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FREE PARKING
Donald Shoup
VEHICLE OWNERSHIP RATES:THE UNITED STATES FROM 1900 TO 1996
AND 15 OTHER COUNTRIES IN 1996
(Motor vehicles per 1,000 persons)
800
1996
750 1990
Vehicle ownership rates in 15 countries in 1996
(Each country is placed beside the year in which the US 1985
had the same ownership rate.)
700
1980
650
1975
600
MOTOR VEHICLES PER 1,000 PERSONS Australia (583)
500
United Kingdom (486)
1965
450 Spain (457)
1960
400 Denmark (397)
1955
Israel (266)
250 1940
1945
1930 1935
South Korea (208)
200
Argentina (170) 1925
150 Vehicle ownership rates in the United States from 1900 to 1996
Mexico (125)
100
1920
Russia (80)
50
China (9) 1915
0
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
YEAR
All transportation systems have three basic elements:
70% 67%
60%
50% 42%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Driver-paid parking Employer-paid parking
Parking Prices Affect Mode Choices
For Commuters to Downtown Los Angeles
80%
70%
60%
Commuter mode share
50%
Drive solo
40%
Transit
30%
20% Carpool
10%
0%
$0 $1 $2 $3 $4 $5 $6
Price of parking at work ($/day)
Source: Estimated from Willson (1991)
California’s Parking Cash Out Law
100%
80% 76%
Commuter mode share
63%
Before cash out After cash out
60%
40%
23%
20% 14%
9%
6%
2% 3%
.8% .9%
0%
Solo Driver Carpool Transit Walk Bicycle
Commuter mode choice
Results
SM City Hall
$4
LA City Hall
$3
$2 Long Beach City Hall
$1 Pasadena Playhouse
$0
$0 $1 $2 $3 $4 $5 $6 $7 $8 $9 $10 $11
Price of curb parking ($/hour)
FIGURE 13-2
PRICES OF CURB AND OFF-STREET PARKING
(for parking one hour at noon at city hall on a weekday)
$15
New York City
$14
Chicago
$13
Price of off-street parking ($/hour)
$12
$11 Boston
$10
$9
$8 Seattle
$7
$6 Pasadena, San Diego, Baltimore
$5 Santa Barbara
12
9.8
10
8.1
8
6 5.1
4.4
4
0
Quadruple Double No change
Curb parking prices
Park-and-visit times before and after
R
parking prices were quadrupled
e
14
12.7
Park-and-visit times (minutes)
12
Before After
10
6.0
6
4.4
4
2.9
2
1.0
0.6 0.
0
Searching Parking Walking Total
Components of park-and-visit times
The effects of parking prices on Grosvenor Square in London