Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
RP18S
NUMBERS
By
S.
N. Petrenko
ABSTRACT
Comparative Rockwell and Brinell tests were made on a great variety of ferrous
and nonferrous metals.
Relationships between Brinell and Rockwell numbers, based on certain
simplifying assumptions, are:
,.
Brinell
number
constant
13 o_ Ro ckwell ball
number
and
constant
Brinell number =;
(100 Rockwell cone number) 2
.
These equations were used as guides in finding empirical formulas which fitted
most closely the values determined experimentally. Of all the experimental
values obtained in this investigation very few differed by more than 10 per cent
from values obtained from these empirical equations.
Empirical equations were also found giving the tensile strengths of steels in
terms of their Rockwell numbers. Experimental values checked these equations
within an error of plus or minus 15 per cent.
CONTENTS
I.
II.
III.
page
Introduction
19
Purpose
20
20
20
22
28
38
42
44
47
48
of investigation
Acknowledgments
XI Summary
I.
INTRODUCTION
19
Bureau
20
[vols
II.
PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATION
The purpose
1. To make
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
M.
Particular Ref-
B. S. Journal of Research,
RP185
Figure
1.
21
Rockwell-Brinell Relationships
Petrenko]
mm
tool.
mm
to 0.01
mm.
The
tool.
The
scales.
-R
testing.
In this investigation the major load was removed approximately three-fourths second after it reached its maximum value.
Tests were made on six specimens to determine the change occurring
in a Rockwell number due to a variation of time under load.
The
results are shown graphically in Figure 2.
The greatest variation in
average Rockwell number over a 10-second period, a decrease of 0.8
*
62.
22
Bureau
[Vol. 6
point,
V.
THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Symbol
Bn
nRjBT,
number.
Rockwell ball number, obtained using a major load
kRc
Brinell
n kg and a
of
ball
with a diameter
of
inches.
Dr.
J.
of k
kg and the
brale.
his
name
P P being
as the ratio -p
~"^;
the load on
^__^-
^.
^ ^^
--_.
Steel (C24-25)
Br ass
(L ?30-A
h-71'me
Figure
2.
under
Effect of time
had -seconds
number
Circles represent average values obtained from five indentations.
Dash lines show extreme variations. Values for zero time were
obtained within one-half second of the instant the major load
reached its maximum value. Identification marks on the standard blocks are given in parentheses.
and
2, p. 83; 1901.
23
Rockwell-Brinell Relationships
petrenko]
P
-7
and
When
it is
major load
2irrH
'
the
where P is the major load, r the radius of the indenting ball, and
Let the depth of indentation due to the
total depth of indentation.
Then, assuming
minor load only be denoted by hq and let h = (H h )
.
is
H= P
io
Fo
u i
ori7=/
^io
H=h P-10
But h =
(130 -
BB X 0.002
)
kfequation
(1)
P-10
^R7l ~27rr(130-E )X 0.002
B
Equation
(2)
W
,
can be written:
^ = (130-^)
where
p ~ 10
27rr- (0.002)
(3)
u\
Bureau
24
[Vol.5
The value
is
90
2tt
(0.794)
Bn =
= 9,020
0.002
9,020
130100^81216
number
of the Brinell
major load
Bn
where
to it
tv
tan
OH
8 sec
and
one-half
Table
on
1.
the
Load
Tool
kg
Ball, 1/16 inch (1.588
mm)
mm)
diameter
diameter
mm)
100
Bn 130 020
iooRbi/16
100
Bn
'
4 510
'
130 ioo-Rsi/8
diameter
60
5,01
Bn- 130 60-Rfli/u
1,896,000
150
(100-i5oi?) J c
Do
100
Do
60
1,074,000
"n
(100-ioo-Rc) 3
483,000
(lOO-eo-Rc) 3
Case
Bn ~S
Case II
For
m Rc greater than
(100-466.7 S).
1,492.9
(100- mRc)
B ""46.89SH-10.882
L
Brale,
ical
(See
(Z,'+4.308SL)
obtained in terms of
and
150
(100-iso.Rc) X0.002 =
fig. 3.)
Case III
For
150-Rc less
L+S-ho.
150
Bn= 46.89
"
S2+10.882(L J +4.308SL)
and
(100-i5oi?c)X0.002 = X-d.
IOO-Rfll/19
=2Xiooi?Bi/8-130
ioo-Rbi/i
= 1.800Xo.Rbi/i8-104
25
Rockwell-Brinell Relationships
Petrenko]
Bn==
ir>
If
we assume
-H1=
P
10.882#2
(5)
Major area = 2 ^
Minor area h 2 Q
+h
(h
h K
2
)
=P
(6)
10
IP
h
k
v 5-'
and
h2
2X
P
10
16
Using
this value of
in equation (5)
Bn
h2
r2^~
10.882Xr-7=
10.882/i
^ (VP-ViO)
10.882/t
Now
/i=(100-# c )X 0.002
Bn =
(Vp-Viov
10.882 (100
-Rc
2
)
(0.002)
Bn= {100-R
c )*
<*>
where
10.882 X(0.002) 2
(8)
26
Considering the
i 50
Rc case,
in
is
[Vol. 6
150 kg,
(Vi5o-Vio)
a= 10.882
X(0.002)
= 1,896,000
and
1,896,000
Bn= (100-
RcY
150
list
cone tests
is
given in Table
1.
Abtat/bn:
r,
radius of"spherical'end,d/stance OA
s, d/stance
SC ; s=o./34r
, distance 3D;
Figure
3.
Form
duced by the minor load of 10 kg and A that due to the major load
x
of 150 kg.
10.882
Case
cal
I.
ABEFGA
(D + 21L), L
C
Bn= T?
r^
1UU
150-ftc
between Bn and
RC
U0
For
27
Rockwell-Brinell Relationships
petrenko]
A,
,.
, .;
140X0.134 1492.9
o
an d the
C = ?r~ottttt^f* =
Jtto
X U.UUz
'.
relation is
1492.9
R
^~^(100-
W
,
l50J?c)
depth
depth
of
of
and
(100 -i 505c)X 0.002 = S-ho,
Case II.
By
definition
^=
where
27rr#-i-10.882(Z
(10)
+ 2LL)
L = hi S.
R
i57l_
150
L in
terms of
Ui;
becomes
Rc two other
i 50
(12)
(13)
and
is
fixed
by the
definition of
this case.
Case
III.
150
46.895
+ 10.882 (Z + 4.3085L)
2
(14)
28
Bureau
to solve for
[voi.s
are
,_,
(Wiiere d
_ *Q
which reduce to
L +
2
=0
(15)
and
=L-d
(16)
9,020
(130 ioqRbi/u)
or
100^51/16
=2X
4,510
(130
lOO^Bl/8
ioqRbi/s,)
- 130
fit
exper-
EXPERIMENTAL DATA
in Tables 2
and
3.
29
Rockwell-Brinell Relationships
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[Vol.5
31
Rockwell-Brinell Relationships
Petrenko]
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33
Rockwell-Brinell Relationships
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Bureau
34
Table
4.
[Vol. 5
Bn
Sample No.
53 ._
54 -.
1
A
28...
c
g
2
FERROUS MATERIALS
loo-Rai/ie
98
125
129
156
178
55.2
68.2
74.0
79.0
85.3
192
204
204
91.0
92.6
94.9
93.8
94.0
ioo-Rbi/8
'
60i?Bl/16
wRc
loo-Rc
eo-Rc
91.8
99.1
102.5
90.1
96.8
99.0
-24.0
-6.7
8.0
20.0
23.5
42.8
47.7
-5.0
106.2
105.0
7.5
33.3
55.0
112.0
112.8
112.5
109.5
111.4
110.2
16.5
18.4
18.6
39.0
40.7
40.2
111.7
112.0
112.3
111.1
111.7
20.0
19.7
21.6
22.2
212
216
224
225
225
226
230
96.4
98.4
98.0
96.8
113.1
113.2
114.0
112.8
112.1
19.1
40.1
42.4
42.2
42.0
41.2
232
239
248
256
268
97.2
98.0
97.6
102.3
104.6
114.2
112.6
113.5
116.2
117.1
112.2
111.9
112.5
114.6
116.2
22.0
21.2
22.5
27.7
28.4
42.5
42.0
42.1
46.0
48.1
64.6
65.8
339
367
108.0
111.6
118.8
121.4
117.4
120.2
36.8
41.9
52.1
56.8
68.5
71.9
H
55
SS
8
69
BC
66.
68..
27.
96. 8
-3.0
-25.0
-39.0
-40.0
35.6
42.0
35.0
39.0
()
9.5
4.1
20.0
46.0
59.6
66.1
70.1
75.0
34.0
53.5
64.9
62.7
70.4
25.0
36.5
33.9
51.1
81.0
76.7
86.5
86.8
77.0
76.0
79.2
85.0
126
58.4
65.2
69.9
72.8
90.7
93.9
98.1
102.1
132
147
174
218
74.3
78.5
88.8
98.3
99.0
101.9
110.7
114.3
28.0
42.0
43.4
17
43.5
50.3
61.4
56.8
61.3
10
35
38
20
67.7
72
75
95
13
15
24
16
22
103
111
123
36...
12.-.
25
34
33
23
21
'
'
62.1
NONFERROUS MATERIALS
II.
11.-37
14
62.2
( )
-15.0
-18.0
( )
1.6
0)
( )
5.0
15.0
23.4
22.1
25.5
0)
4
( )
( )
(*)
( )
-12.0
(<)
6-35.
0)
-35.0
-29.0
6.0
35.0
30.0
36.0
38.0
90.2
93.1
97.2
99.0
-21.0
-15.0
-8.8
-3.0
12.3
14.9
19.3
22.8
41.6
43.6
48.1
49.5
98.6
100.5
108.1
112.4
-6.1
21.8
27.1
36.3
42.0
48.2
52.5
57.6
62.4
Too
1.0
13.1
21.8
fi
-6.5
soft.
this
bureau.
All tensile-strength data were obtained on A. S. T. M. standard
specimens (0.500 inch diameter, 2-inch gage Jength).
All steel specimens were machined before an indentation was made.
Certain tests made on nonferrous materials showed that results
obtained on the rolled surfaces differed a negligible amount from
those obtained on machined surfaces.
Therefore in many of the
tests on nonferrous materials indentations were made on the rolled
surfaces of the specimens as received from the manufacturer.
35
Rockwell-Brinell Relationships
Table
5.
Data on
steels
ExperiBrinell
Sample No.
ioo-Rbi/ib
No.
wRc
mental
tensile
strength
16-3
16-4 ..
29-2
29-1
-.
8-R
2-F
-.
2-CA
2-C
15-7.
17-1 ...
2-Q
34-1
7-2 ...
8-FA
8-RA
15-1
15-8
8-F
3-FA
34-2
6-FA
6-F
1-FA
1-F
9-RA
3-F
9-FA
9-F
1-RA
3-RA
3-R
1-R
5-A
35-1-.
36-2
35-2
36-1
6-FA
5-F
6-RA
6-R
6'..
9-R
25-A-l
7-FA
6-RA
5-R
25-A-2
19-1
19-2
125
128
131
134
156
71.4
70.1
77.7
75.7
83.1
Lbs./in*
68, 500
69,200
70,000
69,500
82,500
157
161
165
167
168
83.4
86.0
85.5
85.8
83.9
84,500
84,500
85,000
91,000
87,300
169
169
170
170
170
86.9
87.4
84.5
87.2
86,500
77,500
87,300
83, 000
86, 000
170
173
173
174
174
87.5
85.0
86.7
87.0
86.6
92,500
91,000
84, 500
92,000
77,500
175
180
181
181
184
89.7
89.7
89.6
89.3
88.9
91,000
91,500
93,000
92,500
92,500
187
189
191
192
193
89.2
90.3
90.0
91.7
91.3
92,000
93,000
93,500
96,000
92,000
194
195
197
197
197
91.8
92.4
95.3
93.5
91.3
198
199
204
207
209
94.6
91.4
92.6
92.9
95.5
209
215
223
226
229
94.5
98.7
97.1
100.0
98.4
229
229
229
229
229
97.5
96.8
99.5
95.0
95.0
86.5.
000
000
000
92,000
99, 500
98,
12.6
97,
103,
93,500
000
000
103, 500
101, 500
99,
102,
16.8
20.2
21.3
500
500
100,000
113,500
114, 500
101,
102,
116, 000
21.1
115,000
115, 500
107, 600
107, 000
36
Table
Bureau
5.
Data on
steels
Sample No.
14-RA.
Brinell
l00i?Bl/l
No.
iwRc
247
248
250
252
254
99.0
100.3
101.6
101.1
101.5
23.8
24.9
25.9
25.3
25.9
255
255
255
256
257
100.4
101.1
101.3
101.4
103.9
26.0
25.8
23.3
26.5
25.5
257
260
262
262
262
102.9
101.5
101.2
101.9
102.4
25.7
27.0
23.3
24.8
26.2
265
265
267
267
269
103.0
100.4
103.1
102.3
102.8
26.8
27.2
27.6
26.6
27.6
270
273
273
285
288
103.0
103.0
102.8
104.7
101.9
28.8
29.4
27.7
30.0
27.7
26-1- A.
293
297
300
300
302
105.2
105.9
107.1
105.9
106.4
32.2
31.0
31.1
32.8
33.5
14-A-2.
11-A-l.
14-A-l.
15-A-2.
12-A-2.
304
305
306
311
317
106.1
104.3
105.9
104.6
105.9
34.5
29.3
34.4
32.0
33.6
12-A-l.
15-A-l.
30-A-8.
10-A-l.
321
321
330
334
341
106.3
105.2
110.1
110.8
113.4
33.5
32.5
32.9
34.4
33.2
363
363
363
375
388
112.8
113.9
112.7
114.4
115.0
36.4
35.0
36.4
36.2
41.2
388
395
407
408
434
114.5
115.0
39.8
40.5
41.9
42.4
43.6
14-F...
13-O-A
11-F...
13-0...
13-CA.
13-0...
32-1....
12-FA.
12-C...
12-CA.
12-F...
32-2....
33-1....
33-2....
11-R...
10-A-2.
11-R A.
10-F...
10-FA.
7-RA..
7-R....
11-FA.
10-R...
ll-A-4.
10-R A.
12-RA.
28-4....
12-R...
20-2-...
20-1....
20-4....
25-2....
20-3...
25-1....
27-A-6.
27-A-3.
I-9D..
I-32D.
I-28B..
I-8B..
I-32C.
I-28A.
I-30D.
450
512
518
525
527
45.9
50.5
60.0
51.0
51.1
I-10D.
I-16B.
53ft
542
52.2
51.7
I-9C.
Table
6.
For
Rockwell
number
fto
150
number
kg
Bn
Brinell
vanes
from
Oto
0.0666S
'
0.
07
0.
2.286S
2.963S
1.
.40S
.50S
.60S
3.
4.
.70S
.80S
.90S
I
.453S
1.012S
.30
049
.10S
.15S
.20S
1.
00
4.
5.
5.
487
559
100
S
S
596
059
494
S
S
S
5.905S
S 0.10S 6.306S
~J 1.20S .20S 6. 705 S
|i 1.30S .30S 7. 103 S
Q 1. 40 S .60S 8.293S
f
1.
10
For Case
number
33,
number
varies
16,
varies from
(100-466.7 S)
to 100
from
100100100-
489. 5
676.
931.
3.199
S3
to oo
100-1,
100-1,
100-2,
100-2,
493
781
030
250
S
S
S
S
100-2,
100-2,
100-2,
100-2,
448
630
797
953
S
S
S
S
100-3,
100-3,
100-3,
100-3,
103
253
S
S
S
S
402
846
mm
For S=0.0291
324
662
11, 108
8,331
6,665
6,378
noRc
100
98
96
Bn
180-Rc
y/Bn
100
0.0055
.0077
.0095
.0110
.0123
.0125
25,
12,
0.0062
.0088
.0108
.0125
.0140
.0163
651
826
8,550
6,413
5,130
3,778
6,075
4,251
2,834
2,125
89.0
84.9
79.1
74.4
.0128
.0153
.0188
.0217
3,599
2,519
1,679
1,259
85.8
80.3
72.9
66.7
.0167
.0199
.0244
.0282
.711/S2
533/S2
427/S2
355/S2
1,417
1,062
851
708
60.1
54.5
49.6
.0307
.0343
.0376
840
629
504
419
56.6
48.2
40.9
34.5
.0345
.0399
.0445
305/S*
267/S2
237/S*
213/S2
532
472
425
45.2
41.1
37.4
33.9
.0406
.0434
.0460
.0485
315
280
251
28.8
23.5
18.6
14.1
.0527
.0563
.0597
.0631
193/S2
176/S2
385
351
321
253
30.5
27.2
23.8
13.8
.0510
.0534
.0558
.0629
228
208
190
150
2.
1.
1.
.
.
.
.
.
161/S2
127/S3
Bn3E
9.7
5.3
1.0
-12.0
circle
for
each tracing,
The
.0725
.0817
492 9
gnoo
<
mm
048/S*
133/S2
422/S2
066/Sa
3.
OS
OS
100-1, 143
S= 0.0224
Brinell
load
Rockwell
fto
37
Rockwell-Brinell Relationships
Petrenko)
4,
1929.
lines
Bureau
38
Table
7.
Manufacturer's No.
Position
Angle
of
brales
S calculat- S calculat-
CD
cone
mm
ed from
mm
0268
.0241
.0257
0336
.0293
.0315
CD
ed from
mm
mm
0.200
.180
.192
[Vol.5
26-1886.
120
120 6
120 18
119 55
119 51
120 3
.182.
26-1832.
.167
.0271
.0271
.0326
.0244
.0224
.0267
.0235
.0235
.0282
26-15.
120 1
120 1
120 18
.202
.191
.201
.0315
.0315
.0326
.0271
.0256
.0273
.0273
29-1893.
119 41
119 32
119 53
.212
.200
.197
.0336
.0326
.0315
,0284
,0268
,0264
.0291
.0282
.0273
26-224.
120 25
120 4
119 48
.205
.198
.197
.0315
.0315
,0275
,0265
,0264
.0273
.0273
VII.
it
0291
.0254
.0273
0.
about
An
its axis.
0.
additional
When
RB
0.
first
lines are
if
using values of
obtained.
values of
Likewise,
and
1
y/JDll
S=
S=
S were chosen merely because they were the minimum and maximum
values found in the study of the five tools and may represent an
extreme variation in S. Average values would show less variation.
Certain facts are made evident by an inspection of the theoretical
straight line curve (for a true cone) and the theoretical curves bounding the shaded areas.
The effect of the spherical portion of the brale upon the theoretical
relationship between Bn and i 50 R c is quite small for 15Q Rc=lO } but
gradually increases and becomes quite large at i 50R c = 70.
If two brales are used having different values of S, the effect of
this difference in S is quite small for i 50 Rc = 10, but becomes considerably larger at 50 Rc = 70.
Thus the theoretical value of Bn corresponding to
Rc = 70 is
1,678 for =0.0224
and only 1,460 for =0.0291 mm.
Experimental values taken from Tables 3 and 4 are plotted in
Figures 4 and 5. Considering Figure 4, we see that the points do
not fall along the theoretical straight lines, but that their mean
i
mm
39
Rockwell-Brinell Relationships
Petrenko]
by the two
full
lines.
Since
C
form Bn = -pr-^
^-r can be
(loU Kb)
used as conversion formulas. The numerical values to be substituted
for C are the reciprocal slopes of the experimental curves.
Thus, the
30
-20
-JO
JO
20
30
40
SO
60
joo
i/o
im
no
Roctcwell number
Figure
4.
Bn =
146
wv
to
= 7,300, and
7,300
(130
loo^BiZie)
Equations (a), (b), and (c) of Table 8 were obtained in this way.
The experimental points plotted in Figure 5 determine a curve
Fhich is displaced from the theoretical curves.
As would be expected,
40
Bureau
[Voi.s
general form is like that of the theoretical curves for a brale with
a spherical apex.
This curve was used to determine the empirical equations:
its
un ~
1,520,000- 4,500
and
n
m
l50
25,00
-10 (57 - m Rc )
(d)
Empirical relationships
between
and
()
of
Table 8
8.
Rc
(ioo- 150 iW 2
10, less
Rockwell
than 40 and
ir,oRc
numbers
(For ioo-Bj5i/ie greater than 40 and less than 100.
{Error to be expected not greater than plus or minus 10
ioofii/ie[
percent.
7 300
^
(a)
Bn= 16U
(6)
3 710
Bn= lcJU
n
or
(c)
gn= 1ort
'
'
(d)
(e)
'
fThis load
is
OT
4
reater *?*? 10 and le SS
+
plus or
expected not+ greater
than i
i nus 10 per cent.
c
1,520,000 -4,500 m Rcll
{Error ?
to g
be
Bn=tVt^
p
{WUK
cy
150
Bn=
'-
or
(/)
Bn=
(g)
^ w= mqq_!, p
,.
nr
'
\8
jThis load
is
is
100#B1/16=
- 105
= 1.518Xeo^c 51.8
I\ockircll-Ih-incJl Relationships
Fttmiko]
7hetYtficol'cl
11
rm:
1000+
900'
I
000
aos
<^
l\\<
erpfr/rrxntnt curre
..._ t-V.V\V
*"
-45CO rfft
0OQ-Zf?<P
fO<**/?c
20
fO
30
40
<
SO
50
ftock*ll
Fhu'ke
40
70
to
C number- food no
aoo
90
100
hg.
5.
/
120
80
*n?c *t49/**efo-**/
ft
/
*w/J5r
mfta = 'Z
/i
/.
** *>/&
*Jf~-:-
'
.>
?9 4 -HO
ffaorrtica/
rill
1?
I"
<
*ef?C
'
r.Wvftc-fi 5
/.
expenmenfoi \
//
'/
//
so
/
/
,/
/'
40
v~~"
/
/
/
.
20
Figure
40
6.
60
Comparison
BO
/OO
of Rockicell
ISO
numbers
R
Bureau
42
[Vol.i
A comparisoD
(/>'//)
(/in)
is in part as follows:
flattening of the BrineU baU duo fco compression probably
results in an area of indentation Larger than one would obtain with a
Consequently (/>/>) bheor>(2?n) expt.
rigid ball.
2. Elastic recovery of the materia] and deformation of the indenting
fcool due bo compression bend to make the Rockwell indentation shallower Mum it would bo if (ho material were perfectly plastic and tho
The
1.
As a
boo] rigid.
(
result:
EB) bheor<(B)
or
(130
/^)thoor
VIII.
{\
M) - h\
cx\)t
tuu\(W0-
c)
ge
40
JO
i.'\
Figure
7.
>.////
50
60
SO
70
90
100
110
UO
The
am
may be Applied
with
sion formulas
Bn
,300
U30
looRaint)
43
PsfrenAoJ
can be used for fche range of Rockwell B Dumber (ball ) uioh diameter; Load l()() kg) from 10 to 100 or of Brinell uumber from 80
All of the experimental points in this range fall within the
fco 240.
10 per cent Limits.
The upper end <> the range is sol. at R m i\* loo.
even though there seems to bo good agreement botwoen theory and
experiment for larger values of mRm/u- This is done because the
UioJ
t
i
Ji
/ //
///
/ 4l
"'
J7/
A 7-
Ij
-<
!
""""
It* -
"Z>*
^^--
Abn-frrrvus matsrta/s
--'
r^V^ _^_^^i
Rockwel/L
to
40
30
60
50
80
70
90
100
IIO
/JO
PlGTJRB
The
8.
may
ranges Indicated are those over which the emplrloa] con version curve
the expectation of do error greater than LO per oent,
i>o
applied
wii.ii
ftt- ,w.
3,710
'
'
10()'7M/H
~
JM _
,520,00
- 4,50 X m Rr
(lOO-wo^c) 8
C number
44
Bureau
[Vol. 5
Bn =
25,000-10 (57-
150i2c)
100-iavfl.
IbQ^C
holds for the range of Rockwell C number (load 150 kg) from 40 to
70 or of Brinell number from 370 to 770. All experimental points
in this range fall within the 10 per cent limits.
40
30
/foc/ftvt//
Figure
9.
numbers
well cone
IX.
50
may be
applied with
STRENGTH
Earlier investigators
have established the fact that a rough proportionality exists between the tensile strength of steel and its Brinell
number.
Tensile strength
(lbs. /in.
are:
2
)
= 515 Bn
for Brinell
numbers
less
than 175.
48; 1925.
175.
45
Rockwell-Brinell Relationships
Petrenko]
found
Tensile strength
Tensile strength
(lbs. /in.
(lbs./in.
2
)
= T5^
130
yah nnn
= -r
lt3U
for
100^B1/16
m RBl/l6 greater
10.
of steel
The
The
106
108
IH>
and Rockwell
ranges indicated are those over which the empirical conversion curve
applied with the expectation of no error greater than 15 per cent.
full line
than 88.
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
102
104
focMwe// 6 number- /ba// inch ctia., toad too hq.
Figure
than 88.
loo-^Bi/ie
curve in Figure 10
is
may
be
empirical
equation
Tensile strength
(lbs./in.
2
)
100-^51/16
the general form of which was suggested by the last two equations
given above. None of the experimental tensile strengths differ from
corresponding values obtained from this curve by more than 15 per
cent.
It is suggested that this equation be used over the range of
46
[Vol. 5
Tensile strength
= ^ffi,? ~ 22pX
mju 150-ttc)
490 (25,000 - 1
2 =
(lbs./in. )
(lbs./in.
Tensile strength
i?c)
1 5
for 150
(57
- i5o^c)
100 -i50#C7
for
150i?c
I60QOO
(74SO-Z2,soRc)
(lOO-isofc)^^'^ c
140000
120000
+"&&&*
range of ffockwe/t
20
10
C nvmher-
JO
fibcktvet/
Figure
The
40
11.
60
SO
ranges indicated are those over which the empirical conversion curve
the expectation of no error greater than 15 per cent.
may
be applied with
The full line curve in this Figure 11, which seems to satisfy the
experimental data better than the dash line curves, especially in the
range above 5 oJ?c = 40, is a graph of the empirical equation:
i
= 10 (7,000-10X
15(>
(100- 15 oifc) 2
None of the experimental values differ by more than 15 per cent from
corresponding values read from the full line conversion curve. This
Rockwell-Brinell Relationships
Petrenko]
47
X.
The desirability of having some means for comparison of the Rockwell and the Brinell numbers was recognized with the increased use
During the last few years several investiof the Rockwell machine.
gations have been made for the purpose of obtaining the experimental
relationships between the Rockwell and the Brinell numbers.
The
summary of these investigations and the principal results obtained
are found below :^
1. S. C. Spalding, Transactions of the American Society for Steel
Treating, October, 1924.
The experiments were made on steels having a tungsten content
of about 17 per cent and drawn at different temperatures.
The
results showed that within the range Bn greater than 300 and less
than 650 the Brinell number is linearly related to the Rockwell cone
number.
No
conversion formula was recommended, but the relaand the Brinell number
T>_.
100-^51/16
+ 273
6.49- 0.048 X
1QQ
R B1/U
and
Bn=
88.3
See Relation Between Maximum Strength, Brinell Hardness, and Scleroscope Hardness in Treated
and Untreated Alloy and Plain Steels, by R. A. Abbot, Proc. Am. Soc. Test. Mat., 15; 1915.
i Otto Schwarz, Zugfestigkeit
und Harte bei Metallen, Forsehungsarbeiten auf dem gebiete des Inge8
11523330
Bureau
48
[Vol. 6
Bn = 127
6,600
100**B1/16
and
1,880,000
R
^-(112BC
150
The
12
2
)
and
S'RHBnjmf/ekfTransJSST.June/xe
f.
S=S.C.SpaMng,Trans.A5.SZ0cr.i9Z4
-jf-
40
60
ftbckwe// numbers
Figure
12.
numbers given by
different investigators
mRmn<>
against
and
and
In this way
160
#c
against
i_
as
was done
in Figures 4
5.
di
->JBn
more
49
Rockwell-Brinell Relatiotiships
Petrenko]
The
SUMMARY
Rockwell indentation
and nonferrous metals.
o
.
s
tee.6
y
,<&
ISSjO
#
/
100.0
Bo ^'ooA i
03.3
B.S-J
71.4
// y
//
.003
s'
.00*
.009
.008
.010
.013
.014
/ y / Av
/
03.5
.018
Cow irey
33.3
7*
sao
10,000 JO
3300.0
1,111.1
.018
\
'1Irumi7e/U
,020
43.3
.01
41.
38.3
633.0
^
j?
/
400.0
.033
.03
.034
.03
.036
.04'
.05
Bn^/sofrb
77.7
.06
A
Spc '/d/nq
304.
& .5^
136.3
133.3
.07
ir
Cowdrey
i<\\
*
H!
.09
'
Bru nf/e/d
100.0
*&
20
/0
tO
30
30
40
SO
tO
70
80
90
100
110
ISO
130
Pock we It numbers
Figure
13.
vs.
and-p-
Bureau
50
[voi.s
loo^sizie;
Rockwell
100Rmi8',
isoRc',
Rockwell
B number,
B number,
number,
ball
ball
)i
kg.
(6)
(c)
7 300
o
Bn= lOU
rtn
Bn= J-oU
or
.
less
than 100.
100^51/16
3 710p
'
and
'
than 30 and
than 100.
less
100^51/8
1,520,000-4,500
D =
Bn
jzr^.
V 1UU
l50
Rc
lor
150
Rr>C
+
A iless
greater
than in
10 and
i5ofi>c)
than 40.
,(a)
Bn=
inn
lUU i5otic
-
2
)
lor
r>
15Q lt c
,
n
A~
greater +than 40
and less
.
than 70.
2. For steels the tensile strength may be calculated from the
Rockwell number, with expectation of an error less than plus or
minus 15 per cent, by using the empirical formulas:
/
(a)
.,
2
nu r ^
v m strength
(lbs./m.
Tensile
)
.
- '-j^.
^
= 4,750,000-12,000
m R mI16
*-
loU ioo-^Bl/16
for
mR Bni6
oi?c
greater
M m
n
Tensile
(b)
.,
,i
,.
2
+
(lbs./m. )
strength
= 10
(7,000- 10 X 150 RC ) ,
L nn
p-v^
for
\1UU
i5
150^C>)
than 10 and
less
than 40.
Washington, December
29, 1929.