ANALYZING TAPER FITS FOR MANUFACTURING

AND DESIGN

26.54. ANALYZING TAPER FITS FOR MANUFACTURING

AND DESIGN
Machine components must be assembled with a taper t having a single 7/8in (2.22cm) diameter bolt, Fig. 26c , with an end pressure plate applying force
to a tapered hub. The hub dimensions are: D o = 7 in (17.78 cm); d o = 5 in
(12.7 cm); and L = 10 in (25.4 cm). The shaft taper is characterized by four
parameters: = 5.7106; D = 6 in (15.24 cm); d = 4 in (10.16 cm); d i = 3 in
(7.62 cm). Assume a friction coecient, , = 0.15; safety factor S F = 3; and
the bolt torque coecient, K = 0.2. For an applied bolt torque T = 4000 lb
in. (452.0 N m), determine the shaft and hub stresses and the torque
resistance of the assembly.

26.54.1. Calculation Procedure:

1. Determine the contact pressure in this taperedt
Use Eq. 3, having the nomenclature shown below. Or

(3)
Then,

2. Compute the shaft stresses

Use Eqs. 4 and 5, below. Thus

(4)

(5)

Figure 26. Three types of tapered ts. (Machine Design.)

3. Find the hub stresses
Use Eqs. 6, 7, and 8. Thus,

(6)

(7)

(8)

4. Determine the torque resistance of the assembly

Use Eq. 9. Thus,

(9)

Related Calculations. One of the most eective methods of mounting

mechanical components onto shafts uses taper ts. Such ts rely on a
wedging of mating surfaces to lock components in place. Machine elements
with taper ts usually are mounted and disassembled more easily than are
those with alternative shrink ts. Also, taper ts eliminate the sometimes
unwieldy heating and cooling of members required for shrink-t assembly.
Bushings with a tapered outside diameter, Fig. 26a, probably are the most
commonly used devices for obtaining taper ts. These bushings slip easily
onto conventional shafts and rmly grip sheaves, pulleys, sprockets, and
couplings when integral screws or bolts are tightened. To permit such
assembly, the drive components require a mounting hole with a tapered
diameter. If a tapered mounting hole cannot be machined into components,
then a special tapered hub must be welded or bolted on.

Certain applications cannot accommodate a tapered bushing between the

hub and shaft. For these cases, the hub must be mounted directly onto a
shaft that has one end machined in a taper, Fig. 26b . Such a tapered huband-shaft mounting conguration has had little coverage in the literature,
unlike mountings with taper-t bushings. Consequently, there are few
guidelines on how to analyze and size tampered hub-and-shaft mountings.
Nevertheless, appropriate mathematical expressions can be developed by
applying simple force balance principles from statics and by applying stress
equations for interference ts.
Four parameters must be analyzed to design eective taper ts. These are:
(1) contact pressure; (2) shaft stresses, (3) hub stresses; (4) torque
resistance. The following equations, used above, can be used to analyze
taper ts.
For most practical purposes, the friction coecient in taper ts, , can be
assumed to fall in the range of 0.12 to 0.20. Using Fig. 27 and the
nomenclature for reference, the contact pressure can be found using Eq. 1,
or

(1)
For cases where the assembly force is applied by bolts threaded into the
shaft, the contact pressure in the taper t must be expressed in terms of the
bolt torque, T. Then, the bolt force for n bolts is given by Eq. 2,

(2)
Values for K, which is the bolt torque coecient, are given in Table 30. These
data assume a bolt friction of 0.15. When such data are not available, it
usually can be assumed that K = 0.2.
Assuming the bolt force F B = the assembly force, F, Eq. 2 can be substituted
into Eq. 1 to give Eq. 3, above.
From the literature on press ts, the radial and tangential stresses on a
hollow shaft are dened as those given in Eqs. 4 and 5, above. Equations 4
and 5 were derived for a hollow shaft with an inside diameter d i . For solid

shafts, d i = 0.

Figure 27. (a) Geometry of a tapered t. (b) Free-body diagram

shows that an assembly force applied to the hub end produces
force reactions at the inside hub surface. (c) Taper ts depend on
frictional forces between the hub and shaft to provide resistance to
applied torque. (Machine Design.)
Hub stresses are given by three equations, namely Eqs. 6, 7, and 8, above.
Torque resistance is given by Eq. 9, above.
This procedure is the work of Thomas L. Angle, Supervisor, Equipment
Engineering, WEMCO, as reported in Machine Design magazine. SI values
were added by the handbook editor.
Nomenclature

Contact area, in 2 (cm2)

Bolt nominal diameter, in (cm)

Shaft large inside diameter and hub large outside diameter, in

(cm)

Do

Hub large outside diameter, in (cm)

Shaft small outside diameter and hub small inside diameter, in

(cm)

di

Shaft inside diameter, in (cm)

do

Hub small outside diameter, in (cm)

Assembly force, lb (N)

FB

Bolt force, lb (N)

Ff

Frictional force, lb (N)

Bolt torque coecient

Length of contact, in (cm)

Applied torque, lb in (N m)

Normal force, lb (N)

Number of bolts

Contact pressure, lb/in 2 (kPa)

Shaft outside radius, in (cm)

SF

Safety factor

S rh

Radial hub stress, lb/in 2 (kPa)

S rs

Radial shaft stress, lb/in 2 (kPa)

S thl

Tangential hub stress at large end of taper, lb/in 2 (kPa)

S ths

Tangential hub stress at small end of taper, lb/in 2 (kPa)

S ts

Tangential shaft stress at outer surface, lb/in 2 (kPa)

Bolt torque, lb in (N m)

Taper angle,

Friction coecient between tapered shaft and hub

Citation
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Tyler G. Hicks: Handbook of Mechanical Engineering Calculations, Second Edition.

ANALYZING TAPER FITS FOR MANUFACTURING AND DESIGN, Chapter (McGraw-Hill
Professional, 2006 1998), AccessEngineering

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