International Conference on Magnetics, Machines & Drives (AICERA-2014 iCMMD)

Mitigation of Real Power Loss, THD &

Enhancement of Voltage Profile with Optimal DG
Allocation Using PSO & Sensitivity Analysis
Mr. D. Sai Krishna Kanth,
Assistant Professor,
Department of EEE,
Annamachaya Institute of Technology and Sciences,
Tirupati.
Abstract-- Now a days the usage of electrical power is
increasing enormously and it is also becoming highly impossible
in imagining the world without the electricity. So here is one of
the techniques for maintaining the continuous supply i.e., by
generating the electrical power in the distribution premises.
Distribution Generation has been growing rapidly in power
systems due to their capable solution for the issues like power
system deregulation, to meet the demand of electric power and
shortages in the electric power transmission capacities. Concept
of Distributed generation (DG) plays an effective key role in the
distribution networks. Among many of their merits, real power
loss reduction, THD reduction voltage sag and voltage swell
reduction and voltage profile improvement can be the salient
merits of DG. Improper location of DG sources in to the electrical
power system would lead to the increase energy or power loss,
and also jeopardize the system operation. In this paper,
determination of DG location is done by using Sensitivity
Analysis and corresponding DG size is found by using Particle
Swarm Optimization (PSO) to mitigate the real power losses in
the distribution networks. Standard IEEE 15 bus test system is
chosen to test the proposed PSO Sensitivity Analysis approach.
The results so obtained show the enhancement of voltage profile,
reduction of real power loss using MATLAB.
Index Terms-- Distributed Generation (DG), Optimal location
and size, Sensitivity analysis, Exact power loss formula, Total
Harmonic Distortion and Particle swarm optimization (PSO).

I. INTRODUCTION
DG is one of the new technologies used for generation of
electric power by the consumer itself which is directly
connected at the level of distribution system of the electric
grid [1]. This is a technology which helps to have production
of renewable energy efficiently both in the developed and the
developing world. The share of distributed generators in the
electric power systems has been growing slowly in an
exponential manner from the last two to three decades. It can
be said that DG is association of small scale generation units.
The effects of DG on line losses, power transfer capability and
also on voltage profile are to calculated without any
installation of DG in to the test system. The results of such
advantages greatly show how fine these distributed generators
are installed in to the test system. Studies have proven that
nearly 70% of generated electric power is consumed as power
loss at distribution system level of power system. The main
reasons for the exponential use of DG are given as follows:

978-1-4799-5202-1/14/$31.00 2014 IEEE

Dr. M. Padma Lalitha,

Professor and Head of Department, Member IEEE,
Department of EEE,
Annamachaya Institute of Technology and Sciences,
Rajampet.

It is better to place DG than transferring power to

remote locations
It also provides the primary power, with the utility
providing supplemental power and backup
It can provide very good power quality for all
electronic equipments
For the network stability in usage of fast response
switching equipment to maintain a secure
transmission system of electric power
The optimal DG placement has attracted the attention of
many researchers recently for its ability to mitigate the defects
produced by the improper installation of DG units, such as
increase in the system power loss, exponential decay in power
quality and also the increase of voltage at the end of feeders
etc. Along with the voltage drops and real power losses, the
rising growth in the market of electricity demand needs the up
gradation of the infra structure of electric power distribution
system. So as to reach these targets, reduction of power loss
and enhancement of voltage profile and also the planning of
the electrical power system after the installation of DG
conforms the definition of some major factors like the usage
of best technology, the number of units and the capacity of the
each generating unit, the type of network connection, the best
location. The non optimal location of DG units with nonoptimal sizes may result in the rise of system power loss,
voltage flicker, protection, damaging voltage state, therefore
showing an effect controversy to the required [2],[3]. Hence it
is necessary to have an optimization method which is capable
of providing the exact and best solution for a given
distribution network. The optimum DG allocation can be
modelled as optimum active power loss compensation.
Location of DG in the radial systems to mitigate real power
loss is done by sensitivity analysis and particle swarm
optimization technique is taken for determining the size of DG
to be placed in the distribution networks to have the desired
objective. Standard IEEE 15-bus test system is chosen to test
the proposed PSO Sensitivity analysis approach and the
results are furnished in the paper.
II. PROBLEM FORMULATION
The efficient power system operation requires the
downfall of real power loss and also the enhancement of
voltage profile in the distribution system. The real power loss

International Conference on Magnetics, Machines & Drives (AICERA-2014 iCMMD)

in the system can be calculated by the equation (1) which is

given below [4],

(1)
The Real Power Loss written as equation (1) is known as
Exact Power Loss Equation.
where,
cos
| |
|

sin

where, Pi is net real power injection and Qi is net reactive

power injection in bus i respectively, rij represents the line
resistance between ith and jth buses. rij+jxij=Zij is the ijth
element of [Zbus] matrix Vi and i be the voltage and
corresponding angle at ith bus respectively.
III. LOAD FLOW SOLUTION
The main objective of the work is to provide a new
formulation for the power flow method. The proposed power
flow algorithm requires the calculation of Bus Injection to
Branch Current (BIBC) matrix and Branch Current to Bus
Voltage (BCBV) matrix and Distribution Load Flow (DLF)
matrix where DLF matrix is taken as product of the BCBV &
the BIBC matrices. This distribution power flow method [5] is
time-efficient, robust and also needs a very less memory for
any size of the distribution system.
A. Algorithm For BIBC Matrix
Step 1: Initialize zero matrix of the order (n-1)/(n-1), where
n is number of buses.
Step 2: The first element of the first row is kept 1. First row
represents branch current equation at the first bus.
Step 3: The sending end row is copied to the receiving end
i.e., if 1 is the sending end 2 is the receiving end, copy first
row elements to the second row.
Step 4: In the receiving end row, the row elements
corresponding to the receiving is kept 1 i.e., if 2 is receiving
end, the second row element is kept 1.
Step 5: The above steps are repeated for all buses.
B. Algorithm For BCBV Matrix
Step 1: Initialize zero matrix of the order (n-1)/(n-1), where
n is number of buses.
Step 2: The first element of the first row is kept as the
impedance of the first branch.
Step 3: The sending end row is copied to the receiving end
i.e., if 1 is the sending end 2 is the receiving end, copy first
row elements to the second row.
Step 4: In the receiving end row, the column elements
corresponding to the receiving is kept as the impedance of the
corresponding branch.
Step 5: The above steps are repeated for all buses.
C. Algorithm For Power Flow Solution
Step 1: Read the system data i.e., branch impedance, real
powers, reactive powers for all the nodes.

Step 2: Formation of BIBC matrix

Step 3: Formation of BCBV matrix
Step 4: Initially assume voltage of each node as V1 =1+j0
Step 5: Determine DLF matrix which is product of BIBC
and BCBV matrices
Step 6: Calculate the real and reactive power losses
IV. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
DG location and sizing plays a key role in the
electrical power distribution systems. The sensitivity analysis
is used for finding the location of DG. The main objective is to
mitigate the real power loss of the test system. If the DG is
placed in non-optimal location with an undetermined size, the
losses are said to be high. Hence it is mandatory to locate the
DG with obtained size at the desired location to achieve the
goal. Standard IEEE 15-bus test system is chosen to test the
proposed PSO Sensitivity analysis approach.
Sensitivity factor approach is mainly based on the
linearization principle of original nonlinear equation around
the initial operating point, which tends to decrease the number
of solution space. Loss sensitivity factor calculation and its
approach has been widely used to solve the problems
regarding the location of capacitor [6] in to the test system but
now its application in the location of DG might be new in the
field [7].
The loss sensitivity factor is obtained by
differentiating the real power loss given by equation (1) with
respect to the real power injection of DG, which is given by
2
2
The total real power loss against injected power at
each bus represents a parabolic function and at the minimum
value of loss, the rate of change of real power loss with respect
to the real power injection becomes minimum.
2
0
...(3)
which says the

...(4)

where Pi represents the real power injection at node i,

which is the deviation among real power generation and real
power demand at that particular node.
...(5)
Pi = PDGi PDi
where PDi is the load demand at the node i and PDGi is
the real power injection from DG placed at the node i,
combining 4 & 5 we get
,
(6)
This equation determines the capacity of the DG to
be placed at the particular bus. By arranging the list in
ascending order based on the real power loss obtained from
equation (1), the bus stood in the top is ranked as the first
location of DG and further the process is repeated by placing
the concerned capacity of DG at that particular location which
generates next location of DG. The process gets terminated
when it repeats the same location or when the power loss is
minimum.

International Conference on Magnetics, Machines & Drives (AICERA-2014 iCMMD)

A. Algorithm For Sensitivity Analysis

Step 1: Run the base case load flow.
Step 2: Find the optimum size of DG for each bus using
equation of (6).
Step 3: Compute the appropriate real power loss using
equation (1) of exact loss for each bus by placing DG of
optimum size obtained in step 2 for that bus. Add the injection
from DG for that bus and use base case values for state
variables.
Step 4: Identify the bus which has minimum real power loss
after DG placement and that is the optimum Location for DG.
Step 5: If loss is significant, add DG at this optimal location
and consider this as the base case and go to step 1, otherwise
stop and print the results.
V. PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION
Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is an evolutionary based
search and optimization method firstly proposed by Dr. James
Kennedy and Dr. Russel Eberhart in the year 1995, inspired by
social system more specifically the collective behaviours of
simple individuals interacting with their environment and each
other. PSO simulates the behaviour of bird flocking or fish
schooling [8]. The PSO [9] is an optimization tool which
provides a population-based search procedure in which all the
individuals are called particles gets change in their position
with respect to time. In a PSO system, particles fly around in a
multidimensional search space. During flight, each particle
adjusts its position according to its own experience (Pbest),
and according to the experience of a neighbouring particle
(Gbest), made use of the best position encountered by itself
and its neighbour (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Concept of a searching point by PSO

Thus the above said modification can be demonstrated by

the concept of velocity. Hence the velocity of each agent can
be modified by the following equation
k
k
vk+1
id = vid + c1 rand* pbestid - sid +
(7)
c2 rand* gbestd - skid
The certain velocity, which gradually gets close to the
pbest and the gbest can be calculated by using the above
equation. The current position (searching point in the solution
space) can be modified by the following equation:
k
k+1
sk+1
(8)
id = sid + vid
k
k+1
are the current searching point and
where s and s
modified searching point, n is number of particles in a group,

m is number of members in a particle, vk and vk+1 are current

velocity and modified velocity of agent i respectively, vpbest
and vgbest are the velocities based on pbest and gbest
respectively, pbesti and gbesti are pbest and gbest of agent i of
the group respectively, Ci is weight coefficients for each term,
i is weight function for velocity of agent i.
A. Algorithm For Finding Optimal DG Sizing Using PSO
Step 1: Input line data and bus data.
Step 2: Calculate the loss using distribution load flow.
Step 3: Initially [nop x n] number of particles are generated
randomly within the limits, where nop represents the number
of particles and n represents the number of DGs, in which
each row represents one possible solution to the optimal DG
sizing problem.
Step 4: Similarly [nop x n] number of initial velocities are
generated randomly between the maximum and minimum
values and now set the iteration count to one.
Step 5: By placing all the n DGs of each particle at the
respective candidate locations and total real power loss is
calculated by using equation (1).
Step 6: For each particle, compare its objective value with
the individual best. If the objective value is lower than Pbest,
set this value as the current Pbest, and record the
corresponding particle position.
Step 6: Choose the particle associated with the minimum
individual best Pbest of all particles, and set the value of this
Pbest as the current overall best Gbest.
Step 7: The position and velocity of particles are updated
by using (8) and (7) respectively.
Step 8: If the iteration number reaches the maximum limit,
go to Step 9. Otherwise, set iteration index k = k + 1, and go
back to Step 4.
Step 9: gbest particle gives the optimal size of DG in n
candidate locations and the results are printed.
VI.
HARMONIC POWER FLOW (HPF)
It is mandatory to perform harmonic power flow
calculations under different harmonic orders to solve the DG
placement problem with the consideration of harmonic
distortion, such that the harmonic RMS voltages and the THD
of bus voltages can be obtained as follows:
Step 1: Calculate V for fundamental case from general load
flow.
Step 2: Calculate the harmonic load impedance ZhL
where ZhL = RL + jh XL for hth order harmonic
Step 3: Calculate the harmonic injection current IhLi
%
,
where i=1,2,n
Step 4: Calculate the line impedance Zh =R+jh X
Step 5: Calculate the Zhbus matrix
Step 6: Calculate the harmonic voltages Vh
Vh = Zhbus Ih where Ih = ILi + IhLi
Step 7: Calculate the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)

International Conference on Magnetics, Machines & Drives (AICERA-2014 iCMMD)

THD(%) =

100
V1i

h
nh
h=2 Vi

where V1i = fundamental voltage

Vhi = hth order of harmonic voltage
VII. TESTSYSTEM & ANALYTICAL TOOLS
Standard IEEE 15-bus test system is chosen to test
the proposed PSO Sensitivity analysis approach, which
contains 15 buses and 14 branches as shown in the figure2. A
computer program is written in MATLAB2009a to find the
exact location of DGs by using sensitivity analysis and also
the optimal size of each DG were determined by using PSO.

Figure 2: Single line diagram of IEEE 15 bus test system

The power factor of the load is treated as cos =0.70.

The substation at bus 1 is treated as a slack bus with a constant
voltage which is the only supply source in the system. All
other loads are treated as constant PQ spot loads. Table1 &
Table2 represents the input data of the test system.
Table 1: Line data of IEEE 15 bus test system

Branch
number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

Sending
end
node
1
2
3
4
2
6
6
2
9
3
11
12
4
4

Receiving
end node
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

R
(ohm)

X (ohm)

1.35309
1.17024
0.84111
1.52348
2.55727
1.08820
1.25143
2.01317
1.68671
1.79553
2.44845
2.01317
2.23081
1.19702

1.32349
1.14464
0.82271
1.02760
1.72490
0.73400
0.84410
1.35790
1.13770
1.21110
1.65150
1.35790
1.50470
0.80740

Table 2: Load data of IEEE 15 bus system

Node
KVA
Node
KVA

1
0
9
100

2
63
10
63

3
100
11
200

4
200
12
100

5
63
13
63

6
200
14
100

7
200
15
200

8
100

Table 3: Load compensation in terms of harmonic sources

Bus
number
Harmonic
injection
current
Order of
injected
harmonic

10

12

14

15

15
%

15
%

17
%

15
%

17
%

17
%

20
%

VIII. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Standard IEEE 15-bus test system is chosen to test
the proposed PSO Sensitivity analysis approach. In this
section all the results and the discussion are presented. Firstly
Radial Distribution Load Flow (RDLF) [10] is conducted on
the standard IEEE 15 bus test system which consists of the
formation of various matrices like Bus Injected Branch
Current (BIBC) matrix, Branch Current to Bus Voltage
(BCBCV) matrix etc. The product of BIBC and BCBV
matrices represents RDLF matrix which is clearly explained in
[10].
The real power loss of the test system before
introducing any DG in to the system is 51.1680KW. A
program is written in MATLAB 2009a to calculate the loss
saving, DG location and its corresponding size in MW. Now
the sensitivity analysis program in written in MATLAB is
made run to determine the DG location along with the loss
savings. In the very first iteration the maximum loss saving
has occurred at bus 3. Hence the first candidate location for
DG is bus 3 with a loss saving of 17.2928 kW. Thus the
optimum size of DG at bus 3 is chosen as 0.7899 MW. By
assuming 0.7899 MW size of DG as connected at bus 3 of
base system and is considered as base case. Now the candidate
location is bus 6 with 0.2309 MW size and the loss saving is
3.5866 KW. Now the candidate location is bus 2 with 0.0814
MW. The results are shown in table 4.
Table 4: Results for Sensitivity analysis

Iteration No.

Bus
DG size Saving
No.
(MW)
(KW)
1
3
0.7899
17.2928
2
6
0.2309
3.5866
3
2
0.0814
0.1612
4
3
-0.0024 0.0018
The solution obtained clearly shows that the location
of DG is being repeated for every three consecutive iterations.
Hence the above solution is treated as local optimum but not
global optimum. The corresponding DG sizes to global
optimum solution are determined using PSO method [9].
Sensitivity analysis gives the candidate locations for DG
placement i.e., bus numbers 3, 6 and 2 respectively. Particle
swarm optimization (PSO) Algorithm described in section 5 is
used to describe the sizes of DGs at the candidate locations.
The sizes of DGs are purely based on the number of DG
locations. The number of DGs to be installed for the test
system is limited to three and brief explanation to this is given
in the following three cases. Case 1 represents installation of
only one DG in to the system, case 2 with two DGs and case
3 followed by three DGs. DG sizes in the four optimal

International Conference on Magnetics, Machines & Drives (AICERA-2014 iCMMD)

locations, total real power losses with out and with DG

installation for three cases are given in Table 5.
Due to the installation of the three DGs at the
determined locations with the corresponding determined at
sizes, the total real power loss of the system is reduced from
51.1680KW to 29.0145KW with a maximum saving of
22.171KW.
Table 5: Analysis of Results for PSO algorithm

C
a
s
e
1

Bus
Loc

DG
Size
(MW)

Total
Size
(MW)

0.902

0.902

0.708

Losses
without DG
installation
(KW)

Losses
with DG
Installation
(KW)
32.789

Sav
ing
(K
W)
18.
392
Figure 3: Voltage profile without and With DG Placement

0.360

1.068

3
6
2

0.639
0.328
0.163

1.130

51.1680

29.130

22.
055

29.014

22.
171

Table 6: Variation of real power loss before and after DG placement

Without
DG With
DG
installation (KW) installation (KW)
51.1680
29.0145
Similarly due to the introduction of DG in to the
system the voltage profile as been improved which is
represented in the below table.
Real power
loss

Table 7: Results for voltage profile before and after DG placement

Bus
num
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

Voltages
before DG
installation
1.0000
0.9746
0.9620
0.9573
0.9542
0.9626
0.9604
0.9601
0.9706
0.9689
0.9553
0.9477
0.9457
0.9559
0.9561

Voltages
after DG
installation
1.0000
0.9878
0.9834
0.9833
0.9802
0.9831
0.9839
0.9806
0.9838
0.9822
0.9768
0.9694
0.9674
0.9819
0.9821

The introduction of DG results in the following

benefits like improvement of voltage profile, reduction of
current through the branches, maximum loading point is also
achieved, reduction of power losses, increase of power
transfer capability. But the major drawback due to the
introduction of DG is the production of harmonics in to the
test system. In order to reduce this harmonics, the capacitors
are to be placed in to the test system. Firstly the Harmonic
Power Flow (HPF) algorithm is said to be run in order to
determine the amount of harmonics present at each and every
bus in the test system. Thus the HPF algorithm is initially
made run on the test system before any installation of DG and
the corresponding results obtained are represented in case I.
Soon after the installation of DG in to the system, the same
algorithm is repeated which in turn results in the increment of
harmonics that are already present in the system and is
represented clearly in the case II. From the results obtained in
the case II, the location of capacitor is chosen as bus5
followed by bus 14, then bus 15 and finally with bus 4 since
the values of harmonics are more at these locations while
compared to the remaining locations. The sizes of the
capacitors to be installed at these candidate bus locations are
determined by using PSO algorithm which is seen in section 4
[12].
Table 8: Capacitor Location and its Sizes

Case

Capacitor
Size
(KVAr)
1
5
0.573
5
0.413
2
14
0.230
5
0.291
3
14
0.146
15
0.260
5
0.175
14
0.079
4
15
0.221
4
0.270
By installation of capacitors at particular buses with the
correct determined sizes results in the decrease of the
Capacitor
Location

International Conference on Magnetics, Machines & Drives (AICERA-2014 iCMMD)

harmonics when compared to the previous cases. The result of

this one is represented in case III as follows.
Table 9: Results for Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)

Bus num
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

Case I
0
25.2186
33.9036
45.0831
47.6297
26.3988
27.8917
28.3858
26.2511
27.5337
34.6747
37.2819
38.7744
46.2696
46.1159

Case II
0
29.3833
38.1593
43.7909
46.5234
32.0191
35.7221
34.1763
30.4959
31.8514
39.0409
41.9129
43.5410
45.0633
44.8985

Case III
0
13.1230
19.6288
35.4777
37.0694
12.6660
11.5781
14.0330
13.8013
14.7109
20.0738
21.7213
22.7215
36.1623
36.0981

Case I represents THD values before the installation

of DG in to the test system, Case II represents THD values
after the installation of DG in to the test system, Case III
represents THD values after the installation of capacitors in to
the test system.
IX. CONCLUSION
Location and capacity of DG are the major factors in the
application of DG for minimization of real power loss. This
paper presents an algorithm for the identification of bus
location using Sensitivity analysis and also an algorithm for
the determination of size of the DG using PSO. Standard IEEE
15 bus system is chosen to test the approach. By installing
DGs at all the determined locations, the voltage profile of the
system is enhanced and also the total real power loss of the
system has been reduced drastically. The harmonics that are
present in the system due to the installation of DG are reduced
by placing capacitors at the locations determined by using
PSO-HPF based algorithm.
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X.

BIOGRAPHIES

D.Sai Krishna Kanth was born in Gudur, in

India, on October 8, 1988. He graduated from the
Narayana Engineering College, JNTU, Anantapur
and PG in Electrical Power Systems from
Annamacharya Institute of Technology and
Sciences, Rajampet, JNTU Anantapur.
Currently working as Assistant professor in
S.V. Engineering College For Women, Tirupati.
His areas of interests include voltage stability,
Power loss reduction and power quality issues.
Dr.M.Padma Lalitha obtained graduate
degree in Electrical & Electronics Engineering
from JNTU, Anathapur in the year 1994. Obtained
Post graduate degree in PSOC from S.V.U,
Tirupathi in the year 2002 & awarded Ph.D for her
work Soft Computing Techniques for optimal
DG placement in Radial Distribution System
from S.V.U. in the year 2011 and Having 17 years
of experience in teaching in graduate and post
graduate level. Editorial board member for
Reputed International Journals. Has 50
international journal publications to her credit and also published two books .
Presently working as Professor and HOD of EEE department in AITS,
Rajampet. Areas of interest include radial distribution systems, soft computing
in power systems, ANN, FACTS , Design of Electro Magnetic devices.