Future Mobility

Enhanced Mobility Edition
Lead Innovate Integrate Deliver
30 YEARS DOWN THE ROAD
See accelerates own
WARFIGHTER
ROUNDTABLE
page 20
We have to be able to go

anywhere in the world.
A
rmy Chief of Staff
General Raymond T. Odierno
The 30-Year Strategy

and How We Get There
Legendary physicist Niels Bohr said, Prediction is
very difficult, especially if its about the future.
Even though we cant predict where in the world
our military forces may be sent to respond to a crisis and the changing fiscal landscape has the
potential to affect ongoing research and development these things are certain: If we intend to
develop superior technology for future forces, we
must start today, and our collaborative partners
need to leverage each others skills, resources and
knowledge bases to deliver advanced technology
more quickly and efficiently.
TARDEC teams have devoted tremendous amounts
of time, effort and intelligence to mapping out a plan
for the future a 30-Year Strategy. In alignment
with the Armys overall 30-year acquisition strategy,
the plan serves to guide our priorities and creates a
reference for collaboration an opportunity to synchronize our technical discussion with each other,
our PEO counterparts, industry and academia.
This initiative involves more than just reassigning
tasks our goal is to implement a cultural shift
that fosters innovation, best practices and excellent
performance. This may seem a bit ambitious in this
period of declining resources, but were looking at
capabilities with enduring value and relevance for
the Soldiers of 2040 and beyond.
Were making the strategic pivot to steer research
and development in a new direction. That means
we dump the bolt-on approach (which was necessary in a rapid-response environment) in favor of
integrated, platform-level solutions designed to fit
open architectures. Rather than focusing on single
components with near-term applications, well
enable designed-in adaptability and integrated
solutions with current programs of record.
To achieve our goals, well need partners more than
ever. We also need to follow a few basic principles:
Get out of our own way. We have to overcome obstacles to elevate our performance, unleash our potential and relay knowledge across technical focus areas.
Conduct purposeful engagement with industry
and academia. We must maximize partnering
opportunities to achieve significant technological
breakthroughs during challenging, budget-constrained times.
Purposeful investment in human capital, laboratories, and modeling and simulation proficiency.
The Army is investing in new facilities here, such as
a new Vehicle Characterization Laboratory and the
Vehicle
Electronics
Architecture
Systems
Integration Technology Hangar. Assets like these,
added to our Ground Systems Power and Energy
Laboratory, give us a one-of-a-kind collection of
world-class research and test facilities.
Although we are in the initial stages of development,
our efforts are already bearing fruit. TARDEC is moving forward to develop a worldwide deployable,
operationally mobile, survivable ground vehicle
capability and is prepared to provide solutions to the
challenges set by the Chief of Staff of the Army to
decrease the logistics burden and increase operational effectiveness of ground systems. Additional
value is seen beyond what we can quantify today.
It includes increased communication, increased
efficiencies, leveraged internal capabilities and
purposefully engaged partners.
We dont know what the future has in store for us.
But we have a powerful vision to guide our journey.
Well proceed with the knowledge that the nation
needs the Army to respond anywhere on the globe
with tailorable vehicles that can adjust to emerging
threats and unpredictable environments.
Paul D. Rogers, Ph.D., SES
TARDEC Director
accelerate | ENHANCED MOBILITY EDITION | tardec.army.mil
Enhanced Mobility Edition
DISCLAIMER: accelerate is published by TARDEC. Articles express the written views of

the authors and not necessarily official opinion of the Department of the Army (DoA). If
articles are reprinted, please cite accelerate, the author and photographer.
On the Cover: The quote from Army Chief of Staff

GEN Raymond Odierno expresses this issues theme
concisely. To remain the best military in the world,
U.S. forces must heighten our advantage in mobility.
TARDEC has dedicated itself to developing
technology that makes that goal achievable.
Michael I. Roddin
Editor-in-Chief
4
16
Reference herein to any specific commercial company, product, process or service by

trade name, trademark, manufacturer or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or
imply its endorsement, recommendation or favoring by the United States Government
(USG) or DoA. The opinions of the authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or
reflect those of the USG or DoA and shall not be used for advertising or product
endorsement purposes.
POSTMASTER:
Please send address changes to: U.S. Army TARDEC, 6501 E. 11 Mile Road, Bldg. 200A,
RDTA-ST, Mail Stop #206, Warren, MI, 48397-5000.
12
20
4 Exploring Future Mobility

How future vehicles will maneuver with
supreme agility
8 Burst of Power
Pursuing Advanced Propulsion for Onboard
Power a leap in electric power generation
Kimberly Cobb
12 Combat Ready
PEO Ground Combat Systems moves forward
with vital modernization efforts
Bill Good
30
20 Listening to the Warfighter
A panel of experienced warfighters share
their views on where ground vehicle
development should go from here
28 S
oldier Innovation Workshop
Soldiers, engineers and college design
students create visions of tomorrow
30 W
orking With Energy
The Army and Department of Energy find
mutual technical interests with potential
long-term value
16 Energy Intelligence
Academic partners could improve unmanned
vehicles capacity to complete missions
Dr. Tulga Ersal
EDITORIAL ADVISORS
Dr. Paul Rogers
TARDEC Director
Magid Athnasios
Executive Director
Systems Integration
& Engineering
Jennifer Hitchcock
CONTRIBUTING EDITORS
EDITORIAL STAFF
David Thomas
Dr. Tulga Ersal
Michael I. Roddin
Dave Taylor
Dr. M. Abul Masrur
Associate Director
National Automotive Center
Chief of Staff
Derhun Sanders
Executive Director
Research, Technology & Integration
Deputy Chief of Staff

for G2/3/5 (Security, Operations,
Communications & Outreach
Dr. David Gorsich
Michael I. Roddin
TARDEC Chief Scientist
Deputy Assistant Chief of Staff, G5

Communications & Outreach
Research Scientist
University of Michigan
TARDEC Researcher
William Good
Public Affairs Office

PEO Ground Combat Systems
TSgt. Dan Heaton
127th Wing Public Affairs Office

Selfridge Air National Guard Base
Kimberly Cobb
Editorial Support
Ground Vehicle Power and Mobility
34
38
44
34 Wireless Recharging
Engineers study wireless power transfer in
the field, which could increase safety and
ease burdens
40
Editor-in-Chief
Jerry Aliotta
Managing Editor
Dan Desmond
Senior Editor /Writer
Brian Ferencz
Art Director
Rachel Ferhadson
Project Manager
Matt December
Writer/Editor
42
48
42 All-American Bowl
Showcasing Army technologies and capabilities
for students
Amanda Dunford
Dr. M. Abul Masrur
38 Blast Test Hub

The military turns to Occupant Protection
Lab at Selfridge ANGB to reduce injuries
44 rpm Info in Brief

TARDECs 30-Year Strategy, repurposing video
game technology and improving HMMWV
protection
TSgt. Dan Heaton
40 CRADA Celebration
VIP event spotlights impact of research
agreements with partners
47 Ask the Expert

Explaining how changes in mobility research
can lead to best possible off-road systems
Dave Gunter
48 Five Things you should know about the

Palladin Self-Propelled Howitzer
Dont Predict the Future, Invent it!

Crystal balls, Nostradamus and time machines aside, predicting the future is, well, nearly impossible and the results
are often terribly unreliable and impractical. Unless of course
you develop specific criteria as one scientist has related in an
article published by the International Herald Tribune.

Theoretical Physics Professor Dr. Michio Kaku, City College of New York, states, ... the laws of physics must be
obeyed and prototypes must exist that demonstrate proof of
principle. Ive interviewed more than 300 of the worlds top
scientists, and many allowed me into laboratories where they
are inventing the future. Their accomplishments and dreams
are eye-opening. His bottom-line assessment science will
continue to be the engine of prosperity.

TARDECs scientists and researchers, in close collaboration with Program Executive Office (PEO) Ground Combat
Systems (GCS) and PEO Combat Support & Combat Service
Support, and other key industry and academia partners, are inventing the future to predict what ground vehicle mobility will
hold for Soldiers 30 years from now. A daunting task to say the
least. Answers to the research questions being posed by this
network of engineers cannot be reliably addressed through
traditional straight-line trend analysis or current modeling and
simulations algorithms. These approaches, though logical, are
lacking because the data and information to support long-term
research and development are uncertain at best, by design are
incomplete, are continually evolving and are highly susceptible
to emerging technology implosions and subsequent threats
from hostile entities that have yet to be identified. So what
does the future of ground mobility look like?

This special mobility edition shows how our engineers are
applying scientific techniques to create unique opportunities
and risk assessments to address highly complex, long-term
issues that will most certainly impact ground vehicle mobility in 2040 and beyond. As they look ahead, multiple mobility
options emerge as strong concept contenders, from todays
state-of-the-art to tomorrows art-of-the-possible. Join us for
a cursory look at how our engineers and scientists are identifying plausible future ground vehicle system capabilities and
potentiality, leading to alternative mobility futures and a host
of potential breakthrough technologies for advanced Soldier
mobility systems.
Groundbreaking advancements in maneuverability are
significant goals driving TARDECs 30-Year Strategy. Our lead
article features the Mobility Demonstrator, a key Innovation
Project that combined a diverse team of engineers charged
with thinking into the future and examining how vehicles will
maneuver decades from now.

Our forward-looking partners at PEO GCS discuss how
12 years of combat experience have informed them how to
make dramatic technology advancements that will modernize
the Abrams Main Battle Tank, Bradley Fighting Vehicle and
Stryker Vehicle fleets to provide optimum support on a digitized battlefield to Armored Brigade Combat Team formations.

Exploring the relational possibilities for managing energy
intelligence in unmanned vehicles, Dr. Tulga Ersal, Assistant
Research Scientist at the University of Michigan and Center

Research Integration Lead at the Automotive Research Center, is collaborating with TARDEC engineers on an energy
intelligence system that allows a robot to self-determine its
internal operating state based on external environmental
conditions that impact its mission. The potential for applying
this research to future military operational mobility capabilities is endless.

Further, former Ford Motor Co. scientific lab researcher
and current Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Fellow, TARDEC Research Engineer Dr. M. Abul Masrur
explores the possible uses and challenges associated with
wireless power transfer technology. Find out how Integrating recharge capabilities using wirelessly transferred power
from source-to-load could significantly improve dismounted
Soldier operations in remote locations.

Combine a group of seasoned TARDEC engineers, combat-experienced Soldiers from the 82nd Airborne Division
and innovative industrial design students from the College
for Creative Studies, and you have the catalyst for something
magical. These diverse participants explored the conceptual
requirements for an Early Entry Combat Vehicle capability for
the Army during Soldier Innovation Workshop III held earlier this fiscal year. The group explored the concepts for potential vehicle interiors, suspension systems, hulls, weapon
systems and turrets, vision systems and a variety of vehicle
packages, among other mobility enhancements.

An absolute must read, TARDEC Soldiers provided the
editorial team frank, uncensored and analytical feedback
during a Warfighter Panel about how technology can best
support future combat operations. Their comments and discussions relating to battlefield mobility might just surprise
you. Based on their collective experiences as warfighters and
logisticians serving in both Iraq and Afghanistan during the
last 12 years, their experience from multiple deployments to
theater in both urban and rural environments can help Army
planners better understand how vehicle systems must respond to countless hostile scenarios and battle conditions.

Last, but certainly not least, TARDEC Engineer David
Gunter explains how mobility research is changing the face
of systems engineering integration, and how TARDEC researchers are advancing the art-of-the-possible to improve
off-road mobility for all ground vehicle systems.

I leave you with this thought. Internationally acclaimed
computer scientist Alan Kay sums up technology predictions, saying: Dont worry about what anybody else is going
to do The best way to predict the future is to invent it.
Really smart people with reasonable funding can do just
about anything that doesnt violate too many of Newtons
Laws! And that, my friends, is exactly what the Armys
ground vehicle community is doing inventing the future
of mobility!
Michael I. Roddin
Editor-in-Chief
EXPLORING
FUTURE MOBILITY
Groundbreaking advancements in vehicle mobility play a significant part in
TARDECs 30-Year Strategy. Innovation and forward thinking will play an
essential role in examining how vehicles will maneuver with supreme agility
in the decades to come.
By accelerate Staff
s the ground vehicle community develops future systems in coordination with

the Armys 30-Year Strategy, U.S.
Army Tank Automotive Research
Development and Engineering
Center (TARDEC) associates are
exploring the realm of the possible
with future mobility systems.
TARDEC engineers and planners
are playing a central role in the
wide-ranging endeavor to innovate
and rethink the notion of mobility,
escalating it to new levels of adaptability in any operational environment. The concept process started
with a TARDEC Innovation Project
called the Mobility Demonstrator,
and some of those ideas have spun
into two other key projects the
Capabilities Demonstration 1 project
(guided by the 30-Year Strategy), and
the Ground eXperimental Vehicle
(GXV) project TARDEC is working on with the Defense Advanced
Research Projects Agency (DARPA).
One of the guiding principles in
the TARDEC 30-Year Strategy is
developing ground vehicle capabilities that will fundamentally change
the way Soldiers accomplish missions and provide enduring value
for the Army of 2025 and beyond,
explained Dr. David Gorsich,

TARDEC Chief Scientist. Future
mobility systems have to be flexible,
adaptable, agile and deployable in all
environments.
When TARDEC Director Dr. Paul
Rogers kicked off the Mobility
Demonstrator one of the first
advanced mobility projects he
prepped the engineering team with
a simple but liberating message to
spark their creativity: Challenge the
existing paradigm.
This effort challenged our engineers to think differently about
future combat vehicle design, stated
Mike Blain, the Ground Vehicle
Power and Mobility (GVPM) Deputy
Associate Director.
That was December 2012, when
TARDEC explored a variety of
future mobility concepts that offered
modularity, advanced drive trains
and component commonality.
GVPM engineers took a non-traditional path, performing subsystem-by-subsystem evaluations as
they delved into the art-of-thepossible. They looked at systems
such as common chassis, wheelsto-tracks transformation systems,
high-power-dense engines, advanced
suspension systems, electrified propulsion systems, advanced energy

storage systems and advanced thermal management systems.
We started talking about: What is
the art-of-the-possible for a future
mobility platform that is about 40
tons in weight and component commonality is the primary driver for
the design? Blain recalled.
As the team began work on concept
evaluations, they received early
design assistance from TARDECs
Soldier Innovation Workshops.
TARDEC has held three of these
workshops since December 2012
that combine engineers, activeduty Soldiers and transportation
design students from the College for
Creative Studies (CCS) in Detroit.
As students sketched future concepts, engineers began to visualize
the feasibility of their ideas. We
created 145 concepts and ideations
in three days, Blain explained. Not
all were possible, but others made us
think, You might have something
here.
SPINNING OFF
In addition, TARDEC is sponsoring a CCS transportation design
class project to design an Extremely
Drawing by James Scott
Multi-modal Mobility vehicle for

the future. This project focuses on
capability demonstrations from the
30-Year Strategy that will inform
expeditionary and optionally
manned capabilities in urban and
cross-country environments. The
process will help shape requirements
by capturing user input to influence
TARDECs research, engineering and
concepting efforts.
The idea factory re-imagining
mobility has evolved into bona fide
research initiatives, including the
Capability Demonstration 1 project
and efforts with DARPA on GXV
concepts.
The GXV project has initiated several seedling evaluations involving
other groups exploring the technical
feasibility of advanced and in
some cases, radical mobility concepts and performance assessments
for a smaller, lighter, more agile vehicle that could move over previously
inaccessible terrain.
The bottom line is

that this program has
really challenged us to
think outside the box and
look to the future.
Mike Blain
GVPM Deputy Associate
Director
Operational forces have been
limited in mobility due to the terrain they encounter, and TARDEC
is helping to research how GXV
could travel over different kinds
of terrain, explained Paul Decker,
Deputy Program Manager for
DARPA GXV and Adaptive Vehicle
Make (AVM). Theyve also looked
at the traditional trade space and
expanded research into whats possible. TARDEC is playing a key role
in determining what future mobility
and performance in military vehicles
will mean.
Virtual tools and techniques are

already prevalent in these analyses.
TACOMs Cost and Systems Analysis
Group has looked at operational
vignettes, and computer-aided
design (CAD) models enabling
physics-based assessments allow
researchers to test scenarios that a
GXV may encounter.
TARDEC intends to continue working with DARPA to ensure GXV
moves forward as a program.
PRACTICAL MATTERS
The Mobility Demonstrator team
looked into future art-of-the-possible mobility-related sub-system
technologies. Engineers investigated
future technologies such as advanced
suspension systems, wheels-to-tracks
transformation systems, advanced
power packs, novel thermal management systems, next generation power
electronics and advanced energy
storage systems. They looked for
ways to overcome the primary limitation of high-speed travel over the
Drawing by James Scott
Concept from Soldier

Innovation Workshop
ground its more challenging than

travel through the air because of the
terrains non-uniformity. Advanced
suspension systems that react to the
changing terrain conditions with
preview-sensing technology would
permit greater cross-country speeds.
Currently, our suspension systems
jounce and rebound based on an
impact, Blain commented. You
hit a bump and then the suspension reacts. If the vehicle could see
ahead, it could react to obstructions
prior to impact.
Another challenge for off-road travel
is ground pressure. Vehicles with low
ground pressure have the capability to
traverse softer soils. One potential solution is a wheels-to-tracks transformation prototype technology, which can
morph the circular wheel into an oblong
track shape. This conversion would
create lower ground pressure, allowing a
vehicle to be less road-bound and travel
off-road across softer soils.
Next, the team explored what advanced power packs may be needed
to power vehicles in 30 years. We
want our future engines to be much
more power dense and consume less
fuel, explained Blain. To get the
power density we desire, potentially
a completely new engine configuration may be required.
Their objective is effective generation of power, minimizing or eliminating losses through inefficient
devices or waste as heat. Future
mobility will also most likely be
highly electrified for greater control,
efficiencies and capabilities, and require highly efficient transmissions
and novel thermal management systems. The team envisions high-voltage electrification for propulsion,
weapon and defensive systems, but
low voltage inside the crew compartment for safety.
TARDEC is already developing
intelligent control for electrified
propulsion systems that offer other

benefits, such as exportable power
sharing, silent mobility and potential
fuel economy though the intelligent on-off control of devices that
continually draw power from the
engine. The bottom line is that this
program has really challenged us to
think outside the box and look to the
future and plan for the next steps,
Blain summarized.
Wherever these concepts and ideas
lead, were at the dawn of a new era
in mobility. As Rogers has pointed
out on several occasions, TARDEC
has an opportunity to help the Army
change the equation for the next
generation of warfighters and fundamentally transform the way we fight.
Mobility is a core capability that will
help the Army resolve challenges
commonly encountered by land
forces and achieve overwhelming
superiority.
BURST OF POWER
The never-ending quest for more electrical power to support troops
and their missions poses significant challenges to ground vehicle
designers. TARDEC engineers are pursuing a solution called
Advanced Propulsion for Onboard Power, which represents a leap
ahead in electric power generation.
By Kimberly Cobb
ncreased consumer demand and

dependence on electronic devices
has spiked exponentially in recent
years, but is nothing compared to the
explosive demand for state-of-the-art
technology on the battlefield. Nearly
all warfighter improvements, regardless of how incremental, require
increased power to provide Soldiers
and Marines the most advanced technologies available.
Historically, the solution set for powering new capabilities was developing
more powerful traditional alternators. Over the past decade, U.S.
Army Tank Automotive Research
Center (TARDEC) subject-matter
experts (SMEs) have worked tirelessly
to increase alternator technology
from the 10-20 kilowatt (kW) range
up to 25-30 kW. Although 25-30 kW
alternators are now available and are
the short-term vehicle Engineering
Change Proposal requirement, SMEs
predict that soon even this power-generation capability will not be
enough to meet long-term military
needs.
Researchers and engineers are adamant that the military needs new
solutions that provide significantly
increased electrical power for future
vehicle platforms. Accordingly,
TARDEC engineers are researching high-voltage inline generators
under the Advanced Propulsion with
Onboard Power (APOP) project.
APOP integrates technology engineers believe will generate up to 160
kW of power. This new integrated
starter-generator (ISG) technology
sits on the drive line between the
engine and transmission and is
used for power generation, to start
the vehicles engine and to boost
acceleration.
We can get by with traditional

alternators today and with higher
power alternators in the short term,
said TARDEC Electrical Engineer
Kevin Boice, Ground Vehicle Power
and Mobility (GVPM) Advanced
Propulsion Team, Principal
Investigator for the APOP project.
But that technology can only go so
far. Traditional alternators pose several problems they become difficult to cool at high power levels, and
they do not scale to meet the requirements we will have in the future. To
address these issues, we are developing alternative methods, through the
APOP project, to generate the much
higher levels of power that will be
required, Boice explained.
APOP technology provides significant benefits, because the huge
increase in power generation will
handle future Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance and
Reconnaissance (C4ISR) systems.
These technological advances will
also help integrate advanced electrified armor and energy weapon
technologies. APOP technology will
operate large vehicle auxiliary loads
more efficiently by increasing the
control of cooling fans and air conditioning systems. Power can also be
exported from the vehicle to support
basing operations. This focus optimizes controls and efficiency, and
enhances vehicle mobility.
A multi-year project, APOP will
be completed in phases. During
Phase 1, the APOP goal is to generate additional power to support
new vehicle systems and capabilities. Researchers are standing up
a Systems Integration Lab (SIL) in
TARDECs Propulsion Laboratory
to develop advanced controls for
the technology. Once accomplished,

engineers will integrate the system
into a vehicle demonstrator and
evaluate it in TARDECs Power
and Energy Vehicle Environmental
Laboratory, located in the Detroit
Arsenal Ground Systems Power and
Energy Laboratory.
We can get by with

traditional alternators
today and with higher
power alternators in
the short term. But that
technology can only go so
far. We are developing
alternative methods,
through the APOP project,
to generate the much
higher levels of power that
will be required.
Kevin Boice
APOP Principal
Investigator
GVPM Advanced
Propulsion Team
During later phases, GVPM
engineers will collaborate with
TARDECs Vehicle Electronics
Architecture team to develop common architectures with reduced
space claims and weight requirements for Onboard Vehicle Power
(OBVP) generation for integration
into future platforms. Ultimately,
this systems integration will reduce
electrical box size and cooling
requirements over the vehicles life
cycle. APOP will provide significantly more power without increasing weight or affecting available
vehicle space.
Opposite page: TARDEC Engineer Kevin Boice (left) works with Engineering Technician Gordy Hopper to prepare the
Advanced Propulsion for Onboard Power system for another round of evaluations in the Motor/Generator Test
Laboratory. (U.S. Army TARDEC photos.)
into the Stryker Demonstrator vehicle

in FY 2015, and then well move on
to the Bradley in FY 2016 where well
demonstrate the 160 kW capabilities in
the vehicle in 2018.
Future project research and development includes additional uses for
OBVP, such as:
Intelligent Stop/Start: this technology automatically shuts down
and restarts the internal combustion engine to reduce the amount
of time the engine spends idling,
thereby reducing fuel consumption and thermal emissions.
Boice explains how researchers monitor the APOP systems performance

from another room near the test lab, allowing them to view the device on one
screen and data on other screens.
We will be
developing two different
demonstrators to support
the APOP project. First,
we will integrate the 120
kW architecture into the
Stryker in FY 2015, and
then well move on to the
Bradley in FY 2016, where
well demonstrate the
160 kW capabilities in the
vehicle in 2018.
Kevin Boice
APOP Principal
Investigator
GVPM Advanced
Propulsion Team
To prove the technologys viability, the APOP team will integrate
and test High-Voltage Onboard
Generators on two vehicles the
Stryker and the Bradley Fighting
Vehicle (BFV).
10
Following reliability testing, APOP

will increase efficiency through
lower fuel consumption, enhanced
mobility, enabled power export and
capacity for future capability growth.
Specifically, APOP will:
Provide at least five times the
generation capability of current
combat vehicles with minimum
integration impact.
Improve operational energy efficiency and mobility gains.
Make electrified systems available when the engine is off.
Become a core technology to
enable future grid connectivity.
Increase TARDEC in-house capability to test and evaluate OBVP
technologies at the component and
SIL levels.
We will be developing two different
demonstrators to support the APOP
project, said Boice. First, we will integrate the 120 kilowatt [kW] architecture
Burst Power: this technology

complements engine horsepower
using the ISG to motor and
launch the vehicle.
Regenerative Braking: this technology recoups some energy loss
while the vehicle is stopping. This
technology is used on hybrid
vehicles that use both gas and
electricity as sources of power.
Recouped energy during braking
is saved in a storage battery and
used later to power the motor
whenever the vehicle is using its
electric power source.
Once these technologies are fully
developed and tested, demand
for them is expected to continue
increasing as new potential uses are
identified for OBVP, including using
it to provide vehicle-to-grid power
generation to power a base camp.
Further developing this APOP capability will support the Armys mission to reduce its logistics footprint
and provide Soldiers and Marines
a renewable energy source while
operating in remote locations. Other
potential uses are boundless and
encompass basically any new component that can be put on an electrical
bus, including electric armor or
energy weapons.
To demonstrate APOPs viability, the team plans to integrate and test High-Voltage Onboard Generators on a Stryker test
vehicle. (U.S. Army photo by SFC Alan B. Owens.)
APOP Advantages
Advanced Propulsion for Onboard Power (APOP) system provides Onboard Vehicle
Power. Integration of the APOP system in a vehicle brings the following benefits:
}
Electrical power to supply Current and Future Forces
Provides power for existing C4ISR systems and Soldier equipment
Enables advanced countermeasures, electrified armor and energy weapons
E xports power to grid for contingency basing operations.
}
Optimizes fuel efficiency
Generates power efficiently
Saves fuel while idling
Fully controls vehicle auxiliary loads
Editors Note: TARDEC Electrical Engineer and Principal APOP Project Investigator Kevin Boice, Ground Vehicle Power and
Mobility (GVPM) Advanced Propulsion Team, contributed his insight and expertise to this article.
11
COMBAT
READY
PEO Ground Combat Systems moving

forward with modernization changes to
Abrams, Bradley and Stryker.
12
By Bill Good, PEO GCS,

Public Affairs
ver the course of the last 12

years of ongoing combat
operations, the Army has
made dramatic improvements to all
their combat platforms in terms of
survivability and with a whole host
of advancements as it continues
to move towards a more digitized
battlefield.
Unfortunately, through the course of
all of those changes, our platforms
have become heavier, less mobile and
transportable, and are reaching their
limits in terms of automotive capacity and power generation to support
the vast array of digital systems that
are now such an integral part of our
combat formations.
As we take a look at the main
investments in the ground combat
vehicle portfolio that are planned
in the next few years, a major portion of those efforts are focused
on restoring the automotive performance that has eroded as the

Army added protection to their
vehicles, and upgrading those systems to allow for enough margin
for future programs of record to be
incorporated.
ARMORED BRIGADE
COMBAT TEAM
ABRAMS AND BRADLEY
ENGINEERING CHANGE
PROPOSALS
Every vehicle is designed to have
space, weight and power (SWaP)
margins for incremental improvements to be made. However, recent
upgrades to the Abrams and Bradley
Fighting Vehicle (BFV) platforms
have sapped this margin and left
little room for future improvements.
To help alleviate these SWaP constraints, the Army has launched
Engineering Change Proposal (ECP)
programs designed to buy back as
much margin as possible by redesigning and modernizing many elements of these platforms.
ECPs modify a system without
changing the essential capability.
That means the Abrams and Bradley
will still maintain their classic
appearance, but under the hood will
be a different matter.
The Abrams ECP program will help
ensure the Army can seamlessly
incorporate other programs of
record (PORs) into the Abrams well
into the future without degrading
operational performance.
The centerpiece of the Abrams ECP
upgrade will be restoring the power
margin through the integration of a
larger generator, improved slip ring,
battery management system and the
new power generation and distribution system. The ECP program is
Tank crew members from the Desert Rogues, 2nd Armored Brigade Combat Team, 3rd Infantry Division, circle their
M1A2SEP Abrams tank in preparation for their qualification attempt during the Gunnery Table VI event at Fort Stewart,
GA. The Army uses this event to certify that crews are combat ready and proficient at operating and maneuvering their
tank and its weapon systems. (U.S. Army photo by SGT Richard Wrigley.)
13
set to posture the tank to accept the

Army network components in the
near term, while building the necessary margin to accept future capabilities in the decades to come.
Other major Abrams ECP upgrades
will focus on communications, data
transmission and processing, and
survivability. The communications
upgrade will integrate the Joint
Tactical Radio System (JTRS) and
Handheld, Manpack, & Small Form
Fit (HMS), replacing the current single-channel ground and airborne radio
system (SINCGARS). Initial Abrams
ECP production is slated to begin at the
Joint Services Manufacturing Center in
Lima, OH, in 2017.
Like the Abrams tank, the BFVs
space, weight and power plus cooling
(SWaP-C) limits have been reached
within its current configuration.
To ensure the vehicle can enable

the Armys network investment and
incorporate other Army PORs without further degrading operational
performance, engineers will make
basic improvements as part of the
upcoming Bradley ECP program.
The current Army plan breaks the
Bradley ECP changes into two iterations. ECP 1 is designed to address
weight with early delivery of mature
products. It includes four capabilities:
E
xtended life track.
H
eavyweight track designed to
handle larger vehicle weights.
H
eavyweight torsion bars that
restore ground clearance lost
to increased weight, improving
cross-country mobility and underbelly blast protection.
I mproved durability road arms
and shock absorbers designed to

reduce operating costs and maintenance intervals at increased
vehicle weights.
ECP 2 focuses on meeting electric
power generation and computing
requirements for network systems.
ECP 2 will include an upgraded generator and power distribution system,
but will also require an engine and
transmission modification to ensure
Soldiers will not lose automotive
capability while powering network
systems.
Computing and data handling capability will also factor heavily into
the ECP effort. The Bradleys digital
bus architecture will be improved
by incorporating common intelligent displays, an improved slip
ring, improved Ethernet switch and
VICTORY computing architecture standards all of which will
U.S. Army Soldier from the 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division, pulls security next to an M2 Bradley
Fighting Vehicle during Decisive Action rotation 13-03, at the National Training Center in Fort Irwin, Calif. (U.S. Army photo
by SGT Eric M. Garland II.)
14
contribute to the integration and

handling of the large volumes of
data the new Army network systems
require.
GCS plans to apply both ECPs to 10
brigades. Some ECP 1 components
are projected to be delivered to the
field during fiscal years 2014 through
2018, depending on future defense
budgets. ECP 2 began the engineering design phase in FY 2013, and is
scheduled for initial fielding in FY
2018.
STRYKER BRIGADE
COMBAT TEAM (SBCT)
STRYKER ENGINEERING
CHANGE PROPOSAL
An M2 Bradley Fighting Vehicle delivers cavalry scout contestants to the range

to perform live small arms fire at night while competing in the Gainey Cup
Competition at Fort Benning, GA. (Photo by Marvin Lynchard.)
The Army is working on extensive

upgrades of both the Stryker Flat
Bottom Hull (FBH) and Double-V
Hull (DVH) variants through an
ECP program. The Stryker ECP
programs goal is to address current
SWaP-C-related deficiencies within
the platform and lay the foundation for success of future platform
improvements.
The Stryker ECP program is
designed to give us the best of both
worlds the improved survivability and mobility that came with the
DVH design, while buying back
some of the lost automotive performance due to increased weight and
electrical demand on the alternator, explained David Dopp, Project
Manager for the SBCT.
significant power and mobility.

This change will also mitigate the
mechanical power gap associated with
weight and parasitic electrical load
growth experienced over time. The
new chassis, suspension and tires are
optimized to match the new engine
and significantly increase the vehicles
mobility. Stryker ECP upgrades are
scheduled to begin in late FY17.
AUTHOR BIO:
Bill Good is a public affairs specialist for Program Executive
Office Ground Combat Systems.
He holds a BAS in Broadcasting
from Siena Heights University
and an MA in Public Relations
and Organizational Communication from Wayne State University.
The Army currently fields Strykers

with two different hull structures
the traditional FBH and the improved
DVH. That means that the ECP program has to account for two types of
vehicles that look very different under
the hood. All Stryker FBH and DVH
variants will receive in-vehicle network and electrical power upgrades.
DVH Strykers will also receive a
new engine and suspension, which
will allow the platform to buy back
Soldiers dismount from a Stryker, which will receive upgrades including

a new engine and suspension. These key engineering changes allow the
platform to buy back significant power and mobility. (U.S. Army photo
courtesy of PEO GCS.)
15
U-M Assistant Research

Scientist Jason Siegel
consults with Prof. Anna
Stefanopoulou.
Energy Intelligence
Robot energy intelligence can improve an unmanned vehicles capacity
to complete a mission. An Automotive Research Center team studied
an energy intelligence system that allows a robot to determine its
internal operating state and the external environmental conditions
that could disrupt its travel.
By Dr. Tulga Ersal
16
U-M research
students John
Broderick (left) and
Steve Vozar test
robot capabilities
using an energy
intelligence
program.
obility is the main purpose

and the Achilles heel of any
ground robotic platform.
The Automotive Research Center
(ARC) focused one of its case studies
this past year on the challenge of
enhancing mobility by giving robots
energy intelligence.
Led by the University of Michigan
(U-M), the ARC is the Armys Center
of Excellence (CoE) for ground vehicle modeling and simulation (M&S)
sponsored by TARDEC. The ARCs
basic research portfolio spans a wide
range: from vehicle dynamics to
human-centric design to vehicle system optimization and to advanced
materials, structures and powertrains. Each year, case studies from
several projects are shared among
researchers to foster synergy and
reap benefits far beyond what a single
project could contribute.
Because robot mobility is limited by
the amount of energy that can be carried onboard, one of the key
components for enhancing mobility

is to intelligently use their energy.
For a robot to determine if it has
enough energy to complete a certain
task or mission, it must be aware of
both its current internal operating
state and also the state of the external
environment that encompasses the
mission at hand, including the effects
of the specific terramechanics of the
path, the ambient temperature and
the thermal operating constraints of
its batteries. The combination of this
information provides the energy
intelligence ARC researchers have
demonstrated in this case study.
PLANNING
To optimize robotic mobility, energy
intelligence must be embedded into
every step from planning through mission execution. If the robot is given a
search mission, such as covering a
given area to search for hazardous
objects, there are many different algorithms that could be utilized to determine how the robot should cover the
area. ARC researchers are the first to
introduce robotic energy intelligence

into the planning of the mission.
The algorithms they use can be
incorporated into any path planning
algorithm to determine both the
shape of the path, and the velocity
profiles that will reduce energy consumption based upon what is known
about the terramechanics of the mission. This reduces the energy spent
per distance travelled and extends
the robots mission duration. Our
algorithms allow robots to accomplish their missions in the most energy-efficient way possible, stated
U-M Prof. Dawn Tilbury.
TERRAMECHANICS
Terramechanics is the study of land
locomotion, which is particularly
important with off-road vehicles.
Physical properties of the terrain
especially the strength and deformation of the soil greatly affect a
vehicles mobility. A robots energy
intelligence can be further boosted
by incorporating physics-based
17
ARC researchers
track a robots
velocity, battery
power and battery
temperature to
predict energy
availability.
BATTERY DYNAMICS
mathematical models of its interactions with the terrain.

According to U-M Prof. Huei Peng,
Propulsion power is a large percentage of the total power consumption
of robots, and it is possible for a robot
to completely lose mobility on soft
terrain. Understanding through terramechanics how the robot will perform on a specific terrain is a critical
element of energy intelligence.
Another element that affects a robots
performance is the amount of energy
required for turning, which can be as
much as 14 times what is used for
straight driving. Understanding this
concept and leveraging it properly
can mean the difference between the
robot completing a mission successfully or running out of energy. Prof.
Pengs group has developed validated
models that capture how different
soil types, turning radii, robot speeds
and robot design parameters affect
mobility energy requirements. His
team is also working to make the computations run efficiently as real-time
applications that will help predict the
amount of energy required, and to
improve the robots mobility when
traversing a particular terrain.
18
Onboard batteries are currently the

sole power source for robots, and the
complexities and limitations of batteries particularly those related to
temperature need to be factored
into a robots energy intelligence.
If the operating temperature of a battery exceeds its limits and overheats,
the battery control system will temporarily shut down operation and
enter into a cooling-down period.
During this stage, the robot is essentially paralyzed. ARC researchers
have shown that an example 1.5-hour
baseline field-testing drive cycle can
cause batteries to overheat, and raise
the battery temperature from 25C to
approximately 60C, which puts the
robot into cool-down paralysis.
To address this problem, a team of
researchers led by U-M Prof. Anna
Stefanopoulou has developed and
validated an electro-thermal battery
model, as well as an algorithm that
leverages this model to predict the
voltage and temperature response of
the battery. When the algorithm predicts that the battery is about to
reach unsafe temperatures, it limits
the power drawn from the battery to
thwart overheating, which allows the
battery to operate at its maximum

temperature limit and prevents cooldown paralysis.
Results of the ARC robotics case
study predict that a robot using this
algorithm could complete a mission
up to one-and-a-half times faster
than a robot that does not use it.
TRACKING AND
PREDICTION
Although actual mission execution
may differ significantly from M&S
exercises, the simulation predictions
are still useful. In fact, ARC researchers have found a way to fuse prior
knowledge with the data from realtime measurements for a more accurate prediction of whether the robot
has sufficient energy to complete a
mission as planned or if compromises
will be required to complete the task.
Professors Galip Ulsoy and Judy Jin
noted that, We may think we have
enough energy to complete the mission based on real-time data only, but
that may be incorrect, because relying only on the current data is equivalent to assuming that the terrain
conditions are uniform and do not
change. However, combining prior
knowledge with real-time data will
U-M Prof. Dawn

Tilbury with student
John Broderick
program a robot to
increase its energy
efficiency.
provide a much more accurate prediction of mission energy

requirements.
ARC researchers have incorporated
all of these models and algorithms
into an integrated approach that
could provide new capabilities for
energy intelligence to Army robots. A
TARDEC/ARC research team is
working to transition the new technology to TARDEC. The delivery of
the ARC-developed M&S software
for predicting thermo-electric battery response is just the beginning of
a long-term collaborative effort
between the ARC and TARDEC.
There are many complementary
efforts under way that can further
enhance robotic capabilities. For
example, Tilburys group also studies
tele-operation interfaces for land
robots with the goal of improving
that capability. Additionally, William
Smith, a Ph.D. student, is studying
the terramechanics of wheeled robots.

Smith is a DoD Science, Mathematics
and Research for Transformation
(SMART) Scholarship student who
works at TARDEC each summer
during his graduate studies and will
become a full-time employee after
graduation. This arrangement permits
TARDEC to leverage his expertise and
benefit from the resulting technology
transfer.
TARDEC also has an in-house
research program on terramechanics
led by Dr. Paramsothy Jayakumar
and supported by ARC researcher Dr.
Corina Sandu from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
The successful melding of all these
research results will lead to improved
robot mobility.
In addition to providing new energy
intelligence capabilities for TARDEC
robots, the new technology can be
used to perform robotic trade space
analyses and help support informed

tradeoffs for optimal performance.
The models can help answer questions such as whether adding another
battery pack will help a robot perform a longer mission, or instead add
too much weight and negatively
impact mobility. Ultimately, the
answers to this and other questions
will help TARDEC deliver better and
more useful robotic platforms to
Soldiers.
AUTHOR BIO:
Dr. Tulga Ersal is an Assistant
Research Scientist at the
University of Michigan and the
Automotive Research Centers
Research Integration Lead and
the Dynamics and Control of
Vehicles Thrust Area Leader. He
has a Ph.D. from the University
of Michigan in Mechanical
Engineering.
19
LISTENING TO THE
WARFIGHTER
What has the ground vehicle community done right? What can it do better?
A panel of experienced warfighters who now work at TARDEC gave
feedback on those questions and others. You may be surprised at what
they say about the Humvee, parrot drones and the Battle of the Bulge.
Soldiers with the 7th Special

Forces Group (Airborne)
perform off-road maneuvers
with light tactical all-terrain
vehicles (LTATVs) at Fort Bliss,
Texas, during a training
exercise. The Warfighter
Panel endorsed the concept of
smaller, faster vehicles
employing maneuver warfare
tactics. (U.S. Army photo by
SPC Steven Young.)
20
Over the last several years, what weve done is trade mobility for
survivability weve got to get back in line. I need tactical mobility for
the future. So we need to move toward mobility and figure out how do
we sustain survivability while increasing mobility.
GEN Raymond Odierno
U.S. Army Chief of Staff
accelerate Magazine editors recently

sat down with five TARDEC
associates four active-duty Army
officers and one Marine whos now
a civilian associate. We lobbed a few
questions at them to hear their views
on how vehicles and technology
could elevate our Future Forces
effectiveness in the field.
We premised this roundtable
discussion with the Jan. 23
comment by Army Chief of Staff
GEN Raymond Odierno, because
it reflects a recurring theme in the
Soldiers observations as they speak
about mobility and its essential
importance in maintaining kinetic,
offensive capabilities on the
battlefield.
The editors want to acknowledge
the National Defense Industry
Associations (NDIAs) Michigan
Chapter because we borrowed the
Warfighter Panel concept from
them. Each year at the NDIAs
annual Ground Vehicle Systems
Engineering and Technology
Symposium (GVSETS), the
conference features a similar
panel with unfiltered feedback
from Soldiers and Marines who
recently returned from theater. The
conversation with our Soldiers (and
former Marine) occurred earlier this
fiscal year.
Here are the participants:
LTC Sherwood Baker

Quality advisor with the Center for
Systems Integration. Baker has a Masters degree in
manufacturing and works
with various
product and
project managers, depots
and arsenals.
He has also
worked in the Project Manager (PM)
office for construction engineering
equipment, and as a software engineer
at Future Combat Systems. Baker is a
Military Intelligence officer, who has
served in intelligence assignments
all over the world. He has deployed
to Iraq three times and Afghanistan
three times, most recently returning
from Afghanistan in July 2013.
LTC Michael Powell

Powell is the Acting TARDEC Military Deputy. Previously, he worked
in PM Transportation Systems and was
the Product
Director for
the Armored
Security Vehicle (ASV). He
previously had
a two-year assignment at the Pentagon

in the Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army (Acquisition, Logistics and Technology), and a training-with-industry assignment with
General Dynamics Land Systems. As a
Major, he served as Assistant Product
Manager for Light Tactical Vehicles
where he managed the Up-Armored
HMMWV [High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle] fleet from
2005 to 2008.
MAJ Chris Orlowski

Orlowski serves as Assistant Product Manager Man Transportable
Robotic System Increment II in
the Robotics
Systems Joint
Project Office.
He began his
TARDEC
career in
Ground Vehicle Robotics and deployed
in support of the Joint Robotics Repair
Detachment in Afghanistan for six
months. Since his return, Orlowski
has worked on the M-160 Mine
Clearing System and the TALON
robot system.
MAJ Stephen Tegge

Tegge is special project officer on
the Early Entry Combat Vehicle
(EECV) program. EECV involves
21

The Special
Operations guys go way
back where regular
troops dont go. They
liked to use the smaller
vehicles. They can get in
and out, they can be airdropped, they can drive
off the back of another
vehicle.
an air-droppable firepower platform

and the next-generation close-combat vehicle.
He taught
doctrine at
Fort Benning,
GA, at the
Infantry Captains Career
Course, and
previously
commanded Alpha Company 2nd
Battalion, 7th Cavalry Regiment
in Iraq and led a rifle platoon in
Afghanistan.
LCpl Brock Brani

Brani works at the TARDEC Software Engineering Center. Projects
include the
MRAP Digital Backbone.
Previously,
he worked
with Special
Operations
Command
(SOCOM)
on engineering changes for SOCOM
vehicles. In the U.S. Marine Corps,
LCpl Brani served as an Infantryman
with Charlie Company, 1st Battalion,
24th Marines Regiment in Iraq and
Peru.
22
Q: Lets talk about mobility. What

did you find were the best options
on the battlefield?
LTC Baker: The last time I was in
Afghanistan, it was with the Special
Operations community. They had a
different mission. They liked to use
the smaller vehicles. They can get
in and out, they can be air-dropped,
they can drive off the back of another
vehicle. The Special Operations guys
go way back where regular troops
dont go. But there was a gap in capability. They had M-ATVs and they
had the smaller vehicles but there was
nothing in between. [Warfighters]
are willing to sacrifice some protection for more mobility.
MAJ Tegge: To me, mobility far outdoes protection. I would have thrown
away plates and equipment to get the
mobility.
LTC Baker: The trouble with that
is, if you have a casualty, you have a
commander who has to explain to his
commander, who has to explain to a
congressman, who has to explain to
the parents why that Soldier wasnt
wearing his protective gear.
LTC Powell: Protective gear is one
thing, but when we start talking
about vehicles, especially the
HMMWV, there is a big tradeoff
between survivability and mobility.
As Major Tegge alluded to, mobility
is essential because it enables vehicles to get out of the way of enemy
attacks.
Take the HMMWV for example.
Some would argue that we added too
much armor on the side of a vehicle that was initially not designed to
support that weight. It caused a lot
of cascading effects associated with
the suspension system, the engine
and so forth. If you are going to
increase survivability, you are also
going to have to increase other vehicle components such as engine size
and transmission. There are a lot

of increases that need to take place
to go along with those survivability
impacts.
MAJ Tegge: The HMMWV was
the savior for my guys. I had the
most Purple Hearts of any unit in
my brigade but had no KIAs [killed
in action] when I was in command
because we were able to fight them
more on our terms by virtue of using
HMMWVs. We would take out our
Bradley [Fighting Vehicles] and
tanks once in a while we used
those when we had to go where we
knew there were IEDs [improvised
explosive devices]. When we took
out the HMMWVs, we could drive
through neighborhoods, we could
whip through traffic, we could go
anywhere, and we wouldnt tear
down their power lines. You could
send three platoons in three different
directions and converge on the objective from multiple angles.
The key to survival was going to
where the IEDs werent. All we have
done by increasing our [armor] protection and increasing the vehicles
weight and height is limit ourselves
to going where the IEDs are going
to be. Yes, we will survive [a blast],
but [the enemy] will make a bigger bomb. With the body armor we
lose the mobility. You have to take
a knee, return fire and call in artillery instead of maneuvering on the
enemy. Mobility gives you the ability to fight smartly. In my opinion,
the focus has to be on faster, lighter,
smaller vehicles. You are not going
to be able to hit me with an ATGM
[anti-tank guided missile] or shoot
me with a tank if I am going 70
mph and were in and out of the terrain. We wouldnt have traded our
HMMWVs for anything.
LTC Powell: One of the challenges
we had back then is that we were
basically armoring a beer can.
We had the GVW [gross vehicle
weight] at a certain level and we had

exceeded that weight tremendously
by the time I had left that program
office. The HMMWV was never
intended to be used as a combat platform; it was intended to be a utility
vehicle. As we look out to the future,
whatever capabilities we come up
with, we have to make sure that they
are flexible because we never know
what that vehicle or platform will
ultimately be used for. Just like we
never thought that the HMMWV
would be a combat platform, but
it was used that way in Iraq and
Afghanistan.
A CH-53E Super Stallion assigned with Marine Heavy Helicopter

Squadron 462 transports a HMMWV at Kajaki, Helmand province,
Afghanistan, Oct. 7, 2013. Soldiers said that HMMWVs proved valuable in
operations because of their maneuverability and agililty. (U.S. Marine
Corps photo by Sgt. Gabriela Garcia)
Mobility gives you

the ability to fight smartly.
In my opinion, the focus
has to be on faster, lighter,
smaller vehicles.
Brani: I agree with Major Tegge.
Our base platform in the Marine
Corps at the time in the city of Fallujah was the up-armored HMMWV
and it wasnt even the fully upgraded
armor; it was the plate armor at the
time, when I got in country. It still
had a little bit of maneuverability
but being in the city, you are still
subjected to turning into a small
alley and being shot at, or being hit
with a complex IED attack. If we had
to move a bunch of Marines at the
same time, we would usually ride the
Armadillo, which is a seven-ton platform with just armored sides.
Maneuverability was the biggest thing
with the vehicles, but they kept getting
bigger and bigger as we started leaving. The M-ATV [All-Terrain Vehicle] wasnt there yet, but that would
have been nice. Of all the MRAPs
[Mine-Resistant Ambush-Protected]
so far, its the most proficient combination of speed and survivability.
But its still a target compared to what
you could do if you have something

smaller, lighter and quicker.
MAJ Orlowski: I was in Afghanistan last year and two things: What
I observed was units requesting just
plate carriers a [personal armor]
vest that carries just a front and back
plate. I assume that it increases their
[dismounted] mobility you get
some of those effects back and you are
protecting your core.
Second, we could see the effort put into
route clearance, making sure the vehicles were up, making sure there were
multiple solutions. The materiel solution options would drive operational
procedures. For example, there are certain sensors that can only be effective
if you are driving very slow to counter
the IEDs. So now you have engineering route clearance platoons driving
[slowly] in kinetic operations, so you
need weapons teams with those formations to protect them. The patrols that
started with three or four vehicles ballooned to 10 vehicles, all up-armored,
and you are adding up-armored kits to
them because the enemy was building
bigger bombs.
MAJ Tegge: Our billion-dollar
solution was thwarted by their $30
innovation.
Q: What are some of the challenges with moving technology
forward?
MAJ Tegge: We tend to validate
everything through modeling and
simulation and most of that is firepower ratios thrown in a box. You
never get to see how the thinking guy
employs his resources. One of my
NCOs [noncommissioned officers]
at one point said, If you modeled
23
Soldiers from 3rd Stryker Brigade Combat Team, 7th Infantry Division,
move to their objective during a live-fire exercise at Yakima Training
Center, WA. Warfighter panelists said Stryker and the similar LAV have
advantages as combat vehicles because they move Soldiers quickly. (U.S.
Army photo by Staff Sgt. Christopher McCullough.)
more mobile. At least the dialogue has

begun. Maybe well learn something
from the way weve fought the last
12-15 years.
LTC Baker: Mobility depends on
what country youre in too. The roads
in Afghanistan are, what roads? In
Iraq, you had a more advanced country with better highway systems.
Q: This sounds like a question of
doctrine and how we fight.
MAJ Orlowski: I would not say
doctrine, I would say JCIDS [Joint
Capabilities Integration and Development System] the way we procure
systems is the limiting factor. The
way the rules work is we cant spend
money unless we have a requirement.
the Battle of the Bulge, the Germans

would win every time. Because you
cant account for how Americans used
the tools at their disposal. People want
something you can quantify. You cannot quantify human intellect and how
they employ the weapons they have.
Q: Does mobility equal

survivability?
[TARDEC Director] Dr. Rogers is

pushing that with these Soldier Innovation Workshops bring Soldiers in
and get their take, and you can build
a core of information on what Soldiers
want and what they see as best.
MAJ Tegge: I have always said that

there has to be an intersection. There is
an intersection point somewhere so that
the amount of survivability built into a
vehicle does not destroy our ability to
fight a fight. There has to be a breakeven point where you stop the madness.
LTC Powell: I understand that we are

focused on S&T improvements and
advancements, but whatever we come
up with, we have to think about the
holistic and systematic approach to it
and not just build a component, per
se. Youve got to determine how it is
going to fit on the platform. We have
to integrate it at some point.
24
LTC Powell: I wouldnt say mobility equals survivability. I would say it

could be a bigger part of survivability.
I dont think the two are equal.
We are trying to fight a war without

getting anybody killed but in the process we are losing our ability to take
the offensive. We get attacked at their
disposal we just tend to survive a
little more. The military is now starting to talk about the smaller, lighter
vehicles more transportable and
Its gotten so silly that now this may

be getting a little off track we have
thousands of excess robots. We cant
give them to units unless they were
bought with dollars for Afghanistan
thats the guidance. Unless a unit
is going to Afghanistan, they cannot
have robots unless theyre bought for
Afghanistan.
LTC Powell: We all have our role
though. In the PM shops, we cant
spend money without a requirement. But you have DARPA [Defense
Advanced Research Projects
Agency], RDECOM [Research,
Command], TARDEC and so forth,
you have organizations that arent
requirements-driven organizations.
As long as PMs focus on being the
materiel developer and the research
and development personnel such
as DARPA, ARL and RDECOM
focus on developing new technology,
its a win-win for everyone involved.
MAJ Tegge: Id like to see TARDEC
build small, fast, light demonstrators
build several of them and hand
them to platoons of Soldiers and ask
them, How would you use these
things? And that could address the

doctrine we were talking about. We
have doctrine for counterinsurgency
now. Counterinsurgency [COIN]
should be fly-by-the-seat-of-yourpants tactics that you apply in the
rear echelon as youre invading somewhere. COIN should go the route of
trench warfare. Its applicable in certain situations but we shouldnt have
an entire doctrine built around it.
Lets get beyond this.
MAJ Orlowski: Its a collection of
best practices.
MAJ Tegge: Thats what it is. We
started talking about these smaller,
lighter vehicles and the minute you
pitch something like that to MCO
[Major Combat Operations], they
say, How does that fit into the lightheavy Stryker concept? It doesnt
its a new concept. I would hope that
technology can push us beyond this
construct.
The Germans learned that with an
airplane, a radio and a tank, you can
revolutionize warfare and roll right
over a trench. And they didnt say,
Well how do we fit this into our
World War I doctrine? They took
the technology available and applied
it in a different way and totally revolutionized warfare. Were still using
that same doctrine. We need to ask,
Where do we go now? What if we
went another way? If we can build
some demonstrators and throw them
in Soldiers hands and say fight the
other guys, then you can start building new doctrine to better utilize the
technology. Thats tech push thats
what we need.
Q: Do we have the technological
edge do you have that confidence in the field?
Brani: Technologically, yes, were
superior. But it doesnt change the
fact that the simplest technique of
one person shooting and scooting,
and then hiding can render 20 people

ineffective. One [enemy] guy can take
a few shots, get his job done, then
run away and do it again another
day. Theyre little mosquito bites that
eventually lead to a sickness.

If Special Ops guys
adopt a specific vehicle
or system, chances are
its pretty good, and they
picked up Strykers.
Q: What are your ideas on the

platforms currently in the
system?
MAJ Tegge: If Special Ops guys adopt
a specific vehicle or system, chances
are its pretty good, and they picked
up Strykers. Rangers use Strykers on
all their urban missions. We replaced
a Stryker Brigade when I went into
Mosul my guys rolled out on missions with those vehicles and they loved
them. When they did their IOTE [initial operational test and evaluation] in
the 501st Airborne, I donned guerilla
clothing and we went out in Kentucky
and fought against them. When they
employed the vehicles correctly, you
couldnt hear them coming all of a
sudden there was infantry everywhere.
But the robust capability you have with
Strykers and the amount of infantry you
can put on the ground, and how quickly
you can move them from point A to
point B is well worth it. If youre in a
maneuver fight and need to get Soldiers
to places pretty fast, theyre wonderful.
MAJ Orlowski: I would see them
running around Kandahar last year.
They looked like battle wagons and had
multiple weapons on them. They were
shorter than MRAPs and the center of
gravity was lower. I rarely saw reports of
Strykers getting hit especially when
they had double-V hulls and Soldiers losing their lives.

Brani: I dont have much experience
with Strykers, but I have worked with
LAVs [Light Armored Vehicles a
similar Marine Corps vehicle]. Ive
seen those things operate with just
three or four wheels at most you
may have two shot off on one side and
two shot off on the other side, and it
can still move through about 3 feet of
sludge, mud or whatever surface you
have. They can still get the job done.
But if you try to do that with a 4x4 or
6x6 MRAP, youre pretty much immobile, and you may have to wait about
45 minutes to replace one of those.
MAJ Tegge: The funny thing about
MRAPs is, sure it was considered an
acquisition success, but the only guys
Ive met who really liked MRAPs were
engineers who had to clear the routes,
because they had to go where the IEDs
were. We had to rescue a team whose
[MRAP] vehicle got hit they survived. But we wound up in a sustained
firefight getting them out of there and
getting sensitive items out of the vehicle. We all survived. But guys like me
who have to cruise around and fight
all the time didnt want MRAPs
they were just too much. They are a
great acquisition success the vehicle
is good for limited things but theyre
very purpose-oriented.
Q: How does implementing Capability Set 13 (a communications
package) affect operations?
LTC Powell: From a communications standpoint, that is obviously
important. That gives us the superiority we have. Blue Force Tracker,
Force 21, all of those types of C4ISR
[Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance] items
are key. It enables us to a do a lot of
things our enemies cant do. Therefore, it is a combat multiplier on the
battlefield. Communication is key,
25
and the packages we have are what we

need. We are definitely going in the
right direction in that respect.
MAJ Tegge: Youve got to filter the
communication sometimes because
one of the problems you may get is
leadership [micromanaging] the guys
fighting the fight. When I am a company commander, I dont need the
brigade command post telling me
what to do they are watching me
on a screen from a UAV [unmanned
aerial vehicle] and they are contacting me on my direct internal company network because they think I
am doing something wrong when
they arent even in the fight.
Communication is great, situational
awareness is great, but there is a tendency to micromanage.
Q: Is there also a concern about
carrying more communication
devices?
Brani: I wanted fewer communication devices. If we were going out
for a few days, I had my big assault
pack, if it was just for a day, I had a
smaller pack. We limited the amount
of communications we had to a few
people in the squad we still had
two or three radios. Now they are
coming out with bigger radios
granted, they are capable of shooting
halfway around the world if need be,
but if youre in the city the last thing
you need is something half your
size to lug around with all of your
gear. Being able to integrate multiple
things into a smaller package would
be ideal. With the technology, where
it is currently, its not advanced
enough to do that. We are working
on it though.
LTC Baker: It is important, ISR
[intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance] for the platoon. When
fighting an insurgency, you are out
on the battlefield and what you have
with you is what you have to fight
26
the enemy what you carry on your

back. The Special Ops guys would
come into contact with the enemy,
they may see four or five mud huts or
something like that. They need to find
out where they are, so they like to have
small UAVs or some type of surveillance or reconnaissance on their own
that they can carry on their back and
just throw it out there and they have
short-range communications. I notice
the Special Operations guys prefer that
they make those quick decisions and
thats what they do best. Many maneuvers need to be decided at the ground
level. Communication can be short
range.
Q: What do you think of technology
aimed at situational awareness,
such as small UAVs?
LTC Baker: Dont most people want
to know whats on the other side of the
hill? It also gives you an advantage
you can maneuver and engage enemy
on your terms rather than engage on
the enemys terms.
MAJ Tegge: The enemy will know
youre looking. But with something like
a parrot drone really small ones
they may not know.
LTC Baker: We had some that size
the British Army purchased them and
brought them out to test them. They
could fly up and you couldnt hear
them until they were feet away from
you. That technologys out there, it just
costs money.
MAJ Tegge: Even if they know Im
looking at them, sometimes it doesnt
matter. With the parrot drone, you
could control it on a smart phone by
downloading an app[lication]. Thats
my wish. The ability to know the
enemy is right there to click on a
smart phone, zoom in on it, have a
10-digit grid hit call-for-fire app and
now rounds are falling on that spot. It
takes a second and a half to view my
app and, bam, Ive got rounds on it.
Q: Smaller is better?
MAJ Tegge: Yes. If Im clearing a
building, I have to leave a guy in each
room to secure it. What if I had a
smart phone or maybe an iPad in a
vehicle outside that can be linked to
all these little cameras that we can
stick on walls? Because with those,
I can carry 10 or 12 of them on me.
I can leave them in each room and
keep my fire team together as we
clear rooms, and the dude in the
vehicle can say, Hey, somebody just
walked into room X and tell us what
to do. I can secure a building without reducing my manpower. If they
already have that, thats awesome.
MAJ Orlowski: Actually, the Infantry School is working on that requirement its emerging.
Q: What are important developments for future operations?
MAJ Orlowski: For me, its autonomy. Its sensor improvement,
platform improvement, processor
improvement, algorithm improvements a lot of things go into making Terminator. The best way to
do those types of things is highly
dependent on certain algorithms and
LIDAR, which is light radar. They
send a laser scan out and map the
area of interest. Its highly dependent
on processing power. I dont think
the technology is there yet its not
fast enough. A lot of smart people are
working on it.
If we had the will and the money,
you could have automated convoys
go from base to base. What were not
quite there with, yet, is if a 4-year-old
kid steps out in front of an autonomous vehicle, what is it going to do?
But going from point A to point B,
we could do that now.
Q: Do you ever see developments
in the automotive industry or
other technologies and think to
Soldiers with 2nd Battalion, 508th Infantry Regiment, 4th Brigade Combat
Team, 82nd Airborne Division prepare for a mounted patrol in their M-ATVs
near the Arghandab River Valley, Afghanistan. Soldiers said M-ATV came
close to an effective combination of agility and protection. (U.S. Air Force
photo by Tech. Sgt. Joselito Aribuabo.)
yourselves, I could use that in a

military application?
LTC Baker: OnStar does telematics you get a report every month
telling you, for instance, your oil has
28 percent life before it needs to be
changed, and tracks other vehicle
systems. They send a report every
month. That kind of stuff is good
its expensive but its commercially
available. If Soldiers see reports like
that, maybe it could help them adapt
their vehicles.
Brani: The robotics cases we currently have are big, heavy suitcases
with a monitor and controller. On
the civilian side, theres Google Glass
where its just nothing bigger than
your eyeglasses and its a whole video
camera and everything. If we could
figure out how to integrate that into a
robotic system thatd be pretty cool,
based on fact the user is no longer
using a table-size platform vs. something he wears right on his head and
weighs only a few ounces.
LTC Baker: One of our problems in the field is identifying the
enemy. They dont wear uniforms.
I would love to have a way to tag

those insurgents with something
they cant remove, or its difficult to
remove, within 48 hours or so, and
then send people in to look for them.
In my experience, a lot of insurgents
arent from that area [theyre operating in] anyway so they might go
in there and threaten the locals. If
there was a way with a UAV possibly
to tag these guys you dont necessarily have to kill them but when
they go back to where they gather in
their safe house, you can nab them
that way.
Brani: In Britain, a police sting actually did a test and proved the technology. They have a light misting product
that actually dyes something on the
[suspects] clothes and exposed skin
for a couple weeks and no matter
what they do, they cannot get it off.
As soon as you put a UV or black
light on them, theyre covered in
green dye completely, clothes and
all.
Q: When you hear about the
30-Year Strategy, how do you feel
about that kind of long-range
planning?
LTC Powell: I think its absolutely

critical to plan 30 years out. If we
dont have a plan, we will never meet
our long-term goals.
MAJ Tegge: Leading up to those
meetings, TARDEC was about stovepipes. Everyone concentrated on their
own world. But during the meetings,
the mobility guys were talking to the
survivability guys, who were talking
to the computer people, and the analytics people were talking to the PIF
[Prototype Integration Facility] people.
Everybody was talking to each other
and in one fell swoop, the silos were
shattered. We all understand that were
intertwined and there was a lot of horizontal flow of information happening
instead just up and down the silos.
To piggy back on what LTC Powell
said, if you look at any business literature, any company that only concentrates on five years out is doomed
to failure. They all fail. Your 30-Year
Strategy is like any goal in life: you
might not achieve 100 percent, but at
least youre focusing on [a future goal]
and being flexible as you try to get
there. Thats what it represents to me
becoming more future-minded.
27
Third Soldier
Innovation Workshop
Creates Visions
of Tomorrow
By accelerate Staff
Soldiers perspective and a

designers creative touch are
proving to be vital tools when
developing ground vehicle concepts.
TARDECs third Soldier Innovation
Workshop pulled together active-duty
Soldiers of various ranks and backgrounds, primarily from the Armys
82nd Airborne Division, design students from the College for Creative
Studies (CCS) in Detroit, and engineers from TARDEC and other Army
labs and research centers.
Dr. Paul Rogers, TARDEC Director,
emphasized the importance of bringing innovation and fresh perspectives
into the design process. Were trying
to change the paradigm, get out of the
typical development process and bring
in new ideas, he explained. The
insight and passion that the students
and Soldiers bring makes this such a
valuable exercise.
At the latest session Dec. 16-18 the
third in a series of these workshops
transportation design students created more than 180 ideations proposing concepts within the requirements
of an Early Entry Combat Vehicle
capability for the Army. The group
explored concepts for potential vehicle
28
interiors, suspensions, hulls, turrets,

weapon systems, vision systems,
deployment systems, vehicle packages,
and cargo and storage systems.
Craig Effinger, the workshops
Program Manager, said the exercise
once again proved its value by giving
TARDEC engineers an opportunity to
think creatively and envision the artof-the-possible. Its vital that we have
this tool to help develop platform concepts and designs by getting operational feedback from Soldiers, he
commented. As we take this thing
through the funnel, we want something to come out of it, something
that is relevant and valuable.
SFC Parrish Smith, 82nd Airborne
Division, Fort Bragg, NC, appreciated
the opportunity to participate.
Working with these student designers, and engineers, has been great. The
designers are excited to do something
for the military its refreshing, he

stated. They have been receptive to
our ideas our input is very important to them. I have been impressed
with the level of work they have put
into this.
The CCS students also saw the value in
working with the Soldiers while creating their ideations. Typically we do a
lot of stylized work, and this is way
more real, explained Jordan Mielke, a
senior in Transportation Design at
CCS. Working with the Soldiers and
engineers provided us with immediate
feedback, which was great.
Aaron Smith, a CCS junior studying
industrial design, said that he enjoyed
exploring concepts related to hull
design and weapon systems and being
able to ask the Soldiers if a concept
could potentially help them in the
field. We not only get to sketch the
Soldiers and engineers ideas, but we
get to talk about our ideas and find

out how viable they are, Smith stated.
I like to think about how to use existing technology without recycling the
same old ideas.
The second day of the workshop
included participation from several
Army senior leaders including MG
William Hix, Deputy Director/Chief
of Staff, ARCIC; BG Christopher
Cavoli, Deputy Commanding
General-Operations, 82nd Airborne
Division; and Tom Bagwell, Deputy
Program Executive Officer, PEO
Ground Combat Systems (GCS).
They reviewed the requirements and
provided feedback, Effinger stated.
By getting everyones input, this process should help unify the Armys
approach to both mobile protected
firepower and next-generation combat
vehicle capability developments.
Former TARDEC Military Deputy
COL Charles Dease emphasized that
the ideas and concepts generated at
the Soldier Innovation Workshops
will help the Soldiers of tomorrow.
You are putting your fingerprints on
something that your son, your daughter and your grandkids are going to
drive in the future, he remarked.
Open your minds and throw it all out
on the table no idea is a bad idea.
Rogers expressed an interest in continuing this process by expanding the
partnership into the classroom. Im
hopeful we can pull something together between the Army and CCS
and continue to develop these ideas
in a classroom setting, Rogers told
them.
Top: Soldiers from the 82nd Airborne Division discussed the benefits and
drawbacks of current military vehicle designs with CCS students before the
students began sketching future concepts.
Warfighters and TARDEC engineers advise CCS students on the attributes
theyre looking for in military ground systems. TARDEC has held three Soldier
Innovation Workshops to inject creativity and fresh perspectives into future
vehicle concept design. (U.S. Army TARDEC photos by Brian Ferencz.)
29
Reducing fuel consumption ranks as one of the most critical issues facing the
military and the nation. The Army and Department of Energy are collaborating
across broad areas of technical interest that will result in long-term mutual
value to reach the ultimate goal substantially increasing energy efficiency.
By accelerate Staff
30
The Department of Defense (DoD)

and Department of Energy (DoE)
have demonstrated they can accomplish more together through collaboration than either agency can alone
by taking separate paths to energy
security and conservation.
To take advantage of their vehicle research and development
(R&D) roles, the U.S. Army Tank
Automotive Research, Development
and Engineering Center (TARDEC)
and DoE Vehicle Technologies Office
(VTO) were chartered to pool their
respective resources to overcome
technical barriers that will result in
more fuel-efficient commercial and
military ground vehicles.
Collaboration like this requires
common goals, equally willing
partners and a great deal of trust,
DoE VTO Director Patrick Davis
commented. We have the common
goals we both are intently interested in the development of advanced
vehicle technologies to achieve our
respective missions and we both
are intently interested in leveraging
resources and capabilities.
Davis pointed out the urgency in
having the two organizations work
with industry partners toward their
shared goals. We are still spending
almost $1 billion every day just for
the petroleum we consume. So this is
an economic issue, this is an energy
security issue and it translates to
a national security issue. It is also
about environmental stewardship,
he asserted.
The organizations collaborate in the
following major programs:
In 2011, the Department of the
Army (DA) and DoE chartered
the Advanced Vehicle Power
Technology Alliance (AVPTA) and
since then, VTO and TARDEC
have worked closely to identify
areas of mutual technical interest
The Multi-Material Joining project under the AVPTA is working to overcome

technology gaps that allow for attaching dissimilar materials to each other to
achieve weight savings while maintaining safety in commercial and military
ground vehicle systems. TARDECs recently purchased robotic arc welding cell
allows for in-house welding experimentation and process development. (U.S.
Army TARDEC photo.)
and collaborate on projects that

will reduce energy consumption in
commercial, passenger and military vehicles.
DoE and DA extended the AVPTA
enterprise to engage within the
21st Century Truck Partnership
(21CTP), an industry-government
collaboration among heavyduty engine manufacturers,
medium-duty and heavy-duty
truck and bus manufacturers,
heavy-duty hybrid powertrain
manufacturers and other federal agencies, including the
Department of Transportation and
Environmental Protection Agency.
T he VTO Annual Merit Review
(AMR) and Peer Evaluation
Meeting enables TARDEC subject-matter experts (SMEs) to
review advanced energy projects
funded by DoE for technical
accomplishment and future direction. TARDEC SMEs participate

on AMR panels that engage in
peer interaction among academic,
government and industry members who share and gain insights.
Another potential area for VTO/
TARDEC engagement is the Small
Business Incubator Program. The
VTO is launching this initiative
aimed at high pay-off potential
next-generation technologies and
approaches supporting commercially viable transportation solutions, while also promoting small
businesses and suppliers.
These partnerships help accelerate
the transition of multi-use technology into deployment by streamlining
R&D efforts. Through the AVPTA
and the 21CTP, both organizations
gain value by pooling funding, experience/expertise and facility resources.
31
TARDEC-DoE projects like the 21st Century Truck Partnership should help the Army meet long-range energy efficiency
goals for its truck fleets. Continued collaboration is an effective way to leverage research and development resources
as budgets get tighter, TARDEC Director Dr. Paul Rogers said. (U.S. Army photo by SSG Cynthia Spalding.)
Collaboration also establishes communication paths that enable awareness of ongoing activities within the
respective organizations and the
broader technical communities with
which they interface.
TARDEC Director Dr. Paul Rogers
echoed Daviss remarks, adding that
DoDs relationship with DoE will
allow the ground vehicle community
to replicate the advanced technologies that help the Army achieve
its long-term energy efficiency
goals. Its incumbent upon us in
the science and technology [S&T]
community to work with industry to
mature and transition the advanced
technologies this community has
developed, Rogers explained.
Continued collaboration is an
effective way to learn each others
mutual interests, identify dual-use
32
opportunities, and leverage research

and development resources as budgets get tighter.
AVPTA
The AVPTA portfolio contains 13
ongoing projects across seven technology focus areas that include LightWeight Structures and Materials,
Energy Recovery and Thermal
Management, Electrified Propulsion
Systems, and Energy Storage and
Batteries. While the AVPTA pursues
these projects in an effort to increase
future fuel efficiency, the military
must also consider commercially
available technology and supply
chains to develop solutions required
for its unique applications and performance requirements.
Two notable ongoing AVPTA projects
are Light-Weight Vehicle Structures
and Fuel Bulk Modulus. Within the

Light-Weight Structures project a
trade-off study was conducted that
recommended material substitution
for the Light Armored Vehicle (LAV)
turret enabling significant weight
savings. A prototype light-weight
turret may be demonstrated in midto late 2014. The Fuel Bulk Modulus
project has led to the development of
five fuel properties test rigs that will
be supplied to DA and DoE laboratories to conduct round robin testing.
Possibly as important as the results
of these AVPTA projects, working on
these programs enabled the organizations to refine their methods of collaborating and combining resources,
Davis remarked.
For me, one of the most satisfying
aspects of the partnership is the way
we both have been able to set aside
whatever differences we have to truly

work together, pooling resources to
achieve success, he added.
An integral AVPTA partnership
component is the VTO AMR,
where the advanced energy projects funded by DoE are reviewed
for technical accomplishment and
future direction. This is a critical
path element for AVPTA sustainment, explained TARDEC National
Automotive Center Senior Engineer
Scott Schramm. The Annual
Merit Review exposes TARDEC to
a broader technology community
and, in turn, allows for broader
communications.
21CTP
TARDEC and DoE VTO continue
their collaborative efforts through
the 21CTP, which focuses on the following key technology areas:
Engine systems
Heavy-duty hybrids
Vehicle power demands
Idle reduction
Efficient operations
Subtopics include intelligent transportations systems, crash avoidance,
parasitic loss and idle reductions.
The Armys primary logistics burden is shipping fuel and water to
forward-deployed operational forces
in war zones and remote locations.
Through joint programs that examine how to make heavy-duty commercial trucks more fuel efficient, the
Army can transfer those technologies
to its work/administrative use vehicles on U.S. bases and, after further
reliability and performance demonstrations, to its tactical and combat
vehicles in the field.
TARDEC recently hosted the
21CTP Fall Meeting that provided
COL Bruce McPeak, Director of Materiel Systems and Operational Energy for
CASCOM, listens to TARDEC Engineer Daniel Maslach (left) explain fuel cell
research in the Ground Systems Power and Energy Laboratory during the 21st
Century Truck Partnership Fall Meeting. The collaborative event helped
participants identify areas of mutual technical interest. (U.S. Army TARDEC photo.)
government and industry representatives a forum to identify candidate

areas of mutual technical interest
to create the foundation for more
proactive DoD engagement and
partnership participation. These
semi-annual 21CTP on-site meetings
are excellent opportunities for host
organizations to interact with an
important national transportation
sector, Davis noted. I was pleased
that TARDEC could host the Fall
meeting and provide their military
perspective to the heavy vehicle
industry.
TARDECs Rogers stressed that the
Army can define its challenges, but
it needs industry partners, such as
the transportation industry representatives attending the 21CTP conference, to help deliver solutions. The
laboratory is an important place for
us to get together and have this dialogue, and we are taking full advantage of it, Rogers stated. Its our
responsibility to define the military
problems and share with you where

we think military procurement and
capability are going over time. That
was the purpose of diving so deep
and putting so much energy into
our 30-Year Strategy to share that
information with industry over the
coming months.
The better we articulate our challenges and the better we articulate
where were going over time, the
more we enable industry to bring us
solutions affordable, timely solutions that benefit our warfighters,
concluded Rogers.
33
Wireless Recharging
Any idea that could reduce a Soldiers weight burden and increase survivability
has merits. Engineers are studying the concept of wireless power transfer in the
field, which would accomplish the above objectives for Soldiers and possibly
lower life-cycle costs for the Army.
By Dr. Abul Masrur
34
Non-contact wireless power transfer

technology transmitting power
from a distance to energize devices
has attracted attention because it
could reduce the Soldiers weight burden, ease logistics challenges and significantly reduce the risks a Soldier
must take to power electronics used
on the battlefield.
Wireless power transfer could involve
a small battery that powers Soldier
equipment or a larger propulsion battery for an electric or unmanned
robotic vehicle. Power transmission
distance can be a few inches to several
hundred feet, and possibly farther.
Power levels can be fractional watt, to
kilowatts, with the ultimate goal of
advancing technology to accommodate more. Power transmission methodology could also be magnetic fieldbased, inductive mechanisms for short
distances and microwaves for longer
distances. For line-of-sight (LOS) conditions, transmission could also
involve laser-based systems.
This article will provide an overview
of the technologies, their possible
applications, the challenges and
potential for deployment. In addition
to untethered power transmission,
advantages of within-vehicle sourceto-load power delivery include easy
reconfiguration of source and load
locations, along with ease of repair
and maintenance by quick removal
and replacement of components.
Currently, Soldiers must carry multiple spare batteries to keep radios and
other equipment operational, leading
to additional weight burdens and constant need for logistics resupply.
Eliminating this challenge and integrating other potential vehicular
applications and recharge capabilities
using transferred power from sourceto-load is an innovation that could
significantly improve dismounted
operations in remote locations.
With Office of the Secretary of
Defense funding, the Tank
Automotive Research, Development
and Engineering Center (TARDEC)
initiated a Phase I Small Business
Innovation Research (SBIR) grant for
non-contact wireless power transfer.
Completed in early 2012, this project
delivered system hardware that was
demonstrated in a High Mobility
Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle
(HMMWV) environment, showing
that power can be wirelessly transferred from a transmitter in the seat to
power a device carried by someone
sitting on the vehicle or in the seats
vicinity. This wireless power transfer
device has compact packaging, and
uses lightweight, flexible repeaters to
enhance the power transfer distance
as necessary.
Integrating
recharge capabilities
using transferred power
from source-to-load is
an innovation that could
significantly improve
dismounted operations
in remote locations.
Dr. Abul Masrur
TARDEC researcher
Although the initial amount of power
transfer for the Phase I SBIR was specified to be small and transmitted over
a short distance, the works success
showed technical feasibility and that
the scalability could be enhanced as
an initial research endeavor, to the
extent of 50 watts to 500 watts.
Similarly, the power transmission distance can be extended to around 10
feet initially. The research has significant impact, because the technology
can be integrated to energize electrical
devices used by dismounted Soldiers
outside the vehicle and recharge other
Soldier devices inside the vehicle.
Work extension can lead to energizing
batteries on robotic vehicles for both
propulsion and delivery of power to
other loads within the vehicle.
INNOVATIVE RESEARCH
YIELDS POTENTIAL
The intent of early research was to
wirelessly transmit power from one
point to another within a vehicle, so
that electrical sources and loads could
be easily relocated or reconfigured
without having to significantly rewire
or redesign the engineering each time.
Through continued research, we
found that dismounted Soldiers who
carry a range of electrical equipment
may need to charge certain batteries
more frequently.
UAV Maintainers from F Company, 1-1 Aviation Regiment, Task Force

Knighthawk, recharge the batteries on a UAV following a mission at Forward
Operating Base Shank, Afghanistan. (U.S. Army photo by CPT Peter Smedberg.)
35
The schematic diagram in Figure 1

shows the possible organization of
various power and energy (P&E)
sources and loads within a vehicle.
The haphazard wiring system indicated is heavily dependent on the
location or placement of obstructing
objects (shown in brown). Typically,
the source and load are separated by a
barrier or obstruction. Now add a new
load or new battery-powered piece of
equipment to the system to enhance
the vehicles capability. Because of the
loads location in this wired system,
placement will require reshuffling or
reengineering the equipment
involved.
FIREWALL
INSTRUMENT CLUSTER
In many wiring situations, its not

practical or possible to go around the
obstacle because of its three-dimensional qualities. Installation can
become a nightmare. But if the P&E
sources could wirelessly power the
loads, then the whole installation process becomes relatively simple.
Metallic objects could potentially
obstruct wireless transfer as well. This
possibility can be mitigated by using
relays where power can be moved in
two or more stages, by using a relaying system to circumvent obstructions. Similarly, if we intend to reshuffle any existing source or load, a
wireless power transfer makes the job
much easier.
Figure 1
Applications for wireless power transmission for military operations and
first responders are nearly limitless.
For example, a Soldier in a MineResistant Ambush-Protected (MRAP)
vehicle could tether and operate a
TALON robot from inside the vehicle.
Currently, a Soldier needs to retrieve
the robot to recharge its batteries. This
poses obvious danger to the human
operator, who must leave the vehicle to
replace the robots battery. The danger
is significantly mitigated if the robot
can be recharged by fully wireless
means remote powering of its battery for propulsion or catering to any
other mission load.
36
Another challenge is wiring several

variants of a military or commercial
vehicle. Variants come with different
equipment packages and configurations depending on mission or purpose. The number of sources, loads
and placements could be different for
each one. If the power transfer can be
done wirelessly, power relays can easily accommodate new P&E source and
equipment placements in variants,
avoiding expensive redesign of the
power network. In this way, wireless
power transfer can enhance sustainability throughout all phases of a vehicles life cycle, especially usage and
maintenance.
POWER TRANSFER
In some cases, connectorless power can
be materialized in the form of a regular
power transformer. However, there is
an air gap where the power crosses
wirelessly from one side to the other.
This is an example of inductive power
transfer. Depending on the power level
involved and the distance through
which power must be transferred, the
core can be made of a specific magnetic
material, as illustrated in Figure 2.
Using electromagnetic theory and
physics, scientists have shown that the
efficiency of power transfer and voltage
at the load end depends on the frequency of the AC source (corresponding to some wavelength), air-gap distance, core material used and size
(diameter) of the coils involved. If the
core magnetic material of the core is
completely eliminated (such as using
air core), this constitutes a completely
wireless transmission without any
(solid) material medium in between. It
should be noted that under certain circumstances, the AC-DC conversion
stage before the load can be totally
eliminated in cases when the load itself
is operated with AC frequency, which
can come directly from the receiver.
INDUCTIVE RESONANCE
The amount of power transfer between
the transmitter and receiver depends
on two factors:
Coupling, which depends on the distance between the coils, size of the coil,
their alignment, and the material
medium involved in coupling the coils.
Quality factor of the networks (electrical circuits) between the source to the
transmitter and the receiver to the
load. This quality factor is frequency
dependent and can be significantly
controlled by changing the parameters
(by using capacitors) in the tuning networks at both the transmitter and
receiver ends. This amounts to impedance matching between the transmitter
and receiver.
SOURCE
Figure 2
DC to AC
CONVERSION
AC to DC
CONVERSION
TRANSMITTER
If researchers use a particular frequency, its possible to maximize the

efficiency by changing the tuning network parameters. Under such conditions the system is said to be in resonance the transmitting and
receiving sides are able to maximize
the efficiency and power transfer for a
given source power.
Not much can be gained by merely
tuning the circuits, especially if the
coils are poorly coupled through severe
misalignment. By tuning the circuit,
you can maximize the amount of
power, which itself can be low if the
coupling is poor. Ultimately, the
designer must choose the optimal coil
size and correct frequency. Both of
these quantities depend on the distance
of power transfer and the amount of
power transferred. To maximize the
efficiency for a given coil dimension,
one can change the frequency and tuning capacitor value.
As noted earlier, in both the inductive
and radiative methods, the power
drops quickly with distance and is
related to the wavelength corresponding to the particular frequency and
source size. For shorter distances, it
may be more practical to use the
inductive method. As distances
increase, the inductive method
becomes less viable for wireless power
transmission, due to the size of devices
involved. For longer distances, methods such as microwave or laser-based
transmission might be used.
Microwave power can penetrate
through non-metallic materials and
some other types. For laser-based systems, the operator needs a direct line of
AIR GAP
LOAD
RECEIVER
sight for the power to reach its destination. Both microwave and laser-based
systems have been used to power
unmanned vehicles like robots and
small airplanes.
AREAS OF APPLICATION
Wireless charging can enhance survivability. Its safer for the operator in
a larger ground vehicle to drive near a
robot to recharge it or replace a battery without leaving his vehicle. Also,
inductive technology is more benign
for a human operator. Because microwave and laser-based methods can
pose risks, designers should aim for
less electromagnetic compatibility
(EMC)-related noise and signature,
which can adversely affect combat
operations. For higher power ranges,
engineers must account for any possible health hazards, regardless of the
technology used.
To achieve the goal of wireless electrical
power system development for military
applications, research in the following
areas will be necessary:
Develop mathematical and computer-based models for wireless power
systems using microwaves and lasers,
and study the feasibility through electromagnetic field analysis software, if
necessary.
Study the antenna and receiver systems through models to demonstrate
feasibility, and combine this with the
model of the vehicular load systems.
Study the effects of potential health

hazards.
The particular technology to be used
is dependent on distance, cost and size
of the overall system, including the
cost of additional items for mitigating
EMC-related issues. But because of
often hazardous and harsh conditions
that Soldiers and their ground vehicles
face, wireless power transfer is a way
to ease burdens and maintain our
forces technological edge.
Editors Note:
The SBIR report submitted by
CornerTurn LLC to the U.S. Army
RDECOM-TARDEC, under a U.S.
government SBIR contract, is gratefully acknowledged, and was used for
some of the items included in this
article.
AUTHOR BIO:
M. Abul Masrur, Ph.D., leads
research projects with the U.S.
Army RDECOM-TARDEC. He previously worked at the Scientific
Research Labs for Ford Motor
Co., and brings more than 30
years of experience from the
industry and government.
Masrur is a Fellow of the
Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE),
and has more than 90 publications 60 of which are in public
domain journals/conferences.
He holds eight U.S. and two foreign patents. He earned his
Ph.D. in electrical engineering
from Texas A&M University.
Study and evaluate the effect of electro-magnetic interference and/or

other signatures.
37
OPL Lab Manager Chris Felczak adjusts a test dummy in a lab impact simulator at SANGB. The lab creates various
scenarios to test different types of seats to help keep Soldiers safe inside different types of tactical vehicles. (U.S.
Air National Guard (ANG) photo by Brittani Baisden.)
The Blast Test Hub
Vehicle incidents in war zones are a whole different science than

conventional crash studies. To examine and reduce potential injuries,
the military turns to the Occupant Protection Lab.
By TSgt. Dan Heaton, 127th Wing Public Affairs Office
test lab at Selfridge Air

National Guard Base (SANGB)
in Harrison Township, MI,
helps keep Soldiers safe on the road.
At the Occupant Protection Lab
(OPL), a U.S. Army Tank Automotive
Research, Development and
Engineering Center (TARDEC)
Ground System Survivability laboratory component, Army civilian engineers and technicians conduct
exhaustive testing on different types
of seats that could potentially end up
in a variety of Army tactical vehicles.
38
OPL associates work closely with their

TARDEC colleagues at the Detroit
Arsenal in Warren, MI, in the joint
military facilities at SANGB, where
technicians go about their business a
few hundred yards away from military
aircraft that routinely take off and
land at the air base.
crash, explosion or rollover. A number

of crash-test facilities exist in the
automotive industry in and around
the Detroit area, but the Armys lab at
Selfridge is among the few and perhaps the only one that tests the
impacts caused by bomb blasts targeting a vehicle.
When the Army considers making

changes to vehicle interiors, OPL engineers can conduct a variety of tests
that simulate how a vehicles occupants are likely to be affected in a
We do testing on a variety of commercial options available for use in

Army or other military applications,
said OPL Lab Manager Chris Felczak.
We have some specialized concerns,
information over to Army and U.S.

Marine Corps ground vehicle program managers, who then work with
industry to build the safest possible
vehicles for Soldiers and Marines.
Given ever-changing battlefield
threats, the Army is constantly
evolving its systems to meet these
emerging threats.
In this scenario, a test dummy faceplate is positioned on the end of a piston

poised to impact a hatch cover on a Bradley Fighting Vehicle. Lab technicians
conduct tests to determine how to best keep occupants safe in crashes,
explosions and other impact scenarios. (ANG photo by Brittani Baisden.)
obviously, because of the environment

that some of our vehicles work in, but
it certainly does benefit us to be here
in the Detroit area, where all of the
automotive people are clustered.
In addition to testing seats and vehicle
occupant compartments, the lab also
conducts testing on the survivability
of incident recorders similar to the
familiar black boxes found on airliners that are carried in many military vehicles today.
The OPL already contains the Head
Impact Protection (HIP) Laboratory,
which evaluates vehicle energy-attenuating technologies for performance
during head impacts in blasts and
crashes, and the Sub-System Drop
Tower device, which simulates the
effects of underbody blast events.
TARDEC now intends to add a major
piece of equipment the Crew
Compartment Underbody Blast
Simulator (CCUBS), a testing device
that will accommodate up to four test
dummies in a vehicles occupant area.
CCUBS will allow technicians to place

the dummies in a configuration that
would mirror a squad of Soldiers seated
in the rear of an armored personnel
carrier, as an example, and then create
a number of impact scenarios to test
what happens to the dummies. The
new test equipment is expected to be
installed during the current fiscal year
[FY2014]. Once the CCUBS is installed,
it will likely be the only system in the
world that can conduct four-occupant
cabin testing in which simulated blasts
can occur from under the vehicle,
Felczak explained.
In addition to examining what happens to test manikins as a result of
the initial blast incident, the labs
engineers also examine how placement of different equipment in the
vehicle can impact Soldier safety.
Were even looking at, if there is an
impact, will the driver bump into
another occupant? Is there a way to
minimize that? Felczak commented.
The Selfridge OPL is one of several

Army research facilities at the suburban Detroit base, which also hosts
TARDECs Bridging Technology Lab
and Freshwater Treatment and Test
Facility. In addition to several other
TARDEC-related programs, the
Michigan Army National Guard also
flies CH-47 Chinook helicopters at
the base, and is also home to U.S.
Air Force, Navy, Coast Guard,
Marine Corps, and Customs and
Border Protection units.
Felczak added that, while the Army
will keep seeking ways to improve
vehicle occupant safety, there is still
one simple way to greatly increase
survivability buckle up!
The best seat in the world is not going
to protect you if you arent strapped in
to it, Felczak concluded.
AUTHOR BIO:
TSgt. Dan Heaton is a
photojournalist with the 127th
Wing, Michigan Air National
Guard, assigned to Selfridge Air
National Guard Base. In 2012,
TSgt. Heaton was named the Air
National Guards Print
Journalist of the Year. Off-duty,
TSgt. Heaton is the author of
Selfridge & Collins and
Forgotten Aviator, both
biographies of early military
pilots. He is currently at work on
his third book, tracing the
history of every fort and military
installation in Michigan since
French colonial times.
The OPL runs the tests and records

the data and then turns that
39
Event Spotlights Impact

of Research Agreements
with Partners
TARDEC has entered into more than 300 Cooperative Research and Development
Agreements (CRADAs) with industry and academic partners to drive technology
advancement. The latest mutually beneficial agreement is a collaboration with
General Motors to study hydrogen fuel cells.
By accelerate Staff
ot every Cooperative Research and Development

Agreement (CRADA) generates a celebration with
a group of distinguished guests from Washington,
D.C., to the U.S. Army Tank Automotive Research,
Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC). But
after entering 327 CRADAs over a span of 20 years, it was
time to applaud the impact of these collaborations and the
technologies they have generated with the Michigan representatives who helped nurture them.
40
U.S. Sen. Carl Levin (D-MI) and U.S. Rep. Sander Levin
(D-MI) joined TARDEC Director Dr. Paul Rogers and
General Motors (GM) Executive Director of Global Fuel
Cell Activities Charlie Freese in a ribbon-cutting ceremony
recently in the Ground Systems Power and Energy
Laboratory (GSPEL) at the Detroit Arsenal. Thats where
GM and TARDEC will share three Fuel Cell Automated
Testing Systems to evaluate and demonstrate hydrogen fuel
cell technology. Sen. Levin emphasized the importance of
these two respected partners working

toward a common goal clean
energy.
All across the world, companies and
governments are hoping to build the
next Detroit the next international center of innovation and middle-class prosperity, Levin stated.
This [agreement] is about assuring
that the next Detroit stays right here
in Michigan. This is a competition
we cannot afford to lose for the sake
of our troops, our economy, our
security and the environment.
Speakers at the Dec. 16 Fuel Cell
Ribbon Cutting Ceremony reflected
on the long-term impact of CRADAs,
which have aligned government, private sector and academic partners to
optimize resources and accelerate
advancements for at least 20 years.
Levin actively supported the U.S.
Federal Technology Transfer Act of
1986 the law that established the
Federal Laboratory Consortium and
enabled federal labs to enter into
CRADAs and negotiate licenses for
patented inventions made in the lab.
Rogers pointed out that TARDEC has
entered into 327 CRADAs since its
first blanket agreement to work with
Big Three automakers in 1993, and
has 64 active agreements with industry and academic sources today. This
agreement with GM offers the U.S.
Army a unique opportunity to collaborate with a phenomenal partner a
partner that is a world innovator in
automotive technologies, Rogers
stated. The laboratory is our meeting
place where we can bring the best and
brightest ideas from government and
industry to solve the hardest problems
the military faces.
These dual-use arrangements make
sense for the regions economy, plus
Levin believes we have an obligation
to pull together the best ideas and
brightest minds or we put ourselves at
a disadvantage.
Twenty years ago, an engineer here

told me, engineering is a contact
sport. Its not enough to share data
and information through technical
papers, conferences and word of
mouth, Levin related. Engineers are
hands-on folks. They want to bounce
ideas off each other. They need to
work next to each other to discuss
and debate the best approaches to
tough problems. Many of us have
been working to bring together players in this contact sport, here in
Southeast Michigan the most
important hub of vehicle innovation
on earth.
GROWING THE
TECHNOLOGY
Hydrogen fuel cells are a dual-use
technology with benefits for both
partners. GM plans to use the
research results to build its portfolio
of alternative energy vehicles for the
automotive market. The automaker
began its Project Driveway demonstration in 2007, when it released a
fleet of 119 fuel-cell powered
Chevrolet Equinox vehicles on the
road. Those vehicles have collectively
driven nearly 3 million miles, saved
157,894 gallons of gasoline and
avoided more than $552,631 in fuel
costs, according to GM estimates in
Fall 2013.
In the military domain, engineers are
developing fuel cell technology to use
for auxiliary power units (APUs) that
reformulate Jet Propellant (JP)-8 fuels
into hydrogen, which can then be converted into electricity. This conversion
process can provide quiet, efficient
onboard power for in-vehicle electronic systems or robots. TARDEC
engineers are working on a hydrogen
fuel cell demonstrator to assess its
readiness level for insertion in an
Abrams tank. The demonstrator consists of two parts one section reformulates the JP-8 fuel commonly used
in military vehicles into hydrogen,
and then the fuel cell stacks convert
the hydrogen into electric power.
TARDEC engineers say that conversion would lead to a projected 33-percent savings in fuel use (versus running
in-vehicle electronics off the main
engine) and provide quieter operation.
These fuel cell test stands are capable
of testing a 10-kilowatt system, which
is about one-tenth the size of a fuelcell system that goes into a car,
explained TARDEC Engineer Herbert
Dobbs. By testing a subscale system
like this, we can affordably experiment with variations for the best performance, durability, efficiency and
cost. It helps us understand the military potential of fuel cell technology.
GMs Charlie Freese explained that
hydrogen fuel-cell technology has
already been propelled by joint
research. On a morning like today,
with single-digit temperatures, you
can turn the key in one of those vehicles and it will start in the cold just
10 years ago, that was impossible.
Through CRADAs like this one, we
learn as partners how to advance
these important technologies.
The TARDEC-GM CRADA will

be in effect until February
2016. Here are some
examples of other research
conducted under CRADAs:
Lithium-ion battery testing

Battery monitoring systems
Ultracapacitor testing
Ground vehicle survivability
studies
Synthetic fuels
Materials for protective
netting
Robotic appliqu kits for
vehicles
Hybrid electric studies
Water purification
Advanced powertrain systems
Run-flat tire testing
Lightweight multi-material
joining.
41
All-American Bowl
Showcases
Army Technologies
By Amanda Dunford
Visitors take the controls of a mini robot while Soldiers explain how this technology is used to keep them safer in the field.
(U.S. Army TARDEC photos by Amanda Dunford.)
obots, interactive booths and

technology displays provided
an opportunity for Soldiers and
Army civilians to connect with the
next generation of Soldiers, engineers
and scientists during the 13th annual
U.S. Army All-American Bowl in San
Antonio, TX.
Army Soldiers and personnel gathered
elite technologies in the Army Strong
Zone at the Alamodome, Jan. 3-4, to
provide visitors with a glimpse into
Army life. Key themes such as Strength
through Teamwork, Strength to Heal,
Strength on the Move and Strength
through Technology helped pull in
42
more than 5,000 visitors from across

the country to experience various
aspects of Army values and learn about
the many opportunities the Army has
to offer. Visitors to the 129,000-squarefoot interactive display area experienced night vision, robotics, VEX
Robotics Competition, STEM (Science,
Technology, Engineering and
Mathematics) trailer, ballistic glass,
Army canine training shows and the
chance for look through the scope of
an Army sniper rifle.
U.S. Army Research, Development and
Engineering Command (RDECOM)
associates helped support U.S. Army
Marketing and Research Group

(AMRG) experts during bowl week by
providing technology demonstrations
for community outreach. A robust
technology presence in the Army
Strong Zone, supported by the U.S.
Army Tank Automotive Research,
Development and Engineering Center
(TARDEC), highlighted robotics capabilities and the importance of engineers, technicians and scientists.
The Army Strong Zone was successful
because visitors were able to recognize
that there is not only one side of the
Army, SGM Steven Robertson,
Program Executive Office Ground
Combat Systems explained. This

event allowed students to ask questions
and learn the range of opportunities
the Army has to offer.
Through title sponsorship, the AllAmerican Bowl program allowed
RDECOM and TARDEC to engage
scholars, athletes, teachers and students about Army core values, unexpected opportunities for education,
training and skills, and the lifelong
foundation for success that service can
bring. The All-American Bowl program provides the Army with the
unique opportunity to tell the Army
story and develop partnerships with
key stakeholders and influencers.
New this year, TARDEC supported a
VEX Robotics Competition featured in
the Strong Zone. On Jan. 4, students
from across the country competed in
an interactive competition using their
STEM skills to build their very own
robots. The Army is proud to showcase the incredible talents of these winning teams and all the students who
took part in this competition, said
COL John Keeter, Deputy Director,
AMRG, during the VEX awards ceremony. Science, technology, engineering and mathematics are critical, not
just to our Armys success, but to the
success of our nation. And we recognize the importance of encouraging
STEM interest and excellence in
todays youth.
Visitors experienced aspects of the
Army life in four distinct displays:
Strength Through Teamwork The
Army displayed its diversity and
invited visitors to meet todays personnel from Drill Sergeants to
Special Forces Soldiers. The Army
Strong Zone featured elite teams
such as the Army Combatives
Program and K-9 unit.
Strength to Heal With more than
150 different career opportunities,
the Army offers more than any
Students check out the Fuel Efficient Demonstrator in the Army Strong Zone at
the All-American Bowl.
During the All-American Bowl, middle-school and high-school students

participated in the VEX Robotics Competition, a major STEM activity.
other service. Members of the

renowned Forward Surgical Team
from the premier medical post at
Fort Sam Houston showed visitors
how they help save lives and displayed the Mobile Medical Hospital
and medical Stryker vehicle.
S trength on the Move Visitors
curious about Army Basic Training
tested their physical stamina and
discovered what it takes to be Army
Strong. Army Drill Sergeants
showed visitors how todays
Soldiers are trained to be more
agile and mobile, let them stroll
through the American Soldier
Adventure Van and allowed them

to jump in the cockpit of an Apache
Helicopter simulator.
Strength Through Technology
Soldiers need not just physical
strength, but also mental strength to
operate some of the most elite technologies in the world. RDECOM
associates and Soldiers displayed
technology and explained how it
helps keep the Army Strong.
Technology demonstrations ranged
from night vision to advanced robotics to command-and-control multitouch enabled technologies.
accelerate | OPERATIONAL FLEXIBILITY EDITION | tardec.army.mil
43
info in brief
30-Year Strategy
TARDEC Maps Vision to Army of 2040
TARDECs venture to craft its 30-Year

Strategy is founded on one essential
principle enduring value.
At the Secretary of the Armys
request, the U.S. Armys ground
systems organizations have adopted
30-year vehicle and equipment modernization strategies that provide a
roadmap of future capabilities across
the acquisition life cycle. TARDECs
30-Year Strategy establishes the longrange model that will fill potential
capability gaps, explore future programs of record (PORs) and provide
engineering services that will support
Soldiers of today and tomorrow.
Three Value Streams (VS) serve as the
foundation for the 30-Year Strategy.
They provide the end-to-end process
TARDEC uses to deliver a variety of
products and services.
VS1: Shape Requirements for Future
Programs of Record focuses
on developing new concepts and
designs for the Future Force.
44
V
S2: Develop New Capabilities for
Current Ground Systems focuses
on developing and integrating new
technologies and capabilities that
support existing PORs.
V
S3: Provide Engineering Support
and Services focuses on providing
the overall best engineering service
and value to TARDEC partners
throughout vehicle life cycles.
Over the past 10 years, our core
investments have been primarily
focused on what is now known as VS2
developing capabilities for current
ground systems, explained TARDEC
Strategic Technology Planning (STP)
Team Leader Michael Rose. What
the 30-Year Strategy acknowledges
is our renewed commitment to VS1
and VS3, which emphasize the importance of developing new concepts for
the Future Force and supporting the
acquisition community with advanced
engineering service capabilities in
areas like systems engineering and
modeling and simulation.
Emerging from the Value Streams will

be system-level capabilities that enable
the Future Force to be adaptable,
flexible, smart and agile ensuring
continued dominance across the
spectrum of missions and future
battlefield environments.
The 30-Year Strategy is meant to
guide associates in a new way of
thinking about their role here, as part
of a larger organization rather than
as parts of an individual directorate, Rose continued. The strategy
also engages collaborative partners
to leverage resources and streamline
the process to deliver products and
services. We need to work as a unified whole with common long-range
objectives if we are truly going to be
the Armys leading ground system
integrators.
Not Just a Game: Virtual Domain

Influences Vehicle Design
emerging technologies
in virtual environments
to provide feedback
that would inform both
science and technology
research and, potentially,
Army doctrine.
Dr. Rob E. Smith at the
U.S. Army Tank Automotive Research, Development and Engineering
Center (TARDEC) in
Warren, MI, said ESP
may have long-term benefits. Gaming isnt new to
the Army. What is unique
about Early Synthetic
Prototyping is the idea
of launching an ongoing
experiment and gaining
access to hundreds of
Soldiers feedback, he
explained. Imagine
a future development
Early Synthetic Prototyping would allow Soldiers to
explore emerging technologies in virtual
process where Soldiers
environments.
co-develop vehicles that
optimize the combinaMany of todays Soldiers regularly play
tion of technologies and tactics, maybe
video games. The technology they
even before we invest S&T dollars in the
employ for entertainment may play a
technology.
vital role in the future of ground combat
vehicle design as U.S. Army engineers
Smith said that a social component
explore the concept of Early Synthetic
would allow Soldiers to discuss what
Prototyping (ESP) and its ramifications.
worked for them, as well as borrow suggestions from other Soldiers who have
ESP, a concept born at the Army Capaplayed the game. If you combine the
bilities Integration Center (ARCIC)
idea of customizable vehicles with the
under the leadership of MG William
breakthroughs in rapid manufacturing
Hix and his team, is a process and tooland computerized logistics, we can
set that would enable Soldiers to assess
develop mission-optimized vehicles,
Smith said. In fact, the technology

already exists to fly UAVs [unmanned
aerial vehicles] over an area and practice
a virtual fight scenario on the actual
scenario. Ultimately, the idea is to let Soldiers, engineers and acquisitions have a
dialog and develop a deep, shared vision.
If used as envisioned, ESP would generate cross-organizational discussions
that would lead to innovation in the
design process, as well as potential shifts
in Army doctrine as Soldiers discover
new and innovative ways to use and
field current and future technology.
There are a lot of people talking about
the idea that the U.S. will face technical parity in the future. The barrier of
entry to UAVs, computer technologies,
networks and high-effects munitions is
very low and commercially available,
Smith explained. The U.S. needs to
find a way to put technologies and tactics together in a more lucid and rapid
manner to maintain a significant edge
over our adversaries. We need a process
breakthrough.
Smith said that as ESP grows, it could
become an integral step in future systems engineering processes. If we can
better design a vehicle, and handle the
complexity involved with manufacturing custom platforms, then why couldnt
we build vehicles that are custom-tuned
to the specific mission?
The project has an aggressive schedule
that aims to have Soldiers participating
in ESP at battle labs and simulation centers as early as June 2014.
45
info in brief
Team Aims to Improve
HMMWV Blast Protection
Like a fighter going the distance, the

High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled
Vehicle (HMMWV) keeps answering
the bell when the battles begin.
During their first two decades of
service, HMMWVs did not require
armor protection. Asymmetrical warfare in Iraq and Afghanistan changed
that, and Army engineers developed
bolt-on armor kits to increase crew
survivability.
Now, TARDEC engineers have
responded to another user request
to identify potential future survivability upgrades for the HMMWV fleet,
keeping Soldiers safer in the field, and
to ensure design changes would be
operationally feasible. They designed
a prototype solution for HMMWVs
using aluminum-based armor and
a triple-V hull underneath to build
stronger layers of protection against
blasts and small arms fire.
This armor is designed for the crew
to survive a blast, TARDEC Center
46
for Systems
Integration
Associate
Director,
Engineered
Solutions, John J.
Schmitz stated.
The aluminum
armor solution
proved to be the
key because you
can only load so
much weight on
an HMMWV
chassis. The prototype vehicle is the
same weight but with significantly
increased survivability.
and simulation research to confirm

the Blast Cab teams design and structural changes. Also, engineers in the
Occupant Protection Laboratory at
Selfridge Air National Guard Base
conducted Sub-System Drop Tower
tests to validate the seats, which
are hinged to partially absorb blast
energy. The cab flooring includes a
crush zone area under passengers feet
to add protection near the blast point.
The Armys current priority for the

ground fleet is a successful Joint Light
Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) program,
which will fill a critical capability
gap in protected mobility between
the MRAP and HMMWV fleets and
dramatically improve our balance of
payload, performance and protection. Because the Army will continue
using HMMWVs for years, it has also
been preparing for any contingencies
that would require urgent improvements to that fleets survivability and
performance.
Other survivability factors include

the chassis height engineers raised
it to provide more stand-off margin
under the vehicle to better mitigate a
blast. The triple-V hull design channels blast energy away from the crew
compartment and limits how far
the vehicle can be thrown in the air.
Both effects should reduce the risk of
Soldier casualties.
Our mission is to ensure that the

HMMWV fleet remains viable for
the next three decades, commented
Steve Rienstra, Product Director Light
Tactical Vehicles (PD LTV).
Engineers in TARDECs Ground
Systems Engineering Assessment and
Assurance group performed modeling
Live blast tests at Aberdeen Proving

Ground, MD, last fall indicated
the TARDEC design substantially
improves survivability and that future
investments could be examined.
Our partners efforts help to not

only baseline vehicle capabilities,
but also validate the possibility of
meeting blast objectives for MECV
[Modernized Expanded Capacity
Vehicle]-like requirements. These
results provide government-owned
designs that are scalable and actionable solutions, stated Clifton Ellis,
Engineering Chief at Product
Manager Light Tactical Vehicle (LTV).
Ask the Expert

TARDEC Engineer David Gunter explains how
mobility research is changing
Q: With all-terrain vehicles play-
ing a larger role in Army logistics,

how does TARDEC develop the best
possible off-road vehicle mobility
systems?
A: Validating mobility has always
involved live testing, and lots of it.

The only way to determine tractive
effort has been to drive real vehicles
over rocks, bumps, sand and mud,
and analyze the results after the
vehicle gets stuck or a part fails.
TARDEC engineers have launched
a program to modernize the way we
perform mobility analysis, employing computational tools that allow
less reliance on live testing. The
new tools will help save on costs,
improve accuracy and move faster
toward the ultimate purpose
keeping vehicles from getting immobilized in off-road situations.
Metrics used to measure mobility
include five factors:
C one Index the minimum soil
strength over which the vehicle
must be mobile.
R ide quality the maximum
speed over a rough course
during which the driver or occupants do not exceed a human
vibration tolerance criteria due
to vertical acceleration.
Tractive effort to weight a
ratio of the traction force
developed by the vehicle applied

to the ground-to-vehicle weight.
Top speed maximum speed the
vehicle can achieve.
Speed on grade minimum speed
the vehicle must maintain on a
longitudinal sloped surface.
We have modeling and simulation
(M&S) tools to predict vehicle performance for these metrics primarily
commercial tools used by both the
military and auto industry. However,
because soft-soil mobility mainly consists of military and agricultural markets, commercial tools arent available.
We still use a model originally developed in the 1960s by TARDEC and
the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Engineer Research and Development
Center (USACE-ERDC) to predict
soft-soil mobility.
This models databases represent
several decades of Army vehicle test
results. They dont account for many
of todays military vehicle technologies, such as active suspension,
electronic stability control, antilock
brake systems or even radial tires.
While programmers made changes to
address some deficiencies, the model
could use a major refresh to account
for todays advanced suspension
technology.
The most cost-effective method of
testing vehicle mobility today is high
performance computing (HPC) and
M&S. The Computational Research

for Engineering and Science Ground
Vehicles (CRES-GV) Project is an
ongoing Department of Defense
(DOD) HPC Modernization Program
project involving TARDEC and
USACE-ERDC. The goal is to address
the ground vehicle communitys gaps
and needs through M&S. This undertaking includes the development of an
end-to-end mobility server that uses
physics-based models to make softsoil predictions for todays vehicles.
This ambitious project will use
high-fidelity track-to-soil and tireto-soil interface models, propulsion
models for drivetrain performance,
high-fidelity multi-body dynamics
models for vehicle dynamics, computational fluid dynamics models
for powertrain cooling and vehicle
fording, and will include new updated
predictions, such as urban assault
mobility (traversing rubble piles) and
urban maneuverability (steering in
confined city streets).
CRES-GV is in year one of a fiveyear program and includes other
tools development, but the mobility
prediction tool is ongoing because it
clearly fills the needs of the Army and
Marines.
Dave Gunter is Acting Deputy
Associate Director for Analytics at
TARDEC
47
FIVE THINGS ABOUT
SPH
The Self-Propelled Howitzer (SPH) and its teammate, the

Carrier Ammunition Tracked (CAT) vehicle, form the new
Paladin Integrated Management (PIM) family of vehicles
a modernized and re-engineered tandem of battlefield
assets that provide long-range fire support to Brigade
Combat Teams (BCTs). With its new pivot steer capability
Five Things You Should Know About

the SELF-PROPELLED HOWITZER
and ability to fire up to four rounds per minute from its

155mm cannon (aided by a precise electric loading
system), SPH offers shoot and scoot effectiveness when
backing up Infantry, Strykers, Bradley Fighting Vehicles
(BFVs) and Abrams tanks. Limited production is
scheduled to begin in 2014.
The 600-volt Power System provides enhanced network

capability and situational awareness over the 28-volt system
employed on the M109A6 Paladin. The generator can produce
70 kilowatts (kW) of power three times more capability than
the Paladin produces. With this added capability, PIM accepts
the Armys current and future networks and meets the need to
maintain network capability with the forces it supports.
The newly designed upgraded chassis allows for growth

potential to accept future requirements and technology
insertions with SWaP (size, weight and power) as the critical
enabler. At 68,500 lbs, the currently fielded M109A6 Paladin
already exceeds its design weight. The new PIM, at 84,000
lbs, offers potential weight growth of up to 110,000 lbs.
SPH also utilizes common suspension and track components

with BFVs to minimize the logistics footprint and unique
parts. The upgraded suspension and track components
address the No. 1 operation and sustainment maintenance
issue on the currently fielded Paladin systems.
48
PIM provides increased force protection and survivability a

scalable system that allows the commander to provide full
spectrum indirect fire support to any Army BCT formation.
Crews can accomplish the mission from a fixed firing position
or hasty position on the move. Protection upgrades include a
new chassis, increased ground clearance, improved crew
seating, added Chief of Section protection and increased hull
thickness. PIM can also accept modular add-on armor kits
including underbelly protection.
The PIM 675 hp powertrain delivers increased mobility,

providing the ability to maintain the tempo of the
supported force, Armored BCT, and support Full
Spectrum Operations (FSO). The heavyweight and lower
440 hp powertrain of the current M109 FOV prevents it
from meeting this need. SPH shares its powertrain with
the BFV, minimizing the logistics footprint, with fewer
unique components.
49
6501 E. ELEVEN MILE RD.

WARREN, MI 48937-5000
Theres more TARDEC news

and info online:
TARDECs robotics engineers displayed the possibilities of unmanned
tactical vehicles in the Autonomous Mobility Appliqu System (AMAS)
Capabilities Advancement Demonstration at Fort Hood, Texas,
recently. Driverless vehicles navigate around traffic, pedestrians and
obstacles in the demonstration, which can be viewed on YouTube here:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HseUNLP6q24
Check our Facebook page for Energy Wednesday the day we highlight stories on the Armys quest for more energy-efficient systems
for its vehicle fleets and on its installations. On Facebook, search for
U.S. Army TARDEC.
Find enhanced content in the electronic edition of

accelerate Magazine: http://tardec.army.mil
FOLLOW US:

On Facebook at U.S. Army TARDEC
On Twitter at TARDEC_PAO
UNCLAS: Dist A. Approved for public release.

TARDEC requests that any reproduction of these
articles and electronic media give appropriate
credit to the original source (publication, author,
photographer).

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Enhanced Mobility Edition

Lead Innovate Integrate Deliver

30 YEARS DOWN THE ROAD

See accelerates own

We have to be able to go

The 30-Year Strategy

accelerate | ENHANCED MOBILITY EDITION | tardec.army.mil

Enhanced Mobility Edition

Lead Innovate Integrate Deliver

DISCLAIMER: accelerate is published by TARDEC. Articles express the written views of

On the Cover: The quote from Army Chief of Staff

Reference herein to any specific commercial company, product, process or service by

4 Exploring Future Mobility

accelerate | ENHANCED MOBILITY EDITION | tardec.army.mil

Dr. Tulga Ersal

Dr. M. Abul Masrur

Deputy Chief of Staff

Dr. David Gorsich

TARDEC Chief Scientist

Deputy Assistant Chief of Staff, G5

Public Affairs Office

TSgt. Dan Heaton

127th Wing Public Affairs Office

Senior Editor /Writer

Dr. M. Abul Masrur

38 Blast Test Hub

44 rpm Info in Brief

TSgt. Dan Heaton

47 Ask the Expert

48 Five Things you should know about the

accelerate | ENHANCED MOBILITY EDITION | tardec.army.mil

Dont Predict the Future, Invent it!

Research Scientist at the University of Michigan and Center

accelerate | ENHANCED MOBILITY EDITION | tardec.army.mil

accelerate | ENHANCED MOBILITY EDITION | tardec.army.mil

s the ground vehicle community develops future systems in coordination with

explained Dr. David Gorsich,

suspension systems, electrified propulsion systems, advanced energy

Drawing by James Scott

accelerate | ENHANCED MOBILITY EDITION | tardec.army.mil

Multi-modal Mobility vehicle for

The bottom line is

Virtual tools and techniques are

Drawing by James Scott

accelerate | ENHANCED MOBILITY EDITION | tardec.army.mil

Concept from Soldier

ground its more challenging than

propulsion systems that offer other

accelerate | ENHANCED MOBILITY EDITION | tardec.army.mil

accelerate | ENHANCED MOBILITY EDITION | tardec.army.mil

ncreased consumer demand and

We can get by with traditional

the technology. Once accomplished,

We can get by with

accelerate | ENHANCED MOBILITY EDITION | tardec.army.mil

into the Stryker Demonstrator vehicle

Boice explains how researchers monitor the APOP systems performance

Following reliability testing, APOP

Burst Power: this technology

accelerate | ENHANCED MOBILITY EDITION | tardec.army.mil

PEO Ground Combat Systems moving

By Bill Good, PEO GCS,

accelerate | ENHANCED MOBILITY EDITION | tardec.army.mil

ver the course of the last 12

We have to be able to go

4 Exploring Future Mobility

38 Blast Test Hub

44 rpm Info in Brief

47 Ask the Expert

48 Five Things you should know about the

Burst Power: this technology