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introduccion a la economia
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Originaltitel
importancia de las tecnologias su grado como y cuando surgio
introduccion a la economia
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introduccion a la economia
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fjdkjfksdjfkdsjfkdsjfkdjfkdjfksdjfksjdfksdjkfjsdfjskfjdksjfs h
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Cul es el grado de importancia de los procesos tecnolgico y tcnico en el
proceso de crecimiento econmico? Esta pregunta es, en parte, terica y en parte emprica. El proceso tecnolgico ha jugado un papel conceptual poco importante en la teora econmica hasta pocas relativamente recientes, si bien Marx incorporo dichas ideas como una caracterstica fundamental de su anlisis de las leyes de la evolucin del capitalismo, y de la cada de la tasa de beneficio; asimismo, la tesis de Schumpeter sobre las oleadas de innovaciones demostr su influencia en determinados aspectos, aunque esta aportacin queda al margen de las principales corrientes de la teora econmica convencional. El reciente inters se origin fundamentalmente en los trabajos empricos de los aos 50 que surgi que el progreso tcnico era el factor ms importante de la determinacin de la tasa de crecimiento de la economa. En consecuencia, no solamente estamos interesados en los efectos que el progreso tcnico podra tener en el contacto de nuestro modelo terico, sino tambin en el anlisis de las formas que permiten adaptar estos modelos para la investigacin del efecto real del progreso tcnico en el mundo en que vivimos. Cualesquiera que sean los efectos del progreso tecnolgico en el progreso de crecimiento econmico, muchos autores lo consideran como un elemento que impregna la actividad econmica. Schomookler lo identifica como el crecimiento del dominio del hombre sobre la naturaleza y Mansfield inicia su conocido manual afirmando que: sin duda, el cambio tecnolgico es uno de los determinantes ms importantes de la configuracin y la evolucin de la economa. El cambio tecnolgico ha mejorado las condiciones de trabajo, ha permitido la reduccin de las horas laborales, ha proporcionado un crecimiento en la produccin de bienes nuevos y viejos y ha aportado muchas dimensiones nuevas a nuestra forma de vida.
ii)
Cul es la causa del progreso tcnico? Es exgeno o endgeno al sistema
econmico? Si al progreso tcnico se le asigna el papel fundamental que acabamos de exponer en la pregunta anterior, resulta de inters investigar sus causas. No obstante, la mayor parte de los modelos simples de crecimiento econmico han supuesto que el progreso tcnico ocurre a una tasa exgena. Nord-haus ha sealado: Aunque en muchas teoras modernas del crecimiento y de los precios se considera que el progreso tecnolgico es exgeno, esto debe interpretarse como cuestin de convivencia analtica ms que como una afirmacin seria acerca del sistema econmico ((1190), p. 9). Muchas investigaciones en torno a las causas del progreso tcnico han sido realizadas desde un punto de vista microeconmico, poniendo especial atencin en los gastos de las actividades de investigacin y desarrollo de las empresas y de las industrias. Se ha elaborado teoras macroeconmicas que incorporan una concepcin endgena del progreso tcnico.
iii)
Cmo se transforma el cambio tecnolgico en progreso tecnolgico real,
dentro del mbito macroeconmico? Las representaciones ms simples del progreso tcnico y tecnolgico, en los modelos de crecimiento econmico, no especifican el mecanismo concreto de trasmisin mediante el cual el stock creciente de conocimiento social se traduce en los diferentes tipos de progreso tcnico descritos en: a) Que puedan producirse ms bienes utilizando las mismas cantidades de factores (o se pueda obtener la misma cantidad de bien con cantidades menores de uno o ms factores): o b) Que los productos existentes mejoren su calidad: o c) Que se produzcan bienes completamente nuevos. Utilizando un ejemplo muy conocido, el progreso tcnico cae como el man del cielo. Los modelos ms complicados consideran que el progreso tcnico se incorpora al equipo de capital nuevo.