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d n dy dy du
1. ( x ) = nx n −1 17. = × Chain Rule
dx dx dx dx
d
2. ( fg ) = fg ′ + gf ′
dx
d f gf ′ − fg ′
3. ( )=
dx g g2
d
4. f ( g ( x)) = f ′( g ( x)) g ′( x)
dx
d
5. (sin x) = cos x
dx
d
6. (cos x) = − sin x
dx
d
7. (tan x) = sec 2 x
dx
d
8. (cot x) = − csc 2 x
dx
d
9. (sec x) = sec x tan x
dx
d
10. (csc x) = − csc x cot x
dx
d x
11. (e ) = e x
dx
d x
12. (a ) = a x ln a
dx
d 1
13. (ln x) =
dx x
d 1
14. ( Arc sin x) =
dx 1− x2
d 1
15. ( Arc tan x) =
dx 1+ x2
d 1
16. ( Arc sec x) =
dx | x | x2 −1
Trigonometric Formulas
x3 + 2x
Example: lim =∞
x → ∞ x2 − 8
f ( x)
iii). lim is finite if the degree of f ( x ) = the degree of g ( x )
x → ±∞ g ( x )
2 x 2 − 3x + 2 2
Example: lim =−
x → ∞ 10 x − 5 x 2 5
[x0 , x1 ] is f ( x1 ) − f ( x0 ) = y1 − y 0 = ∆y .
x1 − x0 x1 − x0 ∆x
ii). Instantaneous Rate of Change: If ( x 0 , y 0 ) is a point on the graph of y = f ( x ) , then
the instantaneous rate of change of y with respect to x at x 0 is f ′( x 0 ) .
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
7. f ′( x) = lim
h→0 h
8. The Number e as a limit
n
1
i). lim 1 + = e
n → +∞ n
1
n
ii). lim 1 + n = e
n → 0 1
9. Rolle’s Theorem
[ ]
If f is continuous on a, b and differentiable on (a, b ) such that
f (a) = f (b) , then there
is at least one number c in the open interval (a, b ) such that f ′(c) = 0 .
10. Mean Value Theorem
[ ]
If f is continuous on a, b and differentiable on (a, b ) , then there is at least one number c
f (b) − f (a)
in (a, b ) such that = f ′(c) .
b−a
11. Extreme-Value Theorem
[ ]
If f is continuous on a closed interval a, b , then f (x ) has both a maximum and minimum
[ ]
on a, b .
12. To find the maximum and minimum values of a function y = f (x ) , locate
1. the points where f ′(x ) is zero or where f ′(x ) fails to exist.
2. the end points, if any, on the domain of f (x ) .
Note: These are the only candidates for the value of x where f (x ) may have a maximum or a
minimum.
13. Let f be differentiable for a < x < b and continuous for a a ≤ x ≤ b ,
1. If f ′( x ) > 0 for every x in (a, b ) , [ ]
then f is increasing on a, b .
2. If f ′( x ) < 0 for every x in (a, b ) , then f is decreasing on [a, b ] .