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I. INTERPRETATION OF STATUE:
According to salmond, interpretation of statue is the
process by which the court seek a certain the meaning of
legislation, through the medium of the forms in which it is
expressed. In other words when a apling the law passed
by the legislature, the court seeks to give effect to the
words used by the legislature in the same sense as was
intended by legislature. It is a function of legislature to
make the law and that of the courts to interpret and apply
such laws.
The following are the important rule of interpretation
PRECEDENTS
fellow judges.
A precedent is the statement of law formed in the judgment in the
superior court which decision has to be followed by all inferior courts. The
rule of law is most significant feature of energy democracy and certainty
and continuity are necessary ingredient rule of law.
Doctrine of stare decisis (Binding forces of precedent) is also
reflected in Article 141 of constitution of India which declares that law laid
down by Supreme Court is binding on all courts in India.
DECLARATARY THEORY According to this theory, a judge never makes the law he merely
declares what the law is. The function of the judge is merely to apply the
law and not to play a creative role in making the law. This theory is
however, the process of application of law. Quite often a judge is faced
with a unique situation; a situation has never arisen in the past. In such
cases he lays down an entirely new principle and to that extent, he
widens and extends the law. He develops a new rule by analogy and by
deduction. The declaratary theory breaks down in such cases.
AUTHORITATIVE AND PERSUASIVE
An authoritative precedent is one which a judge must follow
whether he approves of it or not. It is binding on him and he cannot use
his judicial discretion not to follow it thus a judgment of Supreme Court is
binding on all courts in India. A judge of Bombay High Court cannot
disapprove or disagree with it. It is binding on all courts until it is set
aside by the Supreme Court itself.
A persuasive precedent on the other hand is one which has only a
persuasive value and is not binding on the court. The court is under no
obligation to follow it. And has the discretion not to apply it.
However the court would normally takes such a precedent in the
consideration and such wait to it as deems fit. Thus the judgment of
Gujrat High court would have only persuasive efficacy cited before the
Bombay High Court.
RATIO DECIDENDY Every judicial decision has two aspects:
a) Concrete decidian which is binding on both the parties.
b) It also contains the judicial principle on which concrete decision is
based, one which operates as a precedent, one which has the
force of law, and one which bind with future litigants. This is called
the Ratio Decidendy of the case.
Thus a suit is file against a minor for enforcing a mortgage signed
by him as a minor cannot enter into a valid contract. The court
dismisses a suit here dismissal of suit is the concrete decision
which binds both the party to the suit. However, the legal principle
the decision is based namely that minor agreement is totally void
can be regarded as Ratio Decidendy.
OBITOR DICTA
Obitor Dicta are things said by the judge in the judgment which
are not really necessary for the decision in that case. In other words they
are things said by bay. In other words of Chief Justice Chagla, an obiter
dictum is an expression of opinion on a point which is not necessary for
the ultimate decision of the case.
In one case a favorable repeat given by a bank in respect of
financial condition of a company turned out to be false. However, there
was a disclaimer clause in the report under which the bank disclaimed
any liability in the matter in view of this clause the court held that the
bank was not liable. However, having said that the court went onto
discussion. What the banks liability would have been in such a clause
was not there in the report. The entire discussion which was not at all
necessary to determine the liability of a bank in a particular case would
be regarded as obiter.
Posted by Mohd Yasin Kapadia at 00:15
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