Last Modied: Feb 21, 2016 4:39 PM

React from
a
monosacch

C1 OH
Two
hydroxyl
groups

C4 OH
Two
glucose

(1-4)
linkage
Tetrose
Between
Important in
brewing
beer

Triose

Covalently

Glycosidic
bond

Glycosidic
link

Multiple of
CHO

Hexose

Rings

Bonded

Maltose

(1-4)

Two
monosacch
arides

Galactose

Viruses

Based on
number of
carbons

Milk sugar

Anomeric
OH of
galactose

Molecular
formula

Bacteria

Structure
Simple
sugars with
multiple

Glycosidic
bond

Anomeric
hydroxyls

Pentose

Linear

Cilia
Immunoglo
bulins

Flagellum
Against
foreign
substances

Monosacch
arides

Facilitated
diffusion

Glucose
Glucose

In cell
membrane

Allows cells
to travel in
body

Lactose
Defense

Fructose
Table sugar

Disaccharid
es

Examples

Between

Protein
channels

Low carb
low fat diets

Movement

Accelerate
chemical
reactions

Comprise
some
hormones
Glycosidic
bond

Used as
energy
source

Transport
molecules
Sucrose

Biological
catalysts

Hormones

Plazma
membrane

Storage

Enzymes

Muscles

Storage
material
(1-4)
linkages

Plant
glucose
storage

Collectively
called
starch

Temperatur
e

Structural
support

Salt
concentrati
on

Building
material

Glucose
polymer

Chemical
conditions

pH

Uses
Factors

Made of
glucose
polymers

Change of
conformatio
n

No
mammal
can digest

(1-4)
linkages

Some have
more than
one
Long linear
glucose
chains

Some
(1-6)
linkages

Response
to

Constituent
of tough cell
walls

Lack
necessary
enzymes

Mainly
(1-4)
linkages

Physical
conditions

Amylose

Cellulose
Packing of
multiple
subunits

Some have
one
Plants

Single
subunit

Polypeptide
chains

Glucose
storage
material

Cysteine
3-D
appearance

Quaternary

Stabilize
protein
structure

Glycosidic
bonding

Amylopecti
n

Glucose
polymer

Strong
covalent
bonds

Disulde
bonds

Functions
Polysaccha
rides

Between
sulfhydryl
groups (SH)

R groups

Types
Between
side chains

Tertiary

Intermolecu
lar bonding
Many
monosacch
arides
pleated
sheets
Many
disaccharid
es

Denaturatio
n
Units

To build
their
exoskeleton

Held
together by
hydrogen

4 levels

100-1000s

Used by
arthropods

Form
(structure)
ts function

Form
helix

Secondary

Ketose
sugar
Includes a
ketone
group

Folding of
polypeptide
chains

Chitin

Joined by
peptide
bonds

Glucose
storage
molecule
Animals
More (1-6)
branches
Similar
structure to
amylopectin

Primary

Glycogen

Sequence
of aa's

Side chain
on bottom

All share
basic
structure

Sugars
Structure

Carboxyl
group on
the right

Central
carbon
atom

Polymers

Hydrogen
on top

Adipose/fat
cells

Amino
group on
the left side

Form the
fats in

Includes

Carried in
the blood

Removes
hydroxyl
group
Functions

Between
carbon
atoms

With
hydrogen

Called
peptide
bond

Proteins

Carbohydra
tes

Only single
covalent
bonds

Removes
hydrogen

Condensati
on reaction

Lard
Saturated
Found in
animals

Typically
100-200
aa's

Butter

Macromolec
ules

Condensati
on

Pack very
tightly
together

Phosphodie
ster bonds

Bonding

Results in
double helix
Properties
Monounsat
urated fatty
acids

One double
bond

Chemical
signalling

Bonds

Double
bonds

Cause
chain to
kink

Nucleic
Acid

Protection

Functions

Food
storage

Unsaturate
d

Polyunsatur
ated fatty
acids

Multiple
double
bonds

Digestion
Increased
fluidity

Found in
plants

Oils

Lipids

Fat soluble
vitamins

Exception
Cow milk
Insulation
3 fatty acids

From "Cis"
from

Naturally
occurring

Sugar
Nucleoside
s

Into oil

By bubbling
hydrogen
gas

Hydrogenat
ed fats

Nitrogenous
base

Monomers

Do not exist
in nature

High
temperature

Thymine (T)

Uracil (U)

Pyrimidines

Vegetable
oil

Adds
hydrogen
molecules

To highly
unsaturated
oils

Cystosine
(C)

Processed

Corn oil
Single rings
Fats
Triglyceride
s

Soybean oil

Electron
carriers

FAD

Genes
Flavin
adenine
dinucleotide

Types

Makes oils
more stable

NAD+

Types
Adenosine
Triphosphat
e

Trans fats

At room
temperature

Nicotinamid
e adenine
dinucleotide

Process

Used to
provide
energy

Hydrogenati
on
Baking
characterist
ics

Types

Pairings

Purpose
To "Trans"
from

Improves

Guanine

Cytosine
(C)

Nucleotides

Taste
Adenine (A)
Of end
product

Uracil (U)

Energy
storing
molecule

Functions

Texture

Thymine
(T)

Ketoacids

Of end
product

Guanine
(G)

Purines

Created by
liver

Makes oils
more solid

Glycerol
Adenine (A)

At room
temperature

Respiration

Condensati
on reaction

Structure
After
hydrogenati
on

Called

Similar to
saturated
fats

partially
hydrogenat
ed

Compositio
n

When blood
sugar levels
are low

Produces
ester
linkage

Compositio
n

Pentose
sugar

Phosphate
group

Glycerol
molecule

Uracil
Ribonucleic
acid

Attached to
When in
water

Ribose
sugar

Tails
Single
strand
2 possible
conguratio
ns

Non polar

Nitrogen
base

Regions of
DNA
Phospholipi
ds

Contains
Trans fats

Two fatty
acids

Used to
make
proteins

Long fatty
acids

Phosphate
group

Waxes
Head
Linked to

Made by
copying
DNA

Very rm
molecules
Thymine

Highly polar

Helps
plants

Alcohols

Carbon
rings

Deoxyribose
sugar

Deoxyribon
ucleic acid

Resist
disease
Cutin

Conserve
water

Roles

Steroids
Inheritance
Antiparallel

Produced
my plants

Digestion

Four carbon
ring
framework
Water
resistant
coating

Epidermal
cells

Complemen
t
Insulation

Food
storage

Cholesterol

Chemical
signalling

Fat soluble
vitamins

Carbohydra
tes

Structural
function

Twisted
Double
strand of
nucleotides

Help digest
bile
Leaves

Conservatio
n of body
heat

Vital
component

Fruit

Hormones

Helps
regulate

Cell
membrane

Nervous
tissue

Twice the
energy

Body
processes
Yellowing of
the skin
Buildup of
bilirubin

Extreme
conditions
Bile
pigment

In
bloodstrea
m

Evolution
Protein
expression

Its own
replication

RNA
synthesis

Through
RNA

Controls
protein
student

Genotypes

Mutations
Phenotypes

Jaundice

Maintains
fluidity

Hydrogen
bonded

Directs
Adipose
cells

Stems

Phospholipi
d bilayer

Covalently
bonded

Bonding

Chain
"saturated"

Solid at
room
temperature

From
carboxyl
end of aa

Amino
acids

Monomer

Form local
hormones

Double
rings

From amino
group of aa