After College Varify TODAY

Advanced Electrical Energy Prepaid Metering System
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction of AEEPM:
The technology for the electrical measuring instrument has become
improved from what it was from last few years. From the large size of meters with
highly magnets and coils, there have been many innovations that have resulted in
size & weight reduction in addition to improvise the specifications and features. In
the last few year there are an improvements have been seen in the accuracy &
determination. Introduction of the digital meter in the later part of last century
hasfully altered the way Electrical parameters are measured. Starting with
Voltmeters & Ammeters, the digital meter has conquered the whole spectrum of
analysing instruments due to their advantages like ease of reading, better
determination and rugged construction. Of particular significance is the introduction
of the Electronic Energy Meter in the mid eighties. Now a days, Expenditure and
distribution of energy has become a big object for discussion because of huge
difference in energy production and consumption. In this regard, the frequent power
cut is the big reason for the energy consumer; another important reason for power
failure is due to the un-limited use of energy by rich people. In this aspect, there
should be some restriction to distribute the power in all areas to minimize the power
cuts and according to that the Government should implement a policy, by
introducing advanced Electrical Energy Prepaid Metering(AEEPM) System
everywhere in domestic division. Hence, the need has come to think on this line and
a solution has to be come out.
1.2 Electrical Metering Instrument Technology
Today the measuring instrument technology improved up significantly, so
that the Consumed energy can be calculated mathematically, displayed, data can
be Processed, data can be stored, etc. Presently the microcontrollers are playing
major role in metering instrument technology.
1.3 About Electronic Energy Meter
The following are the advantages of electronic energy meter:
1.3.1 Accuracy
While electromechanical measuring instruments are generally available with
accuracy of Class2, Electronic measuring instruments of Class 1 accuracy are very
common.
1.3.2 Low Current Performance
After a few years most of the electromechanical meters tend to slower
performance and stop recording at. This problem arises due to increase in friction at
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their bearings. This results in large losses in revenue since most of the residential
consumers will be running at very low loads for almost 20 hours in a day. Electronic
meters record consistently and accurately even Also they are guaranteed to
start recording energy at0.4% of their basic current.
1.3.3 Low Voltage Performance
Below75% of rated voltage the accuracy of mechanical meter becomes poor
whereas accuracy electronic meters record good even at 50% of rated voltage. This
become a major advantage where low voltage problem is very common.
1.3.4 Installation
The position in which the mechanical meter is installed is very sensitive. If
it is not mounted vertically, it will not perform well and resulting in revenue loss
whereas electronic meter is not sensitive to position.
1.3.5 Tamper
The mechanical meters can be tampered easily by use of magnet externally
or by inserting an thin film into the meter to touch the rotating disc without
disturbing the Wiring. In addition to these methods, in the case of a single-phase
meter, there are more than 20 conditions of external wiring that can make the meter
record less. In the case of 3 Phase meter, external wiring can be manipulated in 4
ways to make it slow. Hence, any of these methods cannot tamper electronic meters.
Further they can detect the tampering of meter by using LED.
1.4 New Features in AEEPM System
Electronic meters provide many new features like prepaid metering that can
improve the efficiency of the utility. Shows the Block Diagram of Advanced
Electrical Energy Prepaid Metering System in Fig. 1 . The Central controlling unit in
AEEPM System is PIC16F877A Microcontroller . It controls all the activity related
to the presented System . It is responsible for alert the consumer while recharging
and exhausting the recharge amount.
1. Block Diagram of AEEPM System
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Fig. 1 Block Diagram of AEEPM System

2. Schematic Diagram
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Fig 2. Schematic Diagram of AEEPM System

3. PCB Layout
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Fig. 3. PCB Layout Of AEEPM System

Steps Followed , while preparing Printing Circuit Board .
The Main Point of Printed Circuit is that , routing of electric current and
signals through a thin copper layer ,among Electronic components. PCB is also
provide mechanical support to all component . There are following important steps
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followed during PCB Designing .

1. Design of Circuit Design of circuit prepare with manually and software
both . There are many PCB Designing software available in Market such as
Eagle , protel and Tina Pro etc.
2. Printing of Circuit on PCB Taking print out of circuit and print this on
PCB using Suitable means of printing.
3. Etching Process In Etching process , whole PCB dip into the required
chemical such as Ferric Chloride or Ammonium per-sulphate and remove all
unprinted surface of PCB.
4. Route Checking and Drilling - In this Process firstly ,we have to check route
or track , then after drilling is done.
5. Component Assembling and Soldering After Drilling Process component
assembling on PCB through holes and Soldering them.
1.4.1 Prepaid Energy Metering
In the last decade there are many advancements are done in energy meter
which is only direct revenue interface between serviceability and consumers. The
conventional electro-mechanical meters are being replaced with electronic meters to
improve accuracy in meter reading. Asian countries are currently making plans to
present prepaid electricity meters across their whole network in which they
distribute energy, beyond up by the success of this novel methodology in South
Africa. In Asia the major driving factor for energy market are the privatization of
state held power distribution companies and the main existing problems with the
post-paid system.
Over 40 countries have implemented prepaid meters in their markets In
United Kingdom the system, has been in use for well over 70 years with about3.5
million consumers. The prepaid program in South Africa was started in 1992 since
then they have installed over 6 million meters. Other African counties such as
Sudan, Madagascar are following the South African success. The concept has found
ground in Argentina and New Zealand with few thousands of installations. The
prepaid meters in the market today
1.4.2 PREPAYMENT METERING
Yet another advantage of the electronic meter is the possibility
of introducing Prepaid metering system. In prepaid metering system the consumer
pays money in advance for the service and then feed this information into his/her
meter. The meter then updates the credit available to the consumer and starts
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deducting his consumption from available credit. Once the credit reaches a
minimum specified value, meter for users. If the credit is completely exhausted, the
meter switches off the loads of the consumer.
Main advantage of this system is that the utility can eliminate meter readers.
Another benefit is that they get paid in advance. The consumer benefits due to
elimination of penalty for late payment. Also it enables him to plan his electricity
bill expenses in a better manner. Due to the intelligence built in into the electronic
meters, introduction of prepaid metering becomes much easier than in the case of
electromechanical meters.
1.4.3 Security concept in AEEPM The present system , is more secure than
currently used electrical energy meter because it has no. of security element such as
vibration sensing element , pulse measuring element , overload detector and fault
detector. Vibration sensing element is able to alert the electricity office if vibration
related action found. As same as fault detector and overload detector element is
alert the user if suitable event occurs for this.
CHAPTER-2
2 . LITERATURE REVIEW OF AEEPM SYSTEM
Mr. Nazir Bin Abdullah [1], developed an automatic meter reading system
(Automation of Residential Electricity Cut off Using Embedded Controller) In
2012 for domastic user.In this project he used GSM modem for transmitting
and receiving information, both sides means user side and energy provider
side. The heart of this project is a embedded device (microcontroller unit)
which control the main power switch and update the data in data base .with
help of this project user shows their energy consumption and billing
information. Mr. Hung Cheng Chen[2] proposed a wireless automatic meter
reading system in 2012. In this project he used zigbee modul on both sides.
This technology is chip and low cost. Mr. Alauddin Al Omary[3] develop an
automatic meter reading system using GPRS technology In 2011 .This paper the
design of secure low cost AMR system that calculate and transmit the total
electrical energy consumption to main server using GSM technology .The AMR
system perform the main three function such as taking meter reading ,transmission
facility and billing information. MR.LI Quan Xi[4] design a automatic meter
system based on ZigBee and GPRS system In 2010 . Mr. H.G..Rodney Tan[5]
Develop an automatic power meter reading system using GSM network.in 2007.In
this system GSM digital power meter installed in every consumer unite and
electricity ebilling system at the energy provider side. Mr. Mejbaui Haque[6]
develop a microcontroller based single phase digital prepaid energy meter for
improved meter and billing system .In this paper he present a single phase energy
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meter IC.This digital prepaid meter does not have any rotating part .The energy is
calculated using the output pulse of energy meter and the counter of
microcontroller. Amit jain [7],proposed a prepaid meter using mobile
communication in2011.In this system he used controller unite,prepaid card and
communication module .The prepaid card is the most important addition to the
design .The power utility sets the amount in the prepaid card to a measure that the
consumer recharges the cards ,called fixed amount.The tariff rates are already
programmed and fed into the card. Fawzi Al-Naina and Bahaa Jalil[8],Built a
prototyping prepaid electricity meter system based on RFID .This system is
divided into two part such as client and server .The client consist of a digital meter
based on a microcontroller and an RFID reader and the server consist of a PC with
MySQL database server.The client installed in each house and the server installed
in local sub station.
CHAPTER-3
3. DESIGN PRINCIPAL OF THE SYSTEM - In the design of AEEPM System
is Completed with Hardware and Software Tool Both.
3.1 DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENT
The Present system prepared with combination
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of hardware and software .

3.1.1 Hardware Description
3.1.1(a) MICROCONTROLLER UNITE
PIC 16 SERIES-PIC16F73
Fig. 4. Pin Diagram of Microcontroller Unit

PIC microcontrollers made by Microchip Technology and derived from the
PIC1640 which actuallly developed by General Instrument's Microelectronics .
The name PIC referred to "Peripheral Interface Controller".
It is available in different configurations such as 8bit,16 bit,32 bit package with
instructions set as given below :
8 bit pakage -PIC10 xxxx, PIC12 xxxx, PIC16 xxxx, PIC18 xxxx.(12 bit
instruction set)
16 bit pakage -PIC24H,DSPIC30,DSPIC33. (14 bit instruction set)
32 bit pakage -PIC32xxxx. (16 bit instruction set)
PICs are famous with developers and hobbyists like due to their low cost, large
availability, large user base, large collection of application notes, availability of
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low cost or free development tools, and serial programming facility.

Special Microcontroller Features:
High performance CPU.
Only thirty five single word instructions to learn.
All single cycle instructions except for program branches which are two-cycle.
Operating speed: DC - 20 MHz clock input DC - 200 ns instruction cycle.
Up to 8K x 14 words of FLASH Program Memory, Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data
Memory (RAM).
Interrupt Facility .
5 level deep hardware stack.
Direct Addressing, Indirect Addressing and Relative Addressing modes.
Power-on Reset Facility.
Power-up Timer Facility and Oscillator Start-up Timer Facility.
Watchdog Timer Facility with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable
operation.
Programmable code protection Facility.
Facility of Power saving SLEEP mode.
In-Circuit Serial Programming Facility.
Peripheral Features:
There are three types of timer provided by PIC Family such as Timer0, Timer1 and
Timer2.
Timer0 is a 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler.
Timer1 is a 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler, can be incremented during
SLEEP via external crystal/clock.
Timer2 is a 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, prescaler and
postscaler.
2 Capture, Compare and PWM modules- Capture is 16-bit, max. resolution is 12.5 ns
- Compare is 16-bit, max. resolution is 200 ns
- PWM max. resolution is 10-bit.
8-bit and 8-channel A/Digital converter.
Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI (Master mode) and I2C(Slave).
Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART/SCI).
Parallel Slave Port (PSP), 8-bits wide with external RD, WR and CS controls
(40/44-pin only).
Brown-out detection circuitry for Brown-out Reset (BOR).
CMOS Technology:
It consume Low power as compare to others .
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It has Fully static design .

It has Wide operating voltage range i.e. 2.0V to 5.5V.
High Sink/Source Current.
Wide Industrial temperature range.
Low power consumption.
PIN Diagram
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Table. 1. Pin Description of Microcontroller Unit

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Absolute Maximum Ratings
Ambient temperature under bias...................................... .-55 to +125C
Storage temperature.................................................... -65C to +150C
Voltage on any pin with respect to VSS (except VDD, MCLR. and
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RA4) ......................................... -0.3V to (VDD + 0.3V)

Voltage on VDD with respect to VSS............................. -0.3 to +6.5V
Voltage on MCLR with respect to VSS (Note2)..........................0 to +13.5V
Voltage on RA4 with respect to Vss ..................................0 to +12V
Total power dissipation (Note 1)................................................1.0W
Maximum current out of VSS pin................................................300 mA
Maximum current into VDD pin .....................................................250 mA
Input clamp current, IIK (VI < 0 or VI > VDD)............................ 20 mA
Output clamp current, IOK (VO < 0 or VO > VDD) ...................... 20 mA
Maximum output current sunk by any I/O pin..................................25 mA
Maximum output current sourced by any I/O pin ............................25 mA
Maximum current sunk by PORTA, PORTB, and PORTE (combined) (Note
3).....................................200 mA
Maximum current sourced by PORTA, PORTB, and PORTE (combined) (Note
3) ..............................................200 mA
Maximum current sunk by PORTC and PORTD (combined) (Note
3) ..................................................................200 mA
Maximum current sourced by PORTC and PORTD (combined) (Note
3).............................................................200 mA
Note 1: Power dissipation is calculated as follows: Pdis = VDD x {IDD - IOH}
+ {(VDD - VOH) x IOH} + (VOl x IOL)
2: Voltage spikes below VSS at the MCLR pin, inducing currents greater than 80
mA, may cause latch-up. Thus,
a series resistor of 50-100 should be used when applying a low level to the
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MCLR pin, rather than pulling

this pin directly to VSS.
3.1.1.(b) DISPLAY UNITE
Introduction:
Fig. 5. Display Unit

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat display device made up of any
number of color or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source or reflector.
Each pixel consists of a column of liquid crystal molecules suspended between two
transparent electrodes, and two polarizing filters, the axes of polarity of which are
perpendicular to each other. Without the liquid crystals between them, light passing
through one would be blocked by the other. The liquid crystal twists the polarization
of light entering one filter to allow it to pass through the other.
A program must interact with the outside world using input and output
devices that communicate directly with a human being. One of the most common
devices attached to an controller is an LCD display. Some of the most common
LCDs connected to the controllers are 16X1, 16x2 and 20x2 displays. This means 16
characters per line by 1 line 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per
line by 2 lines, respectively.
Many microcontroller devices use 'smart LCD' displays to output visual
information.
LCD displays designed around LCD NT-C1611 module, are
inexpensive, easy to use, and it is even possible to produce a readout using the 5X7
dots plus cursor of the display. They have a standard ASCII set of characters and
mathematical symbols. For an 8-bit data bus, the display requires a +5V supply plus
10 I/O lines (RS RW D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0). For a 4-bit data bus it only
requires the supply lines plus 6 extra lines(RS RW D7 D6 D5 D4). When the LCD
display is not enabled, data lines are tri-state and they do not interfere with the
operation of the microcontroller.
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availabl
e. Line
lengths
of
8,
16, 20,
24, 32
and 40
charact
ers are
all
standar
d,
in
one,
two
Features:
(1) Interface with either 4-bit or 8-bit microprocessor.
(2) Display data RAM
(3) 80x8 bits (80 characters).
(4) Character generator ROM
(5). 160 different 57 dot-matrix character patterns.
(6). Character generator RAM
(7) 8 different user programmed 5 7 dot-matrix patterns.
(8).Display data RAM and character generator RAM may be
Accessed by the microprocessor.
(9) Numerous instructions
(10) .Clear Display, Cursor Home, Display ON/OFF, Cursor ON/OFF,
Blink Character, Cursor Shift, Display Shift.
(11). Built-in reset circuit is triggered at power ON.
(12). Built-in oscillator.
Data can be placed at any location on the LCD. For 161 LCD, the address
locations are:
Table 2. Address locations for a 1x16 line LCD

Shapes and sizes:
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Fig. 6. Various Shapes of Display Unit

Even limited to character based modules, there is still a wide variety of
shapes and sizes available. Line lengths of 8,16,20,24,32 and 40 characters are all
standard, in one, two and four line versions.
Several different LC technologies exists. supertwist types, for example,
offer Improved contrast and viewing angle over the older twisted nematic types.
Some modules are available with back lighting, so so that they can be viewed in
dimly-lit conditions. The back lighting may be either electro-luminescent,
requiring a high voltage inverter circuit, or simple LED illumination.
ELECTRICAL BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Fig. 7. Block Diagram of Display Unit
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Power supply for lcd driving:
PIN DESCRIPTION:
Most LCDs with 1 controller has 14 Pins and LCDs with 2 controller has 16
Pins (two pins are extra in both for back-light LED connections).
Fig 8. Pin Diagram of 1x16 lines lcd
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Table. 3. Pin Details of Display Unit

CONTROL LINES:
EN:
Line is called "Enable." This control line is used to tell the LCD that you are sending
it data. To send data to the LCD, your program should make sure this line is low (0)
and then set the other two control lines and/or put data on the data bus. When the
other lines are completely ready, bring EN high (1) and wait for the minimum
amount of time required by the LCD datasheet (this varies from LCD to LCD), and
end by bringing it low (0) again.
RS:
Line is the "Register Select" line. When RS is low (0), the data is to be treated as a
command or special instruction (such as clear screen, position cursor, etc.). When
RS is high (1), the data being sent is text data which sould be displayed on the
screen. For example, to display the letter "T" on the screen you would set RS high.
RW:
Line is the "Read/Write" control line. When RW is low (0), the information on the
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data bus is being written to the LCD. When RW is high (1), the program is
effectively querying (or reading) the LCD. Only one instruction ("Get LCD status")
is a read command. All others are write commands, so RW will almost always be
low.
Finally, the data bus consists of 4 or 8 lines (depending on the mode of
operation selected by the user). In the case of an 8-bit data bus, the lines are referred
to as DB0, DB1, DB2, DB3, DB4, DB5, DB6, and DB7.
Logic status on control lines:
E - 0 Access to LCD disabled
- 1 Access to LCD enabled
R/W - 0 Writing data to LCD
- 1 Reading data from LCD
RS - 0 Instructions
- 1 Character
Writing data to the LCD:
1) Set R/W bit to low
2) Set RS bit to logic 0 or 1 (instruction or character)
3) Set data to data lines (if it is writing)
4) Set E line to high
5) Set E line to low
Read data from data lines (if it is reading)on LCD:
1) Set R/W bit to high
2) Set RS bit to logic 0 or 1 (instruction or character)
3) Set data to data lines (if it is writing)
4) Set E line to high
5) Set E line to low
Entering Text:
First, a little tip: it is manually a lot easier to enter characters and commands
in hexadecimal rather than binary (although, of course, you will need to translate
commands from binary couple of sub-miniature hexadecimal rotary switches is a
simple matter, although a little bit into hex so that you know which bits you are
setting). Replacing the d.i.l. switch pack with a of re-wiring is necessary.
The switches must be the type where On = 0, so that when they are turned to
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the zero position, all four outputs are shorted to the common pin, and in position F,
all four outputs are open circuit.
All the available characters that are built into the module are shown in Table
3. Studying the table, you will see that codes associated with the characters are
quoted in binary and hexadecimal, most significant bits (left-hand four bits) across
the top, and least significant bits (right-hand four bits) down the left.
Most of the characters conform to the ASCII standard, although the Japanese
and Greek characters (and a few other things) are obvious exceptions. Since these
intelligent modules were designed in the Land of the Rising Sun, it seems only fair
that their Katakana phonetic symbols should also be incorporated. The more
extensive Kanji character set, which the Japanese share with the Chinese, consisting
of several thousand different characters, is not included!
Using the switches, of whatever type, and referring to Table 3, enter a few
characters onto the display, both letters and numbers. The RS switch (S10) must be
up (logic 1) when sending the characters, and switch E (S9) must be pressed for
each of them. Thus the operational order is: set RS high, enter character, trigger E,
leave RS high, enter another character, trigger E, and so on.
The first 16 codes in Table 3, 00000000 to 00001111, ($00 to $0F) refer to
the CGRAM. This is the Character Generator RAM (random access memory), which
can be used to hold user-defined graphics characters. This is where these modules
really start to show their potential, offering such capabilities as bar graphs, flashing
symbols, even animated characters. Before the user-defined characters are set up,
these codes will just bring up strange looking symbols.
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Initialization by Instructions:
Fig. 8. Process Diagram of Display Unit

3.1.1(c) ENERGY METER
Electromechanical meters
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The most common type of electricity meter is the Thomson or

electromechanical induction watt-hour meter, invented by Elihu Thomson in1888.
Technology
The electromechanical induction meter operates by counting the revolutions
of an aluminum disc which is made to rotate at a speed proportional to the power.
The number of revolutions is thus proportional to the energy usage. It consumes a
small amount of power, typically around 2 watts. The metallic disc is acted upon by
two coils. One coil is connected in such a way that it produces a magnetic flux in
proportion to the voltage and the other produces a magnetic flux in proportion to
the current. The field of the voltage coil is delayed by 90 degrees using a lag coil.
[1]This produces eddy currents in the disc and the effect is such that a force is
exerted on the disc in proportion to the product of the instantaneous current and
voltage. A permanent magnet exerts an opposing force proportional to the speed of
rotation of the disc - this acts as a brake which causes the disc to stop spinning when
power stops being drawn rather than allowing it to spin faster and faster. This causes
the disc to rotate at a speed proportional to the power being used. The type of meter
described above is used on a single-phase AC supply. Different phase configurations
use additional voltage and current coils.
Reading
The aluminum disc is supported by a spindle which has a worm gear which
drives the register. The register is a series of dials which record the amount
of energy used. The dials may be of the cyclometer type, an odometer-like display
that is easy to read where for each dial a single digit is shown through a window in
the face of the meter, or of the pointer type where a pointer indicates each digit. It
should be noted that with the dial pointer type, adjacent pointers generally rotate in
opposite directions due to the gearing mechanism. The amount of energy
represented by one revolution of the disc is denoted by the symbol Kh which is
given in units of watt-hours per revolution.
Fig. 9. Single phase energy meter

The value 7.2 is commonly seen. Using the value of Kh, one can determine
their power consumption at any given time by timing the disc with a stopwatch. If
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the time in seconds taken by the disc to complete one revolution ist , then the power
in watts is. For example, if Kh = 7.2, as above, and one revolution took place in
14.4 seconds, the power is 1800 watts. This method can be used to determine the
power value 7.2 is commonly seen. Using the value of Kh, one can determine their
power consumption at any given time by timing the disc with a stopwatch. If the
time in seconds taken by the disc to complete one revolution ist , then the power in
watts is. For example, if Kh= 7.2, as above, and one revolution took place in 14.4
seconds, the power is 1800 watts. This method can be used to determine the power
consumption of household devices by switching them on one by one.
Most domestic electricity meters must be read manually, whether by are
presentative of the power company or by the customer. Where the customer reads
the meter, the reading may be supplied to the power company by telephone, post or
over the internet. The electricity company will normally require a visit by a
company representative at least annually in order to verify customer-supplied
readings and to make a basic safety check of the meter.
Accuracy
In an induction type meter, creep is a phenomenon that can adversely affect
accuracy, that occurs when the meter disc rotates continuously with potential applied
and the load terminals open circuited. A test for error due to creep is called a creep
test.
3.1.1(d) COMMUNICATION MODULE
Introduction:
GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is a cellular network,
which means that mobile phones connect to it by searching for cells in the
immediate vicinity. GSM networks operate in four different frequency ranges. Most
GSM networks operate in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Some countries in the
Americas use the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands because the 900 and 1800 MHz
frequency bands were already allocated.
The rarer 400 and 450 MHz frequency bands are assigned in some countries,
where these frequencies were previously used for first-generation systems.
GSM-900 uses 890915 MHz to send information from the mobile station to
the base station (uplink) and 935960 MHz for the other direction (downlink),
providing 124 RF channels (channel numbers 1 to 124) spaced at 200 kHz. Duplex
spacing of 45 MHz is used. In some countries the GSM-900 band has been extended
to cover a larger frequency range. This 'extended GSM', E-GSM, uses 880915 MHz
(uplink) and 925960 MHz (downlink), adding 50 channels (channel numbers 975 to
1023 and 0) to the original GSM-900 band. Time division multiplexing is used to
allow eight full-rate or sixteen half-rate speech channels per radio frequency
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channel. There are eight radio timeslots (giving eight burst periods) grouped into
what is called a TDMA frame. Half rate channels use alternate frames in the same
timeslot. The channel data rate is 270.833 kbit/s, and the frame duration is 4.615 ms.
GSM Advantages:
GSM also pioneered a low-cost, to the network carrier, alternative to voice
calls, the Short t message service (SMS, also called "text messaging"), which is now
supported on other mobile standards as well. Another advantage is that the standard
includes one worldwide Emergency telephone number, 112. This makes it easier for
international travelers to connect to emergency services without knowing the local
emergency number.
The GSM Network:
GSM provides recommendations, not requirements. The GSM specifications
define the functions and interface requirements in detail but do not address the
hardware. The GSM network is divided into three major systems: the switching
system (SS), the base station system (BSS), and the operation and support system
(OSS).
Fig. 10 The Switching System

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The Switching System:

The switching system (SS) is responsible for performing call processing and
subscriber-related functions. The switching system includes the following
functional units.
Home location register (HLR): The HLR is a database used for storage and
management of subscriptions. The HLR is considered the most important database,
as it stores permanent data about subscribers, including a subscriber's service profile,
location information, and activity status. When an individual buys a subscription
from one of the PCS operators, he or she is registered in the HLR of that operator.
Mobile services switching center (MSC): The MSC performs the telephony
switching functions of the system. It controls calls to and from other telephone and
data systems. It also performs such functions as toll ticketing, network interfacing,
common channel signaling, and others.
Visitor location register (VLR): The VLR is a database that contains temporary
information about subscribers that is needed by the MSC in order to service visiting
subscribers. The VLR is always integrated with the MSC. When a mobile station
roams into a new MSC area, the VLR connected to that MSC will request data about
the mobile station from the HLR. Later, if the mobile station makes a call, the VLR
will have the information needed for call setup without having to interrogate the
HLR each time.
Authentication center (AUC): A unit called the AUC provides authentication and
encryption parameters that verify the user's identity and ensure the confidentiality of
each call. The AUC protects network operators from different types of fraud found in
today's cellular world.
Equipment identity register (EIR): The EIR is a database that contains information
about the identity of mobile equipment that prevents calls from stolen, unauthorized,
or defective mobile stations. The AUC and EIR are implemented as stand-alone
nodes or as a combined AUC/EIR node.
The Base Station System (BSS):
All radio-related functions are performed in the BSS, which consists of base
station controllers (BSCs) and the base transceiver stations (BTSs).
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BSC: The BSC provides all the control functions and physical links between the
MSC and BTS. It is a high-capacity switch that provides functions such as handover,
cell configuration data, and control of radio frequency (RF) power levels in base
transceiver stations. A number of BSCs are served by an MSC.
BTS: The BTS handles the radio interface to the mobile station. The BTS is the
radio equipment (transceivers and antennas) needed to service each cell in the
network. A group of BTSs are controlled by a BSC.
The Operation and Support System
The operations and maintenance center (OMC) is connected to all equipment
in the switching system and to the BSC. The implementation of OMC is called the
operation and support system (OSS). The OSS is the functional entity from which
the network operator monitors and controls the system. The purpose of OSS is to
offer the customer cost-effective support for centralized, regional and local
operational and maintenance activities that are required for a GSM network. An
important function of OSS is to provide a network overview and support the
maintenance activities of different operation and maintenance organizations.
GSM Network Areas:
The GSM network is made up of geographic areas. As shown in bellow
figure, these areas include cells, location areas (LAs), MSC/VLR service areas, and
public land mobile network (PLMN) areas.
Fig. 11 Area of GSM Network

Location Areas:
The cell is the area given radio coverage by one base transceiver station. The
GSM network identifies each cell via the cell global identity (CGI) number assigned
to each cell. The location area is a group of cells. It is the area in which the
subscriber is paged. Each LA is served by one or more base station controllers, yet
only by a single MSC Each LA is assigned a location area identity (LAI) number.
MSC/VLR service areas:
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An MSC/VLR service area represents the part of the GSM network that is
covered by one MSC and which is reachable, as it is registered in the VLR of the
MSC.
PLMN service areas:
The PLMN service area is an area served by one network operator.
GSM Specifications:
Specifications for different personal communication services (PCS) systems
vary among the different PCS networks. Listed below is a description of the
specifications and characteristics for GSM.
Frequency band: The frequency range specified for GSM is 1,850 to 1,990 MHz
(mobile station to base station).
Duplex distance: The duplex distance is 80 MHz. Duplex distance is the distance
between the uplink and downlink frequencies. A channel has two frequencies, 80
MHz apart.
Channel separation: The separation between adjacent carrier frequencies. In GSM,
this is 200 kHz.
Modulation: Modulation is the process of sending a signal by changing the
characteristics of a carrier frequency. This is done in GSM via Gaussian minimum
shift keying (GMSK).
Transmission rate: GSM is a digital system with an over-the-air bit rate of 270
kbps.
Access method: GSM utilizes the time division multiple access (TDMA) concept.
TDMA is a technique in which several different calls may share the same carrier.
Each call is assigned a particular time slot.
Speech coder: GSM uses linear predictive coding (LPC). The purpose of LPC is to
reduce the bit rate. The LPC provides parameters for a filter that mimics the vocal
tract. The signal passes through this filter, leaving behind a residual signal. Speech is
encoded at 13 kbps. .
Main AT commands:
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"AT command set for GSM Mobile Equipment describes the Main AT
commands to communicate via a serial interface with the GSM subsystem of the
phone.
AT commands are instructions used to control a modem. AT is the
abbreviation of Attention. Every command line starts with "AT" or "at". That's why
modem commands are called AT commands. Many of the commands that are used to
control wired dial-up modems, such as ATD (Dial), ATA (Answer), ATH (Hook
control) and ATO (Return to online data state), are also supported by GSM/GPRS
modems and mobile phones. Besides this common AT command set, GSM/GPRS
modems and mobile phones support an AT command set that is specific to the GSM
technology, which includes SMS-related commands like AT+CMGS (Send SMS
message), AT+CMSS (Send SMS message from storage), AT+CMGL (List SMS
messages) and AT+CMGR (Read SMS messages).
Note that the starting "AT" is the prefix that informs the modem about the
start of a command line. It is not part of the AT command name. For example, D is
the actual AT command name in ATD and +CMGS is the actual AT command name
in AT+CMGS. However, some books and web sites use them interchangeably as the
name of an AT command.
Here are some of the tasks that can be done using AT commands with a
GSM/GPRS modem or mobile phone:
Get basic information about the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem. For example,
name of manufacturer (AT+CGMI), model number (AT+CGMM), IMEI number
(International Mobile Equipment Identity) (AT+CGSN) and software version
(AT+CGMR).
Get basic information about the subscriber. For example, MSISDN (AT+CNUM)
and IMSI number (International Mobile Subscriber Identity) (AT+CIMI).
Get the current status of the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem. For example,
mobile phone activity status (AT+CPAS), mobile network registration status
(AT+CREG), radio signal strength (AT+CSQ), battery charge level and battery
charging status (AT+CBC).
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Establish a data connection or voice connection to a remote modem (ATD, ATA,

etc).
Send and receive fax (ATD, ATA, AT+F*).
Send (AT+CMGS, AT+CMSS), read (AT+CMGR, AT+CMGL), write (AT+CMGW)
or delete (AT+CMGD) SMS messages and obtain notifications of newly received
SMS messages (AT+CNMI).
Read (AT+CPBR), write (AT+CPBW) or search (AT+CPBF) phonebook entries.
Perform security-related tasks, such as opening or closing facility locks
(AT+CLCK), checking whether a facility is locked (AT+CLCK) and changing
passwords
(AT+CPWD).
(Facility lock examples: SIM lock [a password must be given to the SIM card every
time the mobile phone is switched on] and PH-SIM lock [a certain SIM card is
associated with the mobile phone. To use other SIM cards with the mobile phone, a
password must be entered.])
Control the presentation of result codes / error messages of AT commands. For
example, you can control whether to enable certain error messages (AT+CMEE) and
whether error messages should be displayed in numeric format or verbose format
(AT+CMEE=1 or AT+CMEE=2).
Get or change the configurations of the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem. For
example, change the GSM network (AT+COPS), bearer service type (AT+CBST),
radio link protocol parameters (AT+CRLP), SMS center address (AT+CSCA) and
storage of SMS messages (AT+CPMS).
Save and restore configurations of the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem. For
example, save (AT+CSAS) and restore (AT+CRES) settings related to SMS
messaging such as the SMS center address.
3.1.1(e) Circuit Isolation Device
Introduction:
A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of
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another electrical circuit. In the original form, the switch is operated by an

electromagnet to open or close one or many sets of contacts. A relay is able to
control an output circuit of higher power than the input circuit, it can be considered
to be, in a broad sense, a form of an electrical amplifier.
Fig. 12 Circuit Isolation Device
Relays are usuallly SPDT (single pole double through switch)or DPDT
(double pole double through switch) but they can have many more sets of switch
contacts, for example relays with 4 sets of changeover contacts are readily available.
Fig. 13 Basic operation in Circuit Isolation Device

Basic operation of a Circuit Isolation Device
An
electric
current
through a conductor will produce a magnetic field at right angles to the direction of
electron flow. If that conductor is wrapped into a coil shape, the magnetic field
produced will be oriented along the length of the coil. The greater the current, the
greater the strength of the magnetic field, all other factors being equal.
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Inductors react against changes in current because of the energy stored in

this magnetic field. When we construct a transformer from two inductor coils around
a common iron core, we use this field to transfer energy from one coil to the other.
However, there are simpler and more direct uses for electromagnetic fields than the
applications we've seen with inductors and transformers. The magnetic field
produced by a coil of current-carrying wire can be used to exert a mechanical force
on any magnetic object, just as we can use a permanent magnet to attract magnetic
objects, except that this magnet (formed by the coil) can be turned on or off by
switching the current on or off through the coil.
If we place a magnetic object near such a coil for the purpose of making that
object move when we energize the coil with electric current, we have what is called
a solenoid. The movable magnetic object is called an armature, and most armatures
can be moved with either direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC) energizing
the coil. The polarity of the magnetic field is irrelevant for the purpose of attracting
an iron armature. Solenoids can be used to electrically open door latches, open or
shut valves, move robotic limbs, and even actuate electric switch mechanisms and is
used to actuate a set of switch contacts
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Applications:
To control a high-voltage circuit with a low-voltage signal, as in some types of
modems or audio amplifiers,
To control a high-current circuit with a low-current signal, as in the starter solenoid
of an automobile,
To detect and isolate faults on transmission and distribution lines by opening and
closing circuit breakers (protection relays),
To isolate the controlling circuit from the controlled circuit when the two are at
different potentials, for example when controlling a mains-powered device from a
low-voltage switch. The latter is often applied to control office lighting as the low
voltage wires are easily installed in partitions, which may be often moved as needs
change. They may also be controlled by room occupancy detectors in an effort to
conserve energy,
To perform logic functions. For example, the boolean AND function is realised by
connecting NO relay contacts in series, the OR function by connecting NO contacts
in parallel. The change-over or Form C contacts perform the XOR (exclusive or)
function. Similar functions for NAND and NOR are accomplished using NC
contacts. The Ladder programming language is often used for designing relay logic
networks.
o Early computing. Before vacuum tubes and transistors, relays were used as logical
elements in digital computers. See ARRA (computer), Harvard Mark II, Zuse Z2,
and Zuse Z3.
3.5.1(f) Power Supply:
Power supply is a reference to a source of electrical power. A device or
system that supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of
loads is called a power supply unit or PSU. The term is most commonly applied to
electrical energy supplies, less often to mechanical ones, and rarely to others
This power supply section is required to convert AC signal to DC signal and
also to reduce the amplitude of the signal. The available voltage signal from the
mains is 230V/50Hz which is an AC voltage, but the required is DC voltage(no
frequency) with the amplitude of +5V and +12V for various applications.
In this section we have Transformer, Bridge rectifier, are connected serially
and voltage regulators for +5V and +12V (7805 and 7812) via a capacitor (1000F)
Page 35
in parallel are connected parallel as shown in the circuit diagram below. Each
voltage regulator output is again is connected to the capacitors of values (100F,
10F, 1 F, 0.1 F) are connected parallel through which the corresponding
output(+5V or +12V) are taken into consideration.
Fig. 14 Circuit Diagram of Power Supply

Circuit Explanation
(a) Transformer
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to
another through inductively coupled electrical conductors. A changing current in the
first circuit (the primary) creates a changing magnetic field; in turn, this magnetic
field induces a changing voltage in the second circuit (the secondary). By adding a
load to the secondary circuit, one can make current flow in the transformer, thus
transferring energy from one circuit to the other.
The secondary induced voltage VS, of an ideal transformer, is scaled from
the primary VP by a factor equal to the ratio of the number of turns of wire in their
respective windings:
Basic principle
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The transformer is based on two principles: firstly, that an electric current

can produce a magnetic field (electromagnetism) and secondly that a changing
magnetic field within a coil of wire induces a voltage across the ends of the coil
(electromagnetic induction). By changing the current in the primary coil, it changes
the strength of its magnetic field; since the changing magnetic field extends into the
secondary coil, a voltage is induced across the secondary. A simplified transformer
design is shown below. A current passing through the primary coil creates a
magnetic field. The primary and secondary coils are wrapped around a core of very
high magnetic permeability, such as iron; this ensures that most of the magnetic field
lines produced by the primary current are within the iron and pass through the
secondary coil as well as the primary coil.
Fig. 15 An ideal step-down transformer showing magnetic flux in the

core
Induction law
The voltage induced across the secondary coil may be calculated from
Faraday's law of induction, which states that:
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Where VS is the instantaneous voltage, NS is the number of turns in the

secondary coil and equals the magnetic flux through one turn of the coil. If the
turns of the coil are oriented perpendicular to the magnetic field lines, the flux is the
product of the magnetic field strength B and the area A through which it cuts. The
area is constant, being equal to the cross-sectional area of the transformer core,
whereas the magnetic field varies with time according to the excitation of the
primary. Since the same magnetic flux passes through both the primary and
secondary coils in an ideal transformer, the instantaneous voltage across the primary
winding equals
Taking the ratio of the two equations for VS and VP gives the basic equation
for stepping up or stepping down the voltage
Ideal power equation

If the secondary coil is attached to a load that allows current to flow,
electrical power is transmitted from the primary circuit to the secondary circuit.
Ideally, the transformer is perfectly efficient; all the incoming energy is transformed
from the primary circuit to the magnetic field and into the secondary circuit. If this
condition is met, the incoming electric power must equal the outgoing power.
Pincoming = IPVP = Poutgoing = ISVS
giving the ideal transformer equation
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Pin-coming = IPVP = Pout-going = ISVS

giving the ideal transformer equation
If the voltage is increased (stepped up) (VS > VP), then the current is
decreased (stepped down) (IS < IP) by the same factor. Transformers are efficient so
this formula is a reasonable approximation.
If the voltage is increased (stepped up) (VS > VP), then the current is
decreased (stepped down) (IS < IP) by the same factor. Transformers are efficient so
this formula is a reasonable approximation.
The impedance in one circuit is transformed by the square of the turns ratio.
For example, if an impedance ZS is attached across the terminals of the secondary
coil, it appears to the primary circuit to have an impedance of
This relationship is reciprocal, so that the impedance ZP of the primary

circuit appears to the secondary to be
Page 39
Detailed operation:
The simplified description above neglects several practical factors, in
particular the primary current required to establish a magnetic field in the core, and
the contribution to the field due to current in the secondary circuit.
Models of an ideal transformer typically assume a core of negligible
reluctance with two windings of zero resistance. When a voltage is applied to the
primary winding, a small current flows, driving flux around the magnetic circuit of
the core . The current required to create the flux is termed the magnetizing current;
since the ideal core has been assumed to have near-zero reluctance, the magnetizing
current is negligible, although still required to create the magnetic field.
The changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) across
each winding. Since the ideal windings have no impedance, they have no associated
voltage drop, and so the voltages VP and VS measured at the terminals of the
transformer, are equal to the corresponding EMFs. The primary EMF, acting as it
does in opposition to the primary voltage, is sometimes termed the "back EMF".
This is due to Lenz's law which states that the induction of EMF would always be
such that it will oppose development of any such change in magnetic field.
(b)Bridge Rectifier
A diode bridge or bridge rectifier is an arrangement of four diodes in a
bridge configuration that provides the same polarity of output voltage for any
polarity of input voltage. When used in its most common application, for conversion
of alternating current (AC) input into direct current (DC) output, it is known as a
bridge rectifier. A bridge rectifier provides full-wave rectification from a two-wire
AC input, resulting in lower cost and weight as compared to a center-tapped
transformer design, but has two diode drops rather than one, thus exhibiting reduced
efficiency over a center-tapped design for the same output voltage.
Basic Operation
When the input connected at the left corner of the diamond is positive with
respect to the one connected at the right hand corner, current flows to the right along
the upper colored path to the output, and returns to the input supply via the lower
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one.
Fig. 16 Bridge Rectifier

When the right hand corner is positive relative to the left hand corner,
current flows along the upper colored path and returns to the supply via the lower
colored path.
In each case, the upper right output remains positive with respect to the
lower right one. Since this is true whether the input is AC or DC, this circuit not
only produces DC power when supplied with AC power: it also can provide what is
sometimes called "reverse polarity protection". That is, it permits normal
functioning when batteries are installed backwards or DC input-power supply wiring
"has its wires crossed" (and protects the circuitry it powers against damage that
might occur without this circuit in place).
Prior to availability of integrated electronics, such a bridge rectifier was
Page 41
always constructed from discrete components. Since about 1950, a single fourterminal component containing the four diodes connected in the bridge
configuration became a standard commercial component and is now available with
various voltage and current ratings.
Fig. 17 Waveforms of Rectifiers

Output smoothing (Using Capacitor):
For many applications, especially with single phase AC where the full-wave
bridge serves to convert an AC input into a DC output, the addition of a capacitor
may be important because the bridge alone supplies an output voltage of fixed
polarity but pulsating magnitude (see diagram above).
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Fig. 19 Output smoothing

The function of this capacitor, known as a reservoir capacitor (aka
smoothing capacitor) is to lessen the variation in (or 'smooth') the rectified AC
output voltage waveform from the bridge. One explanation of 'smoothing' is that the
capacitor provides a low impedance path to the AC component of the output,
reducing the AC voltage across, and AC current through, the resistive load. In less
technical terms, any drop in the output voltage and current of the bridge tends to be
cancelled by loss of charge in the capacitor.
This charge flows out as additional current through the load. Thus the
change of load current and voltage is reduced relative to what would occur without
the capacitor. Increases of voltage correspondingly store excess charge in the
capacitor, thus moderating the change in output voltage / current. Also see rectifier
output smoothing.
The simplified circuit shown has a well deserved reputation for being dangerous,
because, in some applications, the capacitor can retain a lethal charge after the AC
power source is removed. If supplying a dangerous voltage, a practical circuit
should include a reliable way to safely discharge the capacitor. If the normal load
can not be guaranteed to perform this function, perhaps because it can be
disconnected, the circuit should include a bleeder resistor connected as close as
practical across the capacitor. This resistor should consume a current large enough to
discharge the capacitor in a reasonable time, but small enough to avoid unnecessary
power waste.
Because a bleeder sets a minimum current drain, the regulation of the
circuit, defined as percentage voltage change from minimum to maximum load, is
improved. However in many cases the improvement is of insignificant magnitude.
The capacitor and the load resistance have a typical time constant = RC
where C and R are the capacitance and load resistance respectively. As long as the
load resistor is large enough so that this time constant is much longer than the time
of one ripple cycle, the above configuration will produce a smoothed DC voltage
across the load.
Page 43
In some designs, a series resistor at the load side of the capacitor is added.
The smoothing can then be improved by adding additional stages of capacitor
resistor pairs, often done only for sub-supplies to critical high-gain circuits that tend
to be sensitive to supply voltage noise.
The idealized waveforms shown above are seen for both voltage and current
when the load on the bridge is resistive. When the load includes a smoothing
capacitor, both the voltage and the current waveforms will be greatly changed.
While the voltage is smoothed, as described above, current will flow through the
bridge only during the time when the input voltage is greater than the capacitor
voltage. For example, if the load draws an average current of n Amps, and the
diodes conduct for 10% of the time, the average diode current during conduction
must be 10n Amps. This non-sinusoidal current leads to harmonic distortion and a
poor power factor in the AC supply.
In a practical circuit, when a capacitor is directly connected to the output of
a bridge, the bridge diodes must be sized to withstand the current surge that occurs
when the power is turned on at the peak of the AC voltage and the capacitor is fully
discharged. Sometimes a small series resistor is included before the capacitor to
limit this current, though in most applications the power supply transformer's
resistance is already sufficient.
Output can also be smoothed using a choke and second capacitor. The choke
tends to keep the current (rather than the voltage) more constant. Due to the
relatively high cost of an effective choke compared to a resistor and capacitor this is
not employed in modern equipment.
Some early console radios created the speaker's constant field with the
current from the high voltage ("B +") power supply, which was then routed to the
consuming circuits, (permanent magnets were considered too weak for good
performance) to create the speaker's constant magnetic field. The speaker field coil
thus performed 2 jobs in one: it acted as a choke, filtering the power supply, and it
produced the magnetic field to operate the speaker.
(c) Voltage Regulator
Page 44
A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically

maintain a constant voltage level.
The 78xx (also sometimes known as LM78xx) series of devices is a family
of self-contained fixed linear voltage regulator integrated circuits. The 78xx family
is a very popular choice for many electronic circuits which require a regulated
power supply, due to their ease of use and relative cheapness. When specifying
individual ICs within this family, the xx is replaced with a two-digit number, which
indicates the output voltage the particular device is designed to provide (for
example, the 7805 has a 5 volt output, while the 7812 produces 12 volts). The 78xx
line is positive voltage regulators, meaning that they are designed to produce a
voltage that is positive relative to a common ground. There is a related line of 79xx
devices which are complementary negative voltage regulators. 78xx and 79xx ICs
can be used in combination to provide both positive and negative supply voltages in
the same circuit, if necessary.
78xx ICs have three terminals and are most commonly found in the TO220
form factor, although smaller surface-mount and larger TrO3 packages are also
available from some manufacturers. These devices typically support an input voltage
which can be anywhere from a couple of volts over the intended output voltage, up
to a maximum of 35 or 40 volts, and can typically provide up to around 1 or 1.5
amps of current (though smaller or larger packages may have a lower or higher
current rating).
Page 45
3.1.1(g) SENSOR ELEMENT - Securiy concept in AEEPM system- according

to view of security, In present system , we used four sensing element which is
following3.1.1(g)-1 PULS MEASURING SENSOR - - this counting element is
responsible for counting the consumed electrical pulse and on the basis of this
pulse recharge amount of user is decrease.
3.1.1(g)-2 VIBRATION SENSOR - vibration sensor sense the vibration in
presented system , if user take unwanted action with electrical energy meter then it
is responsible for alerting electricity board office through the sms.
3.1.1(g)-3 FAULT DETECTOR - Fault detector is responsible for detect fault
in system and and alert user about it.
3.1.1(g)-4 OVERLOAD DETECTOR It is also sense the amount of
electricity above the rated amount and alert the user about it.
3.2 SOFTWARE DETAIS
- There are few no. of essential software Tools are
used for developing the AEEPM system , namely such as Eagle PCB Designing
Tool, MP Lab Software Tool for Programming and compiling And Matlab Tool for
GUI Creation.
Chepter 4
4.1 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP - In this research, Energy meters have not been
replaced which is already installed at our houses, but a small modification on the
already installed meters can change the existing meters into prepaid meters, so this
meters are very cheaper. The present energy meter can be upgraded to this prepaid
version.
Page 46
Fig. 20 (a) Experimental Set Up

In proposed system we use GSM Modem both sides. At Electricity Board a GUI
installed which is preparing by MatLab Tool R2012a. By GSM Modem balance is
is transfer from electricity board to users account and alert the user ,when
recharge and balance is burn out .
Fig. 20 (b) Experimental Set Up

When recharge amount is transferred into users account ,then this balance is
Page 47
deduct on the basis of pulses made by energy meter and other charges deduct by
electricity board. For security purpose we use vibration sensor, fault detector and
overload detector. When tempering , overload and fault occurs , a message
generate for Electricity Boards resistered mobile number.
4.2 BILLING CONCEPT
4.2.1 BILLING CONCEPT- The user will go to Electricity Board Office
and recharge their account with particular amount .This amount is loaded into
users account with the help of GSM Modem . When balance is loaded into users
account a SMS is generated for user with GSM Modem .When user consume its
80% balance then again a SMS is generate for user. When user consume all
balance then the system is disconnect the main switch of the power supply of your
home. If user again recharge their account , then again a SMS is generate for user
and reconnect the power supply .
Chepter 5
5.1 BENIFITS OF AEEPM SYSTEM
Benefits of AEEPM
1.Improved operational efficiencies: The most important benefits of prepaid
meter is that no cost for meter reading because meter reader are not required.
2.Inconvinions Eliminate remove ,along with it, remover inconvience related
with disconnection and reconnection.
Prepaid meter would proved better than conventional meter as it could help in
controlled and appropriate use of electricity
3.Reduced financial risk Due to up front payment , it reduce the financial risk
and by exceeding the cash flow and drive an improved management system .
4.Market drivers
Power sector reforms the forthcoming competitive and customer focused
deregulated market of power distribution will compel the market participants for
making the metering and billing process be more competent. This is likely to create
the necessing of prepaid market.
5.Increasing Non Technical losses The key components of non-technical
losses are errors in metering , low registration because of tempering with meter and
frauds related calibration .In india the non technical losses are reported to be 10
percent . it has been reported that non- technical losses are better controlled by
prepaid meter in comparison to conventional meter.
Opportunities in the emerging electrifying market- in Asia , most of the countries
there no 100 percent electrification , therefore ,by increasing generating capacity ,
new market are going to be created . Because of this
introduction of prepaid
system in such markets can be done easily than the conventional and existing ones.
6. Market restraints- Though there are many inconvenience of the post-paid
Page 48
system but still consumer dont have major problems with this system hence
at many prove difficult to convince them for accepting the new and
advanced prepaid system . the pay and use concept may not gain required
appreciation from consumers because it is directly related to common mains
life-style. It may be proved some inconvenient for them as it controls the use
of energy. installation of post- paid meter requires huge initial investment . it
includes the cost of instrumentation , marketing campaign forming
distribution channel and the cost of other managements required.
7.Rapid technology change- Though the post paid meter are very useful but it
may be delayed due to rapid change taking place in the metering market
.Uncertainty over the success- The success in implementation of post-paid
meter is uncertain. Till now it is a proven concept only in South Africa not in
all markets . Success of it depends on the benefits received by consumer
after utilizing it. Then only they will be convinced to use it.
8.Recent Initiative A local manufacturer has been awarded a contract for
supplying 1080 prepaid meter by the Sabah Electricity ,sdn Bhd(SESB) ,
Malaysia. Many countries including Thailand , Singapore , Japan and
Bangladesh have been showing great interest for adopting prepaid system.
CHAPTER-6
6 FUTURE SCOPE&CONCLUSION
6.1 FUTURE SCOPE:
In the present era of twenty first century we have no place for serious faults or
errors either in any methodological system or in general applications. Prepaid
energy meter is an advantages concept for the further. Its facilitates the exemption
from electricity bills. The meaning of prepaid means pay prior to use. one of the
valuable feature of this concept energy prepaid meter is that to prepaid the ongoing
supply of electricity, water and domestic gas (LPG) for homes etc.
6.2 CONCLUSION:
Page 49
The distribution of power or electricity in metro-city or highly crowded cities in

Asia is gradually becoming
competitive task for distributor companies
.Uniqueness in service and advanced technology is going to be the key factor to get
to get higher or improved share in the market. Prepaid meter with their advantage
over conventional ones are likely to help power distribution to offer value added
service to consumer .Its easy and advanced benefits will attract and encourage
the consumer to put a faith and opt for prepaid meter on a voluntary basis. To
implement this system we have to offer tariff or non- tariff intuitive to the
consumers who will prepaid the power change. According to Design and
Implementation a Advanced Electrical Energy Prepaid Metering System. The
presented System is as Advanced as , currently used System . Main Advantage of
this system is that consumer pay Electricity Bill prior to use Electricity.
Reference:
[1] Nazir Bin Abdullah,Automatoin of Residential Electricity cut off using embedded
controller ,International conference on computer and Information science,2012.
[2] Hung Cheng Chen,Design and Implementation of a ZigBee based wireless Automatic Meter
Reading ,PRZGLAD ELEKTROTE CHNICZNY2012.
[3] Alauddin Al Omary design and Implmentation of secure low cost AMR system using GPRS
,International conference on Telecommunication Technology and Application CSIT vol 5,2011.
[4] Li Quan Xi,design of remote automatic meter reading system based on ZigBee and GPRS
,Third International symposium on computer science and computational technology ,august 2010
pp 186~185.
[5] H.G .Rodney Tan, Automatic Power Meter Reading System using GSM Network,8 th
international Power Engineering Conference 2007
[6]Microcontroller Based Single Phase Digital Prepaid Energy Meter for Improved Metering and
Billing System presented on International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System
(IJPEDS) Vol.1, December 2011, pp. 139~147.
[7] Ankit Jain,A Prepaid Meter Using Mobile communication,International Journal of
Page 50

Engineering ,science and Technology.vol 3, No.3,2011.
[8]Fawzi Al-Naina and Bahaa Jalil, Buildinga Prototype Prepaid Electricity Metering system
Based
on
RFID,International
Journal
of
Electronics
and
Electrical
Engineering,vol1.issue1,ISSN-2277-7040. No., pp. 440- 443.
[9] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_component
[10] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_meter
[11] http://www.mikroe.com/chapters/view/1/introduction-world-of-microcontrollers/
[12] http://academic.cankaya.edu.tr/~o.gazi/PICbook.pdf
[13] http://www.faadooengineers.com/threads/10577-Microcontroller-and-embedded-systemsby-mazidi-pdf
[14]
https://www.npower.com/home/help-and-support/types-of-meter/prepaymentmeters
/electricity -prepayment-meters/
[15]
http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/basic-electronic-components-and-what-theydo.html
[16] http://www.mikroe.com/old/books/keu/00.htm
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Advanced Electrical Energy Prepaid Metering System

Advanced Electrical Energy Prepaid Metering System

Advanced Electrical Energy Prepaid Metering System

Fig. 1 Block Diagram of AEEPM System

Advanced Electrical Energy Prepaid Metering System

Fig 2. Schematic Diagram of AEEPM System

Advanced Electrical Energy Prepaid Metering System

Fig. 3. PCB Layout Of AEEPM System

Advanced Electrical Energy Prepaid Metering System

followed during PCB Designing .

Advanced Electrical Energy Prepaid Metering System

Advanced Electrical Energy Prepaid Metering System

Advanced Electrical Energy Prepaid Metering System

of hardware and software .

Fig. 4. Pin Diagram of Microcontroller Unit

Advanced Electrical Energy Prepaid Metering System

low cost or free development tools, and serial programming facility.

Advanced Electrical Energy Prepaid Metering System

It has Fully static design .

Advanced Electrical Energy Prepaid Metering System

Advanced Electrical Energy Prepaid Metering System

Advanced Electrical Energy Prepaid Metering System

Table. 1. Pin Description of Microcontroller Unit

Advanced Electrical Energy Prepaid Metering System

RA4) ......................................... -0.3V to (VDD + 0.3V)

Advanced Electrical Energy Prepaid Metering System

MCLR pin, rather than pulling

Fig. 5. Display Unit

Advanced Electrical Energy Prepaid Metering System

Table 2. Address locations for a 1x16 line LCD

Advanced Electrical Energy Prepaid Metering System

Fig. 6. Various Shapes of Display Unit

ELECTRICAL BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig. 7. Block Diagram of Display Unit

Advanced Electrical Energy Prepaid Metering System

Power supply for lcd driving:

Fig 8. Pin Diagram of 1x16 lines lcd

Advanced Electrical Energy Prepaid Metering System

Table. 3. Pin Details of Display Unit

Advanced Electrical Energy Prepaid Metering System

Advanced Electrical Energy Prepaid Metering System

Advanced Electrical Energy Prepaid Metering System

Advanced Electrical Energy Prepaid Metering System

Fig. 8. Process Diagram of Display Unit

Advanced Electrical Energy Prepaid Metering System

The most common type of electricity meter is the Thomson or

Fig. 9. Single phase energy meter

Advanced Electrical Energy Prepaid Metering System

Advanced Electrical Energy Prepaid Metering System

Fig. 10 The Switching System

Advanced Electrical Energy Prepaid Metering System

The Switching System:

Advanced Electrical Energy Prepaid Metering System

Fig. 11 Area of GSM Network

Advanced Electrical Energy Prepaid Metering System

Advanced Electrical Energy Prepaid Metering System

Advanced Electrical Energy Prepaid Metering System

Establish a data connection or voice connection to a remote modem (ATD, ATA,

Advanced Electrical Energy Prepaid Metering System

another electrical circuit. In the original form, the switch is operated by an

Fig. 12 Circuit Isolation Device

Fig. 13 Basic operation in Circuit Isolation Device

Advanced Electrical Energy Prepaid Metering System