Topic4Bonding

4.1.1Describetheionicbondasanattractionbetweenions

Anionisanionthathasgainanelectronthushavinganegativecharge
Cationisanionthathaslostanelectronthushavingapositivecharge

Theyhaveinbetweeneachotherelectrostaticattractionwhichcouldifstrongenough
createasolid

4.1.2Describehowionscanbeformedasaresultofelectrontransfer

ThisisveryeasyandIrefusetowriteforthisassessment

4.1.3Deducewhichionsfromwhenelementsingroups1,2and3loseelectrons

Metalsareelectrophobic(Group1,2,3exceptforHydrogenandBoron)

Elementingroup1,2,3,(5,6,7)wanttoformionswiththesameelectronicconfigurationasa
noblegasorisoelectronictoanoblegas(Ibrecommended)

Group1willlose1electrontobecomeanion
Group22
Group33

4.1.4DeducewhichionswillbeformedwhenGroup5,6and7gainelectrons

Group5,6and7containmanynonmetalsandtheyareelectroloveandwillneedtogain
electronstobecomeanion

Group7willgain1electrontobecomeanion
Group6willgain2electrontobecomeanion
Group5willgain3electrontobecomeanion

TheyareallnegativeandtheywillendinIDE

4.1.5Statethattransitionelementscanformmorethanoneion

Forironwhichisatransitionmetal(Fe)Fe2+andFe3+

Forthisassessmenttheanswerisinitatransitionmetalcanhaveacoupleofionsonlyin
HLyouneedtoknowwhybutnotinSL

4.1.6Predictifacompoundof2elementsisionicusingthetableofEN

Ioniciswhentheelectrontransfersfromoneatomtoanothercreatingapositivechargeon
oneatomandanegativechargeontheotheratom

Whenthereisabigdifferenceinelectronegativitythereisaionicreactionthatoccurs

Example:Franciumhasa0.7ElectronegativityandFluorinehasa4.0electronegativity
thuswhentheyreacttheywillhaveanionicreactionandFranciumwillgivetheelectronto
FluorineFrancium+1Fluorine1

E.N>1.7=Ionic
E.N<1.7=Covalent(bond)

4.1.7StatetheFormulaofCommonPolyatomicIons

IBwantsyoutoknownitrate,hydroxide,hydrogencarbonate,sulphate,carbonate,
phosphatebutitisgoodforyoutoknowmostofthemonthislist!

4.1.8Describethelatticestructureofioniccompounds

4.2.1Describethecovalentbondastheelectrostaticattractionbetweenapairofelectrons
andpositivelychargednuclei

Covalent:Comeanstogetherandvalencemeanstheysharewiththevalenceelectrons

Hydrogenneeds1electronthusiftwoHydrogenshare2electrontheyarenownoble

4.2.2Describehowthecovalentbondisformedviaelectronsharing

Iftheelectronegativityofeachatomisnotverydifferentfromeachothertherewillbea
covalentbondformedbetweeneachother

Thesearesomestructuresyoumustknow

4.2.3DeducetheLewis(electrondot)Structuresofmoleculesandionsforuptofour
electronpairsoneachatom

Atomsbecomestablebyhavingafullouterenergylevel(valenceshell),eitherbysharing,
gainingorlosingelectrons

4.2.4State/explaintherelationshipbetweenthenumberofbonds,bondlengthandbond
strength

CC

C=C

C=C(triplebond)

Lenght

154

134

120

Energy

347

612

838

Themorebondstheshorterthelengthduetothehighelectrondensityitisveryattractiveto
thepositiveatomicnucleiandalsothemorebondsthemoreenergyisneededtopullthem
apart(thestrengthofthebond)

4.2.5Predictwhetheracompoundoftwoelementswouldbecovalentfromthepositionof
theelementsintheperiodictableorfromtheirelectronegativityvalues

Thiswasalreadycoveredbeforejustasaforyoutorememberitisalsoslightlychanged
andweaddednonpolarcovalent

E.N>1.7=Ionic
E.N0.31.7=PolarCovalent(bond)
E.N00.3=nonpolarCovalent

4.2.6Predicttherelativepolarityofbondsfromelectronegativityvalues

Thiswasshownbefore:

E.N00.3=nonpolarCovalent
E.N0.31.7=PolarCovalent(bond)

4.2.7PredicttheshapeandBondAnglesofSimpleSpecies

4ChargeCenters=109Degreesfromeachatominamolecule(TetrahedralForm)
3ChargeCenters=120Degreesfromeachatominamolecule
2ChargeCenters=180Degreesfromeachatominamolecule

4.2.8Predictwhetherornotamoleculeispolarfromitsmolecularshapeandbond
polarities

LookattheVideosthisishardtowriteabout

4.2.9Describeandcomparethestructureandbondinginthethreeallotropesofcarbon
(diamond,graphiteandC60fullerene)

Graphiteiscovalentlybondedwith120Degreesanglethusithasaverystrongbond
betweeneachotheralthoughfromonesheettoanotherithasVanDerWaalForceswhich
areratherweakwhichmakesitquiteslipperyandiseasilybroken.Electricitycanalso
passthroughitasitcontainfreelymovingparticles

Diamondisatetrahedracompounditiscovalentlybondedwitha109Degrees
betweeneachother.Ithasaverystrongbondandthereisnofreelymovingparticlesinit
thereforeelectricitycannotpassthroughit

Fullereneismadeofpentagonsandhexagonsitiscovalentlybondedandisasemi
conductor.

4.2.10Describethestructureofsiliconandsilicondioxideandtherebonding

ThisisthestructureofSiliconDioxide

Tohavethestructureofsiliconjusttakeofftheoxygens

4.3.1Describethetypesofintermolecularforces=HydrogenBonding,DipoleDipole,
VanderWaalforces

Rememberthis!

Theintermolecularbondarecreatedfromelectrostaticattractionduetoadipolealsothere
couldbeHydrogenBondinglikeinwater.Ifyoubreakintermolecularforcesitwillturnintoa
gas

BiggertheDipolethemoreattractionbetweeneachmoleculeexampleFluorineand
Hydrogentogether=BigDipolebetweeneachmoleculeofFluorineandHydrogen

VanderWaalistheweakestmolecularforce.Moreelectrons=MoreVanderWaalforces
alsomoresurfaceareaMoreVanderWaal

4.3.2Describeandexplainhowintermolecularforcesaffecttheboilingpointsof
substances

HydrogenFluoride

HydrogenChloride

Boilingpoints(Temperature
inCelsius)

20C

85

TheDipoleinHydrogenFluorineisstrongerthantheDipoleinChlorineduetoFluorine
havingastrongerelectronegativitythanChlorine.TheDipolescreateHydrogenbonds
whichareatypeofstrongbond.

TheirmolecularstructureaffecttheBoilingpointsofeachmolecule

4.4.1DescribetheMetallicbondastheelectrostaticattraction

Metallicbondsoccurduetothevalenceelectronsarelooseandfalloffandcreatesapile
ofthemandfromtheelectrostaticattractionbetweenthemformMetallicbonds

4.4.2Explaintheelectricalconductivityandmalleabilityofmetals

Metalsaremalleable(bendy)sincethemetallicionshavesomefreedomtomoveinthe
structuresincethemetallicbondsareunidirectional.Ioniccompoundswillcrack.Anything
with"FreelyMovingChargedParticles"willconductelectricitywhichinthecaseofmetals
isthedelocalizedseaofelectrons.

4.5.1Compare,explainthepropertiesofsubstancesresultingfromdifferenttypesof
bonding

WecanseeontheperiodictablethatfromSodiumtoAluminiumwecanseethereisan
increaseinboilingpointandwhyisthat?itisduetothetheincreasedelectrostatic
attractionbetweeneachotherduetoAluminiumhavinga+3chargeasanionandNa
havingonlya+1charge

MethaneCH4requireslessenergytoputinagaseousstatethanhexaneC6H14isharder
toputinagaseousstateandwhyisthat?

ItisduetotheVanDerWaalForcesinbetweenthemasmoreelectronsmeansmoreVan
DerWaalForcesthereforeastrongerbondbetweeneachother

AlsotheHigherthesurfaceareathemoreVanderWaalForceswhichiswhythetopone
ishardertobreakdown

WehaveHydrogenBondingduetoitsmolecularstructurewhichastrongtypeofbonding
theotheronehasDipoleDipolewhichisweakertypeofbondbutyetstrongerthanVan
DerWaalForces