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Writing 2, Compiled by Mr.

Thong

HOW TO PREPARE FOR WRITING

WRITING TASK 1 (REPORT)


You should write a four-paragraph report including Introduction, Overview, Detail 1 and
Detail 2:

1. Introduction:
Write your one-sentence introduction by paraphrasing the question statement.
2. Overview (Summary)
Write two sentences to summarise the information (look for 2 main or general points). Focus on
the overall trend.
3. Detail 1:
Look at the information that are shown on the graph, chart or diagram. Divide the information into 2
groups. Write three sentences to describe some specific details in group 1.
4. Detail 2:
Write three sentences to describe some specific details in group 2.
Note: Introduction and Overview can be combined in one paragraph.

In general, for the task 1 report, you should write 9 sentences:

Introduction: 1 sentence

Overview (summary): 2 sentences

First 'details' paragraph: 3 sentences

Second 'details' paragraph: 3 sentences

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Writing 2, Compiled by Mr. Thong

How to describe a natural process:


Introduction: rewrite the question statement in a different way
Overview/Summary: say that there are 4 steps/stages, and briefly mention each one
Detail 1: describe steps 1 and 2
Detail 2: describe steps 3 and 4
Example 1:
The diagram shows the life cycle of the honey bee.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons
where relevant.

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Writing 2, Compiled by Mr. Thong

Model answer:
The diagram illustrates the various stages in the life of a honey bee. We can see that the complete
life cycle lasts between 34 and 36 days. It is also noticeable that there are five main stages in the
development of the honey bee, from egg to mature adult insect.
The life cycle of the honey bee begins when the female adult lays an egg; the female typically lays
one or two eggs every 3 days. Between 9 and 10 days later, each egg hatches and the immature
insect, or nymph, appears.
During the third stage of the life cycle, the nymph grows in size and sheds its skin three times. This
moulting first takes place 5 days after the egg hatches, then 7 days later, and again another 9 days
later. After a total of 30 to 31 days from the start of the cycle, the young adult honey bee emerges
from its final moulting stage, and in the space of only 4 days it reaches full maturity.
(169 words)
Example 2:
The diagram below shows the water cycle, which is the continuous movement of water on, above
and below the surface of the Earth.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons
where relevant.

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Writing 2, Compiled by Mr. Thong

Model answer:
The picture illustrates the way in which water passes from ocean to air to land during the natural
process known as the water cycle.
Three main stages are shown on the diagram. Ocean water evaporates, falls as rain, and eventually
runs back into the oceans again.
Beginning at the evaporation stage, we can see that 80% of water vapour in the air comes from the
oceans. Heat from the sun causes water to evaporate, and water vapour condenses to form clouds.
At the second stage, labelled precipitation on the diagram, water falls as rain or snow.
At the third stage in the cycle, rainwater may take various paths. Some of it may fall into lakes or
return to the oceans via surface runoff. Otherwise, rainwater may filter through the ground,
reaching the impervious layer of the earth. Salt water intrusion is shown to take place just before
groundwater passes into the oceans to complete the cycle.
(156 words)

How to describe more than one chart:


Introduction
Write your introduction in the usual way: paraphrase the question. Say what each chart shows (one
or two sentences). For this kind of question, it's easier to write 2 sentences e.g. "The first chart
illustrates... The second chart shows..."
Overview/Summary
Write a paragraph describing the main points. If possible, try to summarise all of the information,
rather than writing a separate summary for each chart. Look for a topic or trend that links the charts.
Write one sentence about each chart, describing its main feature.
Details
Describe each chart separately. Just write a short paragraph about each chart. Choose the most
important information from each one. Describe the first chart in detail. Then describe the second
chart in detail.

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Writing 2, Compiled by Mr. Thong

Example 1:
The graph and table below give information about water use worldwide and water consumption
in two different countries.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons
where relevant.

Model answer:
The charts compare the amount of water used for agriculture, industry and homes around the world,
and water use in Brazil and the Democratic Republic of Congo.
It is clear that global water needs rose significantly between 1900 and 2000, and that agriculture
accounted for the largest proportion of water used. We can also see that water consumption was
considerably higher in Brazil than in the Congo.
In 1900, around 500km of water was used by the agriculture sector worldwide. The figures for
industrial and domestic water consumption stood at around one fifth of that amount. By 2000,
global water use for agriculture had increased to around 3000km, industrial water use had risen to
just under half that amount, and domestic consumption had reached approximately 500km.
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Writing 2, Compiled by Mr. Thong

In the year 2000, the populations of Brazil and the Congo were 176 million and 5.2 million
respectively. Water consumption per person in Brazil, at 359m, was much higher than that in the
Congo, at only 8m, and this could be explained by the fact that Brazil had 265 times more irrigated
land.
(184 words)

Example 2:

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons
where relevant.

Thu Duc College of Technology

Writing 2, Compiled by Mr. Thong

Model answer:
The bar charts compare students of different ages in terms of why they are studying and whether
they are supported by an employer.
It is clear that the proportion of students who study for career purposes is far higher among the
younger age groups, while the oldest students are more likely to study for interest. Employer
support is more commonly given to younger students.
Around 80% of students aged under 26 study to further their careers, whereas only 10% study
purely out of interest. The gap between these two proportions narrows as students get older, and the
figures for those in their forties are the same, at about 40%. Students aged over 49 overwhelmingly
study for interest (70%) rather than for professional reasons (less than 20%).
Just over 60% of students aged under 26 are supported by their employers. By contrast, the 30-39
age group is the most self-sufficient, with only 30% being given time off and help with fees. The
figures rise slightly for students in their forties and for those aged 50 or more.
(178 words)

WRITING TASK 2 (ESSAY)


Use the 4-paragraph essay structure in which you write about 14 or 15 sentences:
1. Introduction (2 or 3 sentences)
2. Body 1 (5 sentences)
3. Body 2 (5 sentences)
4. Conclusion (2 sentences)

5-sentence paragraph
Sentence 1: Give the topic sentence
Sentence 2: Explain why
Sentence 3: Explain in more detail
Sentence 4: Give an example
Sentence 5: Explain why
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Writing 2, Compiled by Mr. Thong

How to write an advantages and disadvantages essay:


1. Introduction (3 sentences)
Sentence 1: introduce the topic by paraphrasing the question statement.
Sentence 2: give your general response to the question statement. This sentence is optional.
Sentence 3: give the thesis statement.
2. Body 1 (5 sentences): write a paragraph about Advantages.
3. Body 2 (5 sentences): write a paragraph about Disadvantages.
4. Conclusion (2 sentences).
Sentence 1: paraphrase the introduction or summarise the introduction in a different way.
Sentence 2: give your opinion.

Example:

Model answer:
Robots are widely employed in different aspects, such as marine research, space exploration and
some modern assembly lines. This essay will make an effort to examine the benefits and drawbacks
of robots.
There are many advantages of using robots. Firstly, the employment of robots on assembly lines
saves a lot of labor forces. For example, robots are widely used in Japan in car production lines.
That is why robots are so popular in automobile industry. In addition, robots can take place of
human beings and work in the dangerous environment. For instance, robots can be used for the
cognition to outer space, where there may be unpredictable dangers.
On the other hand, using robots also has some drawbacks. Firstly, robots are only the machines
designed by human beings, so they are unable to create something new. Furthermore, if there is
something wrong with the electric circuit or programs, robots will become useless. Finally, people
have to deal with technological problems when using robots. This is because robots are the products
of modern technology and its not easy to learn how to use, maintain and fix robots.
In conclusion, although robots are useful machines in different fields, they cannot take the place of
human beings. Robots are always subsidiary to human beings because they only follow instructions
and never have the ability to invent anything.
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Writing 2, Compiled by Mr. Thong

How to write a cause and effect essay:


1. Introduction (3 sentences)
Sentence 1: introduce the topic by paraphrasing the question statement.
Sentence 2: give your general response to the question statement. This sentence is optional.
Sentence 3: give the thesis statement.
2. Body 1 (5 sentences): write a paragraph about Causes.
3. Body 2 (5 sentences): write a paragraph about Effects.
4. Conclusion (2 sentences).
Sentence 1: paraphrase the introduction or summarise the introduction in a different way.
Sentence 2: give your opinion.

IMPORTANT LANGUAGE:
1. Cause and Effect
Pollution causes global warming.
Pollution leads to global warming.
Pollution results in global warming.
Pollution is the main cause of global warming.
Factories pollute the atmosphere. As a result, global warming is occurring.
2. Effect and Cause
Global warming is caused by pollution.
Global warming is the result of pollution.
Global warming is due to pollution.
Global warming occurs as a result of pollution.

Example:

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Writing 2, Compiled by Mr. Thong

Model answer:

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Writing 2, Compiled by Mr. Thong

How to write a problem and solution essay:


1. Introduction (3 sentences)
Sentence 1: introduce the topic by paraphrasing the question statement.
Sentence 2: give your general response to the question statement. This sentence is optional.
Sentence 3: give the thesis statement.
2. Body 1 (5 sentences): write a paragraph about Problems.
3. Body 2 (5 sentences): write a paragraph about Solutions.
4. Conclusion (2 sentences).
Sentence 1: paraphrase the introduction or summarise the introduction in a different way.
Sentence 2: give your opinion.

Example 1:
Motorways help people travel quickly and cover long distances but they also cause problems.
What are the problems of motorways and what solutions are there?
Model answer:
Motorways are arteries which provide people with speedy and efficient transportation and enable
vehicles to cover vast distances. Although motorways bring people a lot of benefits, they also have
negative aspects such as dangerous traffic, damage to environment and pollution. This essay will
examine the problems of motorways in detail, and then propose some solutions.
It is clear that there are many problems of motorways. Firstly, people love to travel on motorways
since it is fast and convenient and when many inhabitants leave the city to go on holiday, routes are
often congested. Furthermore, drivers may be inconvenienced by an accident on the motorway or
when it is closed for repairs causing delays and frustration. In addition, motorways are difficult and
expensive to maintain. Roads need to be re-surfaced and repaired on a regular basis. This
maintenance is paid by the tax payers money. Similarly, tolls are placed at regular intervals and
drivers are obliged to pay for the use of roads. Another problem is that the building of new roads
involves destroying the countryside. Specifically, farm animals are subjected to noise pollution and
carbon dioxide emissions are high in these areas.
As a solution the government could encourage people to restrict their movement and promote local
areas for holidays. If tolls are expensive, people will think twice about using their private vehicles
and will opt to use a bus instead. Alternatively, a train can be used.

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Writing 2, Compiled by Mr. Thong

In conclusion, despite the problems of motorways, they are necessary and useful. My view is that
people need to consider their impact on the environment before building new motorways.
Example 2:
In the developed world, average life expectancy is increasing. What problems will this cause for
individuals and society?
Suggest some measures that could be taken to reduce the impact of ageing populations.
Model answer:
It is true that people in industrialised nations can expect to live longer than ever before. Although
there will undoubtedly be some negative consequences of this trend, societies can take steps to
mitigate these potential problems.
As people live longer and the populations of developed countries grow older, several related
problems can be anticipated. The main issue is that there will obviously be more people of
retirement age who will be eligible to receive a pension. The proportion of younger, working adults
will be smaller, and governments will therefore receive less money in taxes in relation to the size of
the population. In other words, an ageing population will mean a greater tax burden for working
adults. Further pressures will include a rise in the demand for healthcare, and the fact young adults
will increasingly have to look after their elderly relatives.
There are several actions that governments could take to solve the problems described above.
Firstly, a simple solution would be to increase the retirement age for working adults, perhaps from
65 to 70. Nowadays, people of this age tend to be healthy enough to continue a productive working
life. A second measure would be for governments to encourage immigration in order to increase the
number of working adults who pay taxes. Finally, money from national budgets will need to be
taken from other areas and spent on vital healthcare, accommodation and transport facilities for the
rising numbers of older citizens.
In conclusion, various measures can be taken to tackle the problems that are certain to arise as the
populations of countries grow older.
(265 words)

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