tity

is the operation of finding a root of a quan


the inverse of involution.

Evolution

it is

\/a

27

\/P
214.
1.

x means x n

=y

= x means

It follows

Any

means
r'

=
y

?>

a.

= 6-,

27, or y

or x

3.

&4 .

from the law of signs

in evolution that

even root of a positive, quantity

may

be either 2wsitive

or negative.
2.

Every odd root of a quantity has

the

same sign as

the

quantity.

V9 = +

3,

or

-3

(usually written

\/"^27=-3,
(_3) = -27.
and (
v/o* =
a, for (+ a) = a
\/32 = 2, etc.

3)

for (-f 3) 2

and

3)

equal

0.

for

a)

= a4

215. Since even powers can never be negative, it is evidently


impossible to express an even root of a negative quantity by
Such roots are called imaginary
the usual system of numbers.

numbers, and

all

other numbers are, for distinction, called real

numbers.
Thus

V^I is an imaginary number, which can be simplified no further.


109

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

170

EVOLUTION OF MONOMIALS
The following examples
root

are solved

by the

definition of a

Ex.1.

v/^i2

Ex.

2.

3/0**

Ex.

3.

v^SjW 3 = 2 a

= am

=
^/gL^g
*
c*

Ex

82

for (a")"

Ex.4.

(a

a*, for

)*

= a 12

= a mn

&c*, for (2

a"

a 2 6c4 ) 8

To

216.

?*-

=
.lL,for(*Siy
3
3 6 c*
\
c*J

extract the root

2
b'

of a power, divide

ft^c20

243

the exponent

by the

index.

A root of a product equals the product of the roots of the factors.


To extract a root of a fraction, extract the
and denominator.
Ex.

6.

\/18

14

63

= V2 3*
= 2 32 6

25

Ex.

Ex.

7.

8.

VT8226

= V25

Find (x/19472)

Since by definition

Ex.

729

2
.

roots of the

82

62

= V2*

numerator

3i

6-

= 030.

= V26TIT81 = 5-3.9 = 136.

2
.

= a, we

( v^)"

have (Vl472) 2

= 19472.

9.

= 199 + (_ 198) - 200 - (- 201) = 2.


EXERCISE
5

1.

-v/2

3.

-fy

2.

V?.

4.

-v/2^.

9.

V36

100

2
.

3
.

5.

V5

6.

-v/2

79
2

7 2.

33

10.

V25

7.

53

\/2

16.

v- 125- 64

8.

4
.

EVOLUTION

33.

34.

35.

36.

VH) + (Vl9)
2

VI5) x ( VT7)

171

- (V200)
-f ( VI5)

(V2441) ~(V2401)

+ b\

28.

-\/d -\-Vab

29.

V8- 75- 98- 3.

30.

V20

31.

V5184.

32.

V9216.

-f

V240)

x ( V3)

45

9.

2
.

3
.

2
.

(Vl24) -{

EVOLUTION OF POLYNOMIALS AND ARITHMETICAL

NUMBERS

217.

trinomial is a perfect square if one of its terms is

equal to twice the product of the square roots of the other


terms.
In such a case the square root can be found
(
116.)

by inspection.
Ex.

1.

Find the square root of a2 - 6 ofy 2 -f 9 y4

_ 6 ary -f 9 y = (s - 3 y2) (
vV - 6 tfif + 9 y = O - 3 ;/).
4

a*

Hence

EXERCISE

116.)

80

Extract the square roots of the following expressions


2

1.

a -f2

2.

+ l.

2y-h2/

2
.

3.

^-40^4- 4/.

5.

9^ + 60^ +

6.

2
2/ .

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBEA

172
7.

4a2 -44a?> + 121V2

10.

4a

+ 6 + 4a&.

11.

49a 8 -

12.

16 a 4

mV-14m??2)-f 49;>

9.

13.

2
.

- 72 aW + 81 &

4
.

#2

14.
15.

a2

16.

a2

+ & + c + 2 a& - 2 ac - 2 &c.


2

218. In order to find a general method for extracting the


square root of a polynomial, let us consider the relation of a -f- b
2
2
to its square, a -f- 2 ab + b
.

The

first

term a of the root

the square root of the

is

first

term

a'

The second term

of the root can be obtained

second term 2ab by the double of

2ab

a-\-b

is

the root

if

a,

by dividing the
the so-called trial divisor;

the given expression is a perfect square.


it is not known whether the given

In most cases, however,

expression is a perfect square, and


b (2 a -f b), i.e. the
that 2 ab -f b 2

and

b,

we have then to consider


sum of trial divisor 2 a,

multiplied by b must give the last two terms of the

square.

The work may be arranged

as follows

a 2 + 2 ab
2

+ W \a + b

EVOLUTION
Ex.

1.

173

Extract the square root of 1G


16x4

x*

- 24 afy* -f 9 tf.

__

10 x*

Arrange the expression according to descending powers


root of 10 x 4 is 4 # 2 the lirst term of the root.
2
Subtracting the square of 4x' from the trinomial gives the remainder
'24 x'2
+ y. By doubling 4x'2 we obtain 8x2 the trial divisor.
24# 2 y 3 by the trial divisor
Dividing the first term of the remainder,
8 /-, we obtain the next term of the root
3 y 3 which has to be added to
2
the trial divisor.
Multiply the complete divisor Sx'
3y 3 by
Sy 8 and
subtract the product from the remainder. As there is no remainder,
Explanation.

The square

of x.

*/''

4 x2

?/

8 is

the required square foot.

219. The process of the preceding article can be extended to


polynomials of more than three terms. We find the first two
terms of the root by the method used in Ex. 1, and consider
Hence the
their sum one term, the first term of the answer.

double of this term


find the next

Ex.

2.

is

new

the

term of the

root,

by division we

trial divisor;

and so

forth.

Extract the square root of

16 a 4

- 24 a + 4 -12 a + 25 a8
s

Arranging according to descending powers of


10 a
2.

a.

24 a 3

4-

a2

-f

10 a 2

24 a

25 a 2

12 a

+4

12 a

+4

10 a 4

Square of 4 a
First remainder.
First trial divisor, 8 a 2 .
First complete divisor, 8 a 2

Second remainder.
6 a.
Second trial divisor, 8 a 2
Second complete divisor, 8 a 2

As

there

is

a.

-f 2.

no remainder, the required root

is

(4

a'2

8a

2}.

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

174

EXERCISE

81

Extract the square roots of the following expressions

2a + a4

+ 1.

2.

3 a2

3.

a4

4.

+ 81 a 4-54 a + 81.
25 m
20 w + 34 m - 12 m 4- 9.
4-12 a& -f 37 a' 6 - 42 a -f 49 a 6

5.
6.

2 a3

x2

2 or 4-1
3

4-

16 a4

-|-

2x.

24 a3

>

40 afy 4-46 x

24 a^

25 x

8.

16x6 4- 73a4 4-40^4-36^4-60^.

9.

-f-

if 4-

4.2^4-3^4-2^ 4-

a;

4-

7.

i/

4
.

10.

1 4- 4 x 4- 10 x2 4- 20 o 4- 25 x 4 4- 24

11.

36a 4-60a 4-73a 4-40a 4-16a

12.

36it-

13.

4-36^?/4-69a;V4-30^4-25^
4m 4- 12m 5 4- 9m 4 20m3 30m 4- 25.

14.

49 a 4

- 42 a*& 4- 37 a ^ - 12 a6
2

13#4 4-13ar 4-4a;6 - 14^4-4

4 0^4- 20

or

16 x

17.

ic

18.

729 4- 162 a2
60 a10 4- 73 a8

4-?/ 4-2x-

20.

46 a

22

16

4-

a?

4a;

XT

x*y

6 a5 4- a 6
4-

-f

_^ + 2JX

24.

44 a

2xif

j/

36 a

25 a

12

4-

-h

4-

4 64

4- 16.

4^

iK .

16.

4-

16

4-

15.

19.

or

- 54 a
40 a

12 a

12^.

4-

4-

9 a4 .

4-

16 a4

4-

25 a6 4- 40 a

EVOLUTION
The

220.

175

square root of arithmetical numbers can be found


to the one used for algebraic

by a method very similar


expressions.

Since the square root of 100 is 10; of 10,000 is 100; of 1,000,000 is


1000, etc., the integral part of the square root of a number less than 100
has one figure, of a number between 100 and 10,000, two figures, etc.
Hence if we divide the digits of the number into groups, beginning at the

and each group contains two digits (except the last, which may
contain one or two), then the number of groups is equal to the number
of digits in the square root, and the square root of the greatest square in
units,

group is the first digit in the root. Thus the square root of 96'04'
two digits, the first of which is 9 the square root of 21'06'81
has three digits, the first of which is 4.

the

first

consists of

Ex.

1.

Find the square root of 7744.

From

the preceding explanation it follows that the root has two digits,
the first of which is 8.
Hence the root is 80 plus an unknown number,
and we may apply the method used in algebraic process.

A
will

comparison of the algebraical and arithmetical method given below


identity of the methods.

show the

7744 80
6400
1

160

+ 8 = 168

+8

1344

1344
Since a

Explanation.

The
is

trial divisor

2 a

= 80,

160.

a 2 = 6400, and the first remainder is- 1344.


Therefore 6 = 8, and the complete divisor

168.

As

Ex.

x 168

2.

1344, the square root of 7744 equals 88.

Find the square root of 524,176.


a
f>2'41 '70

2 a

a2 =
+6=

41)

1400

+ 20 = 1420

00 00

341 76

28400
4

1444

57 76

6776

[700

+ 20 + 4 = 724

ELEMENTS OF ALGEKRA

1T6

off groups in a number which has decimal


begin at the decimal point, and if the righthand group contains only one digit, annex a cipher.

221.

places,

In marking

we must

Thus the groups

in .0961

are

'.GO'61.

The groups

of 16724.1 are

1'67'24.10.

Ex.

3.

Find the square root of

6.7 to three decimal places.

12.688

6/.70

45 2 70
2 25

508

4064
6168 41)600

41344
2256

222.

Roots of common fractions are extracted either by divid-

ing the root of the numerator by the root of the denominator,


or by transforming the common fraction into a decimal.

EXERCISE
Extract the square roots of

82

EVOLUTION
Find

177

to three decimal places the square roots of the follow-

ing numbers:
29.

5.

31.

.22.

33.

30.

13.

32.

1.53.

34.

37.

Find the

side of a square

1.01.
J-.

35.

T\.

36.

JT

whose area equals 50.58 square

feet.

38.

Find the side of a square whose area equals 96 square

yards.
39.
feet.
TT

Find the radius of a


(Area of a

circle

circle

whose area equals 48.4 square


when R = radius and

1
equals irR ,

= 3.1410.)
40.

Find the mean proportional between 2 and

11.

CHAPTER XV
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS INVOLVING ONE UNKNOWN
QUANTITY

223.

quadratic equation, or equation of the second degree,

an integral rational equation that contains the square of


4x
the unknown number, but no higher power e.g. x 2
7,
6 y2 = 17, ax 2 + bx + c = Q.
is

224.
complete, or affected, quadratic equation is one which
contains both the square and the first power of the unknown

quantity.

A pure,

225.

or incomplete, quadratic equation contains only

unknown quantity.
+ bx -f c r= is a complete quadratic
ax 2 = m is a pure quadratic equation.

the square of the


axt

The

226.

absolute term of an equation

does not contain any


In 4 x 2

equation.

-f

12

unknown

is

the terra which

quantities.

the absolute term

is 12.

PUKE QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

= a,

A pure quadratic is solved by reducing it to the form


and extracting the square root of both members.

Ex.

1.

227.
2
ic

Solve 13 x2 -19

Transposing,

= 7^ + 5.
6#2 =

etc.,

x*

Dividing,

24.

= 4.

Extracting the square root of each member,


x = + 2 or x

=2.

This answer
Check.

frequently written x

is

13(

2)2

19

= 33

178

2.

7(

2)*

= 33.

179

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Ex.2.

Solve

.=g
x2

Clearing of fractions, ax

4 a2

Transposing and combining,

+ 4 ax = ax + 4 a 2 + x2 -f
2 x2 = 8 a 2
4 a2
x2 =
x = V 4 a2
x=
x =
.

2,
Dividing by
Extracting the square root,

or

Therefore,

EXERCISE
Solve the following equations
1.

2.

3.

-7 = 162.
0^ + 1 = 1.25.
19
+ 9 = 5500.
o;

a;

7.
8.

9.

10.

(a?-

6(--2)=-10(aj-l).

-?

s-3

oj

+3

= 4.

2
4fc -5'

=:

18.
'

y?

b*

83

4.

16^-393 = 7.

5.

15^-5 =

6.

4 ax,

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

180
on

__!_:L

a;

&

-{-

23.

If a 2 4- b 2

24.

If s

If

= Trr

25.

27.

If 2

28.

If 22

22

'

c#

=c

('

2
,

2
,

= 4w

If s

26.

r.

-f c

2a

and

-f-

c.

= 4 Trr

2
,

solve for

r.

m.

sol ve for

G=m m
'

solve for v.

If

29.

EXERCISE
1.

+a

solve for

= ~^-,

find a in terms of 6

solve for

-f 2 b*

4,

a;

solve for d.

84

Find a positive number which

is

equal to

its

reciprocal

144).
2.

number multiplied by

its fifth

part equals 45.

Find

the number.
3.

150.
4.

The

ratio of

two numbers

Find the numbers.

(See

is

3,

and their product

is

108.)

Three numbers are to each other as 1


Find the numbers.
is 5(5.

3,

and the sum

of their squares
5.

The

sides of

two square

fields are as

Find the side

tain together 30G square feet.

5,

and they con-

of each field.

6. The sides of two square fields are as 7 2, and the first


exceeds the second by 405 square yards. Find the side of each
:

field.

228.

right triangle is a triangle,

_____
b

contains

one of

The side
right angle.
opposite the right angle is called the hypotenuse (c in the diagram). If the hypotenuse
whose angles

is

units of length, and the two other sides respectively

a and b units, then


Since such a triangle
tangle, its area contains

=a

may

-f-

b2

be considered one half of a

square units.

rec-

181

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
The hypotenuse

7.

of a right triangle

other two sides are as 3

4.

Find the

is

35 inches, and the

sides.

8. The hypotenuse of a right triangle is to one side as


13:12, and the third side is 15 inches. Find the unknown
sides and the area.

The hypotenuse

9.

two

The area

10.

sides are as 3

4.

of a right triangle is 2,

Find these

sides are equal.

and the other

sides.

of a right triangle
Find these sides.

is

24,

and the two smaller

11. A body falling from a state of rest, passes in t seconds


2
over a space s
yt
Assuming g 32 feet, in how many
seconds will a body fall (a) G4 feet, (b) 100 feet?

The area $

12.

the formula

whose radius equals r is found by


Find the radius of circle whose area S

of a circle

= Trr

/S

-J-

2
.

equals (a) 154 square inches, (b) 44 square feet.


7r

-2

(Assume

13.

.)

Two

circles together contain

radii are as 3

Find the

4.

3850 square

feet,

and their

radii.

8 = 4 wr2 Find
440
the radius of a sphere whose surface equals
square yards.
14.

If the radius of a sphere is r, its surface

(Assume

ir

-2 2

.)

COMPLETE QUADRATIC EQUATIONS


229.

ample

Method

of completing the

illustrates the

method

The following

square.

ex-

of solving a complete quadratic

equation by completing the square.


Solve

- 7 x -f 10 = 0.
x*
7 x=

or

Transposing,

10.

member can be made a complete square by adding


7 x with
another term. To find this term, let us compare x 2
The

left

the perfect square x2


of

or

2m,
we have

m = |.

to

add

(|)

mx -f m

Hence
,

to

2
.

Evidently 7 takes the place


7x a complete square

make x2

which corresponds

to

2
.

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

182

Adding

( J)

to each

member,

Or

= f.
=
\
# = ff.
or x = 2.

(*-i)
x

Extracting square roots,

Hence
x

Therefore
62

Check.

Ex.1.

-7

-|

+ 10 = 0,

22

-7

+ 10 =0.

80^69^-2 =

Dividing by

= 6.
=
| x
|.

9 x2

Transposing,

sc

9,

Completing the square

(i.e.

15 x
2

Extracting square roots,

at

Transposing,
Therefore,

Hence

Q) 2

adding

to each

(*~8) a =

Simplifying,

230.

member),

=
x-\
= 2,
|

\.

a;

or

J.
J.

to solve a complete quadratic

Reduce the equation to the form x*-\-px==q. Complete the


square by adding the square of one half the coefficient of x.. Extract the square root and solve the equation of the first degree thus
formed.

Ex.2.

a
Clearing of fractions,

x2

x
x2

Transposing,
Uniting,

+ 2 a2

-f

2 ax

- x(l

-f 2 o)

= 2 ax.
2 a*

a.

= - 2 a2 - a,

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

183

Completing the square,

Simplifying,

Extracting square root, x

- 1+2?=
"*"

Vl - 4

a2

Transposing,

= l+ * a

Therefore

= 1 +2

Vl

EXERCISE

85

<*

V IT
-*

<

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

184

45

46.

2x

4.

= 12.

48.

o^

3 ax == 4 a9

49.

or

7 wr

la

231.

Solution

x
-}-

=8

r/io?.

=0.

Every quadratic equation can be

by formula.

reduced to the general form,


2

ao; -\-bx-\- c

Solving this equation


we obtain

= 0.

by the method of the preceding

article,

2a
The

roots of

any quadratic equation may be obtained by


6, and c in the general answer.

substituting the values of a,

185

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Ex.

= 26 x-5.

Solve 5 x2

1.

5 x2

Transposing,.

Hence

+ 20

Therefore

4-

= -

5,

= 0.
26, c = 5.
V^tT)* - 4

20 x

10
==

2024 =6or

Ex.

Solve

2.

Reducing

p*x

j>o?

to general form,

p.

px*

Hence

=p

P +
2

Therefore

2.
3.

+ 2 = 0.
3 x -11 + 10 = 0.
2# 11 + 15 = 0.
2or

-5o;

(p

11.
12.

a;

13.
14.

6.

15.
16.

= 64-120?.

17.
18.

8.

9.

19.

10.

20.
21.

2
o;

1), c

p.
-

86

a?

6.

4.

7.

VQ^+T? ^4^

EXERCISE
Solve by the above formula
1.

l.

10

= 44 x - 15 x9
25x* =
21

= 12 - 25 x.
6^+5^ 56.
7^ + 9 x 90.
6m = 7 m
+ 12 = 64
7 x2

a;

a;

TIO;

?i

2
.

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

186

Find the roots of the following equations


places

two decimal

to

= 1 - x.

22.

x2

23.

3x?+x = 7.

24.

ar>-8o;

25.

4-2a;
a=:i^-^.

26.

x(x

27

= 14.

<2

- 4) = - 2.

x==

2S-3x

2
.

28

7a-l=--

7s

a?

232.

Solution

by

or,

Let

factoring.

e(l uation:

it

be required to solve the

5^ + 5=26*;

transposing

all

terms to one member,

Eesolving into factors,


(5

a?

Now, if either of the


uct

is zero.

-!)(- 5) =0.
Bx

factors

1,

or #

is zero,

Therefore the equation will be satisfied

such a value that either

_,

5x

a?- 5

or

Solving (1) and (2),

we

= 0,
= 0.

the prodif x has


(1)
(2)

obtain the roots

=^

or x

= 5.

233. Evidently this method can be applied to equations of


if one member of the equation is zero and the other

any degree,

member can be
Ex.

1.

factored.

Solve a*=

7a? + 15x

=7

Clearing for fractions,

2 2*

Transposing,

2a^7x

Factoring,

--16rc

+ 3) (x
2x-f3=0, orz
sc(2

a = 0,
Hence the equation has three

Therefore

se

roots, 0,

16 x.

= 0.
= 0.
5 = 0.

5)

},

and

6.

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Ex.

-3x

Solve x?

2.

4x

x*(x

Factoring,

3)

187

+ 12 = 0.

4 (x

= 0.

3)

-4)(z-3) = 0.
(*-2)(x + 2)(a-3)=0.

Or
Hence the

roots are 2,

2, 3.

members of an equation are divided by an


the unknown quantity, the resulting
involving
expression
equation contains fewer roots than the original one. In order
If both

234.

to obtain all roots of the original equation, such a common


divisor must be made equal to zero, and the equation thus

formed be solved.

If
or x

we

be required to solve

members by x
But evidently the value x
3

- 3)(x + 3

Ex.

it

divide both

= 2.

equation x
(x

E.g. let

is also

5) = 0.

Form an

3.

The equation

is

a root, for

Therefore x

we

3 obtained from the

5 (x

or x

= 2.

a:

=3

obtain x 4- 3

equation whose roots are 4 and

(x

evidently

I.e.

Or

3)

= 0,

6.

4)(x - (- 6)) = 0.
(aj-4)(a; + 6)=0.
x2 -f 2 x - 24 = 0.

EXERCISE
Solve by factoring

=5

3,

87

= 0.

5.

0^

6.

ar>

+ 100;= 24.
+ 10 a = 24.

14.

7.

a?-10a=:-24.

15.

5 = 0.
3^ 25^ + 28 = 0.
+ 9 -f 20 x = 0.
4or + 18a -f 8a;:=0.
3# y 5 = 0.
3^ = 0(110-6).
0(0-2) = 7(0-2).

8.

aj(

16.

(5

-|-6
2.
3.

4.

0^

21

= 10

a?.

ar'-Sa^ -12.
a*
10a=24.

+ 8=s:

7.

9.

10.

11.
12.
13.

2o3 -f9a;
2

or

a;

or

ELEMENTS OF ALGEKRA

188
f

17.

tt(3tt

18.

uz + u

+ 7tt)=6tt.
2.

21.
22. (2a?

3) (a
24.
25.

26.

ara +

(a

19.

w(w

20.

x2

w)=6tt.
a 2 =(x

+ 2)=

(+ 3)(a?+2).

23.

or

-a -2

(y( j_
?

ft

a)b.

+ 1) (a- 3) = (s + l) (3 -a).

+ c*.

27.

50.

'-3a!J -

a?

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Form

the equations whose roots are

51.

3,1.

52.

3,

-4.

53.

-2, -5.

55.

54.

0,9.

56.

189

-2,3.

57.

1,2,3.

-2,3,0.

58.

2,0, -2.

1,

PROBLEMS INVOLVING QUADRATICS


Problems involving quadratics have

in general two
answers, but frequently the conditions of the problem exclude
negative or fractional answers, and consequently many prob-

235.

lems of this type have only one solution.

EXERCISE

1.

88

number increased by three times

its reciprocal

equals

Find the number.

6J.
2.

Divide CO into two parts whose product

3.

The

difference of

of their reciprocals is

|.

two numbers is 4, and the difference


Find the numbers.

Find two numbers whose product

4.

is 875.

is

288,

and whose sum

is 36.

The sum

5.

What

85.
6.

of the squares of

are the

numbers

The product

of

two consecutive numbers

is

two consecutive numbers

is

210.

Find

the numbers.
7.

Find a number which exceeds

8.

Find two numbers whose difference

product
9.

its

square by
is

G,

-|.

and whose

is 40.

Twenty-nine times a number exceeds the square of the


190. Find the number.

number by
10. The

sides of a rectangle differ by 9 inches, and


equals 190 square inches. Find the sides.
11.

its

area

rectangular field has an area of 8400 square feet and


Find the dimensions of the field.
feet.

a perimeter of 380

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

190

The length

12.

AB of a rectangle, ABCD, exceeds its widtK


AD by 119 feet, and the line BD joining

B
1

two opposite
.

c equals 221

vertices (called "diagonal")

feet.

Find

AB and AD.

The diagonal

13.

of a rectangle is to the length of the recthe area of the figure is 96 square inches.

tangle as 5 4, and
Find the sides of the rectangle.
:

A man

14.

sold a

watch for $ 24, and lost as many per cent


Find the cost of the watch.

as the watch cost dollars.

A man

15.

sold a watch for $ 21, and lost as many per cent


Find the cost of the watch.
dollars.

watch cost

as the

A man

16.

Two steamers

17.

of 420 miles.
other,

and gained as many per


Find the cost of the horse.

sold a horse for $144,

cent as the horse cost dollars.

and

is

ply between the same two ports, a distance


One steamer travels half a mile faster than the
two hours less on the journey. At what rates do

the steamers travel ?


18. If a train had traveled 10 miles an hour faster, it would
have needed two hours less to travel 120 miles. Find the rate

of the train.
19. Two vessels, one of which sails two miles per hour faster
than the other, start together on voyages of 1152 and 720 miles
respectively, and the slower reaches its destination one day

before the other.

How many

miles per hour did the faster

vessel sail ?

If
20. A man bought a certain number of apples for $ 2.10.
he had paid 2 ^ more for each apple, he would have received
12 apples less for the same money. What did he pay for each

apple ?

A man bought a certain number of horses for $1200.


had paid $ 20 less for each horse, he would have received
two horses more for the same money. What did he pay for
21.

If he

each horse ?

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

191

--

On the prolongation of a line AC, 23 inches long, a point


taken, so that the rectangle, constructed with
and CB as sides, contains
B
78 square inches. Find
and CB.
22.

is

AB

AB

23.

A rectangular

24.

grass plot, 30 feet long and 20 feet wide,


is surrounded by a walk of uniform width.
If the area of the
walk is equal to the area of the plot, how wide is the walk ?
circular basin is surrounded

and the area of the path

is

by a path 5

feet wide,

Find

of the area of the basin.

the radius of the basin.

TT r
(Area of a circle
.)
25. A needs 8 days more than B to do a certain piece of
work, and working together, the two men can do it in 3 days.
In how many days can B do the work ?

26.

Find the side of an equilateral triangle whose altitude

equals 3 inches.
27. The number of eggs which can be bought for $ 1 is
equal to the number of cents which 4 eggs cost. How many
eggs can be bought for $ 1 ?

236.

EQUATIONS IN THE QUADRATIC FORM


An equation is said to be in the quadratic form

if it

contains only two unknown terms, and the unknown factor of


one of these terms is the square of the unknown factor of the
other, as
0,

^-3^ = 7,

(tf- I) -4(aj*-l)

= 9.

237. Equations in the quadratic form can be solved by the


methods used for quadratics.

Ex.

1.

^-9^ + 8 =

Solve

**

By formula,

Therefore

\/8

0.

=9

= 2,

or x

= \/l = 1.

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBEA

192
238.
stitute

Ex.

In more complex examples it is advantageous to sub


a letter for an expression involving a?.

+ 15 =

2.

<

Let

Then

or

r-f 15

or

y-8)=0.
Hence

>,

or y

0,

8.

Le.
Solving,

1,

EXERCISE
Solve the following equations
1.

4
a;
4

-10a; 2 -h9:=0.
4-36

= 13.T

2.

a;

7.

3 a4

8.

16 a^-40

3.

4.

a4 -5o;2 =-4.

11.

6.

a -21or=100.

-44s + 121=0.

aV+9o

89

=0.

9.

10.

-8 = 2 a*

6.

-37aj 2 = -9.
2

(a:

+aj)

-18(x2 +a;)+72=0,

2
(^-Z) -

12.

"3
14.

1=2*.
T

15

16.

^^

a?

17.

(a?-

18.
19.

^ 2:=Q>

~ 28

193

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

CHARACTER OF THE ROOTS


239.

The quadratic equation

oa/*

bx

-f-

1.

2.

3.

it

follows
2

is

4c

is

a positive or equal to zero, the roots are real.


negative, the roots are imaginary.
a perfect square, the roots are rational.

4 ac

is

Iflr

kac

is 'not

4 ac

is zero,

4ac

is

4 ac

If b
Ifb*
2
If b

Ifb
2
Jfb

has two roots,

2a

2a
Hence

-f-

a perfect square, the roots are irrational.


the roots are equal.

not zero, the roots are unequal.

240. The expression b 2


the equation ay? 4- bx 4- c

4 ac

is

called the discriminant of

= 0.

Ex. 1. Determine the character of the roots of the equation


3 a 2 - 2 z - f> = 0.
The discriminant =(- 2) 2 4 3 (- 5) = 04.
.

Hence the roots are

real, rational,

and unequal.

Ex. 2. Determine the character of the roots of the equation


4 x2 - 12 x + 9 = 0.
2

= 0,

the roots are real, rational, and equal.

Since

241.

Relations between roots and coefficients.

12)

the equation ax2 4- bx 4-

are denoted

__

b 4- Vfr 2

Tl

Vi

2a

Or

/ 1

4-r2

4 ac
'

T*
b

Hence

by

=
a

4 ac

i\

If the roots of

and r2 then
,

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

194

If the given equation is written in the form


may be expressed as follows

these results

If the
(a)

2
a?

+ a-x + -a =

0,

ofx

coefficient

in

a quadratic equation

The sum of the roots

is

equal

is

unity,

of x with

to the coefficient

the

sign changed.
(b)

The product of the roots

is

2
E.g. the sain of the roots of 4 x

equal to theubsolute term,


-f

5 x

=:

j, their

is

product

is-f.

EXERCISE

89 a

Determine without solution the character of the roots of the


following equations

4.

= 0.
5a -26a? + 5 = 0.
2x* + 6x + 3 = 0.
or + 10
+ 4520 = 0.

5.

^-12.

6.

3a;2

7.

9x2 ~

1.

o;

-lla; + 18
2

2.

3.

a;

+ 4a: + 240 = 0.

+ 2-a;.
= 5x.
12~x = x

8.

5aj

9.

x2 -7

10.

a?-3
'

12.

10 x

==
~

= 25 x + 1.
2

In each of the following equations determine by inspection


sum and the product of the roots:

the

13.

14.
15.

= Q.
-9a-3 = 0.
2a -4z-5 = 0.
x2 -!i>x + 2

16.

z2

17.

18.

= 0.
tfmx+p^Q.
5oj -aj + l = 0.
Sa^ +

Ooj

Solve the following equations and check the answers by

forming the sum and the product of the roots


19.

20.

21.

a 2 - 19 #

= 0.

+
^ + 2^-2 = 0.
+ 2a-15 = 0.
2

ar

60

22.

x2 -4 x

23.

0^

24.

or

205

= 0.
=
0.
+
12
2

CHAPTER XVI
THE THEORY OF EXPONENTS
242. The following four fundamental laws for positive integral
exponents have been developed in preceding chapters
:

a m a" = a m+t1 .
~
a m -f- a" = a m n

I.

II.

mn .
(a ) s=a
m = aw bm

III.

IV.

The

first

provided

w > n.*

(ab)

of these laws

is

the direct consequence of the defiand third are consequences

nition of power, while the second


of the first.

FRACTIONAL AND NEGATIVE EXPONENTS


Fractional and negative exponents, such as 2*, 4~ 3 have
meaning according to the original definition of power, and

243.

no

we may choose

for such

symbols any definition that

is

con-

venient for other work.


It is, however, very important that all exponents should be
governed by the same laws; hence, instead of giving a formal
definition of fractional and negative exponents, we let these
quantities be what they must be if the exponent law of multiplication is generally true.

244.

of

We assume,

m and n.

m
therefore, that a

Then the law

*The symbol

>

an

= a m+n

of involution, (a m ) w

means "is greater than"

smaller than."

195

for all values

= a""

similarly

<

must be

means "is

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

196

true for positive integral values of n, since the raising to a


positive integral power is only a repeated multiplication.

Assuming these two


8*,

n
2
a, 4~ , a ,

laws,

we

try to discover the

In every case we

etc.

let the

meaning of

unknown quantity

and apply to both members of the equation that operation which makes the negative, fractional, or zero exponent
equal

x,

disappear.
245.

To

find the

meaning

is

of

a fractional exponent;

Let

e.g. at.

a*.

The operation which makes the fractional exponent disappear


evidently the raising of both members to the third power.
Hence

^=(a^)

Or

3*

3
.

= a.

0?=-^.

Therefore

Similarly,

Hence we

we

find

a?

define a* to be the qth root of of.

Write the following expressions as radicals :


22.

m$.

24.

a\

26. (xy$.

28.

23.

a?*.

25.

27. 3*.

29. as.

(bed)*.

30.

'&M

31. ml.

THE THEORY OF EXPONENTS


Express with fractional exponents
32.

33.

-\fi?.

36.

Vo5

37.

34.

-v/o&cT

ty?.

2'

= 4.

41.

a*

= 3.

43.

3*

40.

4*

= 2.

42.

= 2.

44.

27*

47.

4*

v'mT

-\/m.\/n.

39.

Find the values of

35.

38.

-\/xy-

Solve the following equations

197

= 27.

45.

5 a*

= 10.

= 3.

46.

7z*

= 49.

+ 9* + 16* + 25* + 36*.

48.
49.

64*

+ 9* + 16* + (-32)*.

50.

246.

To

find the

meaning

of zero exponent, e.g.

a.

a = a.

Let

The operation which makes the zero exponent disappear


2
evidently a multiplication by any power of a, e.g. a *

is

a2

a=l.

Or

Therefore the zero power of any number


NOTE.

If,

however, the base

Indeterminate.

is

zero,

is

equal

to unity.

5L is indeterminate

hence

is

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

198
To

247.

find the

meaning

of a negative exponent, e.g.

x=

Let

or".

Multiplying both members by

Or

a"#

248. Factors

may

cr n.

an x = a.

a",

= l.

be transferred

denominator of a fraction, or

from

vice versa,

the

numerator

to

the

by changing the sign of

the exponent.

NOTE.

The

fact that a

It loses its singularity

each

is

if

=
we

1 sometimes appears peculiar to beginners.


consider the following equations, in which

obtained from the preceding one by dividing both

a8

a1

a- 2

a2

a a

etc.

members by

a.

THE THEORY OF EXPONENTS


EXERCISE

199

91

Find the values of:

Express with positive exponents


21.

or 5 .

22.

6 or 2

24.

7~ l a 2b 2

25.

^-^ ^.
3

27.

a;-

""^T"*'

Write without denominators


29.

<W*

*
31

'

arV

l>

30.

^L.
c

32.

^?2
y'

34.

Write with radical signs and positive exponents


35.

mi

36.

m~^.

37.

40.

(2w)~i
-.

38.

39.

2m~i

a?

a^

66

41.
cci

44.

a;"*

45.

42.

43.

rfS.

1
-L
?>i""i

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

200

Solve the equations

= l.
ar = i.
2 =f
3* = f
x~

46.

47.

48.
49.

Find the values

= 1.
= 5.

= .1.
= -^.

50.

17'

54.

10*

51.

z*

55.

5*

52.

5or*=10.

53.

10*

= .001.

of:

56.
57.

3-ll-

58.

4~*

59.

60.

61.

+ 1~* -f 21 - 9*.
(81)* + (3f)*-(5 TV)*-3249 + 16 * - 81 -f (a - 6).
- (.008)* + A. + A_.
(.343)* + (.26)*
1

(I-)

75

USE OF NEGATIVE AND FRACTIONAL EXPONENTS


249. It can be demonstrated that the last three laws for any
exponents are consequences of the first law, and we shall hence
assume that all four laws are generally true. It then follows

that:

Fractional and negative exponents

may

be treated by the

same

methods as positive integral exponents.


250.

Examples relating

to roots can be reduced to

taining fractional exponents.

Ex.

1.

Ex 2

(a*&~*)*

(aVM = a*&~* +

'

'*&*

examples con-

THE THEORY OF EXPONENTS

201

Expressions containing radicals should be simplified as

251.

follows

(a)

Write

(6)

Perform the operation indicated.

(c)

Remove

all radical

signs as fractional exponents.

the negative exponents.

remove the fractional exponents.

(d) If required,

NOTE.

Negative exponents should not be removed until all operations


of multiplication^ division, etc., are performed.

EXERCISE
Simplify

2.

&.&.&.$-".$-*.

3.

72

25

26

5.

a- 3

6.

aj"

7.

6a-.5a.

6 *- 6 *' 6 *-

'

92

79

7~ 5

3 a- 4

a8

OA
20.

2~ 9

2~ 8

27

a- 4

7~ 6

2 a?

2 ar 1

22.

3-s-VS.

23.

/
7-f--v 7.

25.
9.

7*.7i.7*.7W.
.

26.

4
x^.

10.

#*

11.

V5.^/5-^5.

27

12.

95 -^9i

28.

13.

5-*-*- 5.

14.

S-'-s-S-8.

16.

a9 -i-a- 4

16.

14an-

17.

(4**-

18.

(Va)

'

a;

4
.

__
29-

/m
'-=V--

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

202

V ra
4/

32.

-\/m

33.
34.

35.

40.

we wish to arrange terms according to descending


we have to remember that, the term which does
not contain x may be considered as a term containing #. The
252.

If

powers of

a?,

powers of x arranged are

Ex.

1.

1
Multiply 3 or

+x

Arrange in descending powers of

5 by 2 x

1.

x.

Check.

lix

=+1

2x-l

Ex.

2.

Divide

by

^
2a

3 qfo

4- 2 d

THE THEORY OF EXPONENTS


EXERCISE

203

93

Perform the operations indicated:

2.
3.

4.
5.

(7r-8Vr + r>)(9 Vr-7).


2
- 1 ).
(a- + a -f 1) (a~ + a
2

6.

7.
8.
9.

10.
11.

12.

13.

14.

(4

a- 3

- 24 a- - 9 - 3 a~ )

-r-

(a"

- 3).

+ + 47i) + 35V5?)-*-(5Vp + l).


VS" ^- ( Vo Vft)
1C
H- (a~ -f 7 a- ^a~
a-*b~
33
a6~ + 14 a+
(3
a _&)-*. (-^? + ^/-^ + */fr^
15.
16. (a-6 + 2V6c
c)-^-(Va+V6 Vc).
17. -y^TTOa; -f 13 - 12 *- + 4 aF*.
(13Vp

(Va^-f aV^-&Va
5

^>~

18.

Vor

19.

V25 #

20.

^^

21.
22.
23.
24.
25.

2 x -h or
2

2 or

-f-

3.

- 2()"ar r+ 34 - 12 x -f 9 x*.

+2

(l+4^-flO^ + 20oT-f 25^T -f-24-\/i?-f 16


(1+V2)V2.
(2+V2)(V2-2).
(5+V3)(5-2V3).

a?

)*.

26.

(1-3VS)(2 + V5).

27.

(VU - V2)(Vn~3V2)

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

204

Find by inspection
28.
29.

(x*

+ 3)(tf*-f 2).

a*

+ 3l-5.

35.
36.

8
(a;*

yi)

(5*-2*

2
.

30.
31.

V-

38.

32.

(3^

33.

(#*
^

2*)

39.

34.

(fl

-f-

5) (x*

5).

40.

(m

n)

-f-

11

(m*

-f-

n 5 ).

CHAPTER XVII
RADICALS
253.

a quantity, indicated by a

radical is the root of

radical sign.

254.

The

radical is rational, if the root can be extracted

exactly; irrational, if the root cannot be exactly obtained.


Irrational quantities are frequently called surds.

^9
4^

255.

The

+ V) *

are radicals.

= 2, V(a + 6) 2 are rational.

\/2,

root.

(*

V4a-f

b are irrational.

order of a surd
/-

is

indicated by the index of the

va

is

of the second order, or quadratic.

\/2

is

of the third order, or cubic.

Vc

is

of the fourth order, or biquadratic.

256. A mixed surd is the product of a rational factor and a


surd factor; as 3Va, a;V3. The rational factor of a mixed
surd is called the coefficient of the surd.

An
257.
factor.

entire surd is

one whose coefficient

Similar surds are surds


3v/2 and 6

3V2 and

is

unity; as

Va,

which contain the same irrational

av^

are similar.

3 V8 are dissimilar.

206

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

206
258.

Conventional restriction of the signs of roots.

All even roots

may

be positive or negative,

VI = + 2

e.g.

or

2.

Hence
6.
which results in four values, viz. 14, 6,
To avoid
14, or
this ambiguity, it is customary in elementary algebra to restrict

the sign of a root to the prefixed sign.

5 V4 4- 2 V4

Thus

= 7 VI = 14.

If the object of an example, however, is merely an evolution,


the complete answer is usually given thus
;

=-

(oj- 2).

Since radicals can be written as powers with fractional

259.

exponents, all examines relating to radicals

may

be solved by the

methods employed for fractional exponents.

Thus, to find the nth root of a product ab we have


T

(a6)"==a"6"
I.e.

(242).

to extract the root of a product, multiply the roots of the

factors.

TRANSFORMATION OF RADICALS
260.

Simplification of surds.

A radical is simplified when the

expression under the radical sign is integral, and contains no


factor whose power is equal to the index.

Ex.

1.

Simplify

= \/25~a~ Vb = 6 a*VS.
4

Ex.

2.

Simplify

-v/16.

-J/lB^^.

4/2

= 2^.

RADICALS

207

261 When the quantity under the radical sign is a fraction, we


multiply both numerator and denominator by such a quantity
as will make the denominator a perfect power of the same
.

degree as the surd.

Ex.

3.

Simplify V|.

Ex.

4.

Simplify

EXERCISE

94

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

208

/s

39.

37.

*x+y
38.

262.

An

\ 2m

imaginary surd can be simplified in precisely the


as a real surd thus,

same manner

42.

V-16a

44.

2\-

Simplify and find to three decimal places the numerical


values of
47.
48.

VJ.*

49.

Vf.

VJ.

50.

VA

263.

Reduction of a surd to an entire surd.

Ex.

Express 4 a V& as an entire surd.

EXERCISE
Express as entire surds

95

1.

4V5.

3.

2-\/lL

5.

2.

3V7.

4.

3^5.

6.

7.

a VS.

8.

* See table of
square roots on page 164.

RADICALS

209

264. Transformation of surds to surds of different order.

Ex.

1.

Transform -\/uW into a surd of the 20th order.

Ex.

2.

Transform

lowest order.

\/2,

V3, and

\/5 into surds of the

same

V2 = 2* = a* = '#64.
|^ = 8* = 3A= ^gi.
^5 = 6* = 6* =^125.
1

Ex.

Reduce the order of the surd tyaP.

3.

Exponent and index bear the same relation as numerator and


denominator of a fraction ; and hence both may be multiplied by

same number, or both divided by the same number, without


changing the value of the radical.
the

EXERCISE
Reduce
1.

Va?.

96

to surds of the 6th order

-fymn.

2.

Reduce

3.

\/
v

4.

v'c?.

to surds of the 12th order

7.

V2~a.

8.

^v/mV

9.

10.

5.

\|

^-

6.

mn.

\/a4 6 2c.

11.

-\/oP6.

13.

-\/3ax.

12.

\/5a5V.

14.

a.

Express as surds of lowest order with integral exponents


and indices
:

15.

-v/o

20.

A/^

16.

\/oW.

22.

17.

VSlmV.

-v/IaT .

24.

18.

-\/

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

210

Express as surds of the same lowest order

32.

25.

V3,

</2.

29.

2\

26.

A/2, s!/3.

30.

V2,

A/3,

^5.

33.

V3,

27.

-v/3,

^2.

31.

-v^S, -\/5,

-^7.

34.

^2, ^4,

28.

-\/7,

V2.

3*.

Arrange

in order of

35.

-v/3,

V2.

37.

\/7,

VS.

36.

-v/4,

-^6.

38.

V5,

^/IT,

</3, -^4.

</20.

magnitude :

^126.

39.

5V2, 4^/4.

40.

-^2,

^3, ^30.

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF RADICALS


265.

form.
terms
their

To add or

(i.e.

add

proper

Ex.

subtract surds, reduce them to their simplest


add them like similar

If the resulting surds are similar,

1.

their coefficients) ; if dissimilar, connect

them by

signs.

V| + 3 VlS- 2 V50.

Simplify

VJ + 3VT8 - 2 V50 = V2 + 9 V2 - 10 V2 = I

V2.

Ex.2. Simplify/a35
~

o
- 3-\|

Ex.

3.

3:

\/=^8

v~

^y

Simplify

V|~

8ft 2- s/a;

3
-

s/-

3ft 2

RADICALS
EXERCISE

211

97

Simplify the following expressions

2.

2V8-7Vl8-f5V72-V50.

3.

VT2 + 2V27 + 3V75-9V48.

4.

V18+V32-VT28+V2.

6.

V175-V28+V63-4V7.

6.

VJ+V8-V1 + V50.

7.

4V80-5V45-.3V20 + 6V5.

8.

8VT8-J-2V32

+ 3V8-35V2.

9.

10.

11.
12.
13.
14.

V45c3
3 abv'ab

V80~c~3

V5a c + c
2

-f

+ 3 aVo^

3 Va^

;J

a6 V4

aft.

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

212

23.

98 ab

^"
fab

"

.fab

FW

\~\
jab

MULTIPLICATION QEJRABIQALS
Surds of the same order are multiplied by multiplying
product of the coefficients by the product of the irrational

266.
the

for a~\/x b~\/y


ab^/xy.
Dissimilar surds are reduced to surds of the same order, and

factors,

then multiplied.

Ex.

1.

Multiply 3-\/25^ by 5\/50Y


3v

26^

5 4/6072

V2 by

16^6272.

6*. y*

Ex.

2.

Multiply

Ex.

3.

- 2 VS by 3 Vf + 10 VB.
Multiply 5 V7

3\/l.

6\/7- 2v/6
+ IPV6

8\/7

105- 6V35
106

4-60V35-100
- 100 =
-f 44 VS6

+ 44\/36.

RADICALS
EXERCISE

3.

V3 Vl2.
V2 -V50.
V3 V6.

4.

5.

Vr

1.

2.

213

98

6.

VlO V15.

11.

-v/18

7.

12.

8.

Vll.VSS.
V20 V30.

13.

V5
Va

-VTO.

9.

-v/4.^/2.

14.

Va-

V42.

10.

-\/3

15.

V?/

16.

aVa; 6 V4

17.

V2a-V8^.

-\^).

-v"3.

fWa

a?.

18.
19.

25.

(V2+V3+V4)V3.

27.

(5V2-2V3-CVS)V3.

28

(3

20.

21.

10

40

Vm

30.

Vm) (Vm-f 1

(Vm-Vn)(Vm+Vn>

33.

34.

(Va

36.

(6V2-3V3)(6V2-|-3V3).

37.

(5V5-8V2)(5V5 + 8V2).

38.

(Vm-Vn)

39.

-\-

Va

(V3-V2)

-{-

Vm).

6(Va-f Va

8
.

40.
41.

+ VB)(2-V5).

6.

(V6 + 1)

(2-V3)

1
.

8
.

ELEMENTS OF ALGEHRA

214

42.

(3V5-5V3)

44.

(3V3-2Vo)(2V3+V5).

45.

(2

46.

(5V7-2V2)(2VT-7V2).

47.

(5V2+V10)(2V5-1).

43.

V3 - V5) ( V3 + 2 VS).

48.

49.

(3V5-2V3)(2V3-V3).

60.

51.

52.

Va

53.

-v/a.

-v/a

DIVISION OF RADICALS
267. Monomial surdn of the same order may be divided by
multiplying the quotient of the coefficients by the quotient of the

surd factors.

E.y. a

VS

-f-

a?Vy

= -\/ -

x*y

Since surds of different orders can be reduced to surds of

the same order,

all

monomial surds may be divided by

this

method.

Ex.

Ex.

2.

268.

If,

(V50-f 3Vl2)-4-V2==
however, the quotient of the surds

is

a fraction,

it

more convenient to multiply dividend and divisor by a


factor which makes the divisor rational.

is

RADICALS

215

This method, called rationalizing the


the following examples

Ex.

1.

Divide

divisor, is illustrated

VII by v7.

In order to make the divisor (V?) rational,

by V7.

VTL_Vll
'

Ex.
The

2.

by

~~"
\/7_V77

we have

to multiply

/~

Divide 4 v^a by

rationalizing factor

is

evidently \/Tb

hence,

4\/3~a'

36

Ex.

Divide 12 V5

3.

Since \/8

+ 4V5 by V.

2 V*2, the rationalizing factor


x

+ 4\/5 _ 12v 3 + 4\/5


V8
V8

12 Vil

g
'

is

\/2,

V2
V2

269. To show that expressions with rational denominators


are simpler than those with irrational denominators, arithTo find, e.g.,
metical problems afford the best illustrations.

- by the usual arithmetical method, we have

V3
But

if

we

simplify

1.73205

JL-V^l
V3

^>

*>

Either quotient equals .57735.


Evidently, however, the
by 3 is much easier to perform than the division by

division

1.73205.

Hence

in arithmetical

work

it

is

rationalize the denominators before dividing.

always best to

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

216

EXERCISE

99

Simplify :
1.

^/H
7.

V7
~

V8?^

11 n

13

VH

V7 xy

8.

Vn

14.

Vf-f-V?.

5
-2-.

2V5

'

2 V3

V7

'

vfi*
'

Va

Vll
212*.

12.

--.

V2 = 1.4142, V3 = 1.7320,

Given

and

V5 = 2.2361,

find to

four decimal places the numerical values of:


19.

-i.

20.

V2
22

12..

A.

21.

V3
23

V5

A.

V8
24

V8

JL.

25.

V48

4=V50

Two binomial quadratic surds are said to be conjugate,


they differ only in the sign which connects their terms.

270.
if

Va + Vb

and

Va

Vb

are conjugate surds.

271.

The product of two conjugate binomial surds

272.

To

rationalize the denominator of a fraction

is

rational

whose denom-

a binomial quadratic surd, multiply numerator and


denominator by the conjugate surd of the denominator.

inator is

RADICALS
Ex.

1.

Simplify

2V3-V2

217

'

V3-V2
~

= 4 + V5.

Ex.2.

a;

s
Simplify

- vffi^T _ - Vs2 - 1 x-Vtf


a;

Ex.

3.

Find the numerical value of

V2 + 2
2V2-1

V2+2 _ V2+2 2\/2+l_6 + 6\/2.= 18.07105 =


7
7
2V2-1 2V2-1 2V2 + 1
e

EXERCISE
Eationalize the denominators of

100
:

V8-2

2-V3

1-fVS

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

218

13

~3

16.

V5-1

17

V3-V2

1-Va?

5V7-7V5
'

V5-V7

^-SVg.

15.

19.

V5-2

Vg+v/2

14

6V7-.W3.

18>

2V5-V18

m-Vm
Va

22.

Given V2
1.4142,
four places of decimals
23

_!_.

V3 = 1.7320,
25

V2-1
-=

24.

and

V5 = 2.2361;

find to

-J?_.

27.

Vo-1
26.

V3 + 1

2-V3

28.

3-V5

1+V5

'

V5+2
Find the third proportional

31.

V3-2*
to 1

+ V2

and 3

-f-

2V2.

INVOLUTION AND EVOLUTION OF RADICALS


273.

By

the use of fractional exponents

shown that VcT = ( V) w


Hence

V25~3 = ( V25) 3 - 5 3 = 125.

it

can easily be

RADICALS

219

274. In other examples of involution and evolution, introduce fractional exponents


:

Ex.

1.

Simplify

Ex.

2.

Find the square

of

EXERCISE
Simplify
1.

101

(3Vmw)

2
.

5.

V643

9.

7.

-\/l6*.

11.

8.

\/125" .

2.

3.

(V2~u-)

4.

V255

12.

SQUARE ROOTS OF QUADRATIC SURDS


275.

To

find the square root of a binomial square

According to

by

inspection.

G3,

V5 + V3) = 5 + 2 V5~^3 + 3
2

= 8 + 2 VIS.
v8-f 2\/15, the
If, on the other hand, we had to find
problem would be quite simple if presented in the form
v5-|-2V3 5 + 3.

it to this form, we must find


8 and whose product is 15, viz.

To reduce

two numbers whose sum


5 and 3.

is

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

220
Ex.

l.

Find

Vl2 4- 2 \/20.

Find two numbers whose sum


numbers are 10 and 2.

Ex.

2.

Find

is

12

coefficient of the Irrational

^TT- 6 A/2 = Vll Find two numbers whose sum


numbers are 9 and 2.

Ex.

3.

^11 - 6\/2

Find

These

is 20.

Vll - 6 V2.

Write the binomial so that the

Hence

and whose product

is 11,

term

and whose product

= ^9 - 2 A/2
= V9-A/2
= 3 - A/2.

is 18.

+2

V4 + VJ8.

EXERCISE

is 2.

2 \/18.

102

Extract the square roots of the following binomials

The

RADICALS
Simplify the following expressions
18.

Vl3-2V22.

19.

-+=.
-

22.

4--

VT - V48

VT 4. V48

2 V6

221

4
20.

23.

V4 + V12
RADICAL EQUATIONS
276.

radical equation is

root of an

Vx =

an equation involving an irrational

unknown number.
5,

-\/x

+ 3 = 7,

(2x

xrf

1,

are radical equations.

277. Radical equations are rationalized,

i.e.

they are trans-

formed into rational equations, by raising both members

to

equal powers.
Before performing the involution,
examples to simplify the equation as

to

it

is

much

necessary in most
as possible,

and

transpose the terms so that one radical stands alone in one

member.
If all radicals do not disappear through the
the process must be repeated.

Ex.1.

Solve

involution,

vV-f!2-a = 2.

Transposing

a;,

Squaring both members,


Transposing and uniting,
Dividing by
Check.

first

12

x2

-f

12

=2

= x -f 2.
= xa + 4 x -f 4.

4x

4,

The value x

Vsc2

reduces each

8.

= 2.
member

to 2.

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBltA

222
Ex.

V4 x + 1 -f V4

Solve

2.

Transpose

V4 x

-f

Transposing and uniting,


Dividing by 24,
Squaring both members,

Vitf

-f

25

4x

-f-

25

4x

24 \/4 #-|-

25.

-f-

V4afT~l.

= 0.
-f V/2TT25 = 5 +
x

Therefore

V24~+~l

CftecAr.

Extraneous

12.

Squaring both members of an equaThus x 2 = 3 has only


root.

roots.

new

tion usually introduces a

one

= 12.

25

= 12
= 144
24\/4# + 1 = 120.
\/4 jc~+~l = 5.

Squaring both members,

278.

a; -f-

root, viz. 5.

4#-f 4 = 9, an equaSquaring both members we obtain or


1.
tion which has two roots, viz. 5 and
The squaring of both members of the given equation introSince
duced the new root
1, a so-called extraneous root.
radical equations require for their solution the squaring of
both members, the roots found are not necessarily roots of

the given equation

The

279.

they

results

may

be extraneous roots.

the solution

of

of radical equations must be

substituted in the (jlren equation to determine ivhether the roots are

true roots or extraneous roots.

Ex.

3.

Solve -Vx

-f-

Squaring both members,

+ 2 Vx'2 +

(.

Transposing and uniting, 2 Vx^


Dividing by 2,
Squaring both members,
Transposing,
Factoring,

Therefore
Check.

member

It

= V2.

= 3 x - 3.
= 9 x2 18 x +
8x 2 25x-f3 = 0.
- 1) = 0.
(x
3) (8 x
x = 3, or =
VzMx2

-f

-f 7

at

J,

the

first

member =|\/2

+ -jV2=|v^;

9.

RADICALS
Hence x
If
a;

223

\ does not satisfy the given, equation it is an extraneous root.


both members reduce to 5.
Hence there is only one root, viz.
;

= 3,

3.

If the signs of the roots were not restricted, x


root of the preceding equation, for it satisfies the equation
.

NOTE.

VaT+T
Ex.

Solve

4.

4-

Vz+T + V2aT+3 =

2
Clearing of fractions, V2x'

+ "b"x

Transposing,
Factoring,

Therefore,

If

V,

Hence x

= 3,

tlie Jeft

would be a

-f 1.

A5_

4-2x4-3

15.

+ 6~ieT~3 - 12 - 2 r.
2 z 2 4 6 x 4 3 = 144 - 48 x +
2 x2
53 -f 141 = 0.
- 3) (2 x - 47) = 0.
(x
x = 3, or x
*j-.

Squaring,

Check.

-f

ViTie-

Transposing,

If

VxT~0 = \/8 x

is

both members reduce


member = 12T V2, and

4 z2

to 5.

the right

member

|V2.

the only root.

Solve the following equations

= G.

* Exclude

all

solutions which do not satisfy the equation or which

the given radicals imaginary.

make

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

224

280.

of

Many

radical equations

may be

238.

Ex.

1.

Solve

Factoring,

Therefore

af*- 33

af*

+ 32=0.

solved by the method

RADICALS
Raising both members to the

Ex.

| power,

= 32~*

Adding 40 to both members,

then x2 - 8 x

Hence

y'

Therefore

y
2

= ^ or

1.

- 8 x + 40 = 36,

8 x -f 40

x*

$x + 40 = y,

Vz2

Let

or 1"*

8x

Solve x*

2.

225

2y

+ 40 =

= 35.

_ 2 y - 35 = 0.
= 7,

- 8 z-|-40 = 7,

or y
or

5.

Vi 2 -8a;-f40=

2_8z 4-40 = 49,

=9

or

5.

= 26.

1.

=6

or

3.

members of the equation were squared, some of the roots


be extraneous. Substituting, it will be found that 9 and
1 satisfy
the equation, while 6 and 3 are extraneous roots.
This can be seen without substituting, for 6 and 3 are the roots of the
Since both

may

+ 40 = 6. But as the square root is restricted to


cannot be equal to a negative quantity.

2
equation Vx'

8x

positive values,

it

EXERCISE

its

104*

Solve the following equations:


1.

x + Vx

2.

a?

= 6.

2Va;

6.

= 0.

4.

4-12a* = 16.
45 14VJB =

5.

o;*-2a;i~24 = 0.

3.

* Exclude extraneous roots and roots which


imaginaries.

make

the given radicals

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

226

8a

11.

or

12.

a^-

13.

x2

+x
;

14.

ar

15.

-f-

40

-fll x
3x

SB*

4-

V*

a;

8.a

+3=

12 V5l?

4-40

6.

+1 1^7-^30 =

+ G V2^"-^I + 2 =

16.
17.
18.

19.

a;

20.

7a;-f 18

7a?H-V^

Va?~3o~

= y?

= 35.

= 24.

3 x -f

2.

4.

CHAPTER

XVIII

THE FACTOR THEOREM


281. If x* - 3 x~ + 4 x + 8 is divided by x
remainder (which does not contain a?), then
or*

3 x2 -f- 4 a;

-f

Or, substituting Q
"
and

Remainder,"

ani^

2)

(a?

x Quotient

-f

and there

is

Remainder.
"

respectively for

Quotient

"

and

transposing,

R = x* - 3 x + 4 + 8 2

a?

As

-2

(a?

- 2) Q

we

does not contain a?,


could, if Q was known, assign
any value whatsoever and would always obtain the same
answer for R.
= 2, then (x 2)Q 0, no matter
If, however, we make a?
what the value of Q. Hence, even if Q is unknown, we can
find the value of R by making x = 2.
72

to x

# = 2 -3- 2 + 4- 2 + 8-0 = 12.


2

Ex. 1. Without actual division,


by dividing 3 x* -f- 2 x 5 by x 3.
Let
then

find the

remainder obtained

= 3,

^ = 3-81+2.3-6-0 = 244.

Ex. 2. Without actual division, find the remainder when


m.
ax4 4- bx? + ex2 4- <fo -f e is divided by x

E = ax + &z +

Let
then

2
4
8
ca: -f (to + e
(x
= w,
R = am* + 6m3 + cm2 + tZw + e.

227

m) Q.

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

228

If an integral rational expresm, the remainder is obtained

The Remainder Theorem.


x is divided by x

282.

sion involving

by substituting in the given expression

The remainder

E.g.

(4x

of the division

- 4x4-11)^0 +

m in place of x.

is

3)

(-

3)

- 4(- 3)-f

11

=- 949.

The remainder obtained by dividing


(x

+ 4)4 _ (3 + 2) ( X -

1)

by x -

+7

EXERCISE
Without actual division
dividing

-3

+ 7 = 632.

105

find the

remainder obtained by

3.

+ 3x3 -2x* 32x12 by a?-3.


x*-x + 4x -Tx + 2\)y x + 2.

4.

a100 -50 a47

5.

x5 -

6.

a^

x*

2.

283.

1 is 6*

48 a2

4-

by x

-}-

2 by

a-1.

b.

+ ^by x + b.

7.

a -f b 7 by a

8.

^-14y

+ 6.

~132/

If the remainder

--

is zero,

the divisor

is

a factor of the

dividend.

The Factor Theorem.


ing x becomes zero

If a rational integral expression involvm is a


is written in place of x, x

when

factor of the expression.


E.g.

43

-3

00 *.
fora?.

if

x8

42

3 x2
2 4

2 x

- 8'= 0,

is

divided by x
4, the remainder equals
8
2 x - 8.
3 x2
4) is a factor of x

hence (x

Only factors of the absolute term need be substituted

TEE FACTOR THEOREM


Ex.
The

Factor a?

1.

a?

7a?-f 15.

-f

factors of the absolute term,

+ 15, _

5,

-7

229

i.e.

15, are -f 1,

1,

-f-

3,

8, -f 5,

15.

Let x = 1 then
7 x + 7 a; -f 15 does not vanish.
Let x = - 1, then x8
7 x'2 4- 7 x + 15 = 0.
Therefore x
(
1), or x -4- 1, is a factor.
,

By

x8

dividing by x
a?8

-f 1,

x2

we obtain
7

16

= (x +

EXERCISE
Without actual
1.

4x

2.

3.

x*

or

+3x
2

34

a?

ar

as

+ 3^ - 7

-f

225

is

Resolve into factors


4.
5.
6.

7.

is
or

by

a;

a;

-f

16)

106

show that

division,

l)(x

divisible

-5a

divisible

18

is

by x

1.

divisible

by x

2.

5.

2o?
m -6ra -fllm 6.
8. a
5x 6.
a -2a + 4.
9. 2m -5m - 13m + 30
10. a -8a -f 19 a -12.
p -5^ + 8p 4.
11. &
p*- 9^ + 23^-15.
4m p~m p + 16m^
12. m
4 n4
25 mV + 19 ran
13. m -f m n
14. a + 32.
3

-}-

-t-

Solve the following equations by factoring


2

+ lla;-r-6 = 0.
+ tt-t-15 = 0.

15.

ar*-f 6aj

1ft

o?-5ar

17.

^-10^4-29^-20=0.

18.

oj

19.

20.

5x2 -f3a;4-9 = 0.

a^-8^ + 19a;-12 = 0.
7 4-6 = 0.
3

a;

a?

21.

2 2.
23.
24.
25.

+ 27 + 27.
- 7 + 16 - 12.
^ + 7y + 2y-40 = 0.
x -4o8 + 2a^ + 4a?~3 =0
4^
or*

-f

or*

a?

aj?

a?

a?

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

230
285. If n is a
Theorem that

positive integer,

it

follows from the Factoi

xn y n is always divisible by x y.
For substituting y for x, xn y n y n y n = 0.
1.

xn -f- y n is divisible by x -f ?/, if n


For ( y) n -f y n = 0, if w is odd.

2.

By

actual division

is

odd.

we obtain the other

any positive integral value of

If n

is

for

+p=

e.g.

z6

(x

can readily be seen that #n -f


either x + y or x
y, if n is even.
286.

It

287.

Two

importance,

1.

not divisible by

= (x +/)O - xy +/),
2

Factor 27 a* -f

8.

+8=

27 a 6

The

y is

special cases of the preceding propositions are of


viz.

x* -f-/

288.

and have

odd,

ar

Ex.

factors,

n,

2 8
(3 a )

difference of

two even powers should always be

considered as a difference of two squares.

Ex.

2.

We may

Factor

consider

n9

n 6 either a difference of two squares or a

* The
symbol

means " and so forth to."

dif-

THE FACTOR THEOREM


The

ference of two cubes.


leads

more

3.

method, however,

-f

n)(m

mn

-f

is

preferable, since

Hence

directly to the prime factors.

= (m
Ex.

first

231

w 2 )(wi

;i

mn

-f

w 2).

Factor a 12

EXERCISE
Resolve into prime factors

107

Solve the following equations:


25.

x3 -8=0.

26.

+8=0.

27.

as -27=0.

28. a;=

it

CHAPTER XIX
SIMULTANEOUS QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
289. The degree of an equation involving several unknown
quantities is equal to the greatest sum of the exponents of the
unknown quantities contained in any term.
xy
x*y

y = 4 is of the second degree.


+ 6 a?V - y4 is of the fifth degree.

-f

290.

Simultaneous quadratic equations involving two un-

known

quantities lead, in general, to equations of the fourth


few cases, however, can be solved by the methods
degree.
of quadratics. *

I.

EQUATIONS SOLVED BY FINDING

+y

AND x-y

291. If two of the quantities x -f y, x


y, xy are given, the
third one can be found by means of the relation (oj-j-y) 2 4 xy

Ex.1.
Squaring

Solve

==5

(2)

& + 2 xy +

(1),

(2)

(1)

>

1^ = 4.
= 25.
4 xy = 16.

4,

x-y-

Hence,

Combining (5) with (1),

(3)

2/

(4)

3.

(5)

we have

= 6,
Hence

/
|

"

*The

X
y

=
}
= 4.

graphic solution of simultaneous quadratic equations has been

treated in Chapter XII.

232

SIMULTANEOUS QUADRATIC EQUATIONS


In many cases two of the quantities x -f y, x

292.

233
and

y,

xy are not given, but can be found.

F*
Lx

'

(1)
'

(2)
(3)
(4)

-2 + 3 =
293.

The

1.

roots of simultaneous quadratic equations must be


e.g. the answers of the last example are

arranged in pairs,

r*=-2,

b=-3.
EXERCISE

108

Solve:
1.

2.

'

3.

r-

10.

1 = 876.

("

"
8.

I
I

"'
{

"'

x + y=7.

12.

^, =

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

4
[

-4- i/

13.

"I

14.

,o
18.

x+y

19.

I* Jj

^
[.

= a.

=^
18*

ONE EQUATION LINEAR, THE OTHER QUADRATIC

A system of simultaneous equations, one linear and


ne quadratic, can be solved by eliminating one of the unknown
294.

uantities

Ex.

From

by means

Solve 2 x

(1)

we

of substitution.

3y

= 7,

(1)

- ~
y = 5.

Substituting in (2)
Simplifying,

49

Transposing,
Factoring,

etc.,

7
,

(
\

42 y

~^V\ +
2

(3)

9 y2
17 y 2

(y

2y

2
?/'

40 y
)

(17 y

Hence

4 y = 20.
+ 29 = 0.
- 20) = 0.
or
y =
1

Substituting in (3),

aj

EXERCISE
Solve

"

have,

= 2,

f J.

or JJ.

109

r^
2

as

-47/ = 0.

3.

la;

'

-f- a;?/
-

= 6,
-

5.

'

or*

-f

4 xy

= 28,

SIMULTANEOUS QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

235

'

>

lla

7.

8-

10

12~

13.
9.

10.

III.

HOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS

homogeneous equation is an equation all of whose


terms are of the same degree with respect to the unknown
295.

quantities.
4^ 3 x 2 y

3 y3

and # 2

2 xy

5 y2

are

homogeneous equations.

one equation of two simultaneous quadratics is


homogeneous, the example can always be reduced to an example
If

296.

of the preceding type.


'

Ex.

1.

Solve
.

Factor (2),

x*- 3
2x

(x

Hence we have

to solve the

y*

+ 2y = 3,

7 xy

(1)

+ G if = 0.

2t/)(2 x

3y)

two systems

(2)

(3)
(1)

From

x-2y.

(3),

Substituting in (1),

4 f-

Hence

3 y2

=1

+ 2 y = 3,

y
,

3
3,

':il -e :)

V-~80

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

236

297. If both equations are homogeneous with exception oi


the absolute terra, the problem can be reduced to the preceding
case by eliminating the absolute term.
=

Ex. 2

Solve

(1)

2,

Eliminate 2 and 6 by subtraction.


(1)

5,

(2)

2,

15 x2

15 y 2

= 2 x 5.

(3)

(4)

= 0.
=
(rc-2/)(llx-5y) 0.

11 a2

Subtracting,

Factoring,

Hence

- 20 xy +

solve

16 xy -f 5 y 2

(3)

(2)

From

(3),

Substituting y in (2),

109

^
EXERCISE

a;2

VI09, y

110

Solve:
6ar --7aK/4-27/2 ==0,
}

10^-370^ + 7^ =

16^-7^

SIMULTANEOUS QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

<""

U.

-=m

'

'

14

'

237

&- 3^4-2^=43.

15.

150 a?- 125 ay = - 6,


150 */2 - 175 ay = 12.

"

IV.

SPECIAL DEVICES

Many examples belonging to the preceding types, and


others not belonging to them, can be solved by special devices,
which in most cases must be left to the ingenuity of the
298.

student.

Some

of the

more frequently used devices are the following:

299. A. Division of one equation by the other. Equations of


higher degree can sometimes be reduced to equations of the
second degree by dividing member by member.

E,!.

Dividing (1) by (2),

Squaring (2),
(4) -(3),

* + '-*

Solve

y?
a?

-f

- xy 4- y = 7.
2

2 xy

+ y2 = 10.
Bxy-9,

(3)
(4)

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

238

EXERCISE
Solve

111

faj-y=152,

*>.

f^ +

3
7/

= 133,

= 189,
'

Some simultaneous

B.

300.

considering not x or
2

-, xy,

+y

etc., at first

more complex examples


letter for

Ex.

1.

quadratics can

be solved by

but expressions involving x and

?/,

it is

as the

unknown

quantities.

?/,

as

In

advisable to substitute another

such expressions.
Solve

i"

<---

-'

(1 >
(2)

Considering

V# +

y and

Vx

y as

we have
from (1),

Vx

from

V^^y = 3

(2),

But the negative

-f

4 or

and

solving,

2.

we

= 16,
jc~ y = 9.
= 12 J, y = 3|.
4-

quantities

6,

or

roots being extraneous,

Therefore

unknown

obtain by squaring,

SIMULTANEOUS QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

239

Ex.

2.

(1)

Solve

(2)

Let

Then
__

I e.

or

two systems

U)

*/

[2x +

17.

solution produces the roots

y=

17.

EXERCISE
Solve

4.

to solve the

|,

Hence we have

The

17^ + 4-0.

Hence

112

5.

36*
2.

6.

M-6.
4.

7.

F+y+

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

240

Solve by any method :


far'

+ a^lSG,

'

**

= 198.

'

5x+ 7y =

'

15.

16.

or

CCT/

25.

18.

13

f- 21 ^ =

+ 3 f + 3 - 4 y = 47
a;

xy

(7

+ o5)(6-hy) = 80,
=

19

'

26.

=34,
'

6 xy

= 15.
27.

n*.

x2

y*

20'

41
400'

SIMULTANEOUS QUADRATIC EQUATIONS


i

~\

30.

OK
OO.

7,

241

36.

f*K

31.

32.

3 a2
38.

33.

25
34.

39.

7'

j/

= 48-

ix

Solve graphically (see

201, 203):

40.

INTERPRETATION OF NEGATIVE RESULTS AND THE


FORMS OF 5
.

oo

301. The results of problems and other examples appear


sometimes in forms which require a special interpretation, as
a
--,

-,

etc.
etc

oo

302.

Interpretation .of

division,
finite

=x

value of

indeterminate.

if

a?,

But this equation

x.

hence

According to the definition of

--

may

be any

is satisfied

finite

by any

number, or ~

is

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

242

Interpretation of ?

303.

creases;

The

number, however

comes

If

The symbol
304.

oo is

made

larger than

called infinity.

The

fraction

- decreases

in-

if

is

infinitely large.

I,i

if

and becomes infinitely small, or infinitesimal)


This result is usually written

creases,

be-

zero,

= QQ.

QO

solving

a problem

unknown quantity

or oo indicates that the

the result

If in an equation

problem has no solution.


the

any * assigned

customary to represent this result

Interpretation of

305.

By making x

a.

x approaches the value

It is

infinitely large.

by the equation ~

de-

TO^UU"

- can be

great.

= 10,000

~~f

ToU"

sufficiently small,

if

^-100 a,

e.g.

fraction - increases

cancel, while the

all

terms containing

remaining terms do not

cancelj the root is infinity.

The

306.

solution

=-

indicates that the problem

is indeter-

If all terms of an
minate, or that x may equal any finite number.
equation, without exception, cancel, the answer is indeterminate.

Hence such an equation

is satisfied

by any number,

i.e. it

is

an

identity.

Ex.

1.

Find three consecutive numbers such that the square


and third by 1.

of the second exceeds the product of the first

Let

2,

as

+ l,

-f 2,

be the numbers.

Then
Simplifying,

I)

2x

(a:

x2

-f

-x(x + 2)=
- x'2 2 x =

'

Or,

Hence any number will satisfy equation


the given problem is indeterminate.

1.

(1)

1.

= 0.
(1),

i.e.

(1)

is

an

identity,

and

SIMULTANEOUS QUADRATIC EQUATIONS


Ex.

Solve the system

2.

243

(1)

(2)

From

(2),

Substituting,

Or,

1=0.

Hence

numbers can

/.e.

no

1.

One half

finite

QO,

and

a;

oo.

satisfy the given system.

EXERCISE
of a certain

number

113
is

equal to the

sum

of its

Find the number.


third and sixth parts.
Find three consecutive numbers such that the square of
2.
the second exceeds the product of the first and third by 2.

~K
x
6

~o
x 3
v

3.

Solve

4.

Solve

6.

a;

-3

Solve

6.

Solve

x-5

a2 - 8 x

+ 15

- 2 y = 4.
*

Solve
|

7.

(aj

+ 1)

(x

+ 2) = ( + 3)

EXERCISE

(a?

+ 4).

114

PROBLEMS
1.

The sum

squares

is

2890.

of

two numbers is 76, and the sum of


Find the numbers.

2. The sum of two numbers


Find the numbers.

is

42 and' their product

their

is

377.

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

244
3.

The

two numbers
Find the numbers.

difference between

of their squares

is

325.

4. Find two numbers whose product


whose squares is 514.

is

is

sum

17 and the

255 and the sum of

5. The sum of the areas of two squares is 208 square feet,


and the side of one increased by the side of the other e.quals
20 feet. Find the side of each square.

6.

The hypotenuse

the other two sides


7.

The area

hypotenuse

is

of a right triangle is 73,


Find these sides.

103.

and the sum of


(

228.)

of a right triangle is 210 square feet,

Find the other two

is 37.

and the

sides.

8. To inclose a rectangular field 1225 square feet in area,


148 feet of fence are required. Find the dimensions of the

field.
9.

The area of a

nal 41 feet.
10.

rectangle is 360 square


Find the lengths of the sides.

The diagonal

perimeter

is

of a rectangular field

146 yards.

Find the

and the diago(Ex. 12. p. 190.)

feet,

is

53 yards, and

The mean proportional between two numbers


sum of their squares is 328. Find the numbers.

11.

the

its

sides.
is 6,

and

The area of a rectangle remains unaltered if its length


increased by 20 inches while its breadth is diminished by
10 inches. But if the length is increased by 10 inches and
12.

is

the breadth

is

diminished by 20 inches, the area becomes

the original area.

Find the

-f%

of

sides of the rectangle.

13. Two cubes together contain 30| cubic inches, and the
edge of one, increased by the edge of the other, equals
4 inches. Find the edge of each cube.
14. The volumes of two cubes differ by 98 cubic centimeters,
and the edge of one exceeds the edge of the other by 2 centimeters. Find the edges.

SIMULTANEOUS QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

245

The sum of the radii of two circles is equal to 47 inches,


their areas are together equal to the area of a circle whose
radius is 37 inches. Find the radii.
irR *.)
(Area of circle
15.

and

16.

The

radii of

two spheres

differ by 8 inches, and the


equal to the surface of a sphere
Find the radii. (Surface of sphere

difference of their surfaces

whose radius
= 47T#2.)
17.

If a

its digits,

is

is

20 inches.

number

of

two

the quotient

digits be divided

is 2,

and

the digits will be interchanged.

by the product of
27 be added to the number,
Find the number.

if

CHAPTER XX
PROGRESSIONS

to

307.

A series

some

fixed law.

The terms

a succession of numbers formed according

is

of a series are its successive numbers.

ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
308. An arithmetic progression (A. P.) is a series, each term
of which, except the first, is derived from the preceding by
the addition of a constant number.

The common

difference is the

number which added

to each

term produces the next term.


Thus each

of the following series is


3,

17,
a,

7,

10, 3,

an A. P.

11, 16, 19,

d,

-4, a

....

11,

2 d, a

-f

....

3d,

....

The common differences are respectively 4, - 7, and d.


The first is an ascending, the second a descending, progression.
309.

To

find the

nth term

of an A. P., the first

common difference d being given.


The progression is a, a -f d, a + 2 d,

term a and

the

Since d

-f

d.

added to each term to obtain the next one,


2 d must be added to a, to produce the 3d term,
3 d must be added to a, to produce the 4th term,
(n
1) d must be added to a, to produce the nth term.

Hence

is

= a + (n - 1) d.

Thus the 12th term of the

series 9, 12, 15 is 9 -f- 11


246

(I)

or 42.

PROGRESSIONS
To

310.

term

find the

sum s

the last term

a,

of the first

247

n terms of an A. P., the

first

and the common difference d being given.

19

= a + (a
Reversing the order,

Adding,

2*=(a + Z) + (a + l) + (a + l)

Or

2s = n

Hence
Thus
from

(a

+ + (a +
l)

= (+/).
2

to find the

sum

Hence

= I + 49
= *({ +

odd numbers,

1, 3,

we have

= 99.
99) = 2600.
2

EXERCISE

Which

115.

of the following series are in A. P. ?

(a) 1, 3, 5, 7, .-;
(6)

2,4,8,16,...;

(c)

-3,

(d) 1J,

5,

9,.-.;

-|, -24, -4^....

Write down the

first

(6)

a = 5, d = 3;
a = 2,' cZ == - 3

(c)

a = -l, d

(a)

3.

1,

l).

(II)

of the first 60

'

'

(I)

1.

.-

6 terms of an A. P.,

if

= -2.

Find the 5th term of the

series 2, 5, 8,

4.

Find the 10th term of the

5.

Find the 7th term of the

6.

Find the 21st term

7.

Find the 12th term of the

8.

Find the 101th term of the

9.

Find the nth term of the

series 17, 19, 21,

series

of the series 10, 8, 6,


series

....

1-J, 2, 2J,

-4, -7, -10,

series 1, 3, 5,

series 2, 4, 6,

....
.

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

248
Find the

last

10.

11.

Sum

term and the sum of the following series :

3, 7, 11,

to 8 terms.

4,

2,

',

6,

to 7 terms.

12.

8, 12, 16,

to 20 terms.

13.

3, 2J, 1|,

to 10 terms.

the following series

to 20 terms.

14.

7, 11, 15,

15.

33, 31, 29,

16.

15, 11, 7,

17.

1,

18.

2-f

19.

2.5

20.

(x +"l) 4- (#

21.

22.

1+2+3+4H

23.

Find the sum of the

1,

to 16 terms.

-,

to 20 terms.

to 15 terms.

1J,

H + i-f

>

+ 3.1 -f 3.7 -f
-f-

to 12 terms.

2) -f (x -f 3) H

+ 2-f-3 + 4 H

Q^) How many times

to 10 terms.

to

a terms.

hlOO.
\-n.

first

n odd numbers.

does a clock, striking hours only, strike

in 12 hours ?
(&fi)

For boring a well 60 yards deep a contractor receives


yard thereafter 10^ more
How much does he receive all

for the first yard, and for each


than for the preceding one.

$1

together ?

^S5 A bookkeeper accepts a position at a yearly salary of


$ 1000, and a yearly increase of $ 120. How much does he
receive (a) in the 21st year (6) during the first 21 years ?
j

311. In most problems relating to A. P., Jive quantities are


involved; hence if any three of them are given, the other two may
be found by the solution of the simultaneous equations
.

rf.

(i)

(ii)

PROGRESSIONS

24ft

Ex. 1. The first term of an A. P. is 12, the


and the sum of all terms 1014. Find the series.
s

1014, a

last

term 144,

= 12, = 144.
I

Substituting in (I) and (II),


(1)

l)e?.

1014

= ^(12 + 144).

(2)

From

= 1014, or
144 = 12 + 12

78 n

(2),

Substituting in (1),

series

Ex.

2.

is,

d.

12, 23, 34, 45, 56, 67, 78, 89, 100, 111, 122, 133, 144.

Findn,

if s

= 204, d = 6, J = 49.
= a + (w- 1) .6.
204 = ^ (a + 49).
49

Substituting,

From

= 13.

d=ll.

Hence

The

a = 49 -6(71 - 1).
204 = ^ (98 - ~n~\

(1),

Substituting in (2),

(1)
(2)

6).

= n(104 - 6 n).
6 n2 - 104 w + 408 = 0.
3 n2
52 n + 204 = 0.
n = 6, or 11 J.
Solving,
But evidently n cannot be fractional, hence n = 6.
408

312.

When

three numbers are in A. P., the second one


mean between the other two.

is

called the arithmetic

Thus x

is

the arithmetic

b form an A. P., or if

Solving,
I.e.

the arithmetical

half their sum.

mean between a and


a=b

x=

6, if a, #,

and

x.

mean between two numbers

is

equal

to

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

250

EXERCISE

116

Find the arithmetic means between


1.

2.

5.

a
x

-f-

and a

3.

b.

y and #-f-5y.

Between 4 and 8

that an A. P. of 5 terms
6.

7.
8.

Between 10 and 6

How many terms


How many terms

and

a+

and

4.

insert 3 terms (arithmetic


is

insert 7 arithmetic

has the series

j
,

T?

^,

Find

12.

13.

14.
15.

has the series 82, 78, 74,

17.

11.

so

means

16.

10.

means)

produced.

= 16, s == 440. Find a and


Given s = 44, n = 4, = 17. Find a
Given a = 7, = 83, n = 20. Find d.
Given a = - 3, n = 13, = 45. Find d.
Given a = 4, n = 17, = 52. Find d and
Given a = 1700, d = 5, = 1870. Find w.
Given a = |, = ^ 3 = 1. Find n.
Given a = 1, n = 16, s = 70. Find?.

9.

Given d = 3, n

f?
,

6?

I.

in terms of a, n,

and

s.

man saved each month $2 more than in the pre


18.
ceding one, and all his savings in 5 years amounted to $ 6540.
How much did he save the first month?
19.

$300

is

divided

person receives $ 10
did each receive ?

among 6 persons

in such a

more than the preceding

way

one.

that each

How much

PROGRESSIONS

251

GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
313.

A geometric progression

multiplying

it

-2, +1, -I,....

2
a, or, <zr ,

ratios are respectively 3,

To

find the

....

4, 12, 36, 108,

4,

314.

a series each term of

first, is

E.g.

The

is

(G. P.)

derived from the preceding one by


by a constant number, called the ratio.

which, except the

|,

nth term

ar8

and

r.

a G. P., the first term a and

/ of

the ratios r being given.

The progression is a, ar, a?*2


To obtain the nth term a must evidently be multiplied by
.

Hence

Thus the 6th term

= ar

= a + ar -for
ar -f ar
Multiplying by r, rs =

.,

Therefore

1)
8

NOTE.

If

is less

the following
8 form

of a G. P., the first

(1)

arn

(2)

a.

= ^ZlD.

(II)

JL

6 terms of the series 16, 24, 36,


fl

lg[(i)

4-

= ar"
7*

8 =s

or 81

(2),

s(r

first

16(f)

-- arn ~ l .

of the

(I)
is

315. To find the sum s of the first n terms


term a and the ratio r being given.

Thus the sum

n~ l

n~l

of the series 16, 24, 36,

Subtracting (1) from

-l]

than unity,

==

32(W -

it is

g==

*.

q(l-r")
1

= 332 J.

convenient to write formula' (II) in

nf +

1)

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

252

316. In most problems relating to G. P. Jive quantities are in.


volved ; hence, if any three of them are given, the other two
be found by the solution of the simultaneous equations :

/=<!/-',

(I)

,_!=!>.
Ex.

l.

To

insert 5 geometric

Evidently the total

Substituting in

I,

Hence n

7,

number

9, I

may

(it,

means between 9 and 576.

+ 2,

of terms is 5

or

7.

= 670.
676
t

= r6
= 64.

r^2.
Hence the

series is

or

0,

And the

required

0, 18, 36, 72, 144,

- 18,

36,

means are

- 72,

144,

Which
(a)

3.

term

i 288.

117

of the following series are in G. P. ?

2,6,18,54,-.;

(b) 1, 4, 9, 25,

term

576.

72, 144,

18, 36,

EXERCISE
1.

288, 676,

- 288,

(c)

...

f,l,,4,

(d) 5,

....

- 5, + 5,*- 5,

Write down the first 5 terms of a G. P. whose


and whose common ratio is 4.

first

Write down the first 6 terms of a G. P. whose


and whose second term is 8.

first

is 3,

is 16,

4.

Find the 6th term of the

series J, f, 1,

5.

Find the 7th term of the

series

6.

Find the 6th term of the

series 6,

7.

Find the 9th term of the

series 5, 20, 80,

8.

Find the llth term of the

9.

Find the 7th term of the

10.

....

series

series

^,

ratio is

+-f%9
%

-fa,

4, 3,

^,
|,

Find the 5th term of a G. P. whose

whose common

-fa,

....

first

term

is

125 and

PROGRESSIONS
Find the sum of the following

series

32, 48, 72,

243, 81, 27,

-,

to 6 terms.

13.

14, 42, 126,

.-.,

to 8 terms.

14.

1,

15.

81, 54, 36,

2, 4,

16 - nV> i*>
!7-

M,i

18.

a9

a^,

Given r =

to 7 terms.

..-,

>">
7
,

to 6 terms.

to 6 terms.

12 terms.

-, to
a;

to G terms.

11.

12.

.-.,

25S

to 5 terms.

= 3, == 160. Find a and


n = 4, = 3. Find a and
Given r =
Given r = 2, n = 5, s = 310. Find a and
Given r = 3, n = 5, s = 605. Find a and

19.
20.

4,

s.

5.

-J-,

21.
22.

J.

I.

23.

Find the geometric mean between

24.

Prove that the geometric mean between a and b equals Vo6.

7,J-

and 270.

INFINITE GP:OMETRIC PROGRESSION


317.

If the value of r of a G. P. is less than unity, the value


The formula for the sum may
if n increases*

of r n decreases,
be written

= _
fl

flf

taking n sufficiently large, r , and hence


~ r , may be
than any assignable number.
Consequently the sum of an infinite decreasing series is

By

made

less

-r^Ex.

1.

Find the sum to

Therefore

8^

infinity of the series 1,

=1

'- .

J,

-J,

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

254
Ex.

Find the value of .3727272

2.

.;)7?7272

The terms afteAhe

...

first

.3

form an
a

.072

= .072,
1

Therefore

.37272

=A+

. . .

10

1.

2.

1,

1,

i
i

J,

1,

.99

i.
65

= 1L

9, 6, 4, ....

If

9.

10.

15.
is J.

16.
8.

4.

= 40, r = j.

Find the value

= .72. =
990

66

110

118

16, 12, 9, -..

3.

....

8.

.01

infinity of the following series

-.

7.

....

= .Ql.

EXERCISE
Find the sum to

.00072 -f

infinite G. P.

.= _4Z* - =

Hence

....

3,

- 1,

i,

-.

Find the sum to

5.

5, 1, I,

6.

250, 100, 40,

....

infinity.

of:

.555....

11.

.191919-...

13.

.27777

.717171-...

12.

.272727-..

14.

.3121212-..

The sum

of an infinite G. P.

Find the

first

The sum

of an infinite G. P.

Find

...

is 9,

....

and the common

ratio

term.
is 16,

and the

first

term

is

r.

17. Given an infinite series of squares, the diagonal of each


equal to the side of the preceding one. If the side of the first
square is 2 inches, what is (a) the sum of the areas, (6) the sum

of the perimeters, of all squares ?

BINOMIAL THEOREM
EXERCISE

Expand

2.

the following

(x-y)

6
.

119

+ xy.

3.

(1

4.

(a-2)

7
.

5.

(s

+ i).

7.

6.

/2a+|Y-

8.

9.

(z2

Simplify

257

4
(1+V#) + (1

Va)

4
.

10.

(\

+ b)
w
(a
b)

11.

Find the 5th term of

12.

Find the 3d term of

13.

Find the 4th term of (w

(a

12

-f

ri)

+ a)

11

14.

Find the 5th term of

15.

Find the 4th term of

16.

Find the 6th term of (x - a2) 25

17.

Find the 5th term of

18.

Find the 3d term of fa -f

(1

7
(a -f 2 b) .

Find the

20.

Find the

Vx + -^r

-^Y

Va/

V
19.

u
13
coefficient of a?b in (a -f 5) .

21.

a4 b 12 in (a -f 6)16
Find the coefficient of a5 b 15 in (a - 6) 20

22.

Find the coefficient of a?V" in (a

coefficient of

16

100

23.

Find the

24.
25.

Find the middle term of (x + y) 4


Find the middle term of (a b)\

26.

Find the middle term of

27.

Find the middle term of (m ri) 16


Find the 99th term of (a + b) m
im
Find the 1000th term of

coefficient of

a6

in

f
f

}\8
:

28.
29.

(a

- 6)
- b ).
(a

+ b)

-^

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

258

REVIEW EXERCISE
Find the numerical values
1.

27 x*

27 x-y

*=M

or

y=2j
2.

16 x*

9 xy~

-f

32 afy

4 *2

4 xy

13 a a b

lj

2j

3}

4j

2J

4J

a 8~T
+

a2

3
2
ft'

ft

3,

4.

3,

2,

3,

4,

3,

4,

5.

2,

^+
=
=
=

2,

3,

3,

3,

4,

4,

5.

4,

2,

3,

4,

3,

2.

2,

1,

1,

2,

2,

1,

3,

6.

38

aft

24

=
=

ft

2
(2 a

2,

2,

3,

3,

4,

4,

5,

6.

1,

2,

1,

2,

2,

4,

2,

3.

5.

a 2^

3 a l} 2

-r

ac

aft

aft

2,

4,

4,

5,

5,

5,

2,

1,

5,

1,

3,

5,

6.

3,

3,

2,

1,

2,

4,

2,

7.

a)(a

3,

4,

1,

2,

2,

1,

2,

2,

1,

l,

2,

1,

3,

3,

ft)

- a(a

4-

4,

2,

2.

1,

3,

3.

ft

c)

c(a

-3, -5, -6.


c

7
a
6

=
=
=

2,

-2,

1,

1,

3,

-3,

if

(a-ft)(a-c)

(ft- c )(ft-a)

-f-

2
ft

), if

,f

1,

be

2,

(c

5J

if

2,

31 a 2 ft 2

3,

1,

^+^

2,

=
=

2
?/

M.

if

3,

=
=
=

+
2,

2,

;]

4-

2,

3
-r C T
+
+
+ c2 + 2

c)(c

1,

ft

(ft

x^l,

6.

24 afya

-f

ft

5.

if

?/

4
(2 a

3J

a:

4.

y
3.

of

(c-a)(c-ft)'

-4 -

1,

-1,

3,

4,

2,

2,

2,

4,

-3, -1, -1, -3,

2,

2,

1.

1.

2.

-|-

c), if

259
x

c)

(b

6-)

= 1,
= 2,
c = 3,
x = 4,
a

1,

/>

9.
a, by

The

and

Find

Add

2,
5,

(c

(5,

g)(x

c(x

a) (c

3,

2,

4,

6,

5,

1,

2.

2,

3,

1.

'

b)

2.

radius r of a circle inscribed in a triangle whose sides are


by the formula

=
=
c =

3,

10,

8,

4,

21,

17,

24,

5,

26,

15,

7,

r, if

41.

29,

25,

9.

21,
20,

40.

the following expressions and check the answers

11. x 2

+
-

2 ax*

-f

a zx

z8

4x y

xy -

6 x

a8

4 x2

,'

12 xy*

2
?/

x3

5 z3

4 xy

G y4

4 xy*

.c'

4
?y

2 a3

3 ax'2 ,

-f

7 y4

4 x
4
/

-f

3
//

ax'2

10 z 8

x'

2 x 8.
6 y4

zy +

12

6 2 8.

12 xy*

4 y4

4
.

+ x/y 2 +
+ y'2z +
2 3 x
10 y'2 + 5 z2 - 7 ys, - x 2 + 4 2 ~ 10 z 2 +
z 2 + 11 yz + 8 2:2 - 2 x?/, 4 z - \ yz + xz,
2
2 x2 +
and
9 2:2
y'
xy.
1 + 3 x + 2 x 8 - x 5 4 - 2 x2 - 8 3 + 7 x4
- 4 x'2 -f 12 x and 5 2 + 7 x8 - 11 x 5
12

13. x 3

14.

3,

a}

~c)(b- a)
- 1, - 2, 3,
+ 1, -f 8, 4,
- 2, - 4, 5,
+ 2, + 4,

c is represented

10. x 3

12.

c)(x

b(x

.r

7/

ary,

15.

16.

11 z 4

-12

x4

11 x 8

4
2 */, 7 xy 3 - 2 a?y + 3 aty - 8 y
y
3
4 8
5
3
5
4
*
+
+
xy
a?y
y, 7y
4

*y

+ 12 a 8 - 10,
a 4 + 11 a - a 5
,

14

6 a4

4 a8

-7xy* +

x^ij

8 x4

or

17. 4 a 5

18.

a:

r>

a;

- a8 - 7 +
- a 4 - 5.

z 3,

x3

2 x 2//

2 a2

4a

2
x?/

7 y3

+ 3 y 2* - 2 z8 4 x- 8 + 2 // - 11 z 3 4 4 ?p 2 - 3 xyz,
and 3 y 8 -f 12 z 8 - 7 y 2* 4- 4 xyz + 4 xy'2 - 4 yz\
,

9 a2

3 a5

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

260

4-X-5V14- #4-8, - 4\/i + x 3Vl 4- x 4- 4 Vl 4- 4- 3, and 2 Vl 4-

19.

6 VI

20.

Take the sum

2VT+7 - ?>
x

*/

6 x8

4x

4-

-2

a 2x

From

G x 4y

2 y5

-x

4-

the

2 x2

4-

xy

From

sum

26.

of 2

From
sum of 2

29.

from

Add

0" 30.

find

(a) a
ft

Simplify

34.

12 x 5

4-

2 xs

take the

- 2 x 8y2 44 - x - x2

of

of

2 c

the

ft

G x2

sum

G x

3 a,

4- c 4-

ft

2 c

a,

of

2 c

5 10
,

4-

c 4-

2 a

4-

4- c

ft

2 c

a,

- 5 10 -

x4-y4-2,
-f

ax 2

and

a'2x,

4-

4-

x2

2 x6

7 x

x'2 .
4

4 x 4 ?/

/-

2 x2

-f

and 4

4- 5,

4-

5
y/

-2x

x5

4-

x//
5
?/

54-2 x 2 and

x*,

7 x

7 12

c,

(</)

-\-

G 11

(c) a 4-

ft,

to 3 x 2

ft,

and a

ft,

3 x2

3 c take

ft

4-

c.

ft

2 x

;]

and a

3 will give

4-

4-

3 c take

ft

- 2 - c.
- 3 x - 1 and x 8 -

and 2 a

ft,

4-

5 x

c 4- a

a,

2 a

and 2 a

ft,

ft

3 x2

5 10

x.

G 11 4- 3

4-

and

of G x 5

3 y5

and 5 x 3

4-

x?y

sum

x8

2 x8

2,
4-

3 ax 2

4-

4 x8

11 x.

4-

sum

ft

G x5

4-

sum

4 x2

Ifcc

5 10

4-

z,

ft

4- c,

ft

c,

7 12

G 11

4-

z,

7 12

=x

-}~

(*) a

(/) a

and

+
-

d=

x4-#4-z

ft

4-

4-

</,

rf.

x - (5 y - 6T
- 4 ft) 4- 2 a - (a - 2
_[5ft-{^ (5 c - 2 2
8
4
x* - [4 z 8 - {G * 2 - (4 * - 1)}] - (x 4- [4 x 4- 6 x ]

31. 2 x

33.

^V

the

7 12

(ft)

32.

sum of
- 3 .n/ 4

4 a 2x

Subtract the difference of x 8

28.
3 x

4vTT~y 3.
- x 2 4- 4 x 8 from

4-

and 4 x - 2

4-

Find what expression added

27.

the

//

the

take 4

From

25.

the

4-

2 a 2x

4-

23.

24.

G a8

of

x 3 from G a 8

Take the sum of 3 x 4- 8


3
4- 4 x from the sum of 9 x

and

sum

the

ax'2 4- 3

2 x2

22.
4-

4 x2

4-

4- 7.

Take

21.

of 2 x 8

- [3

if

(3

6-

ft

_^
ft

4-

-f-

c)}]
a:

4- 1).

13-3ft-[l7a-5ft^[7fl-3ft-{4fl~4ft-(2a-3ft)}]].
- (x* - 4) - x - 5 - {2 x 2 - (7 x 4- 2) - (4 x 2 - 27~-~7)}].

35.

3 x2

36.

I
2a4-7c-(7ft4-4c)-[6a-3ft4 2~c4-4c-{2a-(ft-2T-2)}].

[4

REVIEW EXERCISE
37. 7 a 2

38. (5 a
39.

2x

40.

42.
43.

44.
45.
46.

2 a

[2

{3

j-

- [4 x -

+ {4

2 z

-f [3 c

ft

7 a - 5)} + (3 a 2 - 4 a - 12).
- (2 a + 5 a - 0)} - (2 a 2 - 7).
- (5 y - 3T~2~s)} + 5 2].
- JT^T+1)} + (2 - 3 c)].

-2 a + (2 a 2 -

a2

- [3 y -

41. 3 x

-{5
2

261

(3 a

ar

ft

- (2 x2 - (7

a;

+ 2) -

(4 x

2 x

-7)}].

5a-(7ft+4c) + [6 a- 3~ft -f 2 c + 4 ^ - {2 a -(ft - a~^~c)K].


a -{- b -(c - rf)} + a -[- & + {- 2c-(V/ - e -'/)}]
-(2a + 2b - 3c).
5a
+ 2 c + 4 c - {2 a - (6 - 2a - 6-)}].
[0 a
(7 i + 4 r:)
13 a - 96
-[17 a- 56- [7 a 36 -{4 a 46 (2 a 3 ft)}]].
a - [2 - {3 c - (4 d - 5 )}] + {4 c - (2 ,Z - 2 <?)}
'J

13 ft

ft

_[&-{2c-(3d +
Perform the operations indicated
47.

48.

49.
50.

7e)-a}].

51. (1 -ar+a; )(l-z a ).


+ *+!){> + 2).
2
52. (.r 2 + !>ar + 3)(^ 2 - 2x + 3).
(;r -2:c+ l)(ar- 1).
2
53. (2 x 2 -3 ar+ 1)(3 z -2 x+ 1).
4x
+
+
3).
(x
5)(j;
2
5
54. (/> 4 - 2 2 + 1)(7, 4 + 2 2 + 1),
x
x' ) (2 - 3 *).
6
+
(1
55. (4 + 3a 2 - 2)(1 - 4 a 2 + a 4 ).
56. (a 2 + 2 + c 2 - ab - ac - 6c) (a +
-f c).
- c).
57. (a 2 + 2 + c 2 + aft + ac - be) (a 58. (x 2 + 4 y 2 + 3 z 2 ) (.c 2 - 2 2 - 3 z 2 ).
59. (a 2 + 2 + 9 - 3 a + 3 + aft)(a + 3).
60. (4 z 2 + 9 2 + ^ 2 - 6 xy - 2 zz - 3 yz)(2
2

(*

ft

ft

ft

ft

ft

ft

?/

ft

ft

ft

a:

?/

61.

(ar

7)(ar

5)(a:

3).

62.

(x- 3)(*-5)(* -7).

63.
64.

(a:-2)(r-4)(a:-9).
2
2 x + !)(* - * 2 +
(x + x + l)(a:

65.

(z

66.

(r

67.

68.

(1
(a;

a) (2:

^+
y)(x

2
7/

-*)(! +

a)(x
)

(x

ar)(l

+ a 2 )(a: 4 + a 4 ).
- ary + 2) (^ 4 ?/

^ 2 )(1

**).

1).

*V +

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

262
69.
70.

(a

71.

(a

72.

(2

75.

(a

76.
77.

78.
79.

(a

(:r

"

ft

4- c

ft)(a

(??2

Simplify

p(p +

-f-

?)

(x

2 y) (2 ^

84.

(p

4-

3 y)2(/

85.

O
(a

(x

89.

(x

90.

--y

I)(a
m

(x

1).

).

A 2 *).

4-

- ac b
+ n~ + /? 2c -

20

- 2ft) 8 ( + 2 ft).
- 3y) a (* 2 4- 6*y - 9y2).

n
ft

ft

+ + c).
- m np c - n pc).
ft"

c)(a"*

?n

an b

ft

4-

88.

-f

).

1).

+ 4 A) (a - ft) + 4(2 - a) (2
+ 7(7> ~ 'y) 2 4- <f(p - q).

83.

87.

4-

p ) (w

(x

)OK

2 am

82. a(2

86.

2m

2a

-f

12

74.

a:

80. 4 (a

81.

4-

73.

y).

+
+

12

l)(a

2
6)(a^+ - am&t

2n

(a

l)(u

a;y'*4-y

(rtP+i 4-

(a

4-

-2a +

2a

-f

a:

4- ft)

b)*(a

l)(a

- y)\x

ar

2 a

z 3 )(a 6

z 3) (a 8

44-

y
y)

3ft)

-(2a
-

- (x -

- (^

3 V)

b 4- c)

4-

y)

- (a

4-

,v) 4- (a? 4-

y) (^

4-

4 ^/(.r

ft- c)

y)*(x

3 v)^(;>
2
2

4-

xy

).
4-

).

2
.

+ *) - 2 (y 4- z) - z\x 4- y).
4- y + z)(x + y - z)(x -y + z)(- x + y + z).
_ ft) (a: + a)(x + b) + (b-c)(x + ft) (a: 4- c)
- a) (a? 4--(c
4-

y) (y

4-

j;

2) (s

95.

Prove the following

93.

y).

4-

94.

92.

a 2 ).

3 9).

- (ft 4- c) 2 - (c 4- a) 2 - (a 48 8 8 4- c)
4)
(ft 4- O
(a 4(a 43 a
2 ft}) -f (3 a
5 {3 a
(4
2 (a
3 (ft
c)].
3[a{2 a
c)}

91.

^)

- (/> 2

4-

y) (^

4-

/;

(a 4-

ft

4-

c)

ft

ft

ft

ft

^>)

8
ft)

c)(ar

4-

a2

4-

ft

4-

a8

4-

ft

a).

2
4- c .

4- c

8
.

a}.

ft

identities,

by multiplying out each

side

of the equality.
(a) (a
(ft)

8
4- b 4- c) rr

a8

4-

ft

4- c

4-

3(6

(.:-y)( a;-2y)(.r-3y)4-l)y( a

4-

c)(c

4-

a)(n

ft).

:-y)^-2y)4-18 // (2r-y)4-6

8
//

REVIEW EXERCISE
Simplify

96.

5(a

3*- 5 a 21
(10 a

99

O3a

4
(6 x

4-

3m n

(3'

4-

42

23 x s
33 z

4-

a;

5(a

4-

&)

5 a*.

-=-

2a

35

4a;

3".

-T-

3")

41 x

4-

72 x 2

]-

Qa-f-l^

3 3n

~*~

6)

5 a*)

4-

O4a

4~

(20 x*

O2a

4-

4- b)

98.

100.

103.

4- &)

[10(

6 (a

102.

263

20)

(3 a*

-*-

4-

~ (4 ^ -

4- '30)

a?

5 x

5).

4-

10).

1O4.
105.
106.

(2<

107.
108.

109.
110.

(x*

(2 y

111. (80 a
112.
113.

114.

9 ax 8

44-

3 a

4-

12

4-

02 y

23 a

16 y a
50

4-

4-

- (y 2 2 ~
)
(a

48)

5 y

6 a

5 a

12).

10).

25 4 - 16 a 6 4- 40 />) - (2 a 2 - 4 aft - 5 b*).


6 y 4 4- 27 x* - 35 x 2 2 ) - (7 xi/ - 9 x 2 - 2 y 2 )
3 xy
(25
4
- 2 2% 4- y - 2 xy 8 - 21 x*if) (4 ^ 2 - y 2 4- 5 xy).
(8 x*
115. ( y 8_o7)^^2 + 3 y + 0).
116. (.r 4 4- 2y 2 4- y 4 ) - (x 2 - xy 4- y 2 )

(4

2 y

a,v/

4 a 2// 2

4-

/>

//

-=-

a:

117.

(a

118.

(a

119.

(a

8
8

120.

Cr

121.

(z

122.
123.

124.

4-

4-

16 a 2
^4

8 68

256)

4-

& 8)

-s-

8
4- c 4-

~-

(a
4

6 afo)

4a

4-

16).

+ ^ 4 ).
-26
(a

2 2

-f-

4-

c).

-27y -l-9a:y) -(a:-3y-

1).

-r-

2
(a:

4-

xy

4-

).

- *) -(x 8 - 1).
2
(a+ - 3 a"+ 4- a"- ) - (a 1 2 8
a*- 6 )
(a**
(a
&).
(x

4-

10

-r-

1).

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

264
125.

126.
127.

128.

(1

a8

8 z 8)

-5-

(1

2 x).

- 3 a#z) (ar + y + s).


y
(*
n - x+
l
x+ x a ) ~ (xa + + x).
(*+ +
3" -3a 18 *&)
86
27 a
(1
(1
+

z8

*-

What is the
2
by a*-ab + 26 ?
129.

130.

G ax

By what

-f-

remainder when a

expression must a:

3 a b

12

8 a*b + 4 a
131. By what expression must 3 a
2 ab + & 2 ?
be divided to give the quotient 3 a 2

132.

By what expression must

x*

G x2

a:

divided

b* is

x*7

ttfc

+ 2187?
- 12 M

be divided to give

remainder?

9 as quotient, with 8 as

5 #

3 be multiplied to give

-f

x2

&).

a 2 6'2

Solve the following equations and check the answers:

- 4(0 x - 5) = 12(4 x - r>) - 22.


- 3) = 12 - (x -f 9).
5(2 x
3)- 2(j: 2) = 3 - 2(5 - 9) + 3.
7(2 x
- 9) 4- 7(4 * - 19) + 5 = 4 - 3(2 z - 3).
10(2 x
5 x + 3(7 x - 4) - 2(10 x - 7) = 4 - (x - 5).

133. 3(2 x
134.
135.
136.
137.

4(ar

+?+4=

139. 1
o

13.

140. 10(2 x

143.

a:

a:

142.

3)

a:

138.

141.

1)

9)

7(0 x

32)

+ 5 + 1=15.

4x

3(2 j

3).

- 3 a:).
- G) - 2 {3
8)} ^ 5(13
4(j
= 5{2 x - 3(* + 4) + 9} - (1 - 3 x).
2(3 x + 4)
8 [2 (a: - 1) - (x + 3) ] - 5{.r + 7[or - 2(4 - a:)]}.
a?

- (j -

144. 4-2(3ar

145. 5

- (3 a?

4} = 2(3 x -1) = 2(*


2) (a: + 3).

2 [2 x

- 2 7^~5] +

+ (x 4- 1) (a?
- l)(ar + 2) (a: (ar

146. x
147.

a?

148.

(2ar-

149.

(5a:

150. (4 x

- 3) (3 x 4- 7) =

3)

= x\x - 2) +

(7 x

1 1)

(3 x

2(ar

1).

+ 4).

- 4) - (9 x +

10)

(a:

3)

REVIEW EXERCISE
151.

152.
153.

154.
155.

156.
157.

158.
159.
160.
161.

162.
164.

265

+ 4) (2 x + 5)- (* + 2)(7 z + 1) = (* - 3) (3 - 5*) + 47.


- 2) (j? + 1) + (x - 1) O + 4) = (2 * - 1) (s + 3).
- 3) (a: - 4) (a - 5) = (3 - l)(z - 14) (a: + 3)- 24.
(a
- 2) (7 -*) + (*- 5)(.r + 3) - 2(x ~ 1) + 12 = 0.
(a;
- 7) (a; + 5) = (9 - 2 x) (4 - a:) + 229.
(2
- 3) (3 - 2).
6 x) (3 - 2 x) = (1
(7
- z) (4 - 5 x) = 45 x - 76.
14
3) (j; + 2) + (5
5(x
(x

(x

a;

a:

ar

a;

+ 5) 2 -(4-a:) 2 =r21a:.
- 2) a + 7(x - 3) = (3 x - 7) (1 x - 19) + 42.
5(ar
- 17) 2 + (4 x - 25) 2 - (5 x - 29) 2 = 1.
x
(3
O + ;T)O - 9) + (a; + 10) (ar - 8) = (2 x 4- 3)(* (ar

+ ?=13 +
^
10
o
2o

163.

7)

113.

+ ^s-O.
f-^
2
4
;j

Write down four consecutive numbers

of

which y

is

the

greatest.

By how much does 15 exceed a ?


How much must be added to k to make 23?
167. A man is 30 years old how old will he be in x years?
168. Find five consecutive numbers whose sum equals 100.
165.

166.

169. There are 63 sheep in three flocks. The second contains 3


first, and the third twice as many as the first.

sheep more than the

How many

sheep are there in

eacli flock Y

The sum

The second
of the three angles of a triangle is 180.
angle of a triangle is twice as large as the first, and if 15 were taken
from the third and added to the first, these two angles would be equal.
170.

What

are the three angles?

A picture which is 3 inches longer than wide


by a frame 2 inches wide. If the area of the frame
inches, how wide is the picture ?
171.

is

is

surrounded
108 square

172. The formula which transforms Fahrenheit (F.) readings of a


thermometer into Centigrade readings is C. = | (F
32).
(a) If C. = 15, find the value of F.
(b) At what temperature do the Centigrade scale and the Fahrenheit scale indicate equal numbers?
(c)

How many degrees C. transformed into

F. will produce F.

= 2 C.?

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

266

173.

number increased by

multiplied by

174.

number divided by

diminished by

An

175.

3 gives the

same

result as the

numbet

result as the

number

Find the number.

3.

3 gives the

same

Find the number.

3.

express train runs 7 miles an hour faster than an ordinary


trains run a certain distance in 4 h. 12 m. and 5 h. 15 m.

The two

train.

What

respectively.

is

the distance?

square grass plot would contain 73 square feet more


Find the side of the plot.
side were one foot longer.

176.

177.
sister

as old as his father

is

boy

the

sum

and

3 years

of the ages of the three is 57 years.

if

each

younger than his


Find the age of

the father.

178. A house has 3 rows of windows, 6 in each row the lowest


row has 2 panes of glass in each window more than the middle row,
and the middle row has 4 panes in each window more than the upper
row there are in all 168 panes of glass. How many are there in each
window ?
;

179. Four years ago a father was three times as old as his son is
now, and the father's present age is twice what the son will be 8 years
hence.

180.
is

What are their ages ?


Two engines are together

16 horse power

181.

more than the

The length

power one of the two


Find the power of each.

of 80 horse

other.

of a floor exceeds its width

by 2

feet;

if

each

increased 2 feet, the ana of the floor will be increased


48 square feet. Find the dimensions of the floor.

dimension

182.

is

The age

three years ago


of each.

183.

is

boy

father; the

two boys is twice that of the younger;


was three times that of the younger. Find the age

of the elder of
it

sum

5 years older than his sister

of the ages of all three is 51.

and | as old as his


Find the age of the

father.

Resolve into prime factors

184. x*
185.

+x-

y-y

186. z 2

2.

-42.

-92;-36.

187.

188.

_ no.

-ll?/-102.
189. aW + llab-2&.
7/

13 a + 3.
+ 11 ~ 6.
z 2 + x - 56.

190. 4 a 2

191. 10x 2
192.

a;

REVIEW EXERCISE
- 77 y + 150.
2 a 2 - 19 a - 10.

193. y 2
194.

195. a 2

3a

196. 6

3y 2

197.

- 28.

a;

198. x*

5 xy

- 6 y2

13 y

a;

205.

14x 2 -25ary + Gy 2

206.

3 x* -x -

12 x

+4.

13

6 2.

219.

120.

28

ary

//

48.

a:

66 y.

if-W-y+b.

210.

-11 2 + 10
20 x 4 - 20 z 8 -

ar.

221.

5 x 2.

222. x*y

a:

223.

+ G *2#2 + 9 x*y\
6 x* + 5 a:y - 6 2

230.

15 x 2

231.

9a-4a6

232.

(a

229. *2

233.

211.

212. 3 x

- 21

a:

54.

224.

+ 30 x.
2
2 2 2 2
x
+
)
(a + z )
(a
2 3
+
+
y
a;y)
(x
(r
y)
6 a 2 + 5 a - 6.

218. x

220.

- 22 z +

217. 2 afy

209.

a:

29 y

a:

216. 2 x 2

207. 16x 4 -81.


208. 2 a 8 - 8

201. # 2

15.

204. 5

200.

4.

a;

+ 1 1 a*b - a 2/A
214 12 x*y - 14 2 - 10 xy.
215. z + 5x 2 - 6s.

?/

+ ary - 10 y a
x* - 12 * - 64.

199. 2

213. 60 a 2

202. z 2 -2;r?/-f y 2 -9.


203. x 5 - 19 z 4

267

?/

7x 2

225. a^a

226.

a;

-f

yx*

+ z*x + z*y.

227. 7a
228.

a:

8.

+ b - c) 2 -

(a

26 x
a
.

- c) 2

234.
235.

a;

236. 24

+ 2 - 1.
-23 -12.

-a;
a:

238.

a:

239.

(13z

240. 4a 2& 2

242. xm+l

237.

a:

241. (a +
- xm y + xym -

5# 2) 2 -

2 2
(a 6

(a

m +^.
2

3y

244. 2a

3%
te

ly

a:

a:

+ la

a:

+ 4y2) 2

- x + 1.
2 2
y -f

a:

1.

c 2 ) 2.
2

c)

(c

2
rf)

245. 3 ap

243. 4

248.

(12

a:

246. 3 x

247.

mx +

- (b + rf) 2
- 6 aq - 3 c/> + 6 cq.
- 3 xf + 3 * 2y - 3 xy.
.

a+a* + o a +l.
wiy

aw.

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

268

- 6 by.
3 ay 4- a + 2
4- 14 bx
a%% 8 - 3 abc - a 2 />c 2 -f 3.
2 8 - 2 ax 2 + 2 for 2 - 2 aft*.
2 a.r + a# + az -f 2 6z
fry 4- &z.

249. 7 ax

250.
251.

a;

252.

Find the

II.

ft

-I-

C. F. of:

253.

G(x+

9(x

l)'\

1).
2

+ 23 x -f 20.
+ 20 x 4- 8.
2 2
+ 39 xy 4- 15.
x*y* 4- 18 xy + 5, 18 x
2 - 11 a
2 - 10
a 4- 9.
a
4- 10, a
3 a 2 2 - 5 ab -f 2, 3 a% 2 - 4 ab + 1.
10 x 2 - 23
+ 12, 30 ^ - G7 x -f 33.
2
2
- (55.
x
16
x
7
-f 71 x
413, 28
12 2 2 - 1 9 ;ry -21,48 afy 2 - 73 xy - 91.

254. 3 #2

-|-

10

255. 5 x 2

7 r

256.

a;

a;

8,

-f 2,

15 # 2

z/

257.

258.

/;

259.

a?

260.

a:

261.

a:

//

+ 8 x + 5, x 2 -f 9j: + 20.
* 2 - 9 x + 14, 2 - 11 x -f 28.
x 2 + 2 x - 120, x* - 2 z - 80.
x* - 15
+ 30, * 2 - 9 x - 36.

262. x 2

263.

x-

264.
265.

ar

Find the L.C.M. of:

+ 3 x + 2, x 2 + 4 + 3, x 2 + 5 -f
- 3 x - 4, * 2 - x - 12.
* a - 23 x -f 20.
2 x2 - 7
-f 5,
2 z 2 -f 13 x + 1 5, 8 2 + 10 x - 3.
x 2 - 18 ry + 32 y 2 2 - 9 xy + 14 y 2

266. z 2

ar

ar

6.

267. z 2

268.

a:

269.

;r

270.

Reduce to lowest terms

a:

271. 2-2-

272

x2
a;

273

-f

2
-f-

a:

!8a:

- 77
+ 77

P a -5y>+4.
^2-7/7 + 12

'

2?5

x2

~
+

a;

'

2?6

a:

8 xf
<

3 xy

-7
- 17

+
a;

40 y 2

6
*

14

12 Jr 2__7^/_ J/ 2
+ 3 .ry - 2/ 2

28 x 2

REVIEW EXERCISE
8

277

278.

agg

m ~n
w 4 + 2 7w% 2 -f
sa

*2

281

a;

2Q4

'

279.

280.

2 q^(

z4

w mp - n 2

a:

z2

(a

+ ac

c)a;

a;

294

295

296

'

297

'

'

289

'

290

22

+
2

2 yz

fr

4-

_ 22 _

- -

ar

2*

-f

*2

3 x

ar

- 2*
+ 3 x*

- 2c
a:

- (y -

z)

y*

z2

ary

'

2 2
<?

+ 2 cV +

2 a 2^ 2

ft*

*
t

z2

y)'

x'2

'

2 zx

293

?/.rL.!/...

288

a;

0;2

292

"

(j;

*2

291

287

t-

283

286

282.

'

285

)P

4- J' 4-

-8x+8

'

n*

+ Og-e.
-9

"

"*

4 *2

269

c4

+ 2 0:2

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

270

Find the value of

298

23.

-23.
+ 19)

19

23

Lnl +

300.

ar

a;

+4

__
+ -*_ +
-la?-la?
+

l)(ar

2)

l)(ar

2)(*

3)

303.

(a

x
x

~~

c) (a

+^

(a

ct)

c)(a

~
''^

a) (x

(:

2.

7.

-f e)

6)
_

305.

O(c-a)

i_
a
20

306.
X2

+9

(c-a)(a-i)
1

_L

x2

12 x

4-

308.

+ 7 _ 44

35

3.

^_2*-

^-

m+n

"*"

309.

310

307.

a:-2

*-3

^.
4
+

a?

304.

+
2Lz|
3
x

(x

(a:

'

301.

302.

2 99

"

19(23

(m

+
3

a:

+ n) 2

^ ""

-2

ar-3

a:

-2

a:

17

x 2 -5a:-i-6"

(a-

+7

BE VIEW EXERCISE
i

311.

a2

x8

x2

-.-

+ +
a;

ft

_.
-

312.

a:

2ft 2

313.

a8

314.

.,+
a

(1

*2

-9*+

1 -f

(a?

nl

1a:

g(jL+ 2 )

a;

8*

2 x'

2)

^^^_

4-

Dx

8(1-*)

4(1

15

319.

+*)

8(1

x(l
*)

4(1

321

6_

c)

2_ (a._

- *)
+ * 2)

c) 2

- (a - ft) 2

g~ft

ft-c

322.

323.

*2

316.

317.

*2

20

,2

10 z 2

315.

318.

271

'(a-6)*-(a:-r)a

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

272
Simplify:

z2

325.

2 x*

324.

10

-lOx

2 a

^ ""

a;

5x- 2

1B x

10 o#
2

?/

331 g gy

6y
3

a:

3y

-f

'

12 a

40

4 xy
-8

*2

a;

^2

l5rt~+~54*

6 q

5 x

3;B

1037

.y

2
y/

?/

(a?-4y)

3(2 x

^/

- ll.y-20

27^-12^7
- 5 a - 6*

6~7**

- 9 *// + 27
- 7 xy + 12

x'

x 3y

6 a*

24 y 2

a;

4 y2

2y

fl

2
;/

3 y

y~4-y+

'
_

3 y) 2

6
(

15

^e

10

a;

- 15
-33

a:

?/

a:

a:

-f

5 sy

zy

2
+ 0^ +
^2^7 a...

.a:
'

.
'

a:

~"

+ 8 2 - 4 x?/ 2 ^_ G x 2 + 13 gy_+
- 19 xy + 6 y 2
8 x* '

10

2 y

5 x8

*2
'

333.

- 7 acy + 12 y2
+ 5 a:y + y 2

42

4 a

x*

a:

+lOar

+lly-10

2 z6

333.

250

J?_ x fl^-^ffjje _
2

11

8
.V

332

i^+^T-

03

4g~0yg

329

330

^ "" 12 *.

2
a;

'

^ - 28

8
'

334

-*

a2

328.

-i-

3a; 2

327

4 r8

8 x2

4 x

+ 4 y*
- 2 y2

20
44

'

REVIEW EXERCISE
~

336.

c*

c*

337.

q2

a2

(a-f2/,)

338.

342.

343.

344.

fl-.1V.
\x

340.

+ IV.

347.

xi

348.

349

**

_
o;

350.

-i.
'

-"l

a>74

a:

76

Find the numerical values of


351.

1+

\.

2"

'

.;r

~ ~
x2 + 8 +
-5 2 .13

13 s

i--, if a

3.

352.

353

^-3

pE+1

354.

- +

?_2
^

a:

.
r

+^

/2x~l
V

5a:~2
10

V.

\5yl

346.

345.

-?-f!?.y.

Simplify

yj

339.

ni + -.

aj

(a-Wi + iJ.
(ar
\

+ lV.

(a
\

341.

*|

278

11

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

274
355

___
_/|
2(*-l)J

U<>-3)
356

357.
ar

1-10*W*-1
1-** JUa-l

1-*
YTx

fl
V

xy

+ ya

xl

xy

+ yl

x*

358.

359.

y-x

y360. (a

yabc

361.

1+2

i+5

1+1

362.
9 x2

-f

363.

(~

364.

+ 1 + W?* _ 1 +
(*
2x
\3a
2x) \3a

365.
1

-f

I
-

366.
a2

4-

REVIEW EXERCISE

^\

367.

\b*

+ c*

+
b

(b* -f c*)
}

b*-c*)^
c

4-

368.
(1

+ab)(l+bc)

369.
a

370

+
.

~^
_

'

'

(-/')(&-o)

372.

373

"1*7
374.

275

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

276

375.

-3
Solve the equations

376.

a:

8
(a;

45

379. 4(*
.

+ 6)-

380. 5 {2 x

5"^

J !__7.
a:

1)

5*-8,*-2 = 15.

378. 2(3 x

381.

or

iLf-5 + !*=! = 2 J.

377.

<3

|(x

+ 4) +

-(* +

10)

20

=
1

1)}

x-f
x -

10

|(x

j(*
v/
O

7)

= 0,

+ 5)-

^
- ^-^
+
_j_

3(*

10
x

^-\:)

-f

51)

+2J

382.

.
'

_j-

a:

3_ = !.

383. __4
2x

vC

a:

10

385

17

387

-7ar =

L*J> _
14

(5 ar

ear-7
+
i3JTo^
1

389

10ar

15

"""

28

+ 16ar_63 -24 g

2T~~~ia

2J

'

12f

8 a'

390.

0,

14(ar-l)

18

105

a:

REVIEW EXERCISE
x

391.

_x

3737-0
^
x

a:

"i

~r;

'2 a;

^ (a -

(8 x

3) (x

8
9*

a?

R
-

7 ~r

"

a)

(a:

3)

1) = (4 x

1(5

a;

H- 1

4-

3(4 *

1) (4 x

397.
1

398.

.5

399.

.5

-f .6

400. 3*

401. y

rt

^=

=r

.25 x

.8

.2

a:

.75

408. (x

5).

402.

c
c

-}-

-q.

-f

404.

a:-

2)(ar

1.

4O5

40,.

-f .25.

-(a:

-f 1

JLg:==
7wa:

a;*

177,147.

&

a:

a;

403.

a;

*2

l)(x

x
x

396.

7 _ x
-8~a; -

a:

a;- 6~a:

ar- 5

277

a)

a)(a:

a)(x

a-(a;

&)(>:

ft)

2(ar

) (a;

J).

+ 2a +2&) = (a: +

-f 6) -f c

(z

a)(a:

____-_
^

a:

a:

i).

2 a)

1).

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

278

410.

(x

-f

411.

(x

- a)(x -

a)(z

412.

b)

b)

-f

417.

mx ~

nx

(a

x1

-2

a)

6 2a.

2
.

-f c

ab
1

mx

nx

b)(x

b)(x

a-b

I2x

- c) - (5 -

418
~j-o.

-f

-f

(x

416

x
415.

(x

_a

-f

414.

2 alb

c)(:r

a)

lfi:r

- (c -

a)(x

b)

0.

rt

~r
l

419.
)

ar

IJ a;

2 a

-f c

~
a

4x

2 b
6

Qx
3 x

2 c
6

-f

walks 2 miles more than B walks in 7 hours


more than A walks in 5 hours. Find
the number of miles an hour that A and B each walk.
420. Tn 6 hours

in 9 hours

B walks

11 miles

number of two digits the first digit is twice the second,


18 be subtracted from the number, the order of the digits will
be inverted. Find the number.
421. In a

and

if

422.

A man

drives to a certain place at the rate of 8 miles an

Returning by a road 3 miles longer at the rate of 9 miles an


hour, he takes 7 minutes longer than in going. How long is each
road ?
hour.

person walks up a hill at the rate of 2 miles an hour, and


at the rate of 3^ miles an hour, and was out 5 hours.
far did he walk all together ?

423.

down again

How

REVIEW EXERCISE
A

424.

lowed

279

steamer which goes at the rate of 264 miles a day is foldays by another which goes 286 miles a day. When will

in 2

the second steamer overtake the first?

425. Find two consecutive numbers such that the sum of the fifth
and eleventh parts of the greater may exceed by 1 the sum. of the
sixth and ninth parts of the less.

Find the fourth proportional

426. x
427.

y,

i,

z2

y\

-xy + y*.

x*

428. a

|.

5,

t>,

a8

-f

2 ab

-f

6 2.

Find the mean proportional to

and

429. 3

431. Find the ratio x

5x

432.

7y

22

-I

22

y, if

wi*

+ y=

ny; ax

10 inches long

line

- iand

430. z 2

1J.

-\-

by

ex

dy.

divided in the ratio m:n.

is

Find

the length of the parts.

433. The sum of the three angles of any triangle is 180.


angle of a triangle is to another as 4 5 and the third angle
to the sum of the first two, find the angles of the triangle.
:

434. If a b

=5

435. Solve

436.

Which

and

7,

ratio

is

n(n

x)

14

15, find

=p

greater, 5

m n(p
:

7 or 151

If
is

one

equal

c.

x).

208?

437. Prove that the number of miles one can see from an elevation
of h feet

438.
a.
b.

is

very nearly equal to ^-

Which

miles.

of the following proportions are true?

+ 4ft):(Oo + 86)= (a-26):(3o-46).


- 46 2): (15a 2 - 31 afc + UV )
= (15 a 2 + 31 ab + H 6) (25 a2 - 49 63),
2
2
8
2
2
(a + &*) (a -h & ) = (a - ) (a -6).
8
8
5
~
a*b + a*b* - a 2^ 8 + aft* - & 5 ) (a 8 - 6 8 ),
(a + 6 ) (a + ft) = (a
(3a

(9

c.

d.

fc

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

280

439. Find the value of


a.

29(a

&)

c.

2
(3 a

2 ab

x, if

551 (a 3 -

8 ft)

2
ft

2
(5 a

-f

19(a

4 ai

&).

12

ft

a?

(5 a

The volumes

ft).

of two spheres are to each other as the cubos of


a sphere 2 inches in diameter weighs 1:2 ounces,
what is the weight of a sphere of the same material having a diameter of 3 inches ?

440.

their diameters.

If

Solve the following systems:

441. 7

a:

-2y=

a;

5y

59.

443.

x + 17 #
53; 8 x + y = 19.
33 x + 35 y = 4 55 * - 55 y = -

444.

7jr-9y =

445.

7a?-y = 3; 5x+4y=lQ.
= 25.
7 a: - 3 y = 3 5 -f 7

442.

446.

447.
448.

449.
450.
451.
452.

453.
454.
455.

456.

457.
458.
459.

17;

9ar-7# =

a;

16.

71.

?/

x + 5 y = 49 3 x - 11 y = 95.
ax + ly = 2 a*x + & 2# = a + b.
5z-4:# = 3;r-f-2# = l.
ox -f &// = 2
+ y) = a +
8a + 21+3ft = 0.
28 = 5 a - 4
12 - 89 = q.
5j + 7 7 =
=
2; 42 = 15y + 137.
20y + 21
18a = 50 + 25y; 5#+ 10 = -27 a.
56 + 10y = 7a;; 15ar = 20 + 8y.
- 11 7; 21 7 = 27 + Op.
9/> = 2
- 7 y = 25; 4 = 5 y + 29.
3
- 35.
8 - 59 = 3 z; 5 2 = 7
;

ft.

/>(.*;

ft;

ar

a:

/)

a;

a:

+ 5y)- (or
|-l(*-2y)=0; 1(3
|
a;

REVIEW EXERCISE
460.

3 x

28i

~~~^ = 5;7;c=56-3y.
8

461.

a?

3 y

a?

~~10

15

12

__
"10

10

463.

465.

4 g

7g

467.

468. ^

.?/

a:

.
'

= 2;

i^

2 g

47O

469.

cte -

by

472. ax
cx

ey =/.

475.

474.

dx+frj-

c\

= 2J.

(2

--i = 5; i-

4*

by

= m;

+ ey-n.

-_
&

3~12

471. ax

3 y

- 2y)-

(or

= 7;- + -=2.

+y

473.

car

=
4-

rf

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

282

476. In a certain proper fraction the difference between the nu


merator and the denominator is 12, and if each be increased by 5 the
Find the fraction.
fraction becomes equal to |.

477. What is that fraction which becomes f when its numerator is


doubled and its denominator is increased by 1, and becomes when
its denominator is doubled and its numerator increased by 4 ?
j|

478.
to

If 1

it becomes equal
becomes equal to ^. Find the

be added to the numerator of a fraction

be added to the denominator

if 1

it

fraction.

479.

The sum

of three

numbers

by 4, and the other number


least.
Find the numbers.
least

is

is

The greatest exceeds the


sum of the greatest and

21.

half the

480. There are two numbers the half of the greater of which exceeds the less by 2, also a third of the greater exceeds half the less by
2.
Find the numbers.
481. Of the ages of two brothers one exceeds half the other by 4
is equal to an eighth of

years, and a fifth part of one brother's age


that of the other. Find their ages.

482. If 31 years were added to the age of a father it would be


also if one year were taken from the son's age

thrice that of his son

and added to the father's, the


Find their ages.
age.

483.

latter

and B together have $6000.

spends \ of his.
had each at first?

then has

as

would then be twice the

much

son's

spends } of his money and


as A.
How much money

484. Find two numbers such that twice the greater exceeds the
by 30, and 5 times the less exceeds the greater by 3.

less

485. A sum of money at simple interest amounted in 10 months to


$2100, and in 18 months to $2180. Find the sum and the rate of
interest.

486. A sum of money at simple interest amounts in 8 months to


$260, and in 20 months to $275. Find the principal and the rate of
interest.

487.

sum of

number

consists of

two

the digits be multiplied by

the number.

digits
4,

whose difference

is

4;

the digits will be inverted.

if

the

Find

REVIEW EXERCISE
488. There

number

283

two

digits which is equal to seven times


the digits be transposed the new number
Find the
will exceed 10 times the difference of the digits by 6.

the

sum

is

of the digits

of

also

if

number.
489.

Find two numbers whose sum equals

and whose difference

equals d.

490. The sum of two numbers


squares

Solve the following systems

491. x

-f

492. ,

493.

a;

-f

29|

41; *

$x

a:

+z=

499. 3 x
500.

and the

difference of their

18J ; x

-f z

13|.

+ 5=84.

*i, ,
3

G; 2

a:

ar

-f-

3 y

2 z = 8
- z = 20;
;

2y + 2z =

a;

a:

-4#+

a:

497. y
:

4a;-5#+2z =

Solve

62

3 y

494.

498.

425

495.

496. 4

is

Find the numbers.

is b.

//

5 y

i-f-i

11;

a;

;/

-f

101

=a;

1+1z = 6;
y

502. 3ar

5; z

1;

2 z

25 ;

a;

- z = 12.
= 209; 2

+z=

35.

a:

a: -f

i-fi =

= 79.

e.

+ 2y = 8; 4z+3z = 20;
= 15; 2y + 3a = ll;
=
-2^ 20; 2/>-3r = 4; 30

503. 2a:-f 7;/


504. 7;?

506. 2

3^ =

a;
'

507. --\

'

8;

5^

9z

10;

a:

4r=-9.
4

?/

2z

= 15.

2.

3z

35.

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

284

516.

517.

+
+
3579
2+?.

!f

== 2800,
ra?

524

523.

ll"

1472.

= 3a-f& + r,
36 + c,
i=a + 6 c,
z

jx
[y +

+y + = +
2

z-

=3a-&-c.

REVIEW EXERCISE

285

525. When weighed in water, 37 pounds of tin lose 5 pounds,


and 23 pounds of lead lose 2 pounds.
(a) How many pounds of tin and lead are in a mixture weighing
120 pounds in air, and losing 14 pounds when weighed in water?
(b) How many pounds of tin and lead are in an alloy weighing
220 pounds in air and 201 pounds in water ?

and B together can do a piece of work in 2 days, B and C


and C and A in 4 days. In how many days can each
alone do the same work?
526.

in 3 days,

sum of the reciprocals of


of the reciprocals of the first
of the reciprocals of the second and

527. Throe numbers are such that the


the

first

and second equals

the

sum

and third equals \\ the sum


third equals \. Find the numbers.

528. A vessel can be filled by three pipes, L, M, N. Tf


and
run together, it is filled in 35 minutes; if
and L, in 28 minutes;
if L and Af in 20 minutes.
Tu what time will it be filled if all run

together?
529. A boy is a years old his mother was I years old when he was
born; his father is half as old again as his mother was c years ago.
Find the present ages of his father and mother.
;

530. A can do a piece of work in 12 days B and C together can


do the same piece of work in 4 days A and C can do it in half the
time in which B alone can do it. How long will B and C take to do
;

it

separately

531. A number of three digits whose first and last digits are the
same has 7 for the sum of its digits; if the number be increased by
Find the number.
90, the first and second digits will change places.
532. In
circle

and

A ABC, AB=6, BC = 5,

touches

AC

F respectively.

and CA=7. An (escribed)


and the prolongations of BA and BC in
Find AD, CD, and BE.

in /),

533. Two persons start to travel from two stations 24 miles apart,
and one overtakes the other in 6 hours. If they had walked toward
each other, they would have met in 2 hours. What are their rates of
travel?

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

286

534. Represent the following table graphically

TABLE OF POPULATION (IN MILLIONS) OF UNITED STATES, FRANCE,


GERMANY, AND BRITISH ISLES

Draw

535. One dollar equals 4.10 marks.


formation of dollars into marks.
536.

The number

work

of

How

long will

537. If
is

to

t
/

in

days
it

of

workmen

take 11

men

to

3.3

down

2
t' .

the graph

from

D=

1 to

12.

do the work?

feet is the length of a

seconds, then /
= 3 and write

required to finish a certain piece

Draw

is

a graph for the trans-

Draw

pendulum, the time of whose swing


a graph for the formula from / =0

the time of swing for a

pendulum

of length

8 feet.

Draw

the graphs of the following functions


2

x.

538. 3 x

5.

542. x

539. 2 x

7.

543. x 2

5.

547.

3 x.

544. z 2

3.

548. x 8

x.

545. x *-x

2.

549. x*

540. 2
541.

3 x.

550. Draw the graph of y


2
and from the diagram determine

2 x

546. 2

x*,

from x

a.
b.
c.

d.
e.

The values of y, i.e. the function, if x = f


1, 2|.
The values of x if y =
2.
The greatest value of the function.
The value of x that produces the greatest value of y.
The roots of the equation 2 + 2 x x z = 1.
,

x2

x*.

2 to x

1.

= 4,

REVIEW EXERCISE
The formula

551.

a.

Represent

] f/f

287

for the distance traveled

by a falling body

is

to t = 5.
graphically from t =
(Assume g = 10
scale unit of the t equal to 10 times the scale

meters, and make the


unit of the
b.

How

c.

In

.)

far does a

body fall in 2^ seconds?


seconds does a body fall 25 meters?

how many

Solve graphically the following equations

x*-"2x-7 = Q.
2
~0a: + 9 = 0.
553.
2
554.
+ 5 - = 0.
555. x* - 5 x - 3 = 0.
556. z 2 - 3 x - = 0.
557. x 2 ~ 2 - 9 = 0.
558. 3 x* - 3 - 17 = 0.
566. x 4 - 4 x 2 + 4 - 4 = 0.
2
567. x 5 - 4 - 11 x* +
+
2
8
569. If y +5
10,
a. Solve// = 0.
= 5.
J. Solve
.r

561.

-1

562.

563.
564.

a;

565.

a?

4 x - 15 = 0.
+ 10 x - 7 =
- 13 = 0.
3 x - G
- 3 x - 1 = 0.
3
+ 3 z - 11 = 0.
2 8 - 6
+ 3 - 0.
z 4 - 10 x 2 + 8 = 0.

560. 2

a:

a;

559. 2 x 2

552.

j;

a;

a:

.r

a:

.r

a:

a;

x-

18 x

0.

568.' 2*

= 0.

a;

//

e.

f.

c.
r?.

Solve y
Solve y

5.

15.

Determine the number of real roots of the equation y


Determine the limits between which m must lie, if y

2.

=m

has

three real roots.


g.
h.
i.

Find the value of m that will make two roots equal if y = m.


Find the greatest value which ?/ may assume for a negative x.
Which negative value of x produces the greatest value of y ?

Solve graphically

570

'

571.

572.

'

8.

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

288

+ ,-4,
j^
x -f = 3.

y =10,

|4,-5
xy = 0.
577.

4'

(f-,

?/

581.

{f_7l j?

582.

|''- o2

=
578.

579.

2
\*>
a:
+
[

:
y*

or
25.

f-MV
--

585
594.
595;

596.
600.

586

'

jf:ji f-

6)T

'

587.

(a-iy.

588.

(a

589.

(1-a:)

-f ?>)

(a; + ^) + (air-%)8.
4
- %) 4
(aa; + %)
(a*
5 6
+
*)
(1
a:)
(1
2 2
-f
(2 + 3 x + 4
)
(2 -3 x +

(a

8
ft)

590>

(2

591.

(3

592.

(1

593.

597.

(1

598.

(1

599.

a:'

3.

-f-

>
3'

a:.

583.

jj+;frf

Perform the operations indicated


584.

2* +
?/

a;

(1

(#

x) (l

+
+
-

<r)3 -

3
,

a:)

xY.
4

2)

^)

+ x' )'2
- x + 2 )'2
601. (1 +

a;

z2) 8

Extract the square roots of the following expressions:

602. 64 a 12

128 a 10 6

603.

4-8 xf +

604.

a:

16

-2

605. a 8
606. 9

+
2

-4

?/
'

14

100 a 8

608.

a:

/;

100

?/

a:

?y

~+
x

10

a:

a:

a:

V 6x

611. a

612.

a:

-f

aAa:

- 2 6a: +

2
?/

9 6

-f

943

25 c

+-+

30 &c

a;

--+

10 ac

-~-bx.

?/

a:

//

fe

1) .
5 a*.

609.

610. a 2a; 2

10 6.
1

9(5

//

a:

^i -

aW + 100 aW- 48 a*h +

10
2
+
x^f - 128 a*^ + 04 aty
4 6 2
10 3
5
4
3
2
+ y.
-f
zy x*y* +
^s_ 14 a 4/,4 + 4 a 8^6 + 9 a a^e _ 6 aW + 8

04 aty 6

+
+ 4 a 6& 2 +
x -f 13 2 - 4 8 -f 4 4
+ i 2 ) 2 -f (a 1 - 2 & 2 ) (4
a:

a;

2
(2 a ft

-f

a:

4 fSb

607.

30

aa: 2 .

a6.

REVIEW EXERCISE
Find the fourth root
4

613.

4-

of

a2

4 a*b

614.

10:r 4

+ 9G* 3 +

615.

HI x s

108 afy

616.

10 a 4

32

Find the eighth root

289

fe

2
/;

-f

aft

4
ft

+ 81.
+ 54 'x*y* - 12 a?y + y*.
+ 24 a 2 4 - 8 aft 6 + 8
+

21G.*; 2

21Ga;

/;

ft

of:

617. a 8

8 tvb

28 a 6 //2

618. a 8

10 a*

112 a 8

50 a c ft 8

70 a 4 ft 4

50 a 8 ft 6

28 a 2ft

- 448 z +

1120

Find the square root of

619. 942841.

621. 0090.2410.

620. 25023844.

622. 4370404.

625-

VOIOOD + V582T09.

a:

1792 x*

aft

+ 1792 2
- 1024 x +

ft

8
,

a:

256.

623. 49042009.
624. 44352.30.

V950484

626.

Find to three decimal places the square


numbers

- V250 - \/4090.

roots of the following

627. 49.871844.

629. 035.191209.

631. 494210400001.

628. 371240.49.

630. 210.15174441.

632.

633. 21.

634.

32

635. 4J.

636.

2.

637. 40.

9g.

638. GGff.

639. According to Kepler's law, the cubes of the distances of the


planets from the sun have the same ratio as the squares of their
periods of revolution about the sun. If the distances of Earth and
Jupiter from the sun are at 1

5.2,

and the Earth's period equals 3G5J

days, find Jupiter's period.

Solve the following equations

= 70.
+
2
-21 x = 100.
*+* = 156.
x 2 - 53 x ~ - 150.
8*' + 24* = 32.
9a; 2 + 189 z = 900.
651. (x -

640. x 2
641.

642.

643.
644.
645.

646. x 2

9 x

a-

647t x

-f

2)

-f

(x

~
-

+ 9x
_ 5x _

16

= 0.

22

= 0.
=

648

x2

649.

* + 9? , = 87.

650. 3a; 2
2

5)

66

+x = 14.

= (x +

7)

2.

290

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

"""

ar

ab

REVIEW EXERCISE
~

X+

1>

x
-

"

~T~

+c
~
a

i~
i

c
~
b

rj* 2

4 x +
+ Ox + 4

690.

291

4(5

691.

692.

693.

694.

1 + V* -2bx
+ a 2 + 2 ax
a
a )jr
2 a(l + & )z -fa 2 (1
ax + to -f ru: 2 - ax - bx - c = 0.
.

695.

ft

696.

698.
699.

a:

- 2V3:r

-f

+ fa +
1 = 0.

2 V5

a:

ex

-a-b-c=
fx

702. 2(4 :r

704.

706.
707.
708.

/'r'S

__

(:r

'

0.

^^

0.

701. (x 2 +3a:) 2 -2a; 2

7r\O

fi

697. ax 2
a;

a:)

)'*' _i.

:r)O

7^^

-6a:-

28

x2

21

a:

^^ ^T

^3"

:c-f 1)

42.

0.

5
'^

0.
1

0.

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

292

+36 = 0.
16 x* - 40 a 2* 2 + 9 a 4 = 0.
2n
n
2
2
-f-2aar + a -5 = 0.

*2

709. **-13a: 2
710.

711.

25

16
|

-16
- 44#2 + 121 = 0.

25
713. 3or

a:

___ _
2* -5 3*2-7

714

'

a2

715.

716. Find two consecutive numbers whose product equals 600.


717. What number exceeds its reciprocal by {$.

sum is a and whose product equals J.


needs 15 days longer to build a wall than B, and working
together they can build it in 18 days. In how many days can A build
the wall?
718. Find two numbers whose

719.

The area

of a rectangle is 221 square feet and its perimeter


Find the dimensions of the rectangle.
721. Find the price of an apple, if 1 more for 30/ would diminish

720.

equals CO feet.

the price of 100 apples by $1.

722.
217

The

difference of the cubes of

two consecutive numbers

is

find them.

723. Find four consecutive integers whose product is 7920.


724. Find the altitude of an equilateral triangle whose side equals a.
725. A man bought a certain number of shares in a company for

$375;

he had waited a few days until each share had fallen $6.25
might have bought five more for the same money. How
shares did he buy ?
if

in value, he

many

726.

What two numbers

are those whose

sum

is

47 and product

312?
727.

A man

bought a certain number of pounds of tea and

10 pounds more of coffee, paying $ 12 for the tea and $9 for the coffee.
If a pound of tea cost 30 J* more than a pound of coffee, what is the
price of the coffee per

pound ?

Find the numerical value of

-4*+

728.

12

729.

(J)-*

8- l

(3|)*

(a

-8
+

ft)'

64-

+ i.

REVIEW EXERCISE

293

implify :
30.

(y*

31.

(a*

32.

(a*

33.

y*

x*)(a*

/^

-f

+w

(rrr

+ y*+l)(y*.-l).
+

c^

5 n*

a*x*

+w

+ x*).
- aM -

ft*c*)(a*

?n^n^

n )(m*

-f

35.

36.

(a-2

37.

(a-

38.

(1

39.

(i*

&-2)( a

-2_

4 d*).

j-2).

(64 x~

41.

(^ -

42.

(a*

(a^

6*

2 a

M+

44.

(x*

46.

(4

48

^i?

(4 x~*

a:

3 ar 2

27

ary*

x^y

x T

n.
(v/x)- X

6)

c*

-f

^2?

a;-

a8)

l)(>r

U*")
-4-

sT~

a*6^

-*

-i

(<i*

&*).

aM"

9 x*

42 x*

.2?

1).

^ + cb-

y*).
-f-

(x*

3 y"*).

(x*

(a*

28 x

y*)

-f-

(4 x~^

-r-

-f

12 x*

50.

52.

n^).

-6- 1 + c- )(a-i + &- 1 -f c" ).


+ a^ 1 + a 26" 2 )(l - aft* 1 + a 2*- 2 ).
1

40.

43.

6*

- 2 d*m* + 4 d-)(w* + 2 rfM +


1 + x- 2)(x 2 4- 1 -f ^ 2 ).
(x*

34.

'

-f

a).

49)*.

c*).

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

294
753.
754.

755.

r*._
x

1 4j "r

[1r^ T
1

;.

O/lf
^
^ II r*
*

4"*"

1 "1
A
1.

JU.1+J

756.

757.

2^3(^-2^21 + 4^-3^:0.
+ V22

758.
759.

776.

760. 4\/50

12 V2b8

761.

\/G86

v/lG-v/128.

768.

vff +

2-V2

4-

SVlOOO.

V^~ 4^ -2^/2

2-V3

IIEVIEW EXERCISE
780.

295

y/a

-f

+ Va

y/a

Va

782.

781.

783.

Find the square roots of the following binomial surds:


784. 10
785.

786.
787.

+ 2V21.

789.

38-12VIO.

790. 14
791.

103

94-42V5.
- 2 V30.

792.

75-12V21.

793. 87

799. a

+ 2 Vab

- VlO.

3J-

- 4 V(j.

16 + 2V55.
9-2VI5.

788. 13

794.

- 12VIT.

12 ^

ac + 6t

Simplify

801.

806.

+ 3 V5

+ 3V5

Va

3 V'5
(

7-3V5

+ V3
+ V3

- 2V3*

807.

Va
809.

-f

Va

-f

+ Va

a;

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

296

810. Find the sum and difference of


(ar

811.

x/aT+l

+ V2y-x 2)* and

- V? =

(x

- \/2y -

813.

1.

812.

a:

VaT+lJ

-f

814.
815.

\/2(r+

816.

817.
818.

819.

/3

1)

a:

+ v/2 x +

+ V3

a:

-f

15

12

13.

= 17.
= 1.

+ 10-3Var- 1
V* + 60 = 2 Vx~-K5 + V5.
2\/^"+~5 + 3Vor-7 = V25 - 79.
/9ar

a:

820. 3

836.
Va:

- V-c^lJ - V2 -

829.

Va:

28

830.

V14 a;

-f

831.

\/12

832.

V2a:

833.

Va:

834.

V3

ar

a;

+
3

ar

10.

+ V9 x - 28 = 4 V2 ar

14.

+ V3a:+ = 0.
+ ViTli + V7 - 13 = 0.
-f

2 VaT+1

a:

-2 Vx

-f 1

-f

= V5x + 4.
+ Vx - 4 =

V4a;-f 5

0.

^l - g.

KEVIEW EXERCISE
838. 5 x*

839. 4 a;

840.

a:

36.
6.

V4 x 2 - 10 x -f 1 = 10 x + L
* 2 - 3 - 3 Va: 2 - 3 x - 10 = 118.
a:

843. x 4
6

844. x

-f

x4

a;

a:

-f

- x*y +

847.

a;

848.

a:

7 a8

3x

+3
-4

a:

851. x*

4-

a;

854.

a;

855.

a;

a^

13

a;

-8a: 2

857. 4 x 8

-f

858. 16

859. 8 a; 8
860. 8

a:

-J-

a;

13

a/

4.

15.
4o.

a;

19 x

40 x 2

14.

3x

a;

9.

-f

49.

868. a 8

b**.

-64.

870. a*"

-f

& 6n .

872. a 8
873.

- 1000 6.
+ 512 y8

8^-27^.

+ 1.
+ 216 rt
aty a 10 - ab9

871. a

a:

3.

19a;-12.

864. 275 8 -l.

866. 729

64 y*.

-f 12.

l-64a.
+

865. 64 a

80.

4 xy 8

869. a* *

a;

863. z*y 8

+ 16.

-f 1.

+ a8

861. 27

-f

2 a#*

27 y 8.

4-

8
a;

a:

2 x

11

-f"

856. x 8

18a:

-f

a:

4.

a;

-2a; 2

853. x

4 ar 2

852.

6 2 -f 3 6 s.

a;

-f 2.

850.

a;

- 28 a -

845. 5 a 4

846. 4 x*

849. a 8

867.

9)

-f

Resolve into prime factors

862.

- 12\/(ar4-4)(5z~

+ 4\/3^~- 7x + 3 = 3ar(a; - 1)+


+ Vo: 2 + 3 x -f 5 = 7 - 3 a:.

841. 4 a: 2
842.

11 x

-f

297

874.

875. a 18

ft*.

4- a.

876. a l0m

- 1.

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

298
877.

Show

that 99

878.

Show

that 1001 79

879. For

by x

880.

what value

1 is divisible

by 100.

1 is divisible

of

2 #3

is

by 1000.

mx*

5x

3 exactly divisible

3 ?

What must be the value of m and n to make


8
+ mx 2 + nx -f 42 exactly divisible by 2 2 and by
a;

Solve the following systems

+ 2y=\2, xy + y = 32.
2 3
2
z3
xy + y = 7.
y = 28, x
8
3
+ y = 13:3.
-f y = 7,
2
+ xy = 10, y*+ xy - 15.
4
2
2
+ afy 2 +
-f ary + y = 37,

881. x

882.

-f-

883.

a:

884.

a;

885.

a;

886.

a:

a:

888.

a:

889.

a;

890.

a:

a:

a:

892. 1
x

? + p"ia-

L+L=13.

5;

a:

a:

a:

y
y

9
9

=
=

37

152,

a:

l-I =
xz

895.

1_3.

1-1-21;
x

894.

?/

a;

-;Vi'

896.

481.

+ y 2 = 34, 2 - y 2 + V(j; 2 - y 2) = 20.


2
+ y 2 - 1 = 2 a#, xy(a:y + 1) = 6.
2
-f ary = 8
+ 3, 2 + ary = 8 y + 6.
2 =
2
+ 5, a:y - y 2 = 2 y + 2.
xy

a:

893.

--.

887.

M1
891

4
?y

8f.

+ ary + 2 = 37.
- xy + y 2 = 19.
- 18.
-f
?/

a:

x*-xy- 35, a# f
+ xy = 126, y 2 4- sy = 198.
2
+ 3 y 2 = 43, 2 + xy = 28.
2
+ 2 f = 17, 3 x 2 - 5 xy + 4 f = 13.
2
2
= 16 y, y(a:2 + y 2 ) = 25 x.
ar(ar + y )
2
2
2
2 xy - y = 2 ay + a
a# = 2 aa: + 6

897. z 2

898.
899.

900.
901.

a;

a;

a:

a:

3?

REVIEW EXERCISE
902. xa

-f

903. x 4

a;

904.
905.
906.

907.
908.

909.

299

+ 2 a:y +
2 =
=
x*
9.
-f
+
243,
y
#
y
ary
2
2
-f
-f y = 84,
Vary + y = 6.
- y) (a? - y) = 33.
(0 x + y}(x + y) = 273, (!) *
Vx -f 10 -f v^+T4 = 12, * + y = 444.
x + y 2 = aar, y
x 2 = by.
+ y = 9, ^ 2 - #y + 2 = 27.
23 x 2 - y2 = 22, 7 y - 23 = 200.
a:

-f

2 y

xy 2

1,

2 x 2y

xy

or

ar//

-f-

a;

?/

^:

910.

^-f!i^2, ny

911.

L/ay =

ma:

5?

ft-

m*.

+ g.
g=^
a
o

o-

+ a:y = 2, 3 y 2 + xy = 1.
2
913.
+ 2 ary = 39, xy + 2 y 2 = 65.
2
5 xy = 11, y 2 + 3 ary =
2.
914.
2
915. x -f 2 a:y = 32, 2 y 2 -f ay/ = 16.
2
2
2
916. x 2
ry + y = 3, # + xy + y = 7.
2
- 3(* + y) = 6.
917. (*
3)2 = 34, *y
3) -f (y
918. (3 x - y) (3 y - x) = 21, 3 :r(3 - 2 y) = 49 2
919. (a; + 2 y) (2 + ?/) = 20, 4 (a; + ?/) - 16
y
3 8 =
920. (o; + y)(a; 3 -|-y 8 ) =1216,
y
49(x
y).
2 2 =
6 2 (x 2 + y 2).
921. a;y = a(ar + y),
y
3
2
2
922.
+ y 8 = 189.
y + a:y = 180,
923. 9 -f 8 y -f 7 ay/ = 0, 7 + 4 y -f 6 ary = 0.
2
924.
+ ary = a*, y 2 + xy = b 2
925. xy + x= 15, ary
y = 8.
2
* 2 ~ g.V + y 2 =
+ xy + y a = (a? - y)^
03
926
12
+y
+y
927. 2 + y = 2 a 4- 6, ^ 2 + 2 a:y = a a

912.

a:

a:

a:

a;

.r

a;

a:

a;

or

or

a:

a?

a:

a:

a:

a:

ar

928.
y

a:

929. yz

24,

zx

xy
12,

a:y

8.

0.

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

300

(* + y)(y +*)= 50, (y


+ *) = - 102, *(* + #) =24.
152, y(x + y + 2) = 133, z(* + y + 2) = 76.
+ z) =108, (3 + *)(ar + y + z) = 96,

(*+s)(* + y)=10,

930.

+ z)=18,
=
ar(a? -f y + 2)

931. s(y
932.

933. (y

+ a)(* + y

y(

934. The difference of two numbers


cubes is 513. Find the numbers.

The

935.

their cubes

936.
2240.

is

two numbers
Find the numbers.

difference of

270.

The sum of two numbers


Find the numbers.

is 20,

is

is 3,

the difference of their

and the

difference of

and the sum of their cubes

is

certain rectangle contains 300 square feet; a second rec8 feet shorter, and 10 feet broader, and also contains 300
square feet. Find the length and breadth of the first rectangle.

937.

tangle

is

The sum

938.

sum

of the perimeters of

two squares is 23 feet, and the


Find the sides of the

of the areas of the squares is 16^f feet.

squares.

34

939. The perimeter of a rectangle is 92


Find the area of the rectangle.
feet.

feet,

and

its

diagonal

is

940. A plantation in rows consists of 10,000 trees. Tf there had


been 20 less rows, there would have been 25 more trees in a row.
How many rows are there?

The sum

941.
the

sum

of the perimeters of

two squares equals 140 feet;


Find the side of each

of their areas equals 617 square feet.

square.

942. The

sum

and the sum of

of the circumferences of

two

their areas 78$- square inches.

circles is

Assuming

IT

44 inches,

= -y,

find

the radii of the two circles.

943. The diagonal of a rectangle equals 17 feet. If each side was


increased by 2 feet, the area of the new rectangle would equal 170
square feet. Find the sides of the rectangle.
944. A and B run a race round a two-mile course. In the first
heat B reaches the winning post 2 minutes before A. In the second
heat

increases his speed 2 miles per hour, and B diminishes his as


arrives at the winning post 2 minutes before B.

much and A then


;

Find at what

rate each

man

ran in the

first

heat.

REVIEW EXERCISE

301

945. The area of a certain rectangle is 2400 square feet; if its


length is decreased 10 feet and its breadth increased 10 feet, its area
will be increased 100 square feet.
Find its length and breadth.
946. The area of a certain rectangle is equal to the area of a square
side is 3 inches longer than one of the sides of the rectangle.
If the breadth of the rectangle be decreased by 1 inch and its

whose

length increased by 2 inches, the area


lengths of the sides of the rectangle.

947. The diagonal of a rectangular


is 476 yards.
What is its area?

is

field is

Find the

unaltered.

182 yards, and

its

perim-

eter

948. A certain number exceeds the product of its two digits by 52 and
exceeds twice the sum of its digits by 53. Find the number.

949. Find two numbers each of which

is

the square of the other.

950. A number consists of three digits whose sum is 14; the


square of the middle digit is equal to the product of the extreme
digits, and if 594 be added to the number, the digits are reversed.

Find the number.


951. Two men can perform a piece of work in a certain time one
takes 4 days longer, and the other 9 days longer to perform the work
than if both worked together. Find in what time both will do it.
;

952. The square described on the hypotenuse of a right triangle is


180 square inches, the difference in the lengths of the legs of the
Find the legs of the triangle.
triangle is 6.
953. The sum of the contents of two cubic blocks

sum

of the heights of the blocks is 11 feet.


each block.

the

954.

Two

travelers,

the same time

and

starts

from

A and

407 cubic feet;

B, set out from two places,

from

P and

Q, at

with the design to pass through Q,


and travels in the same direction as A. When

starts

is

Find an edge of

was found that they had together traveled 80


had passed through Q 4 hours before, and that B, at
Find the
his rate of traveling, was 9 hours' journey distant from P.
distance between P and Q.
overtook

miles, that

it

955. A rectangular lawn whose length is 30 yards and breadth 20


yards is surrounded by a path of uniform width. Find the width of
the path if its area is 216 square yards.

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

302
956.

Sum

to 32 terras, 4,

957. Sura to 24 terms,


958.

Sum

959. Find an A.

....

2.

^ V-

5,

such that the sum of the

P.

sum

to 20 terms,

fourth of the

J,

',

terms

first five

is

one

term being

of the following five terms, the first

unity.

Find the sums of the

series

1G

24

4-

32

961. 16

-f

21

-f

36

4-

.-.,

962. 36

24

1G

...,to infinity.

960.

+
-

963.

(iiven a

964.

How many

10,

terms

to 7

to 7 terms;

4, s

Find

88.

terms of the series

n.

amount

to

123,454,321?

965.

966.

Sum
Sum

to n terms, 1
to n terms,

sum

967. Find the

of

4- 1 4-

968.

Sum

to infinity,

969.

Sum

to infinity,

-^-1 +

971.
972.

Sum
Sum
Sum

V-j

970.

12434+

-.

to infinity.

*"
-j$V

1
2

- 4-142

....

- V2

+ O 2 4 y 2 ) + O 8 + y*)
+ y) + x-(x 2 4 y 2} 4- x*(x 3 -f 8)
+ y) + (2x + f) + (3 x + y 8 ) 4-

to 10 terms, (x 4-

;>/)

to n terms, x(x
to 8 terms, (x

.v

973. Evaluate (a) .141414.-.;


974. Find n

-f

1-

(ft)

.3151515....

to n terms, the

terms being in A. P.

975. Find the difference between the sums of the series

5
n

and

"
4-

The 10th and

term and the

977.

sum

4.

n+l(n + l)

976.
first

+ !Lni

The

!Ll^ +

...

+
T
(

(to 2 n terms),

+-

(to
V

J'
infinity).

!)

18th terms of an A. P. are 29 and 53.

common

9th and llth terms of an A. P. are 1 and

of 20 terms.

Find the

difference.
5.

Find the

REVIEW EXERCISE

303

978. Insert 22 arithmetic means between 8 and 54.

979. Insert 8 arithmetic means between

980.

How many

981. The sum

sum

982. The

terms of 18

of n terms of 7

17

10

and

-,

+ 11+

of n terms of an A. P.

0.

amount
,

is

+ lY
"(L V;3
'

is

term.

to 105?

Find

40,

n.

Find the 8th

983. The 21st term of an A. P. is 225, and the sum of the first
nine terms is equal to the square of the sum of the first two. Find the
first

common

term, and the

difference.

984. Find four numbers in A. P. such that the product of the


and fourth may be 55, and of the second and third 03.
985. Find the value of the infinite product 4

986.
all

2
of

perfect number

by which

integers
+ 2 1 + 2'2

divisible.

is

2 n is prime, then this

the series

the

If

sum

sum multiplied by

a perfect number.

is

v^5

....

a number which equals the sum

is

it

v7-!

v'i

first

(Euclid.)

of

of

the series

the last term

Find four perfect

numbers.
987. The Arabian Araphad reports that chess was invented by
amusement of an Indian rajah, named Sheran, who
rewarded the inventor by promising to place 1 grain of wheat on
Sessa for the

the 1st square of a chess-board, 2 grains on the 2d, 4 grains on the 3d,
and so on, doubling the number for each successive square on the board.

Find the number of grains which Sessa should have received.


Find the sum of the series

11
--- - -

988.

V2
989. 5

v/2

1.1

992.

What
2 a

.2

.04

2.01

3.001

990.

..-,

.-.,

to oo.

3>/2
to oo

4.001

.,

to

n terms.

value must a have so that the

av/2

+
V2

sum

to infinity

of

may

be 8?

ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

304

993. Insert 3 geometric means between 2 and 162.

994. Insert 4 geometric means between 243 and 32.


995. The

fifth

term of a G. P.

is 4,

and the

fifth

term

is

8 times

the second ; find the series.

512

996. The sum and product of three numbers in G. P. are 28 and


find the numbers.
;

997.

The sum and sum

45 and 765

find the

of squares of four

numbers

in

G. P. are

numbers.

998. If a, ft, c, are unequal, prove that they cannot be in A. P. and


G. P. at the same time.

999. In a circle whose radius is 1 a square is inscribed, in this


square a circle, in this circle a square, and so forth to infinity. Find
(a) the sum of all circumferences, (I) the sum of the perimeters of
all

squares.

1000. The side of an equilateral triangle equals 2. The sides of a


second equilateral triangle equal the altitudes of the first, the sides
of a third triangle equal the altitudes of the second, and so forth to
Find (a) the sum of all perimeters, (6) the sum of the
infinity.
areas of all triangles.

1001. Each stroke of the piston of an air


of air

is

pump removes

of the

What

fractions of the original amount


contained in the receiver, (a) after 5 strokes, (6) after n

air contained in the receiver.

strokes?

1002. Under the conditions of the preceding example, after how


strokes would the density of the air be xJn ^ ^ ne original

many

density ?

ABC

a circle is inscribed.
1003. In an equilateral triangle
second circle touches the first circle and the sides AB and AC.
third circle touches the second circle and the
to infinity.
inches.

What

is

the

sum

same

sides,

and

of the areas of all circles,

if

A
A

so forth

AB =

1004. Two travelers start on the same road. One of them travels
uniformly 10 miles a day. The other travels 8 miles the first day and
After how
increases this pace by \ mile a day each succeeding day.
many days will the latter overtake the former?

REVIEW EXEHCISE
1005. Write down the
(a

first

three and the last three terms of

*)".

1006. Write down the expansion of (3


1007. Expand

(1-2 #)

1008. Write down


(x

305

5.

a;

the

first

terms

four

in

the

expansion

#).

1009. Find the 9th term of (2 al


1010. Find the middle term of

- o/) 14
- l) w

1011. Find the middle term of (a$

bfy.

-f

1012. Find the two middle terms of

- ft) 19

1013. Find the two middle terms of

1014. Find the

fifth

term of (1

x)

18

9
.

a:)

1015. Find the middle term of (a

lQ

b)

1016. Find the two middle terms of (a

x)

9
.

(1
*2

1018. Find the

coefficient

a:

\88
1

in

1019. Find the middle term of


1020. Write down the

X ----

5a

coefficient of

-7

x 9 in (5 a 8

1021. Find the eleventh term of /4 x


>>

|V

- -i-V
2i/

5
.

a:

8 7.

of

INDEX
[NUMBERS REFER TO PAGES.]
148

Abscissa
Absolute term

"

178

value

....

Addition

Aggregation, signs of
Algebraic expression

"

15, 19, 97,


.

9,

....

sum

progression

.Base of a power
Binomial
"
theorem

Consistent equations

....

130

Constant

155

10

Coordinates

148

18

Cross product

41

Difference

246

Discriminant

20

Discussion of problems

10

Dividend

45

54

Division

45

Divisor

45

-10
255

Bracket

Checks

232

23
193
.

.241

Clearing equations of fractions

'

**

.193
.

difference

....

multiple, lowest

Completing the square

...

fractional

graphic

representa-

....

160

linear

54, 129

literal

54, 112

"

91

"
'*

"

"

123

Evolution

807

.130
.108

'

246

105

...

graphic solution, 158, 160


in quadratic form
191
.

.181

fraction

11

108

251

ratio

63
consistent

tion of

Coefficient

130

Equations

20, 37, 49

Composition

Elimination

"
Character of roots

Complex

120

Consequent

27

Brace

53

.210

Degree of an equation

Axiom

**

120

mean

Arrangement of expressions
Average

Common

249

Antecedent
*'

123

Alternation

Arithmetic

210

....

Conditional equations
Conjugate surds . . .

....
....
numerical ....
quadratic

simple
simultaneous

54

.178

129, 232

54

........

169

INDEX

808

Exponent
Exponents, law of
Extraneous roots

34, 45, 195

65, 184
.

70

...... 227

81)

Factoring

70,

Fourth proportional
Fractional equations

17

Linear equation

222 Literal equations .


120 Lowest common multiple

Extreme
Factor
"
theorem
"
II. C

Like terms

227

Mathematical induction

exponent

Fractions.

proportional
Mean, arithmetic

"

Multiplication

91

346
120
338
341

geometric

120 Member, first and second


.108 Minuend
.105 Monomials
03 Multiple, L.C

Geometric progression
.251
Graphic solution of simultane.

Mean

....
.

54, 112

.31,

53

23
10

91
102, 212

ous equations

100

Negative exponents
11

numbers

195

Graphic solution of simple equa158

tions

Graph of a function
Grouping terms
Highest

common

.154

factor

53

Identities

Imaginary numbers

Inconsistent equations

Independent equations
Index

130

Power

253

Insertion of parentheses

.
.
Integral expression
Interpretation of solutions

19

42
7

Prime factors

76

63, 114, 143, 180, 189, 243

28

Problem,
Product

70

Progressions, arithmetic

241

27

83
10

Polynomial

102
9

9,

......

Polynomials, addition of
"
square of

109

148
148

89
235 Parenthesis
Perfect square

13

205

86 Ordinate
Origin

Homogeneous equations

Infinite, G.

Order of operations
"
of surds

1,

'*

geometric

246
251
121

Inversion

123

Proportion

Involution

105

Proportional, directly, inversely 122

Irrational

numbers

Known numbers

Law

of exponents

Laws of

signs

205

84, 45, 195


33, 45

Quadratic equations
Quotient
Radical equations
Radicals

....

178

45
221
205

INDEX
Ratio
national

76,

Rationalizing denominators

Reciprocal

Roots of an equation
"
character of
"

....

171

Substitution

133

104

Sum, algebraic

228

Surds

22

......

54
193

Theorem, binomial

193

Third proportional

of

33, 45

Term
"

23
18

205

27

Rule of signs

10

absolute

178

....

255
120

Transposition

54

Trinomial

10

240

Series

...

Signs of aggregation
Similar and dissimilar terms

9,
.

Simple equations
Simultaneous equations
Square of binomial
of

27

Unknown numbers

129, 232

....
polynomial ....

....

17

205 Value, absolute


54 Variable

Similar surds

"

Square root

205

...

sum and product

120

215 Subtraction
169 Subtrahend

Real numbers

Remainder theorem
Removal of parenthesis
Root

309

Vinculum

4
155
9

40
42

Zero exponent

Printed in the United States of America.

197

ANSWERS
TO

SCHULTZE'S ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA

COMPILED BY THE AUTHOR


WITH THE ASSISTANCK OP

WILLIAM

P.

STrtn

MANGUSE

gork

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY


1918
All rights reserved

COPYRIGHT,

BY

1910,

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.

Set up and electrotypcd.

Published September, 1910.

Reprinted April, 1913; December, 1916; August, 1917.

NorfoooS

Berwick <fe Smith Co.


Norwood, Mass., U.S.A.

J. 8. Gushing Co.

ANSWERS
Page

2.

1.

$160.

2.

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America 46,000,000, Australia


8 in.

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14. A 38 mi., B 10 mi.

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8. 16 in., 16 in.,
7. 48 ft., 8 ft.
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10. 150,000,000 negroes, 15,000,000 Indians.
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ANSWERS

ii

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237.

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7.

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r-

2m-(4?

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b* 4-

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ar.

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_
Page 30.

47.

14.

19.

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ANSWERS

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1.

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8.

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20,

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Page
15.

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3.

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190 p6.
23. - 19p" + 19^ 10 - 57 p6
3 2 -4
25. a;(3x2_4^+7).
26. 3(*+0 + 2).
+ 7.

27.

3a: 2 (2a:-f iH-a; 2 ).

16.

18.

20.

22.

1(5

ll9H-H 2) +

12.

?i

ll 2 i.

13.

r/m

pag'V

?>

7>

.r

!}

:j

//.

-jcy*z*>.

a;

a:

28. 2

a2 (y

-2

xy

-f

4 a; 2 ).

29.

5aft(a-

126-

2).

30.

Page 38.
4.
7.

10.
13.

16.
19.

21.
24.
.26.

1.

Ox a -5

m 2 - 6 wiw 24 n 2
36
+ 65 ww - 14

r?/-6j/

2.

+26-21ft 2

3.

10c 2 -19rd+0c? a

15 q\ 6. 4 a2 - 22 ac + 30 c2
+ 43
2 2
8. x2 -xy-42^.
83 In + 1 n*.
9. 66
39 k* - 19 + 2. 11. 12 x2 2 - 20 xyz - 8
12. 40 r 2 - 69 rt + 21
132
+ r - 1. 14. 2 2 2 - 11 xyz - 12. 15. 2 a*62 c2 + 11 a&c - 21.
3
-a 2 -4-6. 17. 2*8-f x2 -6x-4. 18. 4 m3 + 9m2 + m- 2.
2 n8
29 a + 30.
9 w 2 + 13 n - 12.
20. 3 a 3 - 14 a 2
_6g8 + 9 2_i2g + 8. 22. 9z 8 -16z2 -9z + 10. 23. 2z 8 -s 2 -3z-l.
4 a8 - 16 a 2 + 32 a - 32.
25. a 8 - 3 a 2 6 + 3 aft 2 - 8
4a-12 a2 ft-f 5aft2 -f 6 6.
27. iSx8 - 6 2 - 25
+ 14.

14

?/i

5.

7t

j9

jt?g -j-

I'

A;

r'

30

?/

a: j/

(?

ft

a;

a:

ANSWERS
-2 m3 + 4m2 - m -

28.

30

31.

37.

40.

49.

^/> 8

+ 106

&2

tt

5.

8.

6 2 + 6-lf>0.

9.

r.

38.

.<*

a3

x2

?/

>2

-8

41.

1.

#2

-4x-21.

Page 39.

2
a'

4.

30

a2

29.

1.

32.

34.

?7i%'2

84 a

- 2.
+4

/>-<;

2
30. lflrt 2 -8
+ l.
a
+ 25. 33. 8 a W - 10
35. m 3 j) 3 - 8.
36. x* - 1.
- ^ + a? + 1.
39. x*-2^-f I,

ab

- 00

ft

-7>

;5

.r*

G a-6

0.

2.
6.

2
Z

0.

19.

1,000,020.

28.

10,098.

Page
36.

8)(?i
2

9.

41.

Page
12.

a4

15. 36 a 4

x4
28. 25

- 84 a'

18. 10 a 4 ?; 4
21. 4 m'2

6.

2
?/

22 x 2 ?/ 2

22.

10,201.

32.

- 3.

(a

54.

(3

+ 4) (a +

121

+9

p4

a4

32.

2).

5)

(w-4)(w + l).
2 4 a + 4,
- 4 a&+ 4 &*.

4.

2
a'

8.

>2

?>

19.

30 x 4 ?/

23.

26.

x4

29.

t*.

33.

10,404.
38.

<z

22
2

10

10,009.

441.

43.

+
-

.r

- 25.

34.

x4

25 r 4
?/i

35.

10,810.
40. 9990.

39. 484.

m-

49.

24.
27.

30.

121

998,001.
41. 9999.

+ 2.

(r
?/) (x
6
(b + 5 ?i)(&

56.

5).

'

50.

4
?/

-4
- 4 n.

46.

1.

'

6/

.-/

+ 121 y*.
a + 25.

44.

y.

4'

/>

r*d<
x/2 ?/'2

a'

14.

2
(6 a

I/).
)

3)

57.

2.

6.

14.

10,712.

3.

Om2

12.

2xV+6x2y2^2 +22;4
12. 30 x + 19 x3 - 6 x2
4

6m -6.

25 a 2 6 2 - 35 ab

9.

166.

132.

1,009,020.

24 ab + 9 & 2
- 54 p 2 + 81.
17. 4 2 //- + l5J x// + 9 2
2
4 ^ 4 -()Or 2
20. w-'-n 2
//-^ + 25.

(3a-66)(3a-6&).
2. 3wi2 -m
Page 42. 1. 2 a 2 + a - 6.
5. 12 x2 - 6 xy - 2 y*.
4. 20a 2 -21a + 4.
8. 2 a4 6 4 +8 a2 6 2
2x4 +7x 2 6 2 15 6 4
36.
7.
11. - x2 + 6 x2y 2 - 6 y4
10. 6 x6 + 13 x3 - 15.
13.

V2

10

11.

+ 25 q*.
-4 a&c + c2

- 49.

4
?/

2.

?/

10 p 2 g

16. 4

37. 9801.

48.

2
(5 a -3).,

2 62

22.

27.

35.

45.
a-b.
a + 56.
53.
52. (w+4)(m-4).
+ 3)(-3).
+ 7 6)(3a~76>. 55. (46c + 5) (4 abc -

999,996.

51.

(a

.r

V2 c 2 + 25 r 4

9.

990,004.

s rc

31.

(m + 6)(m-3).

34.

12 xy

+ 49 & 4

(i

36.

42.

+ ab - x2y-

(p

13.

31.

47.

81.

1).

4 x2

20 r-t2

+10s-281.

9.

y-

-f 12.

y'

40

10,500.

10,606.

0)(p + 5).
+ 4 a +4. 3. a 2 - 2 x + 2
x- - 10 x + 25.
7. p 2 - 14 jp + 49.
37.

2.

10.

n2

25.

2
fr

x 4 ?/4

18.

21.

26.

1,000,994.

(x-2)(x-3).

2).

+ 2 fz& +
2
i> +
p + 9.
x 2 -f xy + 9

5.

2) (x

O-5)(w + 3).

33.

(n

(x

30.

(rt-2).

1.

25.

10,008.

29.

40.

'

64

1:

24.

14.

^'

m'2 +18?rt

11.

ft'

3.
7.

+ 48Z-100.

fo*.

-.p-132.

23.

2
6' .

'

15.

aj3

10.

?/-H)0.

12 ab 2

- ab - 2
6 +
13. a' - 5
~ 81. 16. m 2 - ri 17.
~ 6
20
- 16 a3 -f 50.
^V^4 - ^V"' - ^- 20.
a2

12.

?i

-GiC+5.

-21

ANSWERS

VI

x* 4-

Exercise

43.

Page
2.

z2

?/

26.

+ 2 jrz

a://

1.

m'2

4-

n2

3.

a2

4-

?/2.

+p
2

ft

mn + 2 mp 4

4-2
2

-f

10 a

aft

2 np.
10 ft.

25

\-

+ c 2 -4 aft-2 ac + 4 ftc. 5. a 2 4-10 + 9 r -8 + w-2l ftc.


- 2 <</.
r 7.
4 d 2 4- 2 aft 4- 2 ac - 2 wZ 4- 2 ftc - 2
2
2
8 .r"
20 S? - lit x + 4.
8. 4 a 2 4- 9
4- 25 c - 12 aft 4 20 ac - 30 ftc.
2 - 24
- 6 :rs 4- rw -f 8 - 8 yn - 2 .rw.
9.
r/2 4- 10 2 + z 2 410. 4 a* 4 9
11.
+ 16 r 4 + 12 a'2 //2 - 1*5 2 r 2 - 2-1 2 2
-f
+ -.
c
12.
1.
Exercise 27.
1.5 a - 15.
13.
+w
- w. 6. 2 4- 2 - 3
5.
2. _ 2 a - 8.
x 4- 23. 4. 7 r - 29.
3.
2 m2 4 2 w2
7.
8. 2.
4.

a 2 4-4

6.

a2

ft

ft

ft

ft'

2
4- c

ft*/

ft'

-|-

.r?/

?/

j/.r

ft

ft*

??i

/-

.r

?/

ft

?).

ft'

ft.

ft

44.

Page

-i

<)

tji.

46.

Page
01.

13.

14.

47.

Page

22.

1.

21.

1.

9.

75 a 2
29.

2.

10.

11.

4-

aft

12 y

ft

- 3 w 4-*7 m 2
3 mn - 5 n*.

4 x 2 //V2

Page 50.
4 a

5.

10.

3 Z2 3

x-4.

1.

Oft.

Page 51. -14. 3


l4-8m4-7?n 2
20. 9w 2 + 0m+ 1.
?--?.

ti'jry-1

Page
11.
13.

18.

aftc

52.

6 x 2 t/ 2

as _ 10

x?/

1,

4
2
.

9.

abc
7,

1.3

a 2 ft

m L 4- 1,
- 1.
3*y2

16.

- 7.

1000

1,

14. 11

1000

4 x y

2 x 4- 4.

50,000.

ft.

10.

2 ?nc w

21.
4-

5 a4

6.

4 a2

ft

c.

4- -

r
ft,

- 1.
- 3^V- x^.
- 3 x 2 2 4- 2 - y3.

x' u'

z~ 4- 2

ar.yar

.r'^

5 a

4-

(5 ft.

a 2 - 3 a 4-1.
x 2 + 2r f J.

2 a

5.

ft.

m - n.
- 9 d.

4 c

9.

19.

4.

5.

16.

-3

ft.

1.

- 1.
4-

?/

*/

5.

4.

8 x5

a r'4-3

- 1.

13.

w - 1,

-9.

6.

12.

8 x - 8 y.
8.

12.

4- 1,

4-

7a-3ft.

8.

3.

c-3.

3.

9 c3

4-

ft

ftc.

f>r* 4- 7 arty

- 8.

4-

1.

26.

13.

15.
,r'

-2

3.
/r

12.

y-fl.

2.

7.

z.

7.

4.

1.
6.

aft

Os-y.

11.

17.

2.

20.

9.

-6x

17.

4x4-3?/.

6.

5^4-18(7.

- 2.

3.

-4

4 a-c-.

5.

15.

5 z*

5.

ac

tt

135.

aft.

14.
16.

a.

15.

4-

r<ft

a.

8.

17.
14

20

4.
2

a'

aft

4 x.

12.

16.

11.

'.

25.

-G.

3.

2
12.
Page 48.
7a 2 ftc 4 -4c4-2a.

19.

14 r 2

8.
3.

4.

12.

10.

^r

<r

-13.

3.

2
?/'

22.

!>.

16.

a-.

24.

2 ?/ 4- 3 ry.
5 aft
4 ft 2 4

15,

- 5 mp.

18.

23.

4.

-5.
-125.

2.

5.

-49.
-3.

8.

12.

:r

19. 2

//.

- 25.

???'

r//- 8

4- 2 1

//

?/'

,/

11.
sr

;>

20.

7.

4 pq.

10.

-5.r?/.
j)

17.

7.

9.

- 34. 14. - 2 2 - + 77 15.11


_ 5x _
_ o
18. 4- 27
x 2 4- 15 21.
-4xy + 13

13.

10.

8
?/

ll'a^-S

ft.

<z

8
?/

*3

4-

ft

-y

15.

4
,

a2 x 8 4-

ft

8
.

1/*.

a 8 4- 10 xy*,

ANSWERS
56.

Page

1.

10.

2.

9.

2.

6.

5.

3.

!).

11.

1.

4.

12.

11.

vil

8.

7.

5.

6.

5.

13.

4.

6.

2.

7.

14.

2.

8.

4.

15.

22.

2.

22.

10.

16.

00.

23.

5.

17.

l.

38.

1&.

6.

25.

7.

26.

3.

12.

33.

}f.

32.

39.

58.

Page

40.

I.

1.

10

7.

19.

20.

I.

a -10.

10,

17.

7x 2

42.

ri

x.

3.

2b- -.

59.

18.

9.

b,a-b

2b -

a.

22.

y yr.
10 yr.

26.

y
100 a

29.

xy

2y

10 b

60.

-f

8 n

(I,

5.

,100-.
3x2.

16.

34.

12 sq.

ct.

sq.

ft.

a-//

41.

10

46.

'^

35.

"

39.

lir.

48.

Page 61.
c.

-f

6)(o

/>)

2.

+ 1=a.

6.

+ 10 = c.
4-^ = 100.

2z

90

= all-.
)

9.

2^ -

4(a

=a-

20

lOx

50.

3.

7.

fix.

m -+~m

49.

100

2=10.

1.

b.

44.

-f

x
.

25

43.

47.

a.

ct.

.r

"mi.

38.

42.

20yr.

2x

31.

ft.

ct.

12 yr.,

10 x

rn mi.

37.

ct.,

28.

ct.

3y

;r-1,rr-2.

100 d

25.

4x

ct.

23.

iL*.

(a

2\.

20.

n
M.

d.

20.

2.

(>.

33.

!,

100 a

30. 'nj

r>?imi.

36.

tx mi.

p=

44.

11.

</

10 yr.

-f

27.

60

8.

?>i

sq. ft.

(>

19.

c ct.

10 act.

32.

Page

4.

15.

s.

45.

20.

m+

4.

lO.p+7.

14.

6 yr., y

24.

+ 3x + 2y +

ft,

40.

37.

>-_&.

13.

4.

-f-

30.

0.

43.

0.

-13.

1$.

36.

<>.

Page
21.

29.

6.

35.

5.

41.

2.

28.

4.

34.

1.

10.

8.

27.

-Jj12.

21

7.

2.

57.

Page
31.

7.

18.

1.

24.

10

-f

-ft)

w.

2 x.
9.

eZ

7.

Page
13.

62.

10.

100= -^- x700.

14.

17

50=

100
(6)

-a.

= -5 -

m= --

15.

100

m.

16. (a)'

2x=2(3x~10),
v

10)

3 x -f (4 x - 10)
100.
17.
(2 a;
10)
(6) 2 z-f 20
3^-740, (c) (2z-f 600) (3
(d) 2 x

12.

=4, (c) 2x- 6 = *, (d) 2a + 10 = n, (c) 2a? + 3


(/) (2fl5-8)-h(8ar-ia)=60, (</) 2a; + 3 = 2(3* - 7),

rrax-lO,
(A)

x 460.

?i

100

2x- (3x-

11.

(3

sc

700)

(x

-f

1200)

200,

(a) 2 x

- (3x -

(e)

3x -

700)

5,

1700) = 12,000,
800 = x + 1300.

x- 200) -f(^ +

ANSWERS

vili

J^. = _?_(2ar + 1),


~=90,
(6)' --(6 a -30)^ =20,
(c)
v
;
MOO
HXT
100
100
-^-~ -(5z-30) =900, v(e) -i* + -A- v(5z - 30) +
(2s + 1)'

18.

(a)
V

'

'

ft

(d)J
v

100

w
(/)

=^8000,

Page

100
'

2.

30 yr.
14. 30 mi.

7.

250.

15.

Page

67.

1.

55,11.

Page

68.

4.

12,2.

480

Ib.

12.

4pt., 5pt.

9.

Page

70.

Page

71.
in.,

3.

12,8,24.

11 in.

Page

14.

Page

74.

1.

4.

600,

1200.

8.

4.

9.

Page

75.

05,5.

80 A.

18.

9.

6.

7.

1250.

12.

19.

24J.

150,000.

30,0.

2.
4.

45

14.

15

in.,

15.

in.

7 hr.

6, 12, 14.
5.

1,3,5.

3,0,16.

6.

20,21,22.

1,000,000 Phil., 2,000,000 Berlin, 4,000,000 N. Y.


10. 21.
11. 20 yr., 10 yr., 25 yr.
12. 6, 7, 8.
8.

90,000,000 gold,
72.

3.

5.

11.

2$.

$40.

17.

42yr., 28yr.

5, 10, 25.

30, 50, 100.

13.

300.

2.

18.

4.

10.

6. 52,13.
8. 160 lb.,
7. 8,10.
78,79.
10. 40 yr., 10 yr.
11. 29,000 ft., 20,000 ft.

13.

9.

in.,

25.

3.

90 mi.

16.

1.

100

5.

13,7.

7.

15.

9.

8.

Pace 65.

100

100

10
13.

1.

20 yr.
13. 85 ft.

= SJL+J-

100

64.

'

'

480,000,000 pig iron.

180,000,000 copper,

5 Col., 10 Cal., 10 Mass.

15 yd., 20 yd.

200,
3 hr., 15 mi.
10.

12 mi.

11.

by 12 yd.
70^,210^.

10 yd.

2.

1200.

5.

6.

12.

5$ hr.

7.

3.

200.

5 lb.,

1 lb.

82 mi.

3. 6 aty (3 + 4 6)
2. 3x (3r.-2).
Oaj(o6-2cd).
2 2
2
5. 11 w(w' + wi - 1).
6. z?/(4^ + 5xy - 6).
7a*fe(2a & -l).
17z8 (l-3z + 2x-'). 8. 8(a6 2 +6c2 -c2 a2 ). 9.

Page
4.
7.

10.
13.
15.

17.

78.

1.

a a (a 8 -a+l).

10aVy(2a 2 -ay4-3y 2 ).

11.

12.

14. 17 7>c(2 a'^c2 - 3aftc + 4).


(2a6-3?2_4 a /^)
16. 13 a 8 4 * 5 (5-3 xyz + x y'W).
11 pV (2 p8 - 5p
+ 7 g ).
8
2
19. 3 (a +&)(*- y").
18. (m + n)(a + 6).
?(g -? -g+ 1).

6rt 2

'2

>

?/

21. 13-13.
23. 2 3 6 7.
22. 2.3.4-11.
(p + 7)(3a-5&).
Page 79. 1. (a -4) (a- 3). 2. (a + 4)(a + 8). 3. (ro-3)(w--2).
5.
6.
4. (z-5)(z-2).
(a-5)(a-4).
(a + 6) (a + 3).
20.

PageSO.
10.

(y

13.

(y

7.

(*-4)( +

+ 8)(y-2).
+ 7)(y-3).

11.
14.

8. (
+ 4)(*-2).
(y-ll)(y-4).

9.

2).

(a

5)(a

+ 6).

12.

15.

(y-8)(y + 2).
(y-7)(y + 2).

ANSWERS

ix

18. (az + 9)(ox-2).


+ 8)(g-3).
- 11 6) (a 4- 2 ft). 21. (a2 + 10) (a2 -2).
23. (w + 20)(w + 5).
24. (y + 4)(y-l).
22.
26. (n2 + 12)(n 2 + 5).
25. (a -6 6) (a 4- 4 6).
27. (a 3 + 10)(a- 3).
29. x (z + 2)(x + 3).
30. 100(x- 3)(z-2).
28. (a 4 -10) (a 4 + 3).
32. y(x- 7) (a; + 3).
33. a 2 (w-7)(w + 3).
31. Oa 2 (a-2)(a-l).
35. 200 (x + l)(x + 1).
36. 4 (a - 11 ft)(a-6).
34. 10x2 (y-9)(y + 2).
Page 82. 1. (2x-l)(x + f>). 2. (4a-l)(a-2). 3. (3*-2)(.r-2).
- 1).
5.
6.
4.
(3 n + 4) (2
(3x+l)(x + 4).
(5w-l)(m-5).
8.
9.* (2 y + 3)(y- 1).
7. 3(x + 2)(z-l).
(4y-3)(3y + 2).
10. (2 *+!)(* -9).
11. (5 a -2) (2 a -3).
12. (9y-4)(y + 4).
15. (4
13. (2w+l)(ro + 3).
14. (5x - 7)(2z -f 1).
-3)(3a; - 2).
18. (7 a + 4) (2 a - 1).
16. (6n + l)(+2).
17. (2y-l)(y + 9).

(p-8)0> + l).
-7 6) (a -10 6).
(ay-8)(ay-3).

16.
19.

17.

(<7

20. (a

(a

a:

19.

(3#-y)(+4y).

22.

(:5-2y)(2a!-3y).

20.

28.

a(2u; + 3)(-c4-4).
100 (a; -y) 2
29.

31.

10(3

25.

26.

-5 6) 2

(4a;-5y)(3a; + 2y).

x (5 a;

+ 4) (a;

-f 2).

a*(5a -f l)(flr - 2).


2
-y' (2y-3)(2y-l).

32.

(5a-4ft)(2 a~3 ft).


24. 2(2s + 3)(a: + 2).

21.

(15z-2y)(x-5y).
23.

a;
-y) (a;- 2 y).
10 y2 (\) x + l)(x~ 3).
33. 10 a 2 (4 - w*)(l -2 n 2 ).

27. 10(2

30.

2(9a:-8y)(8a:-0y). 35. (2 a? 4- 3 y 2 )(2 a: 2 -f y'2 )2


3 Yes, (g - 6) 2
1.
2 No
4. No,
Page 83.
Yes, (m + w)
2
5. Yes, (a- 2 by2
6. No.
7.
Yes, (m-7n)
(a; -8) (a; -2).

34.

No.

8.

No.

9.

(3a-26).

13.

Page 84.
(15a-y-2)

10.

Yes,

21. 9ft
w(?-3)
140 w 2
27. 9.
1.
(* + y)(z-y).
4.
(2o + l)(2-l).
7. (10a + ft)(10a-ft).
.

28.

25.
2.
5.

Yes, (6 a;
Yes, x\x
24. 24
9.

19.

23.

29.

(a

14.

Yes,
No.

16.

10.

22.

26.

(y-8) 2

11.

a-

3 by2
Yes, (4
18. Yes, 10(a - 6) 2

15.

+ 3?i) 2
(5x-2y) 2

Yes, (w*

9.

30.

40

5)

a.

- y) 2

Yes,

17.

Yes,

20.

25.

aft.

12.

Yes,
216 aft.

x.

+ 8)(a-3).

3.

(l+7a)(l-7a).

(0

6.

(0

+ 6)(6-6).
+ 0(9-0-

23.

9. (3a;+4 y)(3x-4 y).


8. (ft + ll)(aft-ll).
- 8).
11.
+ 9^)(oxy - 9*).
(7 ay + 8) (7 ay
2
2
13. (10 aft + c 2 (10 aft - c 2 ).
(5a +l)(5a -l).
2
2
15. (15a + 46*)(16a-46).
(13a +10)(13a -10).
2
17. (a*& + 9) (aft + 3) (aft -3).
+ 2 )(a + ft)(a-ft).
(
2
4
19. 10(a + ft)(a-ft).
(l + x )(l + x )(l + x)(l-x).
22. (x + y4 )(x - y4 ).
21. x(x +y)(x -y).
13x(a + ft)(a-ft).
24. 2 y(ll x 2 + 1)(11 x2 - 1).
3a;y (6x + 4)(5x-4).

25.

B 2 (12+ y 2 )(12-y 2 ).

Page 85.
12.

(5xy

14.

16.

ft

18.
20.

26.

(m + n +p)(m + w-p).
(m + n + 4p)(w + - 4p).

1.

3.

10.

13x7.

27.
2.

.4.

103x97.

(w ~ n
(x

ANSWERS

7.

-r)(4x
(4x 4- y
(m + 2 u + (\p)(m +

9.

(2

5.

-\-

11.

b 4- 5

f>

<:

14.

b) (r

Or 4-1) (^4-2).

2
2
(3a -4// )(x4->/).

-^)(^-

(3

7.

3.

(a

7.

(a

4-

/>; (->

5 & 4-#

Page
1(V/

88.
2

2 y) (a
1.

10.

x(x

14.

10(2

16.

(2x-7)(x 2 -2).

18.

?i(w 4-y)

21.

.r(3x'

fid).

lj

fc)(

8.

(w'

?>

4.

T>).

6.

+ 2 //).
- 4).
K + l) a (a -

2.

ah}.

(m -

4-

8.

31.

4-

4-

(2

,)

4- >*-)(:> 4-

I)'

-{-

&).

y )(.-?/).
4- 2).

15 ?>)(a

15

,))(x

(f> a/>

(3

1).

-2) (m 4-1).
a 2 (a-9).

ft)

7>)(3

w 2 )(l

-3

(a

?>).

l.'J)('

23.

25.

(Ox

fo).

(a

10(8x' 4-l)
a

4- l)(

4- 1).

x-

7 ?/)(7

(5

y/).

+ .'})(c - 4).

30. 13(

n 4-3*).

- 0+ 12).

^OC 1

(<

4).

4- 8).

- 7s) (2

2(5 n

4-

20.

1).

27.

32.

).

-(7rt-3)(7a~3).

4
(14- w )(l

1).

?>).

y).

7.

2(5 a

(3 4- a

15.

3)

4-

?/

(^

(7/1

11.

29. (5 al)

4- 1)
3.

13>

17.

m - 9).

(x-f!/)'

- y).

r)(x-

a-

w)(m- 3- n).

4-

5).

19-

(14.^4-6)

c)((>

4- .'/)('< 4- &

.^

4-2).

6.

2.

q).

{I

(x- 4-

8(w

-&)

a
2_rt4-l)(a -rt-

28. (5

2 6).

- y)(fi a - 36).

r4-y-3

(<>

4- ^ 4-

5 />-z

-f y)(jr

y)-

22. 3(4-7>4-4)(^4-'>
-22/)((3-x).
24. a(a 2 + !)(+ !)( - !)
(x4-2)(x-2).
( rt

(w *

H. (c- 7)(^

26.

c).

(5a+l)(9-a).

(2

4- ?>-)

O + ?/4-<?)O

1.

9.

2 2
4-l)(a' &

62

o-

(wi 4- 4)(?

4-& 2 )(tt4-/>)('e
2

13.

a (a

10.

2.

(a

+ o) (ff

/>

12.

6 -f

r)(5a

fo

y).

(r4-20(4
10.

+ 9 iZ)

x(x4-ti<0.

(.i-4-l)(x4-l)(x~l).

5
(6a 4-l)(a +)2( 2x-2/)(x-2?/).

8.

5 b

(f>

(m3n + a + b)(m 3n-ab).

?>).

Exercise 47.
4.

Exercise 46.

Page 87.
(!__/>).
5.

8.

4-

4.

6.

Gp).

j).

9.

12.

(2 a

</)

Page 86. 1. (a +
(2a-3fc)0*+ tf)-

3.

'2

12.

y(2x-?/).
(5^-4- //)(5y-

6.

2).

.y

33.

&4- 8)

4-

(a

35. 2 (a 4- 8) (
(16- 4- 2 y).
-8).
36. (x//,?-50)(xt/z- 1).
37. 17(x4-3//)(x-2y). 38. (* _ 2 )(a 4- &).
2
2
3
39. fi(c4-26).
40. 3p (^-9)(j) -4).
41. 3(.e 4- 3)(x 4- 2)(x
2).
1. 2 a 2
13x 3 y.
4. 12.
2 5 a 2 6c 2
3.
5. 450.
Page 89.

(^

34.

?>_8).

(16

4-

6.

a;

7.

Page 90.
(w4-w) 2

12.

1.

7.

13.

6.

2 y)

4 a s &8

+
a

7.

b.

4- 3.

Page 92.
42a 3 x.

WIM.

13 x 8

8.

2(m4-l)'

2. 5 x8
3.5 m2
x-2.
9. x4-3.
14. y-6.
15. 2
1.

a8

7.

40

2.
r

x 2 */3

aV>*>c >d\

9.

14.

8.

13.

4.

10.

3 x4

3.
8.

8x.

5.

!)&(<*

a
4.

4- &).

a
x

11.
16.

M.

4 a8

11.

8.

- 4.

a 4-1.

15

10.

19.

3x(x-?/)

4-

- b.
+ 3.

6.

12.

4- y.

a -4.

6.

24x sy s
9.

12

5.

m 2 (m

80a6
4-

n)

2
.

ANSWERS
10.

13.

11. 6a2&(rt-6).
(a-2y2 (a-3) 2 (a-4) 2
14. (a-2)(a + 2)2.
+ &)(-&)
(
.

12.

15.

+ y) (a: -y).
+ &) 2 ( - 6).

30(3
2 (a

+ l).

18.

2(2a-l)

x
22.

?-_!&.
a

1.

23.

+8b

+5

-4

x
24.

^.
-

3 /

//

25.

!+*?.
b

w
2
!

(!L
5

991

20

+2
3
i

3^-1
rr

Pace

1).

21.

m+1

10

1).

63

ANSWERS

Xll

ab-

21

^iie^+JoJ^^ilOa

8.

92

+ qc + ab

bc

10

11

'

238
-

aft

ft

1>*

5 x2 y

121

+ 84 _y~ z

**/*

12

-8 a 2

196 a2

y;2g

:j

ftc

46

12

?t

~ 30 y - 50

1/2

- 80 MP 2

30

?/

3a 2

2ft

'

15.

"'

'

180 wv

t+3)
5x

13

19

+ *2)(x + 3)'

(x

rtv+Ji:'.

'

ft

a
9

Page 100.

26.

(wi-8)(w
3ffl

go

21
1

ft'

fi

2)

4m m2

'

26

,,

2 7.

_*^p5_^^_.
'

28.

29.

2na

^i

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30.

94
4<i

9x
-T
*

22

9
^

33

37
(a

b)'

(a

ft)

42.

41.

x-y

^8

r>

'a2 -f an -f

43.
2

ft'

'

2(cz-ft)

Page 101.
4.

7.

w+4+

1.

(x

6a-5-f^.

w +
_
i + _J?
a

5.

L8

7.

+ lH

rt

6.

a
8.

2
a;

5x

w-1 +

3.

3a

6.

3a-2 + ~-

2.

ac

2H

12

0.

-A^.

i^.
c

8.

6.

4c

^.
2x1

+ -^-.

10.

i.

11.

^U\WF###
in

<l

X<6.

17.

10 X +
u.

18.

1.

+3

2b

xiii

3z

15.

I)

16.

1.

(a

y)

1.

Page 104.

?.

1.

1.

5.

'

05m

w^x

.L+-ft.

Page 105.

^i

7.

11.

14.

15.

1.

1.

Page 106.

2.

1^)2 '
2

1)

12.

1.

(y

(z
a.

13.

4.

be

_J_.

6.'

7.

9.

ac

x-\- y

Page 107.
14.

y(x

19.

11.

lf>

x.

+3y

re

2-ft

12.

15.

?/).

mp

16.

17.

mn
10
lo. an

-f

18.

2)

20.

Page 109.
8.

7.

15. 3.

8.

16.

a2

23.

1.

9.

5.

Page 110.

2.

12.

24.

30.

4.

31.

3.

32.

4.

37.

1.

38.

11.

39.

0.

Page 111.
46.

7.

47.

41.

-Of.

3.

18.

33.

27.

J.

40.

19.

34.

3.

5.

1.

A.

20.

-3.

28.

12

7.

9.

35.

21.

6.

13.

J.

14.

21.

6.

-3.

29.

4.

36.

44.

45.

6.

Page 113.

8j-_m

1.

3.

ft.

4.

p-f n

?-+_!?>.

7i

11.

o,ft

8.

3
10.

7.

1.

43.

4.

5.

12.

J.

6.

26.

4.

-f 1

4.

flf.

11.

5.

42.

ft

11.

(>.

25.

0.

10.

17.

6.

^_.^_.

21.

f.

4a-3ft.

9.

a
12.

13.

-f

5
6

+c

14.

ANSWERS

XIV
'/

15.

nm.

16.

17.

18.

4-

19.

ft.

w
20.

25

~m
n

4-

31.

4-

27

'

P+

&

&n

23<

4-

0.0

-#-

33.

~~

29

ft

24.

0,

'

-M_.

32.

"

~i~

fl

--1^'.
ft

xx

26

m-

[>>

22.

-I-

~r~
'

-'"-

21.

30

'

'

5T

34.

10

^',
r/

(a)

(ft)

PM

HXH
/>/

Page 114.

35.

Page 116.

1.

6.

11.

$0,000.

Page 117.
16.
19.

$40,000

21.

If da.

26.

7.

da.

()

24.

IV s.

20.

da., (ft) 5 da., (r)

2.}

^p^

27.

21,9.
30ft.

C-.

7T

5.

10.

15,10.

$30,000.

21ft min. after

15.

18.

7.

4.

$12,000.

9J oz. gold, 10^ oz. silver.

3 da.

23.

18, 19, 20.

9.

min. after

5ft-

36.

4.

8,2.

30mi./hr.

14.
17.

A's, $45,000

22.

3.

40 yrs., 10 yrs.

8.

-4.

104, 212,

(ft)

00.

2.

40 mi./hr.

13.

Page 118.
14, 15.

30.

min. after

38ft-

30 yrs.
12. $00.

7.

18,15.

-----

(a)

3^ da., (d) 4 da.

-~|

25.

13,

9; 10,002, 10,003,

7, 8,

10,004; 300,137, 300,138, 300,139.

Page 119.
(ft)

74, 75

33.

_JL.

10,
(ft)

26 mi.
7

28.

-^m

hr.,

7:9.
4x'2 :3?/ 2

17.

18.

Page 124.
9.

-^-

34.

2.

3.

9.

275:108.

w 4-

min.

(a) 4 min.

?i

1:3,2.

1:1=1:1,
17.

14.

Yes.

1.

Yes.

2.

7.

4.

f.

10.

x-y.x + y.

10.

ft.

Yes.

3.

No.

1:1 = 1:1, Yes.


1:1 = 1:1, Yes.

10.

11.

7}

3.

5.

J.

3:2.

3.

1:4.

15.

6.

11.

2x:3y.
16.

jj.

~.

1:

1:1, Yes.

Page 125.
16. 20.

30 mi.

4.

13.

:2.

1:1

2:1.

1.

8.

12.

6.

29. 10,11.
31. (a) 25, 26
30. 9ft.
32. 11 hrs., 33, 55 mi.
(d) 500,000, 500,001.
d~ n
mi.
(a) 12 hr., 30, 24 mi.; (ft) 5 hr.,
;

(c) 2 hr.

Page 121.
7.

-,

(r) 8 hr., 28,

min.

5,0,

(c) 8300, 8301

12.

18.

3|.

40wn.

13.
19,

4.
8.

9$.
15.

Yes.

19

Yes.

5.

14.

1|.

20.

12.

25, No.

15.

81.

7.

ANSWERS
22.

w;
-

?.

23.

24.

pq.

25.

1(5.

40.

XV

31.

26.

27.

28.

6*.

29.

a~.

rt

vm-^1. 35. 5:0 = 10:12;


6 10 =
12.
36. b x
37.
y - x a.
y a
y = 7 0.
40. jc:y = n:m.
38.
41. ./':</
c a -f
:y=2:9. 39. x y = 1
= 3 2. 45. y :y =."2:1.
in n.
5 2.
43.
44. x
42. x y
y
- a- 1. 48. 5:3 = 4: x. 49. 11 5 - 15 x.
46. x:y -a: b.
47.
52. 1 18 = 3
51. 19 3 - 2 x.
50. a -f 2 2 = 5 x.
53. 3 2=3 x.
=
7
b'.
54. () 7
Page 126.
(b) C C' = fi JR'.
= R~ R>'\
V V = P> P.
(<l) A A
(e) m m = d>
(,-)
30.

32

31.

8.

33

<>'

;r.

tf

.'

sr.

/>

-.

.-

55.

(a)

()

Directly.

56.

(b) Inversely.
lo mi.
57. 24 1

127.

59.

200 mi.,

Page

Page 128.

1.

32+

(e) Directly.

mi., 174+

2.
3.
13J, 31J.
19.8 oz. copper, 2.2 oz. tin.

8.

55,160,000 sq. mi. land, 141,840,000 sq. mi. water.


20
20
J -^- ^ 0?j

+
W.C

13.

7>i//
-

+y

1.
5.

11.

7, 9.

7,5.

27,20.

17.

14.

30,17.

1.

1.

2,3.

Page 135.

4.

4,5.

9.

10.

16.

11, 7.

2, 3.

a
3.

13.

19

9,

2,

4.
8.

1,3.

- 3.

2,

14.

9.

20.

\\,

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4.

\.

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5, 5.

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25.

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28,22.

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-1, -2.

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7.

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1.

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11.

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17.

(I,

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21.

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4, 3.

22.

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23.

1,1.

4,6.

2, 3.
3.

2,3.
6.

11.

7,4.

36,3.

18.

8.

2,3.

26.

6.

12.

41,2.

2.

2,3.

-3,9.

-2.

I, J.

3.

9,7.

5.

-7, -7.

138.

-3, -2.

2.

17, 13.

Page 137.
Page

5, 7.

11.

16,12.

Page 136.
24.

7^

3_a

12

ft.

gms.

19.

7,5.

15.

12.

14,1.

Page 134.

9,15.
cu.

11

9.

+ m*

7,12.

3,3.

ig

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1,

2.

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5,"

4,

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Page 133.
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22.

9.

ft

Page 131.
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4.

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m -f

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r^2.

ft

m+w

bd

ae

SL=J

2.

ad

be

10.

ftd

12.

1.

14.

(n

1)

rf,

Zn

-"-(^-ll

^ a

Page 141.
6.

1.

1, 2, 3.

7.

6, 3, 1.

12.

11. 9, 7, 3.

Page 142.
19.

15.

24, 30, 40.

24.

2.

1, 5, 0.

3.

2, 3, 4.

8.

-3,

13.

20, 6, 4.

16.

9, 7,

21.

11,8,7.

25.

6, 7, 1.

26.

29.

2, 2, 2.

4.

(5.

- 4,

1, 2, 3.

10.

22.

2, 3, 4.

- 3, -

2, 3, 4.

18.

3, 5, 7.

23.

8,0,2.

11,33,65.

- 9,

28.

18, 32, 10.

27.

5.

2,

11, 13, 17.

17.

7.

3, 2, 1.

4, 4.

14.

5, 7.

-4.

2, 3,

4, 5,

9.

J, |.

20.

2,3,4.

1, 2, 3.

72,

90.

Page 143.

m -f

Page 145.
24.

8.

9.

Page 146.
B's 15

yrs.,

m + n -p, m - n + p,

31.

2, 3, 4.

A's 50

11.

C's 10 yrs.
16.

3.0,2.

4.

-.

5.

&.

6.^.

7.

^.

423.

10.

yrs.,

13.

B's 40 yrs., C's 30 yrs.

$ 1000, $4000.

$6500at3Ji%.

14.

$900

17.

A's 30

12.

$500, $250.
at

18.

5%.

yrs.,

15. .$5000,

6%, 5%.

19 gms., 10^ gms.

Page
22.

2.4,3.

1. 3, 7.

25.

$3000,$2000.
19.

30.

147.

2, 4, 3.

20.

23.

2 horses, 6 cows, 10 sheep.


24.

5, 4, 3.

5. About 12f.
6. 5.
Page 149.
On the y axis.
10. On the x axis.
12. The ordinate.
through point (0, 3).

8.

1.

(a)

12;

Page 152. 2. (a) Apr.


Feb. 1 (d) Apr. 16, Nov. 6.

(ft)

1,

23 J; (c)

Nov. 15;

25.

On
11.

9.

Page 151.

21.

20, 40, 30.

100, 00, 20.


4 mi./hr.

a parallel to the x axis.


parallel to the x axis

13.

- 1J;

(ft)

3,

May

0, 0.
(<f)

5.

20, Oct. 1

(c) Jan. 1,

4. Jan. 16, - 1.
July 20, 23f .
5. June, July, Aug., & part of Sept.
6. Jan. & part of Feb.
7. Jan. 16
to July 20.
8. Apr. 20 & Oct. 25.
9.
18.
10. 4.
11. Apr. & May.
12. Nov.
13. Jan.
14. Jan.
15. July.
16.10. 17. Apr. 20 to Oct. 26.
;

Page 153.

18.

Nov.

16.

3.

AN WE US

xvii

'S

Page 157.
(/) 3.6;

ami
.59

.27,
;

and
and 1

3.87

(0) 3

-1.24;

21.

2.24;

(gr)

.13;

Page 158.

and

-.7;

24.

7.84;

(c)

(a) 4.25,

4.

2.5;

(<?)

2,3.73

(ft)

-.73;

(d) 2.73,

-4.

(e) 2.4,

-18C., -13C., -

(ft)

3^;

(ci)

- 1.75

1.75,

(d) 2; (e) 3.41 and .59; (/) 3.41 and


23. (a) 2.75, - 3.25, 1.5
(ft) 3.24 ;

-2;

(c)

2.25;

(ft)

22.

3.25.

(ft)

2.73,

(c)

(a) 12.25;
(ft)

0C.

10 C.,

(c)

5.

2.

14 F.

32F.,34F.
7.

Page 159.
-1. 8. 1|.

12.

14.

()

3,

(rt)

Page 163.
14.

3, 1^.

5. 83, .17

-3.64;

1.64,

20. Inconsistent.

Page 164.
28.

Indeterminate.

Page 166.

1.

-8mW.

6.

a-

15

11.

SlstyW

12.

15.

ImW.

16.

xg

2.

-125 a 8

7.

xW.

4, 3.

27.

2, f.

2, 4.

10.

-27

14.

-".
27

18.

a 4TO

29.

a&m

30.

26

xW

19.
.

81. i/*

64_

27

'

a 12 ft 27

31.

81

a3

1.

27a 3 -27

+3
4.

l.

2
4- 3 aft

ft

m8 6w

8
ft

15.

19.

21 a 2

ft

ft

12.
.

125

x-y.

20.

1.
.

3.

4
|)

21.

-f-4p

x*-f

-3x2y + 3x?/2 -2

5.

10.

14.
aH64 a2 + 36 aft 2 +8 8
27a-135a2 ft4-225aft2 -125ft8

ft.

8.

_ i.

13.

-f

x3

2.

+9a-l.

147 a 4

27

-f-12 wi

343 a 6

Page 168.
4wn8 + n4

:=_!.

'

a 121

11.

5.

-2.

19.

5.

-x ^27

9-

H.

-1

a 3 +3a 2 +3a +

- 1,

3, 2.

9 and

a ll V&.

4.

I21a 4 ftc 2

3,

81

125

ft

Page 167.

9.

1.

jgiooyiio

12

a 4) ft 44

3.

13

'

28.

3.

5,

(ft)

13.

1.

26.
30.

3.

-a 10

17.

343x30

125a

1.2

18. Inconsistent.

04 x 12 */ 1 '^ 1 2

a 6o&i85 c i5o

25 a8

H,

12.

1.

'

1,

6.

-1.83.

3.83,

23. 3, 2.

2,

3.

8.

11.

Indeterminate.
5 and

2,

0.

4}, 2|."

25.

29.

(a) 5.

17.

22.

f.

|, 1.

13.

11. 3,

10. 2, 3.

21. |,

24.

-1.79.

2.

16. 5, 5.

1.

4. 2.67.

G.

2.79,

1, 5.

(c)

3.

10.

-4,

(ft)

9. 2, 1.

15. 3,

-2.5.

2.

-2.

9. 3,

\ft)

1.75.

1.

a-1.

7+6p

+ I5a 3 + 75a6 +
150

27 a6 ft

22.

1 -f

2 2

g -f-4pg
6.

16.

4x 8 + 6x2 -f-4 x-f

m4 -4m8 H-6m2 -4m4-l.

m +

4.

m.
2.

-f g*.

1.

4-4

- 4 aft -h

126a 9

m% -f 60 win2 4- 8 n

8.

27 a 4 ft 4

-f

9a 2

23.

2ft-

m4

1/

-l.

1.

m%+6 w2 n

+ 6t/2

a 2 ft 2

ft

-f

4*/

- 4 a^ft

2.

t/*.

+ a 4 ft*

AN S WE no

XV111

5 -5
8.
+ 4 x2 + Ox4 +4^ + x8
10. m*
m*>n + 16 w 4 2 +5 c*d+ 10 c 3 tf2 + 10 c 2 d+6 c<74 + d5
20 in s + 15 w 2 w 4 -G mw 6 + w 6
11. a 7 + 7 b + 21
+ 36 4 & 8 + 35a 3 & 4
6
6
7
- 5 a 4 + 10 a9 - 10 a~ + 5 a - 1.
12.
-f 21 rt'-6 + 7
-f 6
13. 32+ 80 a +80 a* +40 a 3 + 10 a 4 -fa 5
14. ro 12 + 4 m+ w + 4 w + l.
16
6 w - -f 1 m 9
16.
3 w 2 H2 + 3 4 n 4 - i c 6
15. 1
w + 5 m' G
7
w- + 50 m*w* + 70 w 4 4 + f>6 ?n *w 6 +28 >-/* + 8 mn + w 8
17. w 8 + 8 in n + 28
5 5
4 4
3 8 2
w c + 10 w 2 2 c 3 + 5 mwc 4 + r5
18. w w + 5 W w c + 10
19. j/^/t^/'
wi n 4 p*+ 10 w 8 w y
10 wi 2 w 27> 2 +6 w/ip- 1.
20. 32 r^ 10 + 80 w 8 + 80 wt c +
40 m 4 + 10 m'2 +
21. 81
+ 540 + 1360 a 4 + 1500 a 2 + 025.
100 *6 + GOO x
1000 2 + G25.
22. 10 x
G a 4 - GO a c +
23.
GOO 2 c 2 - 1000 ac 3 + (J25 c 4
24. 1 + 8 z + 24 2 + 32 r + 10 x 4
25. 1 + 5 a?b* + 10 a 4 b* + 10 a& + 5 a/> + a 10 10

7.

9.

c5

*?>-'

fe

fi

?>

rt

?7i

?i

se

Page 170.
00.

7.

Page 171.
16.

21.

Zll.a

10.

2(>

33. 70.
1.

(
2

5.

7>).

+35.

5.

29.

10*.

15.

a.

:l

25.

49

14.

19.

20.

420.

30. 90.

31.

32.

72.

>2

+ y\

(x

26.

x.

?>i?<

90.

36. 23.

(l-y).
(1

30.

6.

c 10

2.

6.

4.

25

13.

24.

+ Z).

35. 40.

l).

-l).

(x'

4.

90.

2 ^-.

23. 0.

(a

34. 300.

4.

10.

a.

18.

28.

-5.

3.

12.

-^i.
3 6

22.

'-.

9.

180

+X

11.

17.

2.
9.

2.

1.

-20.

8.

/;

:J

a:

27.

1.

??i

r>

(x-2y).

3.

8x2).

4.

(3a;

y).

1 ?>).
9. + (win - 7 /)).
8.
(2 a + ft).
-3M. 12. (4a2 -9& 2 13.
14.
16.
15.
(a + y+l).
(a-b + c).
(a +
2
-+l). 3.
(
Page 174. 1. +(^ 2 -3^ + 2). 2.
2
2
4.
).
+ i)). 5.
(2-3 alt + 7
(4rt +3
(5m 2 Cm + 3). 6.
2
2
7.
8.
(l + x + .^).
(48 + 6.r 2 + 6jt). 9.
(5^ + 4x?/ + 3?/ ).
3
2
8
3
12.
10.
11.
(Gx +
(i + 2a;+3^ + 4.x ).
(Gn + 5 a + 4 a).
2
2 - 3
8
2 2
ab
14.
a
3.r 2 + S:r2/2 ).
3m
13.
wi
+
+
).
(7
5).
(2
2
3
2
16.
15.
(:' +
(2a-3a: 2 + a;-2). 17.
( x + 2 x -2z + 4).
2
4
2 2
19.
a 8 ).
18.
(6 a + 5 a + 4 a ).
(27 + 3 a
xy - y ).
8
21.
20.
+ + ?V 22.
(6a + 4a + 3a + 2).

Page 172.
I

10.

(rt'-

(2 a

7.

-/> 4 ).

11.

(7

fr

-ft

/>

i/

23 .

+ l + lV
(l+?
x & x J
V

(\x

Page 176.
8.

24.

119.

15. 2.83.

9.

1.

101.

16. 6.5.

76.

2.

64.

10.

237.

17.

8.6.

3.

11.

18.

+3 + 5

57.

309.
.94.

4.

71.

12.

5.

247.

19. .037.

84.
13.

6.

98.

763.

20. 1247.

7.

14.

21.

99.

978.

2038.

ANS WERS
22. 7563.
28.

24. 6561.

23. 5083.

xix

25. 15,367.

26. 6J.

27.

If

^.

Page 177.

29. 2.236.

35. .645.

34. .935.

32.

31. .469.

30. 3.60.

37. 7.522

36. .243.

1.237.

33. 1.005.

38. 9.798 yds.

ft.

39. 3.925

ft.

40. 4.690.

Page 179.
3.

7.

14.

2.

16.

5.

10.

vYb.

is.

6.

2.

12.

5.

5.

5.

4.

11.

l~8.

J l.

17.

V-

17.

3.

.5.

V2.

9.

15.

5.

13.

1.

4.

8.

1.

13.

19.

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(<

iVaft.

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Page 180.
25-

J.

21.

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26.

22.

>i

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>

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24.

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29.

1.

6.

15.

2.

1.

3.

Page 181.

21 in., 28 in.

7.

10. 6, 8.

11. 2 sec.., 2] see.

28

14.

5.

4.

15.

10,

2,

6.

4,

5.

15

ft.,

ft.

21yds., 6yds.

ft.

V35

Page 183.
12, -5.
6|, i.

15.

|,

20.

6V'2J.

-V.

4,

34.

3,

39.

10,18.

44.

-6,

49.

10,

8,

12.

-2.}.

5,

-^,-6.

in.
ft.

3.

V2.

9.

13. 21

7,

-9.

3,

6V21.
13. 1, - *.

-2.

7},

7,

18.

ft.,

-f

27.

11,

1.

10.

ZLlAiK
19.

7,

-3.

24.

28.

3, |.

7,
7,

14.

11,1.
23.

12.

4.

9.

8.

-4J.

22.

26.

14,6.

-7,5.
\/3.

17.

J,-?,.

21.

i-i

30.

7,

2.

- 4.

17.

21.

1,

3,

3.

2,

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-4.

32.

4,13.

37.

3,

42.

3,6.
2,

47.

1&.

-f

12,

33.

Vl3.

43.

5f, 5.

V17.

14,

38.

48.

9,

-10.
1,V

5,
- a, 4 a.
8-j.

a, 5.

1.

2,

4,

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+ 6-1.

46.

18,6.

50.

-^-^7m, -m.

41.

4,i.

45.

_7.

31.

36.

1.

9,

40.

m, w.

2.
1

7.

:J

12.

2.

7,4.

35.

1.

Page 185.
6-

270 sq.
or 3.742

in.,

Vl4

/.

Page 184.

1.

16.

25.

-|f.
29.

36

in.,

7 in.; (6)

or 5.916 yds.

6.

11.

10.

39

8.

()

12.

13.

18.

!,

2.

2, f.
8.

-i

4 n,

3. 3, 3.

10,1.
14.

-16n.

9.

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12,6.
15

^,-4.
19.

5,

3J.

10.

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V^3.

5.

5,

11.

6, {.

16.

20.

f.

}, f.

-V.S-n.--w

ANSWERS

XX
Page 186.
25.

22.

Page 187.
-0, -4.

5.

7,

14.

0, 3, f.

1.62.

1.37,

27. 2.74,

23.

26. 3.41, .59.

1.

6.

U.
s

10.

.02,

-3.23.

1.2;],

6,

2.

1.

-12.

2,

11.

0,'

15.

7, 2.

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9.48,

28.

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- .0*8.

4.

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3.

6,2.

-1, -7.

8.

12.

5.

- 4, -

0,

1.48

24.

H.

3.

3,7.

6,4.

7.

1.70.

,-6.

9.

1_^L

13.

1.
2

(5

Page 188.
21.

- 1,

3.

26.

0,

30. %,

35.

2,

40.

f.

36.

46.

49.

Page 189.

51.

jr

+ 7 x + 10 =
x*-x 2 -6x =

56.

7.

Page 191.
2

26.

V3

in.

Page 192.
5.

5.

14.

18.

i, i

57.

a;

20 eggs.

V^~2.

6.

2,

1.

12, 24.

4.

^l/>>

85

19.

3,

1,

1,

V^l,

1,

ft,

2.

2,

ft.

3.

10.

3.

- 2, - 4.
V2.

5.

Real, unequal, rational.

13.

16.

20.
2.

21.

2,

2,

$ 120.

V^l,

4.

-3,

0, 1,

3,

-4.
V2.

17.1,2,2,3.

1,2,4,5.

ft.

in.

25. 4 da.

ft.

1.

2,

6^2

10 mi./hr.,

20.5^.
24. 15

120

ft.,

in.,

17.

$80.

16.

23.

8\/2

13.

ft.

70

11.

in.

8 or 12 mi./hr.

i,

is.

-2

14, 15.

6.

6, 7.

5.

10 in., 19

10.

*'-'

52. x2 + B - 12 = 0.
= 0. 55. a8 - 2 x2 - 5 x + 6 = 0.
58. x*-4x=0.
+ 11 x- 6 = 0.

2.

12.

6,-

48.

3.

#<7=3.

1.

3,

2.

3if.

9x

2, 6.

19.

26,

ft.

1),

= 0.

- Oa;*

-3,

34.
39.

44.

- a,

- a.

6V-64.

4,7.

47.

$30 or $70.

27.

2.

0,

3,

10 or 19.

15.

1.

- 1, _

Page 194.

3.

9.

- 2, 3.
V ~ 16

0, 1,

x2

22.

8.

1, 2,

AB =

2,

VV11.

4jr
64.

38.

ft

25. 0, 2, 3.

29.
3, 7.
-4, -21.

4,7.
43.

50.

18. 20 nii./hr.

mi./hr.

33.

20. a,

2.

V7.

24. 0,

28.

37.

2.

AB = 204 ft.,

Page 190. 12.


14. ,$40 or $60.
10

- 3.

19. 0, 3,

1, 2.

v^^fcT"^.

0.

8.4,10.

orf.

32. 6, 3.

25, 35.

2.

- 2.

1 ,

0,

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<).

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1.

2, If.

-i,l.

-f 6

5, 2,

x*

18.

1, 2,

42.

r*

0,

23.

-3.
-1|,

|,3.

a.

27.

31. 28,

41.

3,

- 2.

6,

64-c.

1.

5-2 a.
53.

0,

22.

3|.

45.

- 17.

16.

1, 0, 1.

Real, unequal, rational.

4.
5. Real,
Imaginary, unequal.
Real, unequal, irrational.
6. Imaginary, unequal.
7.
Real, equal, rational.
equal, rational.
3.

8.

9.

Imaginary, unequal.

unequal, rational,

11.

Real, unequal, irrational.

Imaginary, unequal.

12.

10.

Real,

Real, equal,

ANtiWEUS
rational.

13.

17.

m, p.

18.

22.

-2,6.

23.

Page 196.
2.

7.

15.

27.

\/3.

9.

0.

28.

Page 197.
37.

*V.

44.

\.

45.

8.

1.

14.

125.

57.

33.

30

-ifa.

19.

11.

25.

ar

1
.

aW\

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16.

J.

53.

2.

8.

9.

5.

14.

v.

v^T4

60.

3.

a 18

27.

4.

10.

\/r\

16.

x.

28.

2V a.

m.

42.

11.
17.

1.

50.

$7.

1.

38.

33.^7.

84.

a.

12.

18.

^49.
L

-..

40.

24.

31.

^S-

1.

12*2

6.

f|39.

0.

-3.

0.

I.

Af.
'-J.

56.

fx'-^z'l

30.

A-

13.

5\/5.

23.

&.

19.

2
29.

j.

-2.
-3.

5.

J.

3.

50.

49.

61.

a'2 .

43.

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-2.

26.

29.

49.
l

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9.

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21.

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1.

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15.

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54.

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Page 201.
7.

32.

3.

5.

13.

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24.

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3.

21.

2.

4.

19.

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23.

29.

1.

Page 200.

18.

4.

12.

5.

v'frW.

10.

i.

51.

v'frc

38.

Page 199.
7.

17.

22.

y,

11.

16.

f.

V3.

4.

3.

9.

2,

-_!

JV37.

2.

10.

8.

15.

20.

24.

2.

3.

-3.

9,

4, 15.

-1V-1.

1.

16.

8.

21.

19.

J.

4.

8.

14.

5,2.

xxi

243.
.

V.

r;//^.

ANSWERS

XXii

Page 203.

a2

1.

34

-2

a Vft

03r*

4.

x- Vxy -

2.

b.

Vr

101

121

3.

y.

35.

5.

+-* + !.

+ 2 Vzy + y 1.
13 a;3 + 40 3 - 12 *^ +
x

6.

12.

7/>

2 or 1 ?;- 2

8V/)
15.

18.

(x'

21.

(l

24.

-2.

+ 1.
Va

31.

35.

x%

(5x-

28.

3 x^y

6.

1)

V3.

11V3.

7.

8a6V5.

12.

5
-

17.

16.

21.
25.

36.

(x

20.

(;r-^

.rV:r.

9.

V.

yV35.

2 ar 1 ).

V2 +

2.

4 V22.

y,

+ 2^+1.

2 V22.

5.

2v (T

m* -n*.

abVab.

10.

2\/7.

4.

2aVf.

11.

15.

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'"V5.

18.

2>X2.

27.

V2c.

32.

^7 \AOx-.

38. 3 \

^:

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3^2.

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24.

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17.

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30.

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2.

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2 a?>V2 a.

13.

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1.

14.

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3V3.

1.

11.

ft.

29.

- yl
39.

Page 207.

0.

6-2V(J.

^+

Vft+Vc).

26.

5 x3

a-**

1+2 v/i + 3\/!^ + 4 x.

22.

19-5V3.

32.

19.

or "
2

- x^y* + y%.

2 a^b*

(Va

16.

Vft.

13.

8.

1.

x^

10.

9.

).

25.

Page 204.
2.

7.

1+x).

+ Vic +

x -

28.

k/2.

V.r.

33.

(a

JIV6.

29.

?tV?w.

34.

ft)

V2.

3,f.
Page 208.
41.

3V^T.

45.

1.

43.

47.

-T.

40.

44.

48.

.577.

.707.

49.

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.692.

V63.

2.

Vz2 -?/ 2

39.

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42.
2.

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50.

7.

ftV

37.

8.

3.

A/^~.

^88".

4.

v'TM.
10.

5.

v^.

6.

Va 2

"ft.

ANSWERS

__

_
Page 209.

1.

rw

x/w^

2.

V/.T*.

xx

3-

\~s~'
]

6.

"v/wi

??,

11.

\^r^b-

16.

Vabc..

Page 210.

W),

32.

35.

v^a,

39.

;r

36.

5V2, 4\/5.

Page 211.
6V2.

6.

8V7-

17.

3\/IO.

40.

6aV2-\^.

Page 213.
r)\/(l

13.

Vrt-r.

18.

14c 4 V5.

23.

8.

10.
9.

15.

36.

46.

40.

6+2V5.

37.
41.

V15 -

42.

8v2T

-V-Jla.

28.

Vtf

+3+

1-V5.

32m-27n.
38.

3.

2 ate-.
21.

33.

17.

34.

1.

35.

b.

?i-2Vm/t.

39.

44.

20.

w-?i.

30.

b.

a*.

V3.

3 Vl5

26.

a2

22.

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29.

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5.

12. 5v/2.

2\/0.

7-4\/Jl
120

- 30

VT5.

43.

\/15.

ab

46.

4.

6.

Page 216.

2\/7.

16.

11. 3v^2.

3.

16.

2yV2?/.

25.

31.

49. 3\/15

5.

5V2.

4.

10.

2.

20.

\XO-fl-6Vi5.
32.
6x-2?/.

45.

V3"m.

15.

3\/2.

3.

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Vdbc.

Page
D 214.

15.

;J

rtv/5.

19.

24.

a^\/a7>.

11.

0.

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10.

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3 b
27.

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3.

9.

14.

2.

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1.

14.

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0.

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7.

v^lf.

v/l2, V5,

i?i=
a:

6.

v^O, "^8000.

v/lO,

VLV/ ^-

18.

Page 212. -21


23.

\^6.

^9.

38.

v^f.

V5,

v/27,

x/8l, x/125,

27.
31.

34.

v/8.

v/i),

37.

2.

a\/5c.

13.

\V3.

^27,

3 V2.

8.

x/8L

\/8,

x/8, vT), v"5.

v^30, v"3.

\/2,

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1.

30.

v^4, \^6.

v7^.

7.

12.

26.

33.

V8.

24.

x/27, x/4.

v^fr*.

V2.

14.

19.

23.

29. \/128, v/9.

v/^

\/a6c.

fl^Vac.

18.

3\/wi.

25.

^32.

13.

\/abc*.

9.

V2"a.

17.

22.

\/w/t 4

8.

v 25^4714

12.

21.

28.

\/04a.

7.

50. 2
1.

V2.

2.

47. 9

30 Vl4.

+ VlO -

v y (5.

x/3.

VlO +

51. 4 >/3.
3.

V3.

4.

5 \/2.

52.
2.

Vat.
5.

48.
53.

Vn.

2 \/2.

aVa.
6.

3.

ANSWERS

XXIV
2V3.

7.

8.

V5.

14. j

20. 1.732.

9.

+ 5V2.

V;W +

19.

i^~

11.

i^Lzi.

14.

13.

v ^-.

3 \/15

2.4142.

24.

.732.

5.5530.

29.

1.1805.

Page 219.
7.

4.

25.

8.

Page220.
(3+ v/2).

8.

(\/3-f 1).

9.

(2-f V"5).

15.

(V6 + 2V2).

3.

10.

9.

Page
28.

^.
5

36.

f.

4.

2.

0.

11.

4.

5.

19.

21. 7.

29. 9.

18.

26.

V6c.

2,

20.

7, 4.

27.

.601.

7 -f 5

31.

2ajV2*.

3.

10.

n*.

i(V-f

4.

0.464.

V2.

125.

Va.

11.

512.

5.

\/57t.

12.

3.

(a

12.

20.

6.

22. 5.
81.

-.

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20.

1.

V3.

10.

(VaT^-v a).

17.

Vft).
19.

2-

^.

30. 64.

1.

Page 226.
15.

_c

4.

6)

4.

13. 2.

27.

5.

14.

5.

6.

7.

15.

f.

16.

4.

7.

16. 5.

1.

23.

100.

4.

24.

32.

!^

25. J, \.

26. 25.

34. {.

33. 4.

35.

27. 25.

-2!5_.
m -f- w

J.

4.

8.

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22

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6
37.

Page 225.
7.

23.

1.

224.

15.

-26.389.

(Vll-V2).

4.

10.

18.

24.

17.

12.

V2).

Vob

'

0.7083.

2x^2^.

15,625

16.

18.

22.

Page 223. 8.

21

|(V2 + 1).
4V3 + 6.
V3 - 13.

8.

2.
3.
\/3).
(V2-1).
(V5-1).
(V8 + V2;. 6.
(\/5-V2). 7.
K>/0 + \/2).
(2- V3). 10.
^(VlO-\/2). 11.
(2-V2).
13.
14. j- ^ (\/22 4- \/TO).
(2-Vll).

5.

12.

2V2.

4.

V2).

(V5-f

1.

Page221.

3 V2L

V35.

17.

30.
2.

9.

+3

19. .7071.

25. .2828.

i
25.

9 mn.

1.

8.

4.

21.

- 6 V3.

x-y

23.

-f

nVTl,

13.

+ 2 vU

_^JflJ?.

20.

28.

6.

(4

^r. 2

15

24. 1.1547.

(Vf +

12 v/7

*fV2.

3.

7.

3(7+3V5).

10.

Page 218.

3V2-3.

2.

12.
18.

23. 1.0606.

V3-V2.

6.

Va.

11.

17.

22. 4.4722.

2-V3.

1.

Vf6-f|Vtf.

V^TTfc.

16.

21, .3535.

Page217.

V3.

10.

^\/2.

V3.

5.

16.

9.

f.

15.

81.

9.

11.
16.

4.
5.

2.

9.

10.

-1,9.

- 2, - 3.

V, A-

3.

16.

4.

25,81.

216,

- 64.

-3,2.

14.

-4,5.

3,

19.

9,

5.

6.

16.

3.

12.

8,

17.

8,

- 3.
- 1|.

13.
18.

- 6.

2.

ANSWERS
- 1.

Page 228.
0.

7.

-7.

30.

2.

XXV

50.

3.

0.

5.

1.

4.

2 &.

6.

100.

8.

2 2a + 2).
5.
(a + 2) (a
Page 229. 4. (w - l)(m - 2)(m- 3).
(p-l)(p-2)(p-2). 7. (p-l)(p-3)(p-6). 8. (+!)( -2)
10. (a - l)(a-3)(a - 4).
9.
(B4-3).
(w-2)(m-3)(2m + 5).

12. (w-p)(w-2p)(wi-3p)(w*4-2p).
-56-l).
14. (a 4- 2)(* - 2
+
(ro-w)(w-4w)(w a + 6mw -f w 2 ).
2

11.

(6-3)(6'

18.

<?

4a2 - 8a

18.

3, 3,

22.

2, 2, 3.

15.

16).

-t-

19.

1.

1,

- 3.

2,

20.

1, o, 4.

23. 2,

4,

1,2,

24.

5.

3, 1

\/0.

3.

21.

16.

17.
3,

3,

25.

1, 1, 1, 3.

1, 4,

2,

f>.

3.

J, 3.

1.
2. (s + l)(x2 -:r + 1).
(a- l)(a 2 + a -f 1).
(l-a&)(l46 + 2 & 2 ). 4. (a-2)(:iB2 -f 2a44). 5. (r.-f 2)(sc 2 -2 r + 4).
2
6. (2a + l)(4a*-2a + l).
7.
(2 a- 1)(4 a + 2 a + 1).
8.
& + 6 2 ).
9. 27(2 a 4-fc)( 4 2 -2
(a -4 &)(* + 4 & + !&*).
10. (10 -#0(100 + 10^ + 4 ).
11. a(.r - l)(z 2 + z + 1).
12. a(l+a)(l_a-fa 2 ).
13. (a+&)( 2 14. (rt- + ^)( 4 -a 2 6 2 -h6 4 ).
15. (
16. (a- l)(a 4 + a + a 2 -f a -f 1).
(&y-2a#H-4).
17. (a + l)(a*-a 8 + a--a + l).
18.
(m 4 + l)(ro- w 4 + 1).
19. (1 +a 2 6 2 )(l -a 2 6 2 +a 4 6 4 ).
20. (8- a) (04 + 8 a + a 2 ).
21. (xy + 5) (x*y* - 5 xy + 25)
22. (4 mn - 2 ) ( 10 w 2 n 2 -f 4 winy 2

Page 231.

3.

a:

:}

23.

o&

87

3,

4.

30

1.

4,

Page 234.
16.

6,

19.

0,

30

1.

4, 1

8, 2

4.

- 4, ~ f-

10.

|.

13.

5,

-2,

26.

- 3, - 5.
- 22.

3,

9.

7,2; 2,7.

3.

-3

6,

25, 4

6.

- 3,

5.

4, 25.

11,10; -11, -10.

10.

3,

0, 1

1, 0.

4, 1

15.

4, 3.

18.

1,

6,

6, b

- 4.
//.

30, 0.

Page 235.
,

x/^3.

14.

4, 4.

17.

2.

1.

5.

-V^

-1

20,0; -0, -20.

12.

4, 4

13.

5,
;

3,4; 4,3.

8.

2, 5.

2.

22, 3

5.

13,3; -P,, -13.

25. 2,

(-?>

l,nl^EI.

2, 4.

30, 10.

73,12; -12, -73.

11.

Page 236.
.

28.

=A|^Z3.

10,

7.

3.

24.

Page 233.

t/

(3m 3 7)(9w 6 +21m*+49).


+ 6 4 )(a*-a' 6 + a 2 6 2 -a& 8 H-6*).

1,

2;

6,

2.

2, 1

7.

1,

6,

1.

3,
7.

5,

2.
1,
5.

2,

2,

3, 1

y,

- Y, -

6.

V-

1.

11.

14.

- 2, - 3

2;
4.

4;

2,
1,

3,

- 3, - 1.

J.

3,
;

J,

6 &
>

5.

0, 0.

12.

4, 3.

J,

9.
5,

'-

24, 12
24

- ^a, -

2.

2, qpl.

8.

2,

1, 2.

3.

2;

2, 1

3.

1,

2.

2,

3;

3,

5.

1,

5;

7,

3;

3,

4.

ANSWERS

xxvi
Page 237.
3V5.

13.

9.

16.

},

6, 2

5.

9.

2, 5.

2,

4,

8, 512.

1.

4.

8.

3;

12

ft,

18.

2,

21.

1,

m28.

30.

4, 1

1,

- 4.

36.

1,3; 3,1.

37.

41.

-1J, 7f

4,

2,3.

- 3, - 4.

2.

6.

$, |

'>,

- -y.

5.

'

j,

2, 1.

8;

1,

512, 8

7.

|, J.

1,

f*.

17.

26.

5,

5,

4,

3; 3,

- 3, - 0.
^

1
;

27.

4, 5.

J.

m + n, m-

24.

4.
1.

2,

6, 3;

|,

_ 5.

15,

11.

14.

20.

1.

15, 5

},

J, \.

3, 5.

4, 2.

31.

8,

0.

34.

2,

32.

j.

|,

35^ 5, 3

38.

3.

2,

3,

- 3 - 5,

3.

1,

-5, -3.

(
;

39.

8, 2.

^~-

Indeterminate.

1.

Indeterminate.

4.

Exercise 114.

Page 244.
12 ft., 35 ft.

11.

15.

Page 247.

7,

35.

4.

1.

10,

5.

5.

40.

1,3;

GO

oo

2.

4,

= QO

4.

6.

co

6.

55, 48.

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co

900.

a, c,

in.,

and

2.

d.

31,136.
16.

21.

15.

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ft.,

ft,

13.

1}

in.,

in.

20

in.,

7.

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22.

8.

(a)

$3400;

(/>)

28yd., 45yd.
14. 5 cm., 3 cm.
17.

in.

0,

$46,200.

12.

14.

2n.

9.

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23.

- 1,

3.

84,020.

18.

30.

(&) 2,

11.

201.

"_.

2
26.

7,

11. -14, -50.


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17. 50.

5050.

21

10.

(a) 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20

- 3, - 5, -

1,

8ft., 12ft.

5.

9.

16.

in.

30.

6.

288.

ft.

in.

12

10.

15.

30

in.,

35

20,13.

17,

25

ft.,

_ 13 (0 -

4|.

Page 248.
14.

40

4.

1.

40

8.

2.

37,30.

18,

12.

2,18.

4,

1.

3.

Page 245.

4.

4, 5.

8.

oo.

7.

7.

1.

3,4; 4,3.

oo

3.

125,

3;

23.

Page 243, Exercise 113.


solution.

5,

-2.

1,

5,

3, 2.

4;

5,

3. 2.

3,

4,

125

3, 4.

1,

2,

33.

10.

2
16.

1,

1,2;

29.

1.

2,

2,

11.

19.

Page 241.

J.

2,

12.

2.

3,

1,

5.

9.

25.

1,

12,

n.

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f,

15.

1,

3.

2;
$;

3.

7,

22.

3, 0.

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1.

3;

7.

jj,

1.

5,

4,

2.

1, 4.

1,

9.

2.

n, tn

3
4,

15.

1,
(>,

1,

Page 240.
7
3, 2
Y> V

12.

17.

- 4, - 6.

7,

3,

12.

2.

1,

1, 4.

14.

4, 1

6.

Page 239.
3.

6, 4

1.

10.

2V7.

-$VO, i'ljVU.

Page 238.

V3~.

2>/3,

V7,

1.

j,

2;

3,

f>,

5;

2,

11.

ri*.

13.

-3,0.

19.

69.6.

24.

78.

ANSWERS
Page 250.

a.

2.

9|, 9, 8J, 8, 7|, 7, 6i.

6.

11.

1.

12.

4.

3.

13.

4.

50.

19.
1.

4.

and

c,

5.

vy.

-,v

9.

Page 253.

d.
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Page 252.
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REVIEW EXERCISE
Page 258.

- 53, - 192,
0, 32,

7. 0,

1.

27,

1, 0,

125, 04, 27, 8, 343, 125, 343.

- 170, - 419.

3.

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Page 259.
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11.

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14 a

ANSWERS

xxviii

Page 260.
14 x - 7.

19.

+ z;

(d) x

2 x

()

(a) 2 x

30.

29. 0.

3 2

4-

4-

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Page 261.
40. 3

a
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13x 3
56.

a8

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2 y

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ft

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64. x 8 + x 4

Page 262.

4-

1/

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16

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Page 264.

xy-xz-yz.

- 6 am b\

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a4

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Page 266.
177.

y-3,

139.

12.

- 2.
Iff

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151.

156.

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193.

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196. (3x

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10).

+ 2y)(2x-3y). 197. C3 y _l)(,/_4).


- 1(5)
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199. (2
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8
204. (5 x - 3 y)(a - y).
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203.
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206. (x + 2)(x - 2) (3 x - 1).
207. (4 x 2 + 9)(2 x 4- 3)
(2/-3y).
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209.
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(23-3).
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214. 2 xy(3 x - 6) (2 x + 1).
215. x(x + 6)
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+ 7)(rt-4).
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234. (3a + 4?> + o(5c-rt).
(?/+l)(y-l).
236. (8x + 3)(3x-4).
237. (,r - l)(x8 + x2 - 1).
(r^-x + 1).
238. (x + l)(x-l)(y + l)(y-l). 239. (ox + /)(5x-y)(x+3 y)(x-3 y).
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a).

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(2x-3y)
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AN 8l\' Eli S
Page 268.
251.
254.

3x44.

259. 2 x

264.

(x

249. (7

2x(x-)(x 4

a;

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260. 7 x
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362.

361. 0.

1.

407. 2(a

i-

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ANSWERS

XXX11

Page 278. -410.

411.

ab.

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-+

412.
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413.

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422.

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424. 24 days.

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420.

c.

ft

423.

ISjmi., ISJini.

Page 279.
428.

+ +

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433.

in.

+
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ft

not true, (&) true, (c) not

true, (d) true.

Page 280.
441. 3, 10.

439. (a)

442. 2,

446. 1$, 2$.

447. 33,

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Page 282.
481.

20

484.

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485. $2000 at 0%.
486.

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0%.

*+-, !L=4.

18, 32, 10.

5, 6, 7.

at

480. 12,4.
9,7,5.
A $ 3500, B $ 2500.

505.

4,

5, 6, 8.

499.

17,

10,2,3.

1,

2.

ANSWERS
Page 284.

- 2.

509.

513.

510.

10,6,0.

514.

7, 6, 14.

xxxin
511.

5,3,8.

-f

ftc

3465, 0000, 6435.

524.

-f

ft

c,

518.

C),

J(a

S82

-f

;_

1,

-?--

8,

516.

__
+

ft

+ 26 +
,

f, f,

512.

3,0,5.

515.

1.

1J, 4,

ft

4.

2c).

523

ft

ft

c,

-f c,

ft

ft

c.

(a) 74 Ib. tin, 40 Ib. lead.


(ft) Ill Ib. tin, 115 Ib.
526. 4* da., 3 da., 24 da.
lead.
527. 3f 4f, 24.
528. J7] min.
6.
530.
531. 232.
529. g(rc+ 6-c),
532. 3,4,9.
da., 7^ da.
533. 8 mi. per hour, 4 mi. per hr.

Page 285.

525.

a+

Page 286.
(6) 3.24,

Page 287.
553.

3, 3.

557.

567.

(c) 3.

551.
554.

2.00,

1.75, 1.20.

2 imag. (e)
570.

1$, 2$.

574.

4,

3.02.

565.

3.02.

.04,

1.38.

|,

_ 4.

3,

10 to 8.5 -f.
572.

If

3.6,
4, 2

575.

-10

(gr)

f\4

3,0;

86

35
589.

<z
ft

4 &8

-2.

1,

ft

584.

21

2&6

- 21 a2 +
-3x + 3x2 -rA

3 4

86

569.

fts

ft

+
7

rt?>

a^

590.

(d)

4.51,
5.10,

2.3,1.15; -2.3,

577.

579.

H,

o>

582.

1, 7.

2,

0, 0.

rr\*

586. a

585.

(a)

.02.

4.

,%

-21*_.
27 y*

35

imag.

imag.

(h) 8.5. (i) -3.33.


573. 3, 2
2, 3.
1.6, 3.6.

2,

576. 4.3,1.4; -1.8, -3.4.


Page 288.
-1.15. 578.
4.8.
4.8,
1.3;
1.3,
1
580. Roots imaginary.
581. - 7,
583.

1.78, 2

8.5+.

1.6

or

560.

2.5, 1.73, 2

-4.12, -2.4, 1.52. (c) -4.78, -1.14,

(/)

- 1.37.
- 5.62,

4.37,

563.

566.

568.

1.5.

-1.83.

552. 3.83,
556.

5.54,

1.15, .21, 1.0, 3.05.

571.

2.24 sec.

(c)

555.

- 3.25,

(a) 2.75,

.4.

- .54.
- 1.03, 2.03. 559. - 1.02,
562. - 1.53, - .35, 1.88.

558.

(ft)

3.

550.

2.4,

(e)

5.7.

-1.31,3.31.

1.

31.25m.

1.04, .55, 1.30.

1.56 sec.

537.

(d)

(6)
.7,

2.10, 4.16.

561.

.62.

564.

2ft da.

536.

1.24.

y% Z

+^

588i

57.

12 x

tt

a _
_3
7

687i
e

rt

rt 4^2

6 tf -f

ir

&

591.

2 1 a 5 ft 2

_^
27-54x

3 ^254

593. a*-8a + 24tf -82a;-f 1.


-f36a-2-8x8 592. l+4x+0x 2 +4x 8 -f x4
4 4
594. 2 a 8 x 8 + 6 ax&fy 2
x + 12 a 2xt2 b*y'2 + 2 6 4 ?/ 4
595. 2
- 4 x + .r8
596. 2(6
597. i -_ 4 sc2 + 6
+ 10a:8 + a-6)
i

>

598.

4-2x + 8x2 + 2x 8 4-x4


601.
+ 26x2 + 10 x4 ).

604.

x8

599.

600. 2(4
602. 8 a6

-8

a4 &

+6

a2 &2

4 6.

- xj/ -f xV - xV -f

4.

+3

-f

603.

6 x2
2

605.

2 x
7

- 2 xt/
a4

-f

x3

x'2

-2
+

4-

6 x4

4-

8 x2 ?/4

2 a*b

x8

-f

x4

3 xG -f-x.

- 8 x3^.
-

3 a6 3

ft*.

ANSWERS

XX XIV
606.

-x

-(-

-S

2 a-b

607.

x3

608.

&-.

3 x

4-

'

4-

x
609. 2 x-

(*_ +

610.

4-4 ^/- 4-3^4- >A

a:

611.

ft).

X*

(a-3&4-5rj.

612.

Page 289.
617.

a-b.

623. 7003.

646. 2,

-8.

642.

4.

625. 1010.

626. 898.

631.

12,

7,

661.

-a, -

666.

13,

- 3f

667. 0,

663.

668. 5,

~-

673.

6,

688.

4-

6,

703.

3, 2,

705.

(_

4.

/>

~a

689.

4-

'

682.

+
~^'2 +

/>

ix

1.

0,

a,

-6.

690.

'

fe

).

4- b

\,

ac

fe

+^~<

^A,
l-a6

695.

ft-a

J^-^.

\.

-+^

2 a

696.

__

1,

\+ab

a-f6-fc

4,

698.
2f.

701.

V2.

V2.

\/3
1,

2,

706.

V7,

699.

4.

2,
.

702.

- 3,

1,

K-

1|,

V5 1.
- |, - f
3 V^3).

708. 1

704.

V^~3).

x/^15).

0.

-if

678<

685.

If

^-^

3.

^, ^.

684.

be

(5

V2,

681.

4- c )

- 2f -

V3 ^'

2f

1m*.

a/>

665.

670. 5,

If

..

^~

'

If

660. 2, 4

.-

1J.

2&).

655.

I}'/.

7>)

692.

fo

1,

- 25.
- 2f

b
669. 5,
.

n-^l +-^.

c,

645. 4,
650. 2,

664. 4, 0.

<T!

680.

ab
8 6

674.

677

694.

700.

4.

9*.

|.

659. 3,

l/'3,

(ab)-.

687. a

Page 291.

1,

-3,

654.
4$.

(i -f-

697.

1,

649. 9,

{Z

b.

+w

2
4- 7/
~

686. |o, 3 a.

__

628. 009.3.

If

672. a

a2

658. 3,

+ b,a-

V^+lO^M-"^-.
2
+ 36 )K3 +
(

691. 2 a

627. 7.002.

644.

3.

-0.

653. 2,3.

ft.

If

1,

662. a

b.

652. 2,

657.

If

671. 2f, 0.

683.

6*.

622. 2092.

10.

2,

656.

679.

616. 2 a

78.04.

633. If.
634. 1$
639. 4330 da.
640. 5, - 14

638. 8 f

648. 11,

621.

632.

703,001.

643. 50,

13.

-11.

647. 2,

Page 290.

676. i,

620. 5002.

- y.

x2

615. 3

4- 3.

a:

619. 971.

637. 0.303.

636. 3.001.

641. 25,

614. 2

4- b.

2.

630. 14.702.

635. 2.049.

624. 210.0.

629. 25.203.

651.

613.

618. y

V"^TJ.

7Q7>

j(_

ANSWMHti
Page 292.

3,

VV> -L4V-34.

712.
715.

709.

713.

?->.^.

1, 1,

45da.

724.

"V3-

729.

13,

Page 293.
cr*-lr*.

739. 4 x' 5

-(-

w" +

747.

rt3

750.

2u: 8'o'a

2 ar-

x2

+a2

-f

f-

1.

743.

738.

740.

Hi

a;~

^^

^3

748.

a-

5
,

+cx*

a:-*

2
(t'

lr'~

r} t

_L

744. x i

,.

J- 4

a 4 6- 4

f^'

'>

.,-V/^

2x-3^

4-7.

749.

1.

a*&M.

-[-

- 12 af -V^ 4
746.

.r-J w

<-

-f

>

728.

300.

735.

^-i-^-- -,
24

732.

d" + Hid.

4- ^

a*tj~

V2

Va^T

db

723. 8,9,10,11.

727.

39,8.

rt

718.

-5.

722. 8,9.

2 tf-'c- 1 -/>--

742. ^ Ti

4-

3 x~*

726.

731. a 2

1.

737. a"- 2
4

741. x-\-y.

-i-3x

734.

-x

717.

714.

iv/Jj.

721. 00.

15 shares.

730.

736.

711.

-;-

<

725.

m-n.

v'll,

17ft., 13ft.

720.

733.

i^,

716. 24, 25.

3
719.

710.

2.

751.

a;-

r,

a 2 6^.

752.
1

Page 294.

753.

754.

.r.

756.

755.

-^

758.

759.

5.

29\/3.

760.

fya-w&cu.

30\/10

33^2.

763.
767.

34.

1-^ _

;r+y->

768.

764.

-3^.

4-

104

v/2.

59,257.
769. T%.

773. ^7x-y.
776.

782

*+V(

-"r 2

24-V2.

34-2V3.

778.

3-2>/2.

)'

- V2.

786.

v/7

789.

VT14-V5.
2\/5-3V2.

790-

2v 3-v 2.

793.

3V7-2VO.

794.

J(v'lO-2V

785.

777.

787. 7

3V5.

795.

788.

VIO-\/3.

- 2. 792. 3V7-2V3.
3V5-2V3. 796. 3-V7.

791. 3 VlT

ANSWERS

XXXVI
797.

6+V7.

800.

+
"
X/^-^+A^
2
*a
o

Va + 6 + Vtt-"fc.

798.

801.

802.

\/5.

806. 48.

+j!>..

Page 296.
812.

813.

1.

+ 2x2 -

810.

8(?/

tt

4
819.

818. 4.

820.

11.

826. 0.

825. 7.

827.

834.

821.

838.

-1.

828.

2
(x 4-*4- 1)(V

(('

843.

11, 14.

811.

1C.

817.

10.

-X4 1).

H.

839. 2, 3,

(x
845.

+ 2)^ 3 +
(a

17.

832.

1).

.r

824. 7.

7.

Hoots

830.
833.

|, $.

840.

8).

844.

-f-

-2)(5

50(i

4-

823.

829.

|.

25.

837.

d)*.

- 7,

4, 6,

842.

816. 23.

822. 3.

6.

Va.

836.

\/2.

8 09. x.

Hoots are extraneous.

0,3.

Page 297.
841. 0, 2|.

17.

804.

b'

13.
-

831.

835.

o.

^E*!.
x

815.

o
are extraneous.

808.

x 4 ), 16xyV2*/^-~x2

?/

814.

19.

^VG.

a2

V& -

6 4-

803.0.

**.

807.

*x

Va -

799.

4, 1.

(:r

04-

a* 4- 7

1)

20).

- l)(x - l)(x + 2).


_ 3 ^ 860 r + 3)
- 1).
851. (x + y) (x -f y) (x + y) (x - y)
852. (x 2 -f r - 5)
(x + *
853. (x + 0X0-24. 2
854. (x - l)(x - 3)(x + 4).
-5).
(x-3).

846.

(x4-2?/)(x-2y)(4x

848. (x

1) (x 4- 2) (x

-.r?/

849.

2).

847.

l(l^).

(a +

?>)

(a

^>

(,

a-

4-2)(x - 7). 857. (x - 1)


- 7)(4 x- 7). 859. (2 x + 3 y}
- 4)
860. (2 4- rae) (4 - 2 ax 4- a 2 2 ).
861. (3
862. (1 - 4)(1 -f 4 a 4 10a 2 ).
863. a(ry +
864. (3 b - 1)(0
865. (2 a - 5 b)
4 1).
-f 3
866> (9
+ 8 ) 81 ^3 _ 72 xy 4 04 ^).
(4 c 4- 10 ab 4- 25 ?>2),
868. (a + 2 ?>c)(a 2 2fl?>44 ?/V ).
867. (2x-3?/^)(4x2 4-Ox^ + 9//%2).
2
m - a 2m W" 4 ^
m -f & 2m
870. (
869. (a m - />") (a'- + m
-f
") (a*
).
'0
3
2 an 4 3(> n 6 ).
872. (a 4
871. ( 4 4- 1) (a 8 - a 4 + 1).
) (a'
874. a(-ft)(
873. 6(a-6)(o a +
+ &).
m 875. a^*4l)(a-a 4 + l).
876. (am
l)(a
m + 1) 4m - a 3 " 4- 2w - om 441)
(a
855.

856.

(x-l)(^~3)(.r-4).

+ 3)(2x4-3).
2
2 - 6
xy + 9 )(4 x
2
(9x 4l2x + 10).
(x*y*-ryz + z*).

858.

(2x

(x 4- l)(x

1)(4 x

(r. 4-

jc

2/

jr

::}

?>

?>

%7

?/

2wt

>wt

ft

ft

rc

-f-

Page 298.
882.

3,

1,

879.

886.
;

2,

891.

2,

4, 2.

895.

5,

3;

3, 6.

2,

- 1.

899.

|
'

5,

892.

8,

887.
3,

$,;,
2.

7,

= -

884.

2, 5.

1,

889.

896.

m = 2,

880.

4.

883.

1, 3.

4.

3,

'*

897.

J V|,

3.

- f.
^, 2.

db 7,

^ V}.

11.

2, 1

5,

894.

4,

898. 4, 3;
0,

- 4,
4,

890.

900.

885.
888.

5, 4- 3.
,

893.

$.

881. 4, 4

29.
2,

f,

3,

8.

3,

1,

-f

- 4.
jV3

ANSWERS
6

oJ---

901.

V 41

Page 299.
904.
T3.

902.

2, 1

329; 333, 111.


908.

3,

911.

909.

tt2

Y,

8,

921.

0,0;

923.

0,

a
915.

=F J.

- 1.

4,

8,

-4

4,

2, 1

w, w

<

903.

3,

12.

906.

115,

914.

1,

- 2, -

- 1, - 2.

5,

922.

6,

925.

3,

920.

2.

1,

3, 6.

4, 5.

5, 2.

ft-

-f

56, 28.

a, 6

927.

ft

&

'

3
928.

1, 1

-i-fcVira^

_2
;

7,

930.

933.

dL 4.

3,

3,

20

ft.,

15

ft.

938.

941.

19

ft.,

16

ft.

942. '3

Page 301.
948.

951.

6 da.

945.

952.

Page 302.
960.

280.

60

12

956.
961.

in.,

ft.,

ft.,

4.

934.

2|

in.

40

i(-

ft.

6.

4,

-333.
962.

3),

J(_

958.

ft.

sq. ft.

940.

981.

986.

4.

6,

982.

978.

10, 12, 14

3.

983.

28, 496, 8128.

....

5, 11.

987.

979.
984.

947.

in.

954.

11,760 sq.
950.

6 mi.

959.

26-j.

|, J, f,

5,

%* - 1 =

7,

8,

100 rows.

2,

1,

964.

4.

-.

J.

9,

980.
11.

248.

2 yd.

955.

-5

....

11,111.

977.

Page 303.

12, 8.

944. 10, 12 mi./hr.

- V-~~3).

963.

108.

936.

7, 4.

ft.

16 in., 9

7 ft., 4

953.

in.

957.

946.

ft.,

932.

8.

6,

935.

480

939.

ft.

0,

6.

i>,

943. 15

+ V-

5l4f.

931.

2.

6.

in.,

949.

73.

7,

4,

937.

yd.

2,

;'

Page 300.

1).

2 w

?/i

5.

'

ft

V.I.

3,

1, 2

919.

924.

28, 66

I)

v/Ca^T)^ -

!)(&-

913.

916.

2.

3,

Va926.

V5

2.

4,

918.

1,

910.

^y.

fj,

V5

6, 8.

v/(ai-

|, i-1"

912.

4,

19,01;

^.

917.

905.

'

V^3),

$(l

1;

S07. 0,

6, 3.

6;

'

1,

2, 8.

2;

8,

XXXVll

80.

7 or 30.

985.

8.

18,446,744,073,709,651,615.

ANSWERS

xxxviii

^f (2-f-3V2).

988.
992.

993.

2(2 -v/2).

Page 304.
997.

X,

(Z>)

4V3.

1004.

9 da.

1003.

^Trsq.
32

78

13

in.

(tx

Page 305.

14 y

1008.

1009.

192,192rt?)r

1012.
1014.
1017.

1021.

*.

i-^l^.
3003.

280

995.

(a)

1001.

5(>0

\, r

(6)

2.

996.

-^

+ v 2).

1002.

ax + 78 a3

13

1(5.

4, 8,

\/2), (6) 8(1

--1

a 13

1080 x*

-"
r?

2^ +

(a)

1005.

810 x 2

?/

2 MJ--iy

- 92,378 <W

120

84 y*

991.

0.

2 ...

243

1006.

1007.

4-

a-

13

-JI + 1 / 1 _ -_L\

(5,18,51.

999.

() 12(2+V3),

1-

162, 108, 72, 48.

994.

1000.

n+
a' x

W1W

990.

12, 24.

(J,

0.

989.

1015.

1018.

252
35.

9 /> l
6 /> 6

72

5
?/

C-

1010.

and 92,378

8 8
2,870 a 6

1013.

720 *

y*>

1019.

1011.

:J2

7
.

?/

} (

70

1710 rtV and 1710

"
.

240 r 8

4-

+ 448 - 128
I- '^^

1016.

120

12,870

z8

a;

and
1020.

120

5&7

r 10

ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA
By ARTHUR SCHULTZE.

Half leather,

i2mo.

xi 4-

$1.10

373 pages.

The treatment of elementary algebra here is simple and practical, without


the sacrifice of scientific accuracy and thoroughness. Particular care has been
bestowed upon those chapters which in the customary courses offer the greatest difficulties to the beginner, especially

duction into Problem

Work

is

very

Problems and Factoring. The introsimpler and more natural than the

much

In Factoring, comparatively few methods are


heretofore.
given, but these few are treated so thoroughly and are illustrated by so many
varied examples that the student will be much better prepared for further

methods given

The Exercises are


superficial study of a great many cases.
very numerous and well graded there is a sufficient number of easy examples
of each kind to enable the weakest students to do some work.
great many
work, than by the

examples are taken from geometry, physics, and commercial life, but none of
the introduced illustrations is so complex as to require the expenditure of
time for the teaching of physics or geometry. To meet the requirements of
the College Entrance Examination Board, proportions and graphical methods
are introduced into the first year's course, but the work in the latter subject

has been so arranged that teachers

who

wish a shorter course

may omit

it

ADVANCED ALGEBRA
By ARTHUR SCHULTZE, Ph.D.

lamo.

Half

leather.

xiv+563

pages.

$1.25

The Advanced Algebra is an amplification of the Elementary. All subjects


now required for admission by the College Entrance Examination Board

not

have been omitted from the present volume, save Inequalities, which has been
retained to serve as a basis for higher work. The more important subjects

which have been omitted from the body of the work


Indeterminate Equahave been relegated to the Appendix, so that the
Logarithms, etc.
book is a thoroughly practical and comprehensive text-book. The author

tions,

has emphasized Graphical Methods more than is usual in text-books of this


grade, and the Summation of Series is here presented in a novel form.

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY


PUBLISHERS, 64-66 FIFTH AVBNTC,

HEW TOSS

ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA
By ARTHUR Sen ULTZE.

The treatment

Half leather,

12010.

of elementary algebra here

xi

is

-f-

$1.10

373 pages.

simple and practical, without

Particular care has been


the sacrifice of scientific accuracy and thoroughness.
bestowed upon those chapters which in the customary courses offer the greatest difficulties to the beginner, especially

duction into Problem

Work

methods given heretofore.

is

very

Problems and Factoring. The introsimpler and more natural than the

much

In Factoring, comparatively few methods are

given, but these few are treated so thoroughly and are illustrated by so many
varied examples that the student will be much better prepared for further

work, than by the superficial study of a great many cases. The Exercises are
very numerous and well graded; there is a sufficient number of easy examples
of each kind to enable the weakest students to do some work.
great many

examples are taken from geometry, physics, and commercial life, but none of
the introduced illustrations is so complex as to require the expenditure of
time for the teaching of physics or geometry. To meet the requirements of
the College Entrance Examination Board, proportions and graphical methods
are introduced into the first year's course, but the work in the latter subject

has been so arranged that teachers

who

wish a shorter course

may omit

it

ADVANCED ALGEBRA
By ARTHUR SCHULTZE, Ph.D.

i2mo.

HatF leather.

xiv+56a

pages,

$1.25

The Advanced Algebra is an amplification of the Elementary. All subjects


now required for admission by the College Entrance Examination Board

not

have been omitted from the present volume, save Inequalities, which has been
retained to serve as a basis for higher work. The more important subjects

which have been omitted from the body of the work


Indeterminate Equahave been relegated to the Appendix, so that the
tions, Logarithms, etc.
book is a thoroughly practical and comprehensive text-book. The author
has emphasized Graphical Methods more than is usual in text-books of this
and the Summation of Series is here presented in a novel form.

grade,

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY


PUBLISHBSS. 64-66

7HTH

AVENUE,

HEW YOKE

PLANE AND SOLID GEOMETRY

By ARTHUR SCHULTZE and


370 pages,

F.

L.

SEVENOAK.

i2mo.

Half

leather,

xtt-t

$1.10

PLANE GEOMETRY
Separate,

izmo.

Cloth,

xii

+ 233 pages.

80 cents

This Geometry introduces the student systematically to the solution of geometrical exercises.
wor.r and, at the

It

same

provides a course which stimulates him to do original


time, guides him in putting forth his efforts to the best

advantage.
The Schultze and Sevenoak Geometry is in use in a large number of the
leading schools of the country. Attention is invited to the following important features
I. Preliminary Propositions are presented in a simple manner ;
more than 1200 in number in
2. The numerous and well-graded Exercises
the complete book. These are introduced from the beginning
3. State:

ments from which General Principles may be obtained are inserted in the
"
Exercises, under the heading
Remarks"; 4. Proofs that are special cases
of general principles obtained from the Exercises are not given in detail.
Hints as to the manner of completing the work are inserted
The Order
5.
;

of Propositions has a

Propositions easily understood are given first and more difficult ones follow ; 6. The Analysis of
Problems and of Theorems is more concrete and practical than in any other
distinct pedagogical value.

7. Many proofs are presented in a simpler and


manner than in most text-books in Geometry 8. Difficult Propare made somewhat? easier by applying simple Notation ; 9. 7 he

text-book in Geometry

more

direct

ositions

Algebraic Solution of Geometrical Exercises is treated in the Appendix to the


Plane Geometry ; 10. Pains have been taken to give Excellent Figures

throughout the book.

KEY TO THE EXERCISES


in

Schultze and Sevenoak's Plane and Solid Geometry.


SCHULTZE, Ph.D. iamo. Cloth, aoo pages. $1.10

By ARTHUR

This key will be helpful to teachers who cannot give sufficient time to the
Most solutions are merely outsolution of the exercises in the text-book.
lines,

and no attempt has been made

to present these solutions in such form

that they can be used as models for class-room work.

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY


PUBLISHERS. 64-66 FIFTH AVENUE,

NEW YORK

The Teaching

Mathematics

of

in

Secondary Schools

ARTHUR SCHULTZE
Formerly Head of the Department of Mathematics in the High School
Commerce, New York City, and Assistant Professor of
Mathematics in New York University

Cloth,

The

author's long

of

12mo, 370 pages, $1.25

and successful experience as a teacher

of mathematics in secondary schools and his careful study of


the subject from the pedagogical point of view, enable him to
"
The chief object of the
speak with unusual authority.
" is to contribute towards
book/ he says in the preface,
making mathematical teaching less informational and more
disciplinary. Most teachers admit that mathematical instruction derives its importance from the mental training that it
But in
affords, and not from the information that it imparts.
a
deal
of
these
theoretical
of
mathematical
views,
spite
great

teaching

is

Students

informational.

still

strations instead of learning

how

to

still

demon-

learn

demonstrate."

The treatment
treated are

ing

is concrete and practical.


Typical topics
the value and the aims of mathematical teach-

causes of the inefficiency of mathematical teaching;

methods of teaching mathematics the first propositions in


geometry the original exercise parallel lines methods of
the circle
attacking problems
impossible constructions
applied problems typical parts of algebra.
;

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY


64-66 Fifth Avenue,

CHICAGO

BOSTON

New York

SAN FRANCISCO

DALLAS

ATLANTA

AMERICAN HISTORY
For Use

fa

Secondary Schools

By ROSCOE LEWIS ASHLEY


Illustrated,

Cloth.

i2mo.

$1.40

is distinguished from a large number of American


in that its main theme is the development of
text-books
history
the nation. The author's aim is to keep constantly before the

This book

pupil's mind the general movements in American history and


their relative value in the development of our nation.
All

smaller movements and single events are clearly grouped under


these general movements.

An exhaustive system of marginal references, which have


been selected with great care and can be found in the average
high school library, supply the student with plenty of historical
narrative on which to base the general statements and other
classifications made in the text.
Topics, Studies and Questions at the end of each chapter take
the place of the individual teacher's lesson plans.
This book is up-to-date not only in its matter and method,

but in being fully illustrated with

many excellent maps,

diagrams,

etc.

photographs,
"
This volume

is

an excellent example of the newer type of

school histories, which put the main stress upon national development rather than upon military campaigns. Maps, diagrams,
and a full index are provided. The book deserves the attention
of history teachers/'

Journal of Pedagogy.

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY


64-66 Fifth Avenue,

BOSTON

CHICAGO

New York

ATLANTA

SAN FRANCISCO

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