Form 5 Biology Chapter 1 Transport (C)

Form 5 Biology Chapter 1 Transport (c)
Role of the Circulatory System in the Bodys Defense Mechanism

First Line of Defence
1. First line of defence mechanism is nonspecific and immediate

2. The first line of defence consists of physical and chemical barriers that prevent
pathogens from entering the body
Physical Barrier
The outer layer of skin is tough and it is a barrier that is impermeable to
bacterial and viruses. The continual shedding of dead skin cells makes
bacteria difficult to grow on skin. When the skin is cut, blood clots to seal the
wound and prevent the entry of microorganisms.
Coughing and sneezing also help to expel microorganisms and dirt from the
respiratory tract.
Cilia in the trachea and bronchi, the rhythmic movement of cilia carries the
mucus towards the throat where it is swallowed or spit out.
The mucous membranes - The layers of cells that line the trachea respiratory,
digestive and urogenital tracts. It secrete sticky fluid, mucus, that contains
lysozymes which trap and destroy microorganisms.
Chemical Barrier
Lysozyme is also present in the saliva from the salivary glands and other nasal
secretions
Hydrochloric acid in the stomach kills microorganisms present in the food and
water.
Perspiration excreted from the sweat glands contains lysozyme and acids which
destroy harmful bacteria and inhibit the growth of fungi on the surface of the
skin.
Tears secreted by the tear glands contain lysozyme and acids to protect the
surfaces of the eyes from infection of bacteria and to prevent the entry of foreign
substances.
Mucus is secreted by the cells of mucous membranes to trap microorganism
Sebum secreted by the skin has a low pH value to prevent the growth of some
bacteria and fungi
Second Line of Defense

1. The second line of defense comes into play when the pathogens succeed in
penetrating the skin or the mucous membrane.
2. The nonspecific immune responses include:

a. Phagocytosis carried out by the white blood cells such as neutrophils,
macrophages and eosinophils.
b. natural cell killers destroy infected cells and precancerous cells
c. inflammation which involves redness, heat, swelling and pain.
d. Fever (high temperature) stimulates phagocytosis, kills certain bacteria by
denaturing their protein and helps in the healing process.
Phagocytosis
1. Phagocytosis is a process of encirclement and digestion of microorganisms or
foregin particles by the phagocytes.
2. Two common types of phagocytes are the neutrophils and macrophage
3. The following are some explanation about neutrophils
a) They circulate freely through the blood vessels to engulf and destroy any
pathogen.
b) The can squeeze between the cells of the walls of the capillaries to reach
the site of infection
c) They are the first phagocytes to arrive at the injured tissue before the
arrival of macrophages.
4. The information below are about macrophages
a) Two or more monocytes can develop into macrophages
b) They engulf and digest any bacteria, viruses and foreign particles
c) They remain in a body tissue, wait for pathogen or move around seeking
out pathogens.
Third Line of Defence

Immunity, Antigens and Antibodies
1. The third line of defence takes over if a pathogen gets past the first and second
lines of nonspecific defences.
2. The third line of defence:
a. depends on the ability of the body to resist a particular disease by recognising
and defending itself against the specific pathogens or antigens
b. involves the immune response
3. Immunity is the ability of the human body to resist infection.
4. An immune response refers to the bodys defence reaction whereby an antigen
(e.g. bacterium) is recognised and specific antibodies are produced by
lymphocytes to defend against the pathogen.
5. In fighting against specific antigens, apart from the production of antibodies,
specialized lymphocytes are also involved.
6. Antigen:
a. An antigen (antibody generator) is a foreign protein molecule that when
introduced into the body, stimulates the production of antiobodies.
b. Antigens include molecules belonging to viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoan
parasitic worms, and non-pathogens like pollen and transplanted tissue.
c. Antigens from pathogens are toxic and can cause harm to the human body.
7. Antibody:
a. An antibody is protein substance produced by the immune system in response
to the recognition of a specific antigen.
b. An antibody is a large Y-shaped protein molecule, which is also known as an
immunoglobulin.
c. An antibody is produced by the immune system to destroy or to weaken a
pathogen and neutralises its toxin, which forms the basis of the immune
response.
Ways Which Antibodies Help to Defend the Body

1. The antibodies produced defend the body through these following ways:
(a)Agglutination
(b)
Opsonisation
(c)Neutralisation
(d)
Lysis
2. Agglutination of microorganisms:
(a)Antibodies bind to the antigens and clump microorganisms together in
large numbers, making the antigens harmless.
(b)These incapacitated pathogens are then ingested by the phagocytes.
3. Opsonisation:
(a)Some pathogens or antigens are not recognized by the phagocytes and do
not resemble the bodys protein.
(b) Antibodies bind to the antigens and cover them, making it easier for the
phagocytes to eat them.
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4. Neutralisation:
(a)Antibodies bind to the toxins (antigens), thereby neutralising the poison
simply by disabling the chemical action of the toxins.
(b)
When an antibody binds to a toxin, it is called an antitoxin (if the
toxin comes from some form of venom, it is called an antivenin).

(c)The disabled toxin is then ingested by the phagocytes (macrophage).
5. Lysis
Antibodies bind to the pathogen and the plasma membrane of the pathogen
disintegrates
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[SBP 2014]
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Activation of Lymphocyte (not important but crucial to understand active

immunity later)
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Type of Immunity
Type of immunity
Active immunity
a) Natural
acquired active
immunity or
immunity that is
obtained after a
person recovers
from an infection
Characteristics
Examples
When a person is exposed to a

pathogen, the antigens of the
pathogens stimulate an immune
response.
The immune system produces
antibodies in response to the
antigens
After the person recovers from the
infection, the person is immune to
The person is immune

to the chickenpox
virus after he has been
infected by it.
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b) Artificially
acquired active
immunity or
immunity that is
obtained through
immunization or
vaccination
the pathogen because the

lymphocytes remain in the body.
Permanent immunity follows
the infection.
Some diseases such as measles
The person
are highly contagious.
becomes immune to
A serious illness or death may
the measles virus
result when a person is exposed to
after being
the pathogens for the first time.
inoculated with the
Therefore, a person needs to be
measles vaccine.
immunized, that is, to activate his Other examples are
immune response artificially by
vaccination against
injecting a vaccine before the
hepatitis B,
infection occurs.
diphtheria,
A vaccine is a preparation of
pertussis, tetanus,
weakened, dead or non-virulent
and poliomyelitis.
Examples of
forms of a pathogen that is not
harmful to the person who
vaccines are the
receives it.
Salk poliomyelitis
The process of inducing immunity
vaccine and the
by administering a vaccine is
Sabin vaccine.
called immunization.
The vaccine that contains
weakened live microorganisms
causes only very mild symptoms.
The vaccine containing killed
viruses or bacteria can stimulate
an immune response but cannot
induce the disease.
Therefore, the body has acquired
immunity through vaccination.
Subsequently, if a live pathogen
invades the body, it is able to
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Passive immunity
a) Naturally
acquired passive
immunity or
immunity that is
obtained from the
mother either
through the breast
milk or via the
placenta
b) Artificially
acquired passive
immunity or
immunity that is
obtained through
the injection of a
serum which
contains specific
antibodies
eliminate the pathogen

immediately because it already
has the antibodies against the
pathogen.
A foetus can receive maternal
Antibodies that are
antibodies naturally from its
transferred through
mother through the placenta.
the placenta or
These antibodies prevent the baby
mothers milk.
from getting disease in the first
few months after birth.
Babies can also acquire passive
immunity through breastfeeding
as the antibodies are found in the
mothers milk or colostrums.
Passive immunity is temporary
because the antibodies are evenly
broken down in the spleen and
liver.
An immunity that is obtained
A serum containing
through the injection or
specific antibodies
transfusion of a serum containing
against specific
a specific antibody against the
diseases such as
disease.
tetanus and rabies
For example, a serum which
or for venom of
contains antibodies or an
snake bites.
antiserum from donors can be
injected into a person who needs
the antibodies, for example,
travelers visiting countries where
hepatitis is endemic.
These antibodies temporarily
protect the travelers in the event
they are exposed to the hepatitis
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virus.
This type of immunity, although
effective, usually disappears after
several weeks or months.
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Difference between active immunity and passive immunity

Artificially acquired active
Artificially acquired passive immunity
immunity
Injection of vaccine
Injection of serum
Body produces its own antibodies
Antibodies are obtained from outer source
Does not result in an immediate
Immunity is immediate
immunity. It takes time to develop

Vaccination is given before infection
Injection of serum is given when infection

occur or has a high risk of getting the
disease
Formation of memory cells
No memory cells formed
Immunity lasts very long
Immunity lasts temporarily
Booster does is given to stimulate
Second injection is given to boots
more lymphocytes to produce more
immunity if antigens are yet neutralized.
antibodies
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Question 1: Sketch the graph of concentration of antibodies against time for

Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity and Artificially Acquired Active
Immunity.
Question 2: Why sometime second injection of vaccine is given?
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Question 3: Why a person who is bitten by poisonous snake cannot be given

vaccine to cure the poison?
Question 4: There is a mother who had recovered from chickenpox breastfeeds

her child. During this period, the baby receives the immunity from his mother
and there is no chance for the baby gets infected by chickenpox virus. However,
after the baby grows up he is still infected by chickenpox virus. Why?
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Question 5: Explain the series of inflammation response.

Vasodilation: leads to greater blood flow to the area of inflammation, resulting in
redness and heat.
Vascular permeability: endothelial cells become "leaky" from either direct
endothelial cell injury or via chemical mediators.
Exudation: fluid, proteins, red blood cells, and white blood cells escape from the
intravascular space as a result of increased osmotic pressure extravascularly and
increased hydrostatic pressure intravascularly
Vascular stasis: slowing of the blood in the bloodstream with vasodilation and
fluid exudation to allow chemical mediators and inflammatory cells to collect and
respond to the stimulus.
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[Perak 2011]
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[SBP 2014]
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[Terengganu 2013]
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AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)

1. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus that attacks the human immune
system.
2. Infection caused by the HIV leads to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
(AIDS).
The effects of HIV on the bodys immune system

1. When a person has AIDS, the infected person is vulnerable to various infections
because his immune system cells are being destroyed progressively.
2. AIDS is the end stage of infection by the virus.
3. The virus reproduces inside the lymphocytes and destroys them in the process.
4. A person who is infected with HIV may be symptom-free for many years, even
when the virus is actively attacking his immune system.
5. The disease may take 8 to 10 years to develop and for the symptoms to manifest.
6. Since the immune system of a person is weakened, the body is vulnerable to
many types of infections.
7. Eventually, the immune system collapses and victim dies of an infection that his
immune system would have been able to cope with under normal circumstances.
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Transmission of HIV
1. HIV enters the body through the transfer of body fluids (for example, blood or
semen) or across the placenta.
2. Newborn babies can be infected with the virus from their infected mother at birth
or through breastfeeding. However, HIV infection of fetuses and newborn babies
can be prevented if the infected mothers get proper medical treatment during
pregnancy and delivery.
3. Teenagers and adults can get the disease from unprotected sex with an infected
person and contaminated needles used to inject drugs or for tattoos.
Prevention of AIDS
1. Blood products used should be treated to destroy the virus
2. Education programs should inform everyone about the risk of unprotected sex
and the sharing of needles.
3. Use condoms to reduce the risk of infection.
4. Stay away from sex with many partners. Partners in a new relationship should
check their HIV status by having a blood test.
5. To date, there is no vaccine yet for AIDS although certain drugs may retard the
progress of the disease.
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Form 5 Biology Chapter 1 Transport (C)

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Form 5 Biology Chapter 1 Transport (c)

Role of the Circulatory System in the Bodys Defense Mechanism

1. First line of defence mechanism is nonspecific and immediate