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Problem 13.
1 The position of point P relative to point

O is given as a function of time by s = 40 + 2t 3 ft.
Determine the position, velocity, and acceleration of the
point at t = 4 s.
Strategy: Use Eqs. (13.3) and (13.4) to determine the

velocity and acceleration as functions of time.
Solution:
s = 40 + 2t 3 ft
v=
ds
= 6t 2 ft/s
dt
s(4s) = 168 ft
v(4s) = 96 ft/s
a(4s) = 48 ft/s
dv
= 12t ft/s2
a=
dt
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Problem 13.2 The milling machine is programmed so

that the position of its head is given as a function of
time by s = 0.3 0.2 cos(5t) m. (When t is in seconds,
the argument of the cosine is in radians.)
(a)
(b)
Determine the velocity of the head as a function

of time.
What is the acceleration of the head at t = 4 s?
s
Solution:
s = 0.3 0.2 cos(5t)
v=
ds
= sin(5t)
dt
a=
dv
= 5 cos(5t)
dt
v = sin(5t)m
a(4s) = 2.04 m/s2

Problem 13.3 The person drops a ball at time t = 0.

The balls position relative to the floor is given as a
function of time by s = 16.1t 2 + 4 ft.
(a)
(b)
(c)
How long does it take the ball to fall to the floor?

What is the balls velocity just before it hits
the floor?
Determine the balls acceleration.
Solution:
s = 16.1t 2 + 4
ds
v=
= 32.2t
dt
a) 0 = 16.1t 2 + 4 t = 0.498 s
b) v(0.498s) = 16.05 ft/s
c) a = 32.2 ft/s2
s0
a = 32.2

Problem 13.4 The boats position during the interval

of time from t = 2 s to t = 10 s is given by s = 4t +
1.6t 2 0.08t 3 m.
(a)
(b)
Determine the boats velocity and acceleration at

t = 4 s.
What is the boats maximum velocity during this
interval of time, and when does it occur?
Solution:
s = 4t + 1.6t 2 0.08t 3
v=
ds
= 4 + 3.2t 0.24t 2
dt
a=
dv
= 3.2 0.48t
dt
a) v(4s) = 12.96 m/s2
a(4s) = 1.28 m/s2

b) a = 3.2 0.48t = 0 t = 6.67s
v(6.67s) = 14.67 m/s

Problem 13.5 The rocket starts from rest at t = 0 and

travels straight up. Its height above the ground can be
approximated by the function s = bt 2 + ct 4 , where b and
c are constants. At t = 10 s, the rockets velocity and
acceleration are v = 229 m/s and a = 28.2 m/s2 . What
are its velocity and acceleration at t = 5 s?
Solution:
s = bt 2 + ct 4
v = 2bt + 4ct 3
(1)
a = 2b + 12ct 2
(2)
At
t = 10 s
v = 229 m/s = 20b + 4000 c

a = 28.2 m/s2 = 2b + 1200 c
Solving, we get
b = 10.125
and
c = 0.006625
substituting these into (1) and (2) and evaluating at t = 5 s, we get

v = 104.6 m/s
a = 22.2 m/s2

Problem 13.6 The position of a point during the interval of time from t = 0 to t = 6 s is given by s = 21 t 3 +
6t 2 + 4t m.
(a)
(b)
What is the maximum velocity during this interval

of time, and at what time does it occur?
What is the acceleration when the velocity is a
maximum?
Solution:
s = 12 t 3 + 6t 2 + 4t m
v = 32 t 2 + 12t + 4 m/s
dv
= 0 (it could be a minimum)
dt
da
This occurs at t = 4 s. At this point
= 3 so we have a maximum.
dt
Maximum velocity occurs where a =
(a) Max velocity is at t = 4 s. where v = 28 m/s and

(b) a = 0 m/s2
a = 3t + 12 m/s2

Problem 13.7 The position of a point during the interval of time from t = 0 to t = 3 seconds is s = 12 +
5t 2 t 3 ft.
(a)
(b)
What is the maximum velocity during this interval

of time, and at what time does it occur?
What is the acceleration when the velocity is a
maximum?
Solution:
(a)
This is indeed a maximum, since
ds
= 10t 3t 2 . The maximum occurs when
The velocity is
dt
dv
= 10 6t = 0, from which
dt
t=
10
= 1.667 seconds.
6
velocity is
d2v
= 6 < 0. The maximum
dt 2

v = 10t 3t 2 t=1.667 = 8.33 ft/s
(b)
The acceleration is
dv
= 0 when the velocity is a maximum.
dt

Problem 13.8 The rotating crank causes the position

of point P as a function of time to be s = 0.4 sin
(2 t) m.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Determine the velocity and acceleration of P at

t = 0.375 s.
What is the maximum magnitude of the velocity
of P ?
When the magnitude of the velocity of P is a
maximum, what is the acceleration of P ?
Solution:
s = 0.4 sin(2 t)
a) v(0.375s) = 1.777 m/s
ds
v=
= 0.8 cos(2 t)
dt
a(0.375) = 11.2 m/s2

b) vmax = 0.8 = 2.513 m/s2
c) vmax t = 0, n a = 0
dv
= 1.6 2 sin(2 t)
a=
dt

Problem 13.9 For the mechanism in Problem 13.8,

draw graphs of the position s, velocity v, and acceleration a of point P as functions of time for 0 t 2 s.
Using your graphs, confirm that the slope of the graph
of s is zero at times for which v is zero, and the slope
of the graph of v is zero at times for which a is zero.
Solution:

Problem 13.10 A seismograph measures the horizontal motion of the ground during an earthquake. An engineer analyzing the data determines that for a 10-s interval
of time beginning at t = 0, the position is approximated
by s = 100 cos(2 t) mm. What are (a) the maximum
velocity and (b) maximum acceleration of the ground
during the 10-s interval?
Solution:
(b)
(a)
The acceleration is
The velocity is
ds
= (2 )100 sin(2 t) mm/s = 0.2 sin(2 t) m/s.
dt
The velocity maxima occur at
from which 2 t = n , or t =
from which
(2n 1)
(2n 1)
, or t =
,
2
4
n = 1, 2, 3, . . . M,
where
(2M 1)
10 seconds.
4
These velocity maxima have the absolute value

ds

dt
t=
(2n1)
4
The acceleration maxima occur at

d2v
d3s
= 2 = 0.8 3 sin(2 t) = 0,
dt 3
dt
dv
= 0.4 2 cos(2 t) = 0,
dt
2 t =
d2s
= 0.4 2 cos(2 t).
dt 2
n
, n = 0, 1, 2, . . . K, where
2
K
10 seconds.
2
These acceleration maxima have the absolute value

dv

dt
t=
2
2
n = 0.4 = 3.95 m/s .
2
= [0.2 ] = 0.628 m/s.

Problem 13.11 During an assembly operation, the

robots arm moves along a straight horizontal line.
During an interval of time from t = 0 to t = 1 s, the
position of the arm is given by s = 30t 2 20t 3 mm.
(a) Determine the maximum velocity during this interval
of time. (b) What are the position and acceleration when
the velocity is a maximum?
Solution:
v = (60)
s = 30t 2 20t 3 mm
v = 15 mm/s
v = 60t 60t 2 mm/s

a = 60 120t mm/s2
da
= 120 mm/s3
dt
(a)
dv
Maximum velocity occurs when
= a = 0. This occurs at
dt
0 = 60 120t or t = 1/2 second. (since da/dt < 0, we have
a maximum). The velocity at this time is

1
1
60
mm/s
2
4
(b)
The position and acceleration at this time are

s = 7.5 2.5 mm
s = 5 mm
a = 0 mm/s2

Problem 13.12 In the test of a prototype car, the driver

starts the car from rest at t = 0, accelerates, and then
applies the brakes. Engineers measuring the position of
the car find that from t = 0 to t = 18 s the position is
1
1
approximated by s = 5t 2 + t 3 t 4 ft.
3
50
(a)
(b)
What is the maximum velocity, and at what time

does it occur?
What is the maximum acceleration, and at what
time does it occur?
Solution: Assume that s is measured in feet, and that t is measured
The maximum velocity is
in seconds.

2 3
t
= 125.8 ft/s.
v = 10t + t 2
25
t=11.85
(a)
The velocity is
2 3
ds
= v = 10t + t 2
t ft/s.
dt
25
(b)
Acceleration is
dv
= 10 + 2t
dt

6
t 2.
25
The maximum occurs at
a=
dv
6 2
= 10 + 2t
t = 0.
dt
25
The maximum occurs at
In canonical form this quadratic equation is
da
12
=2
t = 0,
dt
25
t 2 + 2bt + c = 0, where b =
25
125
, c=
,
6
3
with the solution t = b b2 c = 11.85 or 3.52 seconds.

The negative value is outside the interval of interest. At t =
11.85 s there is a maximum since
d2v
dt 2 t=11.85

12
t
= 2
= 3.69 < 0.
25 t=11.85
from which
t=
50
= 4.17 seconds.
12
This is a maximum since

12
d2a
< 0.
=
dt 2 t=4.17
25
The maximum acceleration is

6 2
a = 10 + 2t
= 14.17 ft/s2 .
t
25
t=4.17

Problem 13.13 Suppose you want to approximate the

position of a vehicle you are testing by the power series
s = A + Bt + Ct 2 + Dt 3 , where A, B, C, and D are
constants. The vehicle starts from rest at t = 0 and s =
0. At t = 4 s, s = 176 ft, and at t = 8 s, s = 448 ft.
(a)
(b)
Determine A, B, C, and D.
What are the approximate velocity and acceleration
of the vehicle at t = 8 s?
Solution:
(a)
At t = 0, s = 0, hence 0 = A , and s = Bt + Ct 2 + Dt 3 .
The velocity at t = 8 seconds is

v = 30t 3t 2 t=8 = 48 ft/s .
Since the vehicle starts from rest at t = 0, the velocity is zero,

and 0 = B .
The acceleration is
At t = 4 seconds, s = 176 ft, from which 176 = 16C + 64D.
a=
At t = 8 seconds s = 448 ft, from which 448 = 64C + 512D.
The acceleration at t = 8 seconds is
Solve these two simultaneous equations to obtain C = 15 and
dv
= 30 6t.
dt
a = [30 6t]t=8 = 18 ft/s2 .
D = 1 .
(b)
The position is given by s = 15t 2 t 3 , from which the velocity is

v=
ds
= 30t 3t 2 .
dt

Problem 13.14 The acceleration of a point is a =

20t m/s2 . When t = 0, s = 40 m and v = 10 m/s.
What are the position and velocity at t = 3 s?
At t = 0, s = 40 m, thus C2 = 40. The position is
Solution: The velocity is

v=

a dt + C1 ,
s=
where C1 is the constant of integration. Thus
At t = 3 seconds,

20t dt + C1 = 10t 2 + C1 .
v=
At t = 0, v = 10 m/s, hence C1 = 10 and the velocity is v =

10t 2 10 m/s. The position is

s=

10 3
t 10t + 40 m.
3

s=

10 3
t 10t + 40
= 100 m.
3
t=3

v = 10t 2 10 t=3 = 80 m/s .
v dt + C2 ,
where C2 is the constant of integration.

s=
(10t 2 10) dt + C2 =

10 3
t 10t + C2 .
3

Problem 13.15 The acceleration of a point is a =

60t 36t 2 ft/s2 . When t = 0, s = 0 and v = 20 ft/s.
What are position and velocity as a function of time?
v=
The position is

a dt + C1 =
(60t 36t 2 ) + C1 = 30t 2 12t 3 + C1 .
At t = 0, v = 20 ft/s, hence C1 = 20, and the velocity as a function

of time is
s=

v dt + C2 =
(30t 2 12t 3 + 20) + C2
= 10t 3 3t 4 + 20t + C2 .
At t = 0, s = 0, hence C2 = 0, and the position is
v = 30t 2 12t 3 + 20 ft/s .

s = 10t 3 3t 4 + 20t ft

Problem 13.16 The snow petrel takes off with constant acceleration. If it requires a distance s = 4 m and
is moving at 6 m/s when it lifts off, how much time does
its takeoff require?
Solution:
a = constant
v = at + v o0
s = at 2 /2 + s o0
when s = 4 m, v = 6 m/s
4 = at 2 /2
6 = at
4 = (at)t/2 = 6 t/2
t = 1.33 s

Problem 13.17 A bioengineer studying the mechanics

of bird flight models the acceleration of the snow petrel
shown in Problem 13.16 by an equation of the form
a = C + Dt, where C and D are constants. Measurements obtained from videotape indicate that one bird
requires 1.42 seconds and a distance of 4.3 m to take
off and is moving at 6.1 m/s when it lifts off. What are
the constants C and D?
Solution: s0 = v0 = 0
We have two equations in two unknowns. Solving, we get
= C + Dt
v
s
= Ct + Dt 2 /2
= Ct 2 /2 + Dt 3 /6
Integrating twice
C = 4.20 m/s2
D = 0.130 m/s3
Substituting the known numbers, we get

6.1 = C(1.42) + D(1.42)2 /2
4.3 = C(1.42)2 /2 + D(1.42)3 /6

Problem 13.18 Missiles designed for defense against

ballistic missiles have attained accelerations in excess
of 100 gs, or 100 times the acceleration due to gravity.
Suppose that a missile lifts off from the ground and has
a constant vertical acceleration of 100 gs.
(a)
(b)
How long does it take to reach a velocity of

60 mi/h?
How long does it take to reach an altitude of
10,000 ft? How fast is it going when it reaches
that altitude?
U
S
A
R
M
Y
Solution:
a = 100g = 100(32.2 ft/s2 ) = 3220 ft/s2
v = (3220 ft/s2 )t
s = (1610 ft/s2 )t 2
88 ft/s
60 mph

= (3220 ft/s2 )t t = 0.0273 s
a)
60 mph
b)
10,000 ft = (1610 ft/s2 )t 2 t = 2.49 s

v(2.49 s) = (3220 ft/s2 )(2.49 s) = 8025 ft/s

Problem 13.19 The acceleration due to gravity at sea

level on earth is 9.81 m/s2 and the acceleration due to
gravity at the surface of the moon is 1.62 m/s2 .
(a)
(b)
If an object at sea level on the earth is given an

upward velocity of 10 m/s and aerodynamic drag
is negligible, how high does it go?
If the object is at the surface of the moon and is
given an upward velocity of 10 m/s, how high does
it go?
Solution:
a = g
v = gt + v0
v = gt + v0 = 0 t =
v0
g
1
s = gt 2 + v0 t
2
a)
Searth =
b) Smoon =
1
s= g
2
(10 m/s)2
2(9.81 m/s2 )
(10 m/s)2
2(1.62 m/s2 )
v0
g
2

+ v0
v0
g
v0 2
2g
= 5.10 m
= 30.9 m

Problem 13.20 The airplane releases its drag parachute at time t = 0. Its velocity is given as a function
of time by
80
v=
m/s.
1 + 0.32t
What is the airplanes acceleration at t = 3 s?
Solution:
v=
80
dv
25.6
a(3 s) = 6.66 m/s2
; a=
=
1 + 0.32t
dt
(1 + 0.32t)2

Problem 13.21 How far does the airplane in Problem

13.20 travel during the interval of time from t = 0 to
t = 10 s?
Solution:
v=
80
; s=
1 + 0.32t

0
10 s

1 + 3.2
80
dt = 250 ln
= 359 m
1 + 0.32t
1

Problem 13.22 The velocity of a bobsled is v =

10t ft/s. When t = 2 s, the position is s = 25 ft. What
is its position at t = 10 s?
Solution: The equation for straight line displacement under constant acceleration is
s=
a(t t0 )2
+ v(t0 )(t t0 ) + s(t0 ).
2
Choose t0 = 0. At t = 2, the acceleration is

a=
dv(t)
dt

= 10 ft/s2 ,
t=2
the velocity is v(t0 ) = 10(2) = 20 ft/s, and the initial displacement is

s(t0 ) = 25 ft. At t = 10 seconds, the displacement is
s=
10
(10 2)2 + 20(10 2) + 25 = 505 ft
2

Problem 13.23 In September, 2003, Tony Schumacher

started from rest and drove a quarter mile (1320 ft) in
4.498 seconds in a National Hot Rod Association race.
His speed as he crossed the finish line was 328.54 mi/h.
Assume that the cars acceleration can be expressed by
a linear function of time a = b + ct.
(a)
(b)
Determine the constants b and c.

What was the cars speed 2 s after the start of
the race?
Solution:
a = b + ct,
v = bt +
ct 2
,
2
s=
bt 2
ct 3
+
2
6
Both constants of integration are zero.

(a) 328.54 mph
1320 ft =
(b)

88 ft/s
c
= b(4.498 s) + (4.498 s)2
60 mph
2
b
c
(4.498 s)2 + (4.498 s)3
2
6
b = 177 ft/s2
c = 31.16 ft/s3
v = b(2 s) +
c
(2 s)2 = 292 ft/s
2

Problem 13.24 The velocity of an object is v = 200

2t 2 m/s. When t = 3 seconds, its position is s = 600 m.
What are the position and acceleration of the object at
t = 6 s?
Solution: The acceleration is
dv(t)
= 4t m/s2 .
dt
At t = 6 seconds, the acceleration is a = 24 m/s2 . Choose the initial conditions at t0 = 3 seconds. The position is obtained from the
velocity:

s(t t0 ) =
3

2 6
v(t) dt + s(t0 ) = 200t t 3 + 600 = 1070 m .
3 3

Problem 13.25 An inertial navigation system measures the acceleration of a vehicle from t = 0 to t = 6 s
and determines it to be a = 2 + 0.1t m/s2 . At t = 0,
the vehicles position and velocity are s = 240 m, v =
42 m/s. What are the vehicles position and velocity at
t = 6 s?
Solution:
a = 2 + 0.1t m/s2
v0 = 42 m/s s0 = 240 m
Integrating
v = v0 + 2t + 0.1t 2 /2
s = v0 t + t 2 + 0.1t 3 /6 + s0
Substituting the known values at t = 6 s, we get
v = 55.8 m/s
s = 531.6 m

Problem 13.26 The missile shown in Problem 13.18

lifts off and accelerates for 3 s at 100gs. After 3 s, its
weight and aerodynamic drag cause it to have a nearly
constant deceleration of 4gs. How long does it take the
missile to go from the ground to an altitude of 15 km
(approximately 50,000 ft)?
Solution: (0 t 3 s) v0 = s0 = 0 a = 981 m/s2
a = 981 m/s2
v = 981t m/s
s=
At
981t 2
2
m = 490.5t 2
3 t;
2943 = v0 4g(3)
4415 = s0 + v0 (3) 4g(3)2 /z
Solving, v0 = 3061 m/s, s0 = 4591 m. We now need to find

when s = 15000 m, we have s = 4591 + 3061t 4gt 2 /z and s =
15000 m. Solving, we get
t = 3 s,
v = 2943 m/s,
For
We must solve for v0 and s0 . Note, v0 and s0 are not the velocity and
acceleration at t = 3 s. They are values that correspond to a constant
4g deceleration starting at t = 0 which flies through the conditions
v = 2943 m/s, s = 4415 m at t = 3 s. Thus,
s = 4415 m
t = 6.69 seconds
a = 39.24 m/s
a = 39.24 m/s2
v = v0 39.24t m/s
s = s0 + v0 t 39.24t 2 /2 m

Problem 13.27 The graph shows the airplanes acceleration during its takeoff. What is the airplanes velocity
when it rotates (lifts off) at t = 30 s?
a
9 ft/s2
3 ft/s2
0
t
0
5s
30 s
Solution: Velocity = Area under the curve

v=
1
(3 ft/s2 + 9 ft/s2 )(5 s) + (9 ft/s2 )(25 s) = 255 ft/s
2

Problem 13.28 Determine the distance traveled during

its takeoff by the airplane in Problem 13.27.
Solution: for 0 t 5 s
a=

s=
6 ft/s2
5s
6 ft/s2
5s
t + (3 ft/s2 ),
v=
6 ft/s2
5s
t2
+ (3 ft/s2 )t
2
t3
t2
+ (3 ft/s2 )
6
2
v(5 s) = 30 ft/s, s(5 s) = 62.5 ft

for 5 s t 30 s
a = 9 ft/s2 ,
s = (9 ft/s2 )
v = (9 ft/s2 )(t 5 s) + 30 ft/s,

(t 5 s)2
+ (30 ft/s)(t 5 s) + 62.5 ft
2
s(30 s) = 3625 ft

Problem 13.29 The car is traveling at 30 mi/h when

the traffic light 295 ft ahead turns yellow. The driver
takes one second to react before he applies the brakes.
(a)
(b)
After he applies the brakes, what constant rate of

deceleration will cause the car to come to a stop
just as it reaches the light?
How long does it take the car to travel the 295 ft?
Solution: for 0 t 1 s
a = 0, v = 30 mph
88 ft/s
60 mph
30 mi/h
295 ft

= 44 ft/s, s = (44 ft/s)t
s(1 s) = 44 ft
for t > 1 s
a = c (constant), v = ct + 44 ft/s, s = c
t2
+ (44 ft/s)t + 44 ft
2
At the stop we have

295 ft = c
t2
+ (44 ft/s)t + 44 ft
2
0 = ct + 44 ft/s
a)
c = 3.857 ft/s2
b)
t = 11.41 s

Problem 13.30 A t = 0 a motorist traveling at

100 km/h sees a deer standing in the road 100 m ahead.
After a reaction time of 0.3 seconds, he applies the
brakes and decelerates at a constant rate of 4 m/s2 . If
the deer takes 5 seconds from t = 0 to react and leave
the road, does the motorist miss it?
Solution: Divide the time into two intervals, the reaction time
of the motorist (0.3 s) and the time before the deer leaves the road
(5 0.3 = 4.7 s). The initial velocity is
v(0) = 100
km
= 27.8 m/s.
h
The distance traveled in the first interval is s = 27.8(0.3) = 8.33 m.

The distance traveled in the second interval is
a
s(t) = t 2 + v(0)t = 2(4.7)2 + 27.8(4.7) = 86.4 m.
2
The total distance traveled is s(5) = 8.33 + 86.4 = 94.7 m, which is
less than the 100 m from motorist to deer at t = 0. Yes, the motorist
misses the deer.

Problem 13.31 A high-speed rail transportation system has a top speed of 100 m/s. For the comfort of the
passengers, the magnitude of the acceleration and deceleration is limited to 2 m/s2 . Determine the time required
for a trip of 100 km.
Strategy: A graphical approach can help you solve this
problem. Recall that the change in the position from an
initial time t0 to a time t is equal to the area defined
by the graph of the velocity as a function of time from
t0 to t.
Solution: Divide the time of travel into three intervals: The time
required to reach a top speed of 100 m/s, the time traveling at top
speed, and the time required to decelerate from top speed to zero. From
symmetry, the first and last time intervals are equal, and the distances
traveled during these intervals are equal. The initial time is obtained
from v(t1 ) = at1 , from which t1 = 100/2 = 50 s. The distance traveled during this time is s(t1 ) = at12 /2 from which s(t1 ) = 2(50)2 /2 =
2500 m. The third time interval is given by v(t3 ) = at3 + 100 = 0,
from which t3 = 100/2 = 50 s. Check. The distance traveled is s(t3 ) =
a
t32 + 100t3 , from which s(t3 ) = 2500 m. Check. The distance trav2
eled at top speed is s(t2 ) = 100000 2500 2500 = 95000 m
= 95 km. The time of travel is obtained from the distance traveled at
zero acceleration: s(t2 ) = 95000 = 100t2 , from which t2 = 950. The
total time of travel is ttotal = t1 + t2 + t3 = 50 + 950 + 50 = 1050 s
= 17.5 minutes .
A plot of velocity versus time can be made and the area under the
curve will be the distance traveled. The length of the constant speed
section of the trip can be adjusted to force the length of the trip to be
the required 100 km.

Problem 13.32 The nearest star, Proxima Centauri, is

4.22 light years from the Earth. Ignoring relative motion
between the solar system and Proxima Centauri, suppose that a spacecraft accelerates from the vicinity of
the Earth at 0.01 g (0.01 times the acceleration due to
gravity at sea level) until it reaches one-tenth the speed
of light, coasts until time to decelerate, then decelerates
at 0.01 g until it comes to rest in the vicinity of Proxima
Centauri. How long does the trip take? (Light travels at
3 108 m/s. A solar year is 365.2422 solar days.)
Solution: The distance to Proxima Centauri is

d = (4.22 light - year)(3 108 m/s)(365.2422 day)
86400 s
1 day
= 3.995 1016 m.
Divide the time of flight into the three intervals. The time required to
reach 0.1 times the speed of light is
t1 =
v
3 107 m/s
= 3.0581 108 seconds.
=
a
0.0981 m/s2
where v(0) = 0 and s(0) = 0 (from the conditions in the problem),

from which s(t1 ) = 4.587 1015 m. From symmetry, t3 = t1 , and
s(t1 ) = s(t3 ). The length of the middle interval is s(t2 ) = d s(t1 )
s(t3 ) = 3.0777 1016 m. The time of flight at constant velocity is
t2 =
3.0777 1016 m
= 1.026 109 seconds.
3 107
The total time of flight is ttotal = t1 + t2 + t3 = 1.63751 109 seconds. In solar years:

ttotal = 1.63751 109 sec
1 solar years
365.2422 days
1 days
86400 sec
The distance traveled is

s(t1 ) =
a 2
t + v(0)t + s(0),
2 1
= 51.9 solar years

Problem 13.33 A race car starts from rest and accelerates at a = 5 + 2t ft/s2 for 10 seconds. The brakes
are then applied, and the car has a constant acceleration a = 30 ft/s2 until it comes to rest. Determine
(a) the maximum velocity, (b) the total distance traveled; (c) the total time of travel.
(c) the total time of travel is t2 = 15. The total distance traveled is
Solution:
(a)
For the first interval, the velocity is
s(t2 10) =

v(t) =
(5 + 2t) dt + v(0) = 5t + t 2
a
(t2 10)2 + v(10)(t2 10) + s(10),
2
from which (b)
since v(0) = 0. The velocity is an increasing monotone function;

hence the maximum occurs at the end of the interval, t = 10 s,
from which
s(5) =
30 2
5 + 150(5) + 583.33 = 958.33 ft
2
vmax = 150 ft/s .

(b)
The distance traveled in the first interval is

s(10) =
10
0

(5t + t 2 ) dt =
5 2 1 3
t + t
2
3
10
= 583.33 ft.
0
The time of travel in the second interval is

v(t2 10) = 0 = a(t2 10) + v(10), t2 10 s,
from which
(t2 10) =
150
= 5,
30
and

Problem 13.34 When t = 0, the position of a point is

s = 6 m and its velocity is v = 2 m/s. From t = 0 to t =
6 s, the acceleration of the point is a = 2 + 2t 2 m/s2 .
From t = 6 s until it comes to rest, its acceleration is
a = 4 m/s2 .
(a)
(b)
What is the total time of travel?

What total distance does the point move?
Solution: For the first interval the velocity is

v(t) =

2
(2 + 2t 2 ) dt + v(0) = 2t + t 3 + 2 m/s.
3
The velocity at the end of the interval is v(6) = 158 m/s. The displacement in the first interval is

s(t) =

2
1
2t + t 3 + 2 dt + 6 = t 2 + t 4 + 2t + 6.
3
6
The displacement at the end of the interval is s(6) = 270 m. For the
second interval, the velocity is v(t 6) = a(t 6) + v(6) = 0, t 6,
from which
(t 6) =
The total time of travel is

(a)
(b)
ttotal = 39.5 + 6 = 45.5 seconds.

The distance traveled is
s(t 6) =
4
(t 6)2 + v(6)(t 6) + s(6)
2
= 2(39.5)2 + 158(39.5) + 270,

from which the total distance is stotal = 3390 m
v(6)
158
=
= 39.5.
a
4

Problem 13.35 Zoologists studying the ecology of the

Serengeti Plain estimate that the average adult cheetah
can run 100 km/h and that the average springbuck can
run 65 km/h. If the animals run along the same straight
line, start at the same time, and are each assumed to
have constant acceleration and reach top speed in 4 s,
how close must the a cheetah be when the chase begins
to catch a springbuck in 15 s?
Solution: The top speeds are Vc = 100 km/h = 27.78 m/s for the
cheetah, and Vs = 65 km/h = 18.06 m/s. The acceleration is ac =
Vc
Vs
= 6.94 m/s2 for the cheetah, and as =
= 4.513 m/s2 for the
4
4
springbuck. Divide the intervals into the acceleration phase and the
chase phase. For the cheetah, the distance traveled in the first is
6.94 2
sc (t) =
(4) = 55.56 m. The total distance traveled at the end
2
of the second phase is stotal = Vc (11) + 55.56 = 361.1 m. For the
springbuck, the distance traveled during the acceleration phase is
4.513 2
ss (t) =
(4) = 36.11 m. The distance traveled at the end of the
2
second phase is ss (t) = 18.06(11) + 36.1 = 234.7 m. The permissible
separation between the two at the beginning for a successful chase is
d = sc (15) ss (15) = 361.1 234.7 = 126.4 m

Problem 13.36 Suppose that a person unwisely drives

75 mi/h in a 55 mi/h zone and passes a police car
going 55 mi/h in the same direction. If the police begin
constant acceleration at the instant they are passed and
increase their speed to 80 mi/h in 4 s, how long does it
take them to be even with the pursued car?
Solution: The conversion from mi/h to ft/s is

1.467
ft h
mi second

.
The acceleration of the police car is

a=
(80 55)(1.467) ft/s

= 9.169 ft/s2 .
4s
The distance traveled during acceleration is

s(t1 ) =
9.169 2
(4) + 55(1.467)(4) = 396 ft.
2
The distance traveled by the pursued car during this acceleration is

sc (t1 ) = 75(1.467)t1 = 110(4) = 440 ft.
The separation between the two cars at 4 seconds is
d = 440 396 = 44 ft.
This distance is traversed in the time
t2 =
44
= 6.
(80 75)(1.467)
The total time is ttotal = 6 + 4 = 10 seconds.

Problem 13.37
If = 1 rad and
is the velocity of P relative to O?
d
= 1 rad/s, what
dt
Strategy: The position of P relative to O as s =

(2 ft) cos + (2 ft) cos and take the derivative of this
expression with respect to time to determine the velocity.
2 ft
2 ft
O
P
s
Solution: The distance s from point O is

s = (2 ft) cos + (2 ft) cos .
The derivative is
ds
d
= 4 sin
.
dt
dt
For = 1 radian and
d
= 1 radian/second,
dt
ds
= v(t) = 4(sin(1 rad)) = 4(0.841) = 3.37 ft/s
dt

Problem 13.38 In Problem 13.37, if = 1 rad, d /dt

= 2 rad/s and d 2 /dt 2 = 0, what are the velocity and
acceleration of P relative to O?
ds
d
= 4 sin
= 4(sin(1 rad))(2) = 6.73 ft/s .
dt
dt
The acceleration is
d2s
= 4 cos
dt 2
d
dt
2

4 sin
d2
dt 2

,
from which
d2s
= a = 4 cos(1 rad)(4) = 8.64 ft/s2
dt 2

d
= 1 rad/s, what
dt
is the velocity and acceleration of P relative to O?
Problem 13.39
If = 1 rad and
400 mm
200 mm
Solution: The acute angle formed by the 400 mm arm with the
horizontal is given by the sine law:
O
P
s
200
400
=
,
sin
sin
from which

sin =

200
sin .
400
For = 1 radian, = 0.4343 radians. The position relative to O is.

s = 200 cos + 400 cos .
The velocity is
ds
= v(t) = 200 sin
dt
d
dt

400 sin
d
dt

.
From the expression for the angle

, cos
d
dt

= 0.5 cos
d
dt

,
from which the velocity is

v(t) = (200 sin 200 tan cos )
d
dt

.
Substitute: v(t) = 218.4 mm/s .

Problem 13.40 An engineer designing a system to

control a router for a machining process models the
system so that the routers acceleration during an interval
of time is given by a = 0.4v in/s2 , where v is the
velocity of the router in in/s. When t = 0, the position is
s = 0 and the velocity is v = 2 in/s. What is the velocity
at t = 3 s?
s
Solution:
a=
dv
= (0.4 s1 )v
dt
v
2 in./s
dv
=
v
3s
(0.4 s1 )dt ln
v
2 in./s

= 1.2
v = (2 in./s)e1.2 = 0.602 in./s

Problem 13.41 What is the position of the router in

Problem 13.40 at t = 3 s?
Solution:
a=
dv
= (0.4 s1 )v
dt
v
2 in./s
v=
dv
=
v
(0.4 s1 )dt ln
v
2 in./s
= (0.4 s1 )t
ds
1
= (2 in./s)e(0.4 s )t
dt
s(3 s) =
3s
(2 in./s)e(0.4 s
1 )t
dt = 3.494 in.

Problem 13.42 The boat is moving at 10 m/s when

its engine is shut down. Due to hydrodynamic drag, its
subsequent acceleration is a = 0.05v 2 m/s2 , where v
is the velocity of the boat in m/s. What is the boats
velocity 4 s after the engine is shut down?
Solution:
a=
dv
= (0.05 m1 )v 2
dt
v
10 m/s
v=
dv
= (0.05 m1 )
v2

0
dt

1 v
= (0.05 m1 )t
v 10 m/s
10 m/s
1 + (0.5 s1 )t
v(4 s) = 3.33 m/s

Problem 13.43 In Problem 13.42, what distance does

the boat move in the 4 s following the shutdown of
its engine?
Solution: From Problem 13.42 we know
v=
10 m/s
ds
=
s(4 s) =
dt
1 + (0.5 s1 )t
s(4 s) = (20 m) ln
2 + (1 s1 )(4 s)
2
4 s
10 m/s
1 + (0.5 s1 )t
dt

= 21.97 m

Problem 13.44 A steel ball is released from rest in a

container of oil. Its downward acceleration is a = 2.4
0.6v in/s2 , where v is the balls velocity in in/s. What is
the balls downward velocity 2 s after it is released?
Solution:
a=
v
0
dv
= (2.4 in./s) (0.6 s1 )v
dt
dv
(2.4 in./s) (0.6 s
)v
dt
0

v + 4 in./s
5
ln
= t v = (4 in./s) 1 e(0.6
3
4 in./s
s1 )t
v(2 s) = 2.795 in./s


the ball fall in the first 2 s after its release?
Solution: From 13.44 we know
v=

ds
= (4 in./s) 1 e(0.6
dt
s(2 s) =
s1 )t

(4 in./s) 1 e(0.6
s1 )t

dt
20 in. (0.6
e
3
s1 )t

1 + (4 in./s)t
s(2 s) = 3.34 in.

Problem 13.46 The greatest ocean depth yet discovered is the Marianas Trench in the western Pacific Ocean.
A steel ball released at the surface requires 64 minutes
to reach the bottom. The balls downward acceleration
is a = 0.9g cv, where g = 9.81 m/s2 and the constant
c = 3.02 s1 . What is the depth of the Marianas Trench
in kilometers?
Solution:
a=
Integrating,
dv
= 0.9g cv.
dt
v
0
dv
=
0.9g cv
dt = t.
Integrating and solving for v,

v=

ds =
Separating variables and integrating,

0.9g
ds
=
(1 ect ).
dt
c
0.9g
(1 ect ) dt.
c
We obtain
s=
0.9g
c

ect
1
t+
.
c
c
At t = (64)(60) = 3840 s, we obtain

s = 11,225 m.

Problem 13.47 The acceleration of a regional airliner

during its takeoff run is a = 14 0.0003v 2 ft/s2 , where
v is its velocity in ft/s. How long does it take the airliner
to reach its takeoff speed of 200 ft/s?
Solution:
a=
dv
= (14 ft/s2 ) (0.0003 ft1 )v 2
dt
200 ft/s
0
dv
(14 ft/s2 ) (0.0003 ft1 )v 2

=
dt
0
t = 25.1 s


the airliner require to take off?
Solution:
a=v
dv
= (14 ft/s2 ) (0.0003 ft1 )v 2
ds
200 ft/s
0
vdv
(14 ft/s ) (0.0003 ft
2
)v 2
ds
0
s = 3243 ft

Problem 13.49 A sky diver jumps from a helicopter

and is falling straight down at 30 m/s when her parachute
opens. From then on, her downward acceleration is
approximately a = g cv 2 , where g = 9.81 m/s2 and
c is a constant. After an initial transient period she
descends at a nearly constant velocity of 5 m/s.
(a)
(b)
(c)
What is the value of c, and what are its SI units?

What maximum deceleration is the sky diver
subjected to?
What is her downward velocity when she has fallen
2 meters from the point where her parachute opens?
Solution: Assume c > 0.
Integrate:
(a)
After the initial transient, she falls at a constant velocity, so that

the acceleration is zero and cv 2 = g, from which
c=
(b)
g
9.81 m/s2
=
= 0.3924 m1
v2
(5)2 m2 /s2
The maximum acceleration (in absolute value) occurs when the

parachute first opens, when the velocity is highest:
amax = |g cv 2 | = |g c(30)2 | = 343.4 m/s2
(c)
Choose coordinates such that distance is measured positive downward. The velocity is related to position by the chain rule:
1
2c

ln |g cv 2 | = s + C.
When the parachute opens s = 0 and v = 30 m/s, from which

C=
1
2c

ln |g 900c| = 7.4398.
The velocity as a function of distance is ln |g cv 2 | = 2c(s +

C). For s = 2 m,
v = 14.4 m/s
dv
dv ds
dv
=
=v
= a,
dt
ds dt
ds
from which
v dv
= ds.
g cv 2

Problem 13.50 The rocket sled starts from rest and

accelerates at a = 30 + 2t m/s2 until its velocity is
400 m/s. It then hits a water brake and its acceleration
is a = 0.003v 2 m/s2 until its velocity decreases to
100 m/s. What total distance does the sled travel?
Solution: Acceleration Phase
a=v
a = 30 + 2t m/s2
v = 30t + t 2 m/s
sf
dv
= 0.003v 2
ds
ds =
s1
1
(0.003)
s = 15t 2 + t 3 /3 m
sf 1833 m =
When v = 400 m/s, acceleration ends. At this point, t = 10 s and s =

1833 m. Deceleration Phase starts at s1 = 1833 m, v1 = 400 m/s. Let
us start a new clock for the deceleration phase. vf = 100 m/s
sf = 2300 m
vf
v1
v dv
v2
1
[ln(100) ln(400)]
(0.003)

Problem 13.51 In Problem 13.50, what is the sleds

total time of travel?
Solution: From the solution to Problem 13.50, the acceleration
takes 10 s. At t = 10 s, the velocity is 400 m/s. We need to find out
how long it takes to decelerate from 400 m/s to 100 m/s and add this
to the 10 s required for acceleration. The deceleration is given as
a=

0.003
td
dv
= 0.003v 2 m/s2
dt

dt =
100
400
dv
v2

1
1 100
1
0.003td = =
v 400
100
400
0.003td =
3
400
td = 2.5 s
t = 10 + td = 12.5 s

Problem 13.52 A cars acceleration is related to its

position by a = 0.01s m/s2 . When s = 100 m, the car
is moving at 12 m/s. How fast is the car moving when
s = 420 m?
Solution:
a=v
vf
dv
= 0.01s m/s2
ds

v dv = 0.01
v2
2
s ds
100
12
420
vf

= 0.01
12 m/s
vf2
2
s2
2
420
100 m
122
(4202 1002 )
+ 0.01
2
2
vf = 42.5 m/s

Problem 13.53 Engineers analyzing the motion of a

linkage determine that the velocity of an attachment
point is given by v = A + 4s 2 ft/s, where A is a constant. When s = 2 ft, its acceleration is measured and
determined to be a = 320 ft/s2 . What is its velocity of
the point when s = 2 ft?
Solution: The velocity as a function of the distance is
v
dv
= a.
ds
Solve for a and carry out the differentiation.

a=v
When s = 2 ft, a = 320 ft/s2 , from which A = 4.

The velocity at s = 2 ft is
v = 4 + 4(22 ) = 20 ft/s
dv
= (A + 4s 2 )(8s).
ds

Problem 13.54 The acceleration of an object is given

by the function a = 2s ft/s2 . When t = 0, v = 1 ft/s.
What is the velocity when the object has moved 2 ft
from its initial position?
Solution: The differential equations for the velocity and distance
are
dv
= 2s,
dt
and
ds
= v.
dt
Use the chain rule, separate variables and integrate:

v
dv
= 2s,
ds
from which C1 = 1 and v 2 = 2s 2 + 1. At s = 2 ft, v 2 = 9,

v = 3 ft/s
where the positive sign on the square root is chosen because the velocity increases with distance.

Problem 13.55 Gas guns are used to investigate

the properties of materials subjected to high-velocity
impacts. A projectile is accelerated through the barrel
of the gun by gas at high pressure. Assume that the
acceleration of the projectile is given by a = c/s m/s2 ,
where s is the position of the projectile in the barrel in
meters and c is a constant that depends on the initial
gas pressure behind the projectile. The projectile starts
from rest at s = 1.5 m and accelerates until it reaches
the end of the barrel at s = 3 m. Determine the value of
the constant c necessary for the projectile to leave the
barrel with a velocity of 200 m/s.
Solution:
a=v
dv
c
= ,
ds
s
200 m/s

vdv =
3m
1.5 m
c
ds
s

(200 m/s)2
3m
= c ln
2
1.5 m
c = 28.85 103 m2 /s2

Problem 13.56 If the propelling gas in the gas gun

described in Problem 13.55 is air, a more accurate
modeling of the acceleration of the projectile is obtained
by assuming that the acceleration of the projectile is
given by a = c/s m/s2 , where = 1.4 is the ratio of
specific heats for air. (This means that an isentropic
expansion process is assumed instead of the isothermal
process assumed in Problem 13.55.) Determine the value
of the constant c necessary for the projectile to leave the
barrel with a velocity of 200 m/s.
Solution:
a=v
dv
c
= 1.4 ,
ds
s
200 m/s

vdv =
3m
1.5 m
c
ds
s 1.4

(200 m/s)2
= 2.5c (3m)0.4 (1.5m)0.4
2
c = 38.86 103 m2.4 /s2

Problem 13.57 A spring-mass oscillator consists of a

mass and a spring connected as shown. The coordinate
s measures the displacement of the mass relative to its
position when the spring is unstretched, If the spring
is linear, the mass is subjected to a deceleration proportional to s. Suppose that a = 4s m/s2 , and that you
give the mass a velocity v = 1 m/s in the position s = 0.
(a)
(b)
How far will the mass move to the right before the
spring brings it to a stop?
What will be the velocity of the mass when it has
returned to the position s = 0?
Solution: The velocity of the mass as a function of its position

is given by v dv/ds = a. Substitute the given acceleration, separate
variables, and integrate: v dv = 4s ds, from which v 2 /2 = 2s 2 +
C. The initial velocity v(0) = 1 m/s at s = 0, from which C = 1/2.
The velocity is v 2 /2 = 2s 2 + 1/2.
(a)
The velocity is zero at the position given by

0 = 2(s1 )2 +

from which
s1 =
1
,
2
1
1
= m.
4
2
Since the displacement has the same sign as the velocity,

s1 = +1/2 m
is the distance traveled before the spring brings it to a stop.
(b)
2
= 1 m/s. From
2
the physical situation, the velocity on the first return is negative
(opposite the sign of the initial displacement),
At the return to s = 0, the velocity is v =
v = 1 m/s .

Problem 13.58 In Problem 13.57, suppose that at t =

0 you release the mass from rest in the position s = 1 m.
Determine the velocity of the mass as a function of s as
it moves from the initial position to s = 0.
Solution: From the solution to Problem 13.57, the velocity as a

function of position is given by
v2
= 2s 2 + C.
2
At t = 0, v = 0 and s = 1 m, from which C = 2(1)2 = 2. The velocity
is given by
1
v(s) = (4s 2 + 4) 2 = 2 1 s 2 m/s.
From the physical situation, the velocity is negative (opposite the sign
of the initial displacement):
v = 2 1 s 2 m/s .
[Note: From the initial conditions, s 2 1 always.]

Problem 13.59 In Problem 13.57, suppose that at t =

0 you release the mass from rest in the position s = 1 m.
Determine the position of the mass as a function of time
as it moves from its initial position to s = 0.
Solution: The differential equations for the velocity and posi-
Separate variables and integrate:
tion are
dv
= 4s,
dt
and
ds
= v.
dt
Use the chain rule:

v
dv
= 4s.
ds
Separate variables and integrate: v 2 = 4s 2 + C. At t = 0, s = 1 m,

and v = 0, from which C = 4, and v 2 = 4(1 s 2 ) Substitute:
ds
= 2 dt, cos1 (s) = 2t + C.

1 s2
At t = 0, s = 1 m, from which C = cos1 (1) = 0, from which
s(t) = cos 2t m
where the negative sign for the square root is chosen because s
decreases with increasing t at t = 0 +
ds
= 2 1 s 2 .
dt

Problem 13.60 The mass is released from rest with

the springs unstretched. Its downward acceleration is
a = 32.2 50s ft/s2 , where s is the position of the mass
measured from the position in which it is released.
(a) How far does the mass fall? (b) What is the
maximum velocity of the mass as it falls?
s
Solution: The acceleration is given by

a=
dv
dv ds
dv
=
=v
= 32.2 50s ft/s2 .
dt
ds dt
ds
Integrating, we get
v
0

v dv =
(32.2 50s) ds
or
v2
= 32.2s 25s 2 .
2
(a)
The mass falls until v = 0. Setting v = 0, we get 0 = (32.2

25s)s. We find v = 0 at s = 0 and at s = 1.288 ft. Thus, the
mass falls 1.288 ft before coming to rest.
(b)
From the integration of the equation of motion, we have v 2 =

dv
2(32.2s 25s 2 ). The maximum velocity occurs where
= 0.
ds
dv
=
From the original equation for acceleration, we have a = v
ds
2
(32.2 50s) ft/s . Since we want maximum velocity, we can
assume that v = 0 at this point. Thus, 0 = (32.2 50s), or s =
(32.2/50) ft when v = vMAX . Substituting this value for s into
the equation for v, we get

2
=2
vMAX
(32.2)2
(25)(32.2)2
50
502

,
or vMAX = 4.55 ft/s

Problem 13.61 Suppose that the mass in Problem

13.60 is in the position s = 0 and is given a downward
velocity of 10 ft/s.
(a)
(b)
How far does the mass fall?

What is the maximum velocity of the mass as
it falls?
Solution:
a=v
(a)
dv
= (32.2 ft/s2 ) (50 s2 )s
ds
vdv =
10 ft/s
The mass falls until v = 0

0 = (10 ft/s)2 + (64.4 ft/s2 )s (50 s2 )s 2 s = 2.20 ft
[(32.2 ft/s2 ) (50 s2 )s]ds
(b)
The maximum velocity occurs when a = 0
0 = (32.2 ft/s2 ) (50 s2 )s s = 0.644 ft

v2
2
(10
ft/s)2
2
= (32.2 ft/s2 )s (50 s2 )
s2
v 2 = (10 ft/s)2 + (64.4 ft/s2 )s (50 s2 )s 2
v 2 = (10 ft/s)2 + (64.4 ft/s2 )(0.644 ft) (50 s2 )(0.644 ft)2

v = 10.99 ft/s

Problem 13.62 If a spacecraft is 100 mi above the surface of the earth, what initial velocity v0 straight away
from the earth would be required for the vehicle to
reach the moons orbit 238,000 mi from the center of
the earth? The radius of the earth is 3960 mi. Neglect
the effect of the moons gravity. (See Example 13.5)
100 mi
0
238,000 mi
Solution: For computational convenience, convert the acceleration

due to Earths gravity into the units given in the problem, namely miles
and hours:

g=
32.17 ft
1 s2
1 mile
5280 ft
36002 s2
1 h2

= 78962.7 mi/h2 .
The velocity as a function of position is given by
from which C = 10405562 mi2 /h2 . At the 100 mile altitude, the
equation for the velocity is

v02 = 2 g

+ C.
From which
v0 =
gR 2
dv
v
= a = 2E .
ds
s
RE2
RE + 100
599575671 = 24,4862 mi/h
Converting:
Separate variables,
v dv = gRE2

v0 =
ds
.
s2
5280 ft
1 mi
1h
3600 s

= 35,913.1 ft/s .
Check: Use the result of Example 13.5
Integrate:

1
v 2 = 2gRE2
+ C.
2
v0 =
Suppose that the velocity at the distance of the Moons orbit is zero.
Then

0 = 2(78962.7)
24486.2 mi
1h
39602
238,000

+ C,
2gRE2

1
1
,
s0
H
(where H > s0 always), and H = 238,000,

from which v0 = 24,486.2 mi/h. check.

Problem 13.63 The moons radius is 1738 km. The

magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity of the moon
at a distance s from the center of the moon is
4.89 1012
m/s2 .
s2
Suppose that a spacecraft is launched straight up from
the moons surface with a velocity of 2000 m/s.
(a)
(b)
What will the magnitude of its velocity be when it

is 1000 km above the surface of the moon?
What maximum height above the moons surface
will it reach?
Solution: Set G = 4.89 1012 m3 /s2 , r0 = 1.738 106 m,
v0 = 2000 m/s
a=v
dv
G
= 2
ds
s
v 2 = v0 2 + 2G
(a)
(b)

vdv =
v0
r0 r
rr0
r0

v0 2
1
1
G
v2
=
G
ds
s2
2
2
r
r0
v(r0 + 1.0 106 m) = 1395 m/s

The maximum velocity occurs when v = 0
r=
2G
= 6010 km
2G r0 v0 2
h = r r0 = 4272 km

Problem 13.64* The velocity of an object subjected

only to the earths gravitational field is

1 1/2
1
2
2
v = v0 + 2gRE
,
s
s0
where s is position relative to the center of the earth, v0
is the velocity at position s0 , and RE is the earths radius.
Using this equation, show that the objects acceleration
is given as a function of s by a = gRE2 /s 2 .
Solution:

v = v02 + 2gRE2
a=
1
1
s
s0
1/2
dv
dv
=v
dt
ds
Rewrite the equation given as v 2 = v02 +
2gRE2
2gRE2
s
s0
Take the derivative with respect to s.
2v
2gR 2
dv
= 2E
ds
s
Thus
a=v
gR 2
dv
2E
ds
s

Problem 13.65 Suppose that a tunnel could be drilled

straight through the earth from the north pole to the south
pole and the air evacuated from it. An object dropped
from the surface would fall with the acceleration a =
gs/RE , where g is the acceleration of gravity at sea
level, RE is radius of the earth, and s is the distance of
the object from the center of the earth. (The acceleration
due to gravitation is equal to zero at the center of the
earth and increases linearly with the distance from the
center.) What is the magnitude of the velocity of the
dropped object when it reaches the center of the earth?
N
Tunnel
s
RE
Solution: The velocity as a function of position is given by

v
dv
gs
.
=
ds
RE

v2 =
g
RE

s 2 + C.
At s = RE , v = 0, from which C = gRE . Combine and reduce:

v2
= gRE
s2
1 2
RE
At the center of the earth s = 0, and the velocity is v =
gRE

Problem 13.66 Determine the time in seconds required

for the object in Problem 13.65 to fall from the surface
of the earth to the center. The earths radius is 6370 km.
Solution: From Problem 13.65, the acceleration is
g
dv
=
s
ds
RE
a=v

v du =
RE

v2 =
g
RE
g
RE

s ds

(RE2 s 2 )
Recall that v = ds/dt

v=
RE
ds
RE2 s 2

ds
g 2
RE s 2
=
dt
RE
g
RE
g
tf = sin1
RE

tf =
tf
dt
0

s 0
= sin1 (1)
RE RE
RE
= 1266 s = 21.1 min
g 2

Problem 13.67 The coordinates (in meters) of a point

moving in the x-y plane are given as functions of time by
x = 20t 2 160 and y = t 3 + 40t. Determine the magnitudes of the velocity and acceleration of the point at
t = 2 s.
Solution:
x = 20t 2 160, vx = 40t, ax = 40
y = t 3 + 40t, vy = 3t 2 + 40, ay = 6t
vx (2) = 40(2) = 80
v=

(80)2 + (52)2 = 95.4 m/s
vy (2) = 3(2)2 + 40 = 52
ax (2) = 40
ay (2) = 6(2) = 12
a=

(40)2 + (12)2 = 41.8 m/s2

Problem 13.68 In terms of a particular reference

frame, the position of the center of mass of the F-14
at the time shown (t = 0) is r = 10i + 6j + 22k (m).
The velocity from t = 0 to t = 4 s is v = (52 + 6t)i +
(12 + t 2 )j (4 + 2t 2 )k (m/s). What is the position of
the center of mass of the plane at t = 4 s?
Solution:
r0 = 10i + 6j + 22k m
v = (52 + 6t)i + (12 + t 2 )j (4 + 2t 2 )k m/s

x4 =
vx dt = 52t + 3t 2 + x0
x4 = (52)(4) + 3(4)2 + 10 m = 266.0 m

y4 =
vy dt = 12t + t 3 /3 + y0
y4 = 12(4) + (4)3 /3 + 6 m = 75.3 m

z4 =
vz dt = (4t + 2t 3 /3) + z0
z4 = 4(4) 2(4)3 /3 + 22 = 36.7 m

r|t=4s = 266i + 75.3j 36.7k (m)

Problem 13.69 The acceleration of an object moving

in the x-y plane is
a = (4t 2)i + (2t 2 + 4)j (ft/s2 ).
At t = 0, its position is r = 3i 2j (ft) and is velocity
is v = 6i + 8j (ft/s). What are the position and velocity
of the object at t = 3 s?
Solution:
ax = 4t 2, vx = 2t 2 2t + 6, sx =
2 3
t t 2 + 6t + 3
3
2
1
ay = 2t 2 + 4, vy = t 3 + 4t + 8, sy = t 4 + 2t 2 + 8t 2
3
6
sx (3) =
2 3
(3) (3)2 + 6(3) + 3 = 30
3
1
sy (3) = (3)4 + 2(3)2 + 8(3) 2 = 26.5
6
r(3) = (30i + 26.5j)ft
vx (3) = 2(3)2 2(3) + 6 = 18
2
vy (3) = (3)3 + 4(3) + 8 = 2
3
v(3) = (18i + 2j)ft/s

Problem 13.70 A projectile is launched from ground

level with initial velocity v0 = 20 m/s. Determine its
range R if (a) 0 = 30 ; (b) 0 = 45 (c) 0 = 60 .
u0
x
R
Solution: Set g = 9.81 m/s2 , v0 = 20 m/s

1
ay = g, vy = gt + v0 sin 0 , sy = gt 2 + v0 sin 0 t
2
ax = 0, vx = v0 cos 0 , sx = v0 cos 0 t
When it hits the ground, we have
2v0 sin 0
1
0 = gt 2 + v0 sin 0 t t =
2
g
R = v0 cos 0 t R =
v0 2 sin 20
g
a)
0 = 30 R = 35.3 m
b)
0 = 45 R = 40.8 m
c)
0 = 60 R = 35.3 m

Problem 13.71 A projectile is launched from ground

level with an initial velocity v0 = 20 m/s. What initial
angle 0 above the horizontal causes the range R to be
a maximum, and what is the maximum range?
Solution: From 13.70 we know that
R=
v0 2 sin 20
,
g
R(45 ) =
2v0 2 cos 20
dR
=
= 0 0 = 45
d0
g
v0 2 sin(90 )
v0 2
=
g
g
Putting in the numbers for this problem,

0 = 45 ,
R = 40.8 m

Problem 13.72 Suppose that you are designing a

mortar to launch a rescue line from coast guard vessel
to ships in distress. The light line is attached to a weight
fired by the mortar. Neglect aerodynamic drag and the
weight of the line for your preliminary analysis. If you
want the line to be able to reach a ship 300 ft away
when the mortar is fired at 45 above the horizontal,
what muzzle velocity is required?
Solution: From 13.70 we know that
v0 2 sin 20
R=
v0 =
g

v0 =
y
45
72

Rg
sin 20
(300 ft)(32.2 ft/s2 )

= 98.3 ft/s
sin(90 )

Problem 13.73 In Problem 13.72, what maximum

height above the point where it was fired is reached by
the weight?
Solution: From Problem 13.70 we have
vy = gt + v0 sin 0 ,
1
sy = gt 2 + v0 sin 0 t
2
When we reach the maximum height,

0 = gt + v0 sin 0 t =
v0 sin 0
g
1
1
h = gt 2 + v0 sin 0 t h = g
2
2
h=
v0 sin 0
g
2
+ v0 sin 0
v0 sin 0
g
v0 2 sin2 0
2g
Putting in the numbers we have

h=
(98.3 ft/s)2 sin2 (45 )

2(32.2 ft/s2 )
= 75 ft

Problem 13.74 When the athlete releases the shot, it is

7 ft above the ground. The horizontal distance the shot
travels from the point of release to the point where it
hits the ground is 60 ft. What was the initial velocity v0
of the shot?
30
Solution:
ay = 32.2 ft/s2 , vy = (32.2 ft/s2 )t + v0 sin 30
sy = (16.1 ft/s2 )t 2 + v0 sin 30 t + 7 ft

When it hits the ground we have
60 ft = v0 cos 30 t
0 = (16.1 ft/s2 )t 2 + v0 sin 30 t + 7 ft

Solving simultaneously we find
t = 1.608 s,
v0 = 43.08 ft/s

Problem 13.75 A pilot wants to drop survey markers

at remote locations in the Australian outback. If he flies
at a constant velocity v0 = 40 m/s at altitude h = 30 m
and the marker is released with zero velocity relative to
the plane, at what horizontal d from the desired impact
point should the marker be released?
Solution: We want to find the horizontal distance traveled by the

marker before it strikes the ground (y goes to zero for t > 0.)
ax = 0
v x = v x0
x = x0 + vx0 t
ay = g
vy = vy0 gt
y = y0 + vy0 t gt 2 /2
From the problem statement, x0 = 0, vy0 = 0, vx0 = 40 m/s, and y0 =

30 m The equation for y becomes
y = 30 (9.81)t 2 /2
Solving with y = 0, we get tf = 2.47 s.
Substituting this into the equation for x, we get
xf = 40tf = 98.9 m

Problem 13.76 If the pitching wedge the golfer is

using gives the ball an initial angle 0 = 50 , what range
of velocities v0 will cause the ball to land within 3 ft of
the hole? (Assume the hole lies in the plane of the balls
trajectory).
Strategy: We need to find the velocities which cause
the ball to pass through the points (27,3) ft (3 feet short
of the hole) and (33,3) feet (3 feet beyond the hole).
v0
3 ft
30 ft
Solution: Set the coordinate origin at the point where the golfer
strikes the ball. The motion in the horizontal (x) direction is given by
ax = 0, Vx = V0 cos 0 , x = (V0 cos 0 )t. The motion in the vertical
(y) direction is given by
ay = g,
Vy = V0 sin 0 gt,
y = (V0 sin 0 )t
gt 2
.
2
From the x equation, we can find the time at which the ball reaches
the required value of x (27 or 33 feet). This time is
tf = xf /(V0 cos 0 ).
We can substitute this information the equation for Y with Yf = 3 ft
and solve for V0 . The results are: For hitting (27,3) feet, V0 = 31.2 ft/s.
For hitting (33,3) feet, V0 = 34.2 ft/s.

Second
base
90
Problem 13.77 A batter strikes a baseball 3 ft above

home plate and pops it up. The second baseman catches
it 6 ft above second base 3.68 s after it was hit.
What was the balls initial velocity, and what was
the angle between the balls initial velocity vector and
the horizontal?
ft
ay = g
vx = v0 cos 0
vy = gt + v0 sin 0
sx = v0 cos 0 t
1
sy = gt 2 + v0 sin 0 t + 3 ft
2
90
ax = 0
ft
Solution: The equations of motion g = 32.2 ft/s2
When the second baseman catches the ball we have
Home plate
127.3 ft = v0 cos 0 (3.68 s)

1
6 ft = (32.2 ft/s2 )(3.68 s)2 + v0 sin 0 (3.68 s)
2
Solving simultaneously we find
v0 = 70.02 ft/s,
0 = 60.4

Problem 13.78 A baseball pitcher releases a fastball

with an initial velocity v0 = 90 mi/h. Let be the initial
angle of the balls velocity vector above the horizontal.
When it is released, the ball is 6 ft above the ground
and 58 ft from the batters plate. The batters strike
zone extends from 1 ft 10 in. above the ground to 4 ft
6 in. above the ground. Neglecting aerodynamic effects,
determine whether the ball will hit the strike zone (a) if
= 1 ; (b) if = 2 .
4 ft 6 in
1 ft 10 in
58 ft
Solution: The initial velocity is v0 = 90 mi/h = 132 ft/s. The

velocity equations are
(1)
dvx
= 0, from which vx = v0 cos .
dt
(2)
dvy
= g, from which vy = gt + v0 sin .
dt
(3)
dx
= v0 cos , from which x(t) = v0 cos t, since the initial
dt
position is zero.
(4)
dy
= gt + v0 sin , from which
dt
Substitute:
y(tp ) = h =
g
2
d
v0 cos
2
+ d tan + 6.
For = 1 , h = 3.91 ft , Yes, the pitcher hits the strike zone.

For = 2 , h = 4.92 ft No, the pitcher misses the strike zone.
g
y(t) = t 2 + v0 sin t + 6,
2
since the initial position is y(0) = 6 ft. At a distance d = 58 ft,
the height is h. The time of passage across the home plate is
x(tp ) = d = v0 cos tp , from which
tp =
d
.
v0 cos

Problem 13.79 In Problem 13.78, assume that

pitcher releases the ball at an angle = 1 above
horizontal, and determine the range of velocities v0
ft/s) within which he must release the ball to hit
strike zone.
the
the
(in
the
Solution: From the solution to Problem 13.78,

h=
g
2
d
v0 cos
2
+ d tan + 6,
where d = 58 ft, and 4.5 h 1.833 ft. Solve for the initial velocity:

v0 =
2 cos2
gd 2
.
(d tan + 6 h)
For h = 4.5, v0 = 146.8 ft/s. For h = 1.833, v0 = 102.2 ft/s. The

pitcher will hit the strike zone for velocities of release of
102.2 v0 146.8 ft/s ,
and a release angle of = 1 . Check: The range of velocities in miles
per hour is 69.7 mph v0 100.1 mph, which is within the range of
major league pitchers, although the 100 mph upper value is achievable
only by a talented few (Nolan Ryan, while with the Houston Astros,
would occasionally in a game throw a 105 mph fast ball, as measured
by hand held radar from behind the plate).

Problem 13.80 A zoology student is provided with a

bow and an arrow tipped with a syringe of sedative
and is assigned to measure the temperature of a black
rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis). The range of his bow
when it is fully drawn and aimed 45 above the horizontal is 100 m. A truculent rhino charges straight toward
him at 30 km/h. If he fully draws his bow and aims 20
above the horizontal, how far away should the rhino be
when the student releases the arrow?
20
Solution: The strategy is (a) to determine the range and flight time
of the arrow when aimed 20 above the horizontal, (b) to determine the
distance traveled by the rhino during this flight time, and then (c) to
add this distance to the range of the arrow. Neglect aerodynamic drag
on the arrow. The equations for the trajectory are: Denote the constants
of integration by Vx , Vy , Cx , Cy , and the velocity of the arrow by VA .
(1)
dvx
= 0, from which vx = Vx . At t = 0, Vx = VA cos .
dt
(2)
dvy
= g, from which vy = gt + Vy . At t = 0, Vy =
dt
VA sin .
(3)
(4)
dx
= vx = VA cos , from which x(t) = VA cos t + Cx . At t =
dt
0, x(0) = 0, from which Cx = 0.
dy
= vy = gt + VA sin , from which
dt
g
y = t 2 + VA sin t + Cy .
2
At t = 0, y = 0, from which Cy = 0. The time of flight is
given by
g

y(tflight ) = 0 = tflight + VA sin tflight ,
2
from which
tflight =
2VA sin
.
g
The range is given by

x(tflight ) = R = VA cos tflight =
2VA2 cos sin

.
g
The maximum range (100 meters) occurs when the arrow is

aimed 45 above the horizon. Solve for the arrow velocity: VA =
gRmax = 31.3 m/s. The time of flight when the angle is 20 is

tflight =
2VA sin
= 2.18 s,
g
and the range is R = VA cos tflight = 64.3 m. The speed of

the rhino is 30 km/h = 8.33 m/s. The rhino travels a distance
d = 8.33(2.18) = 18.2 m. The required range when the arrow is
released is
d + R = 82.5 m .

Problem 13.81 The crossbar of the goalposts in

American football is yc = 10 ft above the ground. To
kick a field goal, the ball must make the ball go between
the two uprights supporting the crossbar and be above
the crossbar when it does so. Suppose that the kicker
attempts a 40-yard field goal (xc = 120 ft), and kicks
the ball with an initial velocity v0 = 70 ft/s and 0 =
40 . By what vertical distance does the ball clear the
crossbar?
yc
v0
xc
Solution: Set the coordinate origin at the point where the ball
is kicked. The x (horizontal) motion of the ball is given by ax = 0,
Vx = V0 cos 0 , x = (V0 cos 0 )t. The y motion is given by ay = g,
gt 2
Vy = V0 sin 0 gt, y = (V0 sin 0 )t
. Set x = xc = 120 ft and
2
find the time tc at which the ball crossed the plane of the goal posts.
Substitute this time into the y equation to find the y coordinate YB
of the ball as it passes over the crossbar. Substituting in the numbers
(g = 32.2 ft/s2 ), we get tc = 2.24 s and yB = 20.06 ft. Thus, the ball
clears the crossbar by 10.06 feet.

Problem 13.82 An American football quarterback

stands at A. At the instant the quarterback throws the
football, the receiver is at B running at 20 ft/s toward
C, where he catches the ball. The ball is thrown at an
angle of 45 above the horizontal, and it is thrown and
caught at the same height above the ground. Determine
the magnitude of the balls initial velocity and the length
of time it is in the air.
Receivers
path
Solution: Set x as the horizontal motion of the football, y as the

vertical motion of the football and z as the horizontal motion of the
receiver. Set g = 32.2 ft/s2 , 0 = 45 . We have
Path of the ball
az = 0, vz = 20 ft/s, sz = (20 ft/s)t

1
ay = g, vy = gt + v0 sin 0 , sy = gt 2 + v0 sin 0 t
2
90
When the ball is caught we have
A
B
sz = (20 ft/s)t
30 ft
1
0 = gt 2 + v0 sin 0 t
2
sx = v0 cos 0 t
sx 2 = sz 2 + (30 ft)2
We can solve these four equations for the four unknowns sx , sz , v0 , t
We find
t = 1.67 s,
v0 = 38.02 ft/s

Problem 13.83 The cliff divers of Acapulco, Mexico

must time their dives that they enter the water at the
crest (high point) of a wave. The crests of the waves
are 1 m above the mean water depth h =
4 m. The
horizontal velocity of the waves is equal to gh. The
divers aiming point is 2 m out from the base of the cliff.
Assume that his velocity is horizontal when he begins
the dive.
(a)
What is the magnitude of the drivers velocity when

he enters the water?
(b)
How far from his aiming point must a wave crest

be when he dives in order for him to enter the water
at the crest?
26 m
1m
Solution:
h
6.4 m
t = 0, vy = 0, y = 27 m, x0 = 0
2m
ay = g = 9.81 m/s
Vy = Vy00 gt
y = y0 gt 2/2
27 m
y = 1 m at tIMPACT
for an ideal dive to hit the crest of the wave
t1 = tIMPACT = 2.30 s
Vy (t1 ) = 22.59 m/s
8.4 m
ax = 0
Vx = Vx0
XI = Vx0 t1 + X0
At impact XI = 8.4 m.
For impact to occur as planned, then
Vx = 8.4/t1 = 3.65 m/s = constant
The velocity at impact is
(a) |V | =
(Vx )2 + [Vy (t1 )]2 = 22.9 m/s
The wave moves at gh = 6.26 m/s.

The wave crest travels 2.30 seconds while the diver is in their s =
ght1 = 14.4 m.

Problem 13.84 A projectile is launched at 10 m/s from

a sloping surface. The angle = 80 . Determine the
range R.
10 m/s
30
a
Solution: Set g = 9.81 m/s2 , v0 = 10 m/s.

The equations of motion are
ax = 0, vx = v0 cos(80 30 ), sx = v0 cos 50 t
1
ay = g, vy = gt + v0 sin(80 30 )t, sy = gt 2 + v0 sin 50 t

2
When the projectile hits we have
R cos 30 = v0 cos 50 t
t = 2.32 s,
R = 17.21 m
R sin 30 = gt 2 + v0 sin 50 t
2

Problem 13.85 A projectile is launched at 100 ft/s at

60 above the horizontal. The surface on which it lands
is described by the equation shown. Determine the point
of impact.
Strategy: Find the equations for the x and y coordinates of the projectile and substitute them into the
equation for the surface. Solve for the time of impact
then substitute this time back into the equations for the
x and y coordinates of the projectile.
100 ft/s
60
x
y = 0.001x 2
Solution: The motion in the x direction is ax = 0, vx = V0 cos 0 ,

x = (V0 cos 0 )t, and the motion in the y direction is given by
ay = g, vy = (V0 sin 0 ) gt, y = (V0 sin 0 )t gt 2 /2. We know
that V0 = 100 ft/s and 0 = 60 . The equation of the surface upon
which the projectile impacts is y = 0.001x 2 . Thus, the time of
impact, tI , can be determined by substituting the values of x and
y from the motion equations into the equation for the surface.
t2
Hence, we get (V0 sin 0 )tI g I = 0.001(V0 cos 0 )2 tI2 . Evaluating
2
with the known values, we get tI = 6.37 s Substituting this value
into the motion equations reveals that impact occurs at (x, y) =
(318.4, 101.4) ft.

Problem 13.86 At t = 0, a steel ball in a tank of oil

is given a horizontal velocity v = 2i (m/s). The components of the balls acceleration in m/s2 are ax = 1.2vx ,
ay = 8 1.2vy , az = 1.2vz . What is the velocity of
the ball at t = 1 s?
Solution: Assume that the effect of gravity is included in the given

accelerations. The equations for the path are obtained from:
(1)
dvx
= ax = 1.2vx . Separate variables and integrate:
dt
dvx
= 1.2 dt,
vx
from which ln(vx ) = 1.2t + Vx . At t = 0, vx (0) = 2, from
which
ln
v
x
= 1.2t.
Inverting: vx (t) = 2e1.2t .

(2)
dvy
= ay = 8 1.2vy . Separate variables and integrate:
dt
dvy
= 1.2 dt,
8
+ vy
1.2
from which

ln
8
+ vy
1.2

= 1.2t + Vy .
At t = 0, vy (0) = 0, from

1.2
ln 1 +
vy = 1.2t.
8
Inverting: vy (t) =
(3)
8 1.2t
1).
(e
1.2
dvz
= az = 1.2vz , from which ln(vz ) = 1.2t + Vz . Invert to
dt
obtain vz (t) = Vz e1.2t . At t = 0, vz (0) = 0, hence Vz = 0 and
vz (t) = 0. At t = 1 second,
vx (1) = 2e1.2 = 0.6024 m/s , and

vy (1) =

8
(1 e1.2 ) = 4.66 m/s , or
12
v = 0.602i 4.66j (m/s) .

Problem 13.87 In Problem 13.86, what is the position

of the ball at t = 1 s relative to its position at t = 0?
At t = 0, y(0) = 0, from which
Solution: Use the solution for the velocity components from Problem 13.86. The equations for the coordinates:
(1)

x(t) =

2
e1.2t + Cx .
1.2
At t = 0, x(0) = 0, from which

dy
=
dt
(3)
8
1.2

e1.2t
1
+t
.
1.2
1.2
Since vz (0) = 0 and z(0) = 0, then z(t) = 0. At t = 1,

x(1) =

2
(1 e1.2 ) = 1.165 m .
1.2

2
(1 e1.2t ).
1.2
y(1) =

8
(e1.2t 1), from which
1.2
r = 1.165i 2.784j (m) .
x(t) =
(2)

y(t) =
dx
= vx = 2e1.2t , from which
dt

y(t) =
8
1.2
8
1.2
e1.2
1
+1
1.2
1.2

= 2.784 m , or

e1.2t
+ t + Cy .
1.2

Problem 13.88 The point P moves along a circular

path with radius R. Show that the magnitude of its velocity is |v| = R|d/dt|.
Strategy:
Use Eqs. 13.23
Solution:
x = R cos
y = R sin

vx = R sin

vy = R cos
|V| =
d
dt
R 2 sin2
|V| =

Vx2 + Vy2
|V| =
d
dt
R2
d
dt
d
dt
2

+ R 2 cos2
d
dt
2
2
(sin2 + cos2 )

d
|V| = R
dt

If y = 150 mm,
Problem 13.89
dy
= 300 mm/s, and
dt
d 2y
= 0, what are the magnitudes of the velocity and
dt 2
acceleration of point P ?
Solution: The equation for the location of the point P is R 2 =

x2
+ y2,
from which x =
(R 2
1
y2) 2
= 0.2598 m, and
y dy
dx
=
= 0.1732 m/s,
dt
x
dt
y
300 mm
d2x
dt 2
1
x
dy
dt
2
+
y
x2
dx
dt
dy
dt
y d2y
x
dt 2
= 0.4619 m/s2 .
The magnitudes are:

|vP | =

|ap | =
dx
dt
2
d2x
dt 2
2
dy
dt

+
2
d2y
dt 2
= 0.3464 m/s
2
= 0.4619 m/s2

Problem 13.90 A car travels at a constant speed of

100 km/h on a straight road of increasing grade whose
vertical profile can be approximated by the equation
shown. When the cars horizontal coordinate is x =
400 m, what is the cars acceleration?
y = 0.0003x 2
Solution: Denote C = 0.0003 and V = 100 km/h = 27.78 m/s. The

magnitude of the constant velocity is

V =
dy
dt
2
+
dx
dt
2
The equation for the road is y = Cx 2 from which

dy
= 2Cx
dt
dx
dt
dx
is positive (car is moving to right in sketch). The acceleration is
dt
d2x
d
=
dt 2
dt
V

(2Cx)2 + 1

=
4C 2 V x
3
((2Cx)2 + 1) 2
dx
dt

.
= 0.0993 m/s2

.
d2y
= 2C
dt 2
dx
dt
2

+ 2Cx
d2x
dt 2

= 0.4139 m/s2 , or
Substitute and solve:

dx
V
=
= 27.01 m/s.
dt
(2Cx)2 + 1
a = 0.099i + 0.414j(m/s2 )

Problem 13.91 Suppose that a projectile has the initial

conditions shown in Fig. 13.18. Show that in terms of
the x y coordinate system with its origin at the highest point of the trajectory, the equation describing the
trajectory is
y =
g
(x )2 .
2v02 cos2 0
Solution: The initial conditions are t = 0, x(0) = 0, y(0) = 0,
vx (0) = v0 cos 0 , and vy (0) = v0 sin 0 . The accelerations are ax (t) =

0, ay (t) = g. The path of the projectile in the x, y system is obtained
by solving the differential equations subject to the initial conditions:
g
x(t) = (v0 cos 0 )t, y(t) = t 2 + (v0 sin 0 )t
2
Eliminate t from the equations by substituting
t=
x
v0 cos 0
Substitute xp =
y =
v02 cos 0 sin 0

,
g
v 2 sin2 0
v 2 sin2 0
g(x )2
0
x tan 0 + x tan 0 + 0
2
2
2g
g
2v0 cos 0
v02 sin2 0
.
2g
y =
g
(x )2
2v02 cos2 0
to obtain
y(x) =
gx 2
+ x tan 0 .
2v02 cos2 0
At the peak,

dy

dx
= 0,
peak
from which
and
xp =
v02 cos 0 sin 0

,
g
yp =
v02 sin2 0
.
2g
The primed coordinates: y = y yp

reduce:
x = x xp . Substitute and
y =
g(x + xp )2
+ (x + xp ) tan 0 yp .
2v02 cos2 0
y =
g
((x )2 + xp2 + 2x xp ) + (x + xp ) tan 0
2v02 cos2 0
v02 sin2 0
.
2g

Problem 13.92 The acceleration components of a

point are ax = 4 cos 2t, ay = 4 sin 2t, az = 0. At
t = 0, its position and velocity are r = i, v = 2j. Show
that (a) the magnitude of the velocity is constant; (b) the
velocity and acceleration vectors are perpendicular; (c)
the magnitude of the acceleration is constant and points
toward the origin; (d) the trajectory of a point is a circle
with its center at the origin.
Solution: The equations for the path are
(1)
(2)
(3)
dvx
= ax = 4 cos(2t), from which vx (t) = 2 sin(2t) + Vx .
dt
dx
At t = 0, vx (0) = 0, from which Vx = 0.
= vx = 2 sin(2t),
dt
from which x(t) = cos(2t) + Cx . At t = 0, x(0) = 1, from which
Cx = 0.
(b)
The velocity is v(t) = i2 sin(2t) + j2 cos(2t). The acceleration is a(t) = i4 cos(2t) j4 sin(2t). If the two are
perpendicular, the dot product should vanish: a(t) v(t) =
(2 sin(2t))(4 cos(2t)) + (2 cos(2t))(4 sin(2t)) = 0,
and it does
(c) The magnitude of the acceleration:

|a| =

(4 cos(2t))2 + (4 sin(2t))2 = 4 = const .
dvy
= ay = 4 sin(2t), from which vy (t) = 2 cos(2t) + Vy . At
dt
dy
t = 0, vy (0) = 2, from which Vy = 0.
= vy = 2 cos(2t),
dt
from which y(t) = sin(2t) + Cy . At t = 0, y(0) = 0, from which
Cy = 0.
The unit vector parallel to the acceleration is
For az = 0 and zero initial conditions, it follows that vz (t) = 0

and z(t) = 0.
(a) The magnitude of the velocity is
which always points to the origin.

|v| = (2 sin(2t))2 + (2 cos(2t))2 = 2 = const.
e=
(d)
a
= i cos(2t) j sin(2t),
|a|
The trajectory path is x(t) = cos(2t) and y(t) = sin(2t).

These satisfy the condition for a circle of radius 1:
1 = x2 + y2

Problem 13.93 When an airplane touches down at

t = 0, a stationary wheel is subjected to a constant angular acceleration = 110 rad/s2 until t = 1 s.
(a)
What is the wheels angular velocity at t = 1 s?
(b)
At t = 0, the angle = 0. Determine in radians

and in revolutions at t = 1 s.
Solution:
= 110 rad/s2
= t + 0
= ( 12 t 2 ) + 0 t + 0
From the problem statement, 0 = 0 = 0
(a)
At t = 1 s,
= (110)(1) + 0 = 110 rad/s
(b)
At t = 1 s,
= 110(1)2 /2 = 55 radians
(8.75 revolutions)

Problem 13.94 Let L be a line from the center of the

earth to a fixed point on the equator, and let L0 be a fixed
reference direction. The figure shows the earth seen from
above the North Pole.
(a)
Is d/dt positive or negative?
(b)
What is the magnitude of d/dt in rad/s?
L0
Solution:
(a)
(b)
Positive. The earth rotates such that a point on the equator moves
eastward.
rad
2
=
= 7.27 105 rad/s
24(3600) s
L0
Actually, earth rotates 2 radians in 23 hours 56 min 4.01 s. Noon to

Noon is 24 hrs. (The earth moves about 1 around its orbit each day.)

Problem 13.95 The angular acceleration of the line L

relative to the line L0 is given as a function of time by
= 2.5 1.2t rad/s2 . At t = 0, = 0 and the angular
velocity of L relative to L0 is = 5 rad/s. Determine
and at t = 3 s.
u
L0
Solution:
= 2.5 1.2t
= 2.5t 0.6t 2 + 5
= 1.25t 2 0.2t 3 + 5t
(3) = 1.25(3)2 0.2(3)3 + 5(3) = 20.85 rad

(3) = 2.5(3) 0.6(3)2 + 5 = 7.1 rad/s

Problem 13.96 The angular acceleration of the line

L shown in Problem 13.95 relative to the line L0 is
given = 22 rad/s2 where is the angular velocity
in rad/s. When = 30 , the angular velocity is 10 rad/s.
What is the angular velocity when = 60 ?
Strategy: Use the chain rule to write the angular acceleration as
d d
d
d
=
=
.
=
dt
d dt
d
Solution:
=

ln
d
= 22
d
10 rad/s

= 2
10 rad/s

3
d
=
/3
2d
/6

=
6
3
= (10 rad/s)e/3 = 3.509 rad/s

Problem 13.97 The stationary astronaut activates

hydrogen peroxide jets that give him a constant angular
acceleration = 0.4 rad/s2 for 2 s. He then turns off the
jets and rotates with constant angular velocity. From the
time he activates the jets, how long does it take him to
rotate 180 relative to his original position?
Solution: The motion has two parts, the angular acceleration phase
and the constant angular velocity phase. Angular Acceleration Phase:
0 = 0, 0 = 0
=
d
= 0.4 rad/s2
dt
2 =

2 =
0
dt = t|20 = 0.8 rad/s
t dt = t 2 /2|20 = 0.8 rad
Constant Angular Velocity Phase:

= 2 + 2 (t 2) rad
We want f = 180 = radians
= 0.8 + 0.8(tf 2)
Solving tf =
+ 0.8
s
0.8
tf = 4.93 s

Problem 13.98 The hydroelectric generator is started

from rest. Its angular acceleration is given by = 6
0.2 rad/s2 , where is the angular velocity in rad/s.
What is the angular velocity of the generator 10 s after
it is started?
Solution:
=
d
= 6 0.2
dt
5 ln
6 0.2
6

0
d
=
6 0.2
10 s
dt
0
= 10 = 30(1 e2 )
= 25.9 rad/s

Problem 13.99 The rotor of an electric generator is

rotating at 200 rpm when the motor is turned off. Due
to frictional effects, the angular deceleration of the rotor
after it is turned off is = 0.01 rad/s2 , where is
the angular velocity in rad/s. How many revolutions does
the rotor turn after the motor is turned off?
Solution: The angular velocity at t = 0 is
(0) = 200
rev 1 min 2 rad

= 20.944 rad/s.
min
60 s
rev
from which (t) = 2094.4e0.01t + C. Count the angular travel from

the time the motor is turned off, from which (0) = 0, and C = 2094.4,
and (t) = 2094.4(1 e0.01t ). The rotor comes to rest at a time so
great that
The angular velocity at time t is given by
0 = lim (20.944e0.01t ) 0.
d
= = 0.01.
dt
Substitute e0.01t 0 into the angular travel to obtain
total = 2094.4 rad
revs
= 333.33 revs
2 rad
d
= 0.01 dt,
from which ln() = 0.01t + C. Invert to obtain (t) = Ce0.01t .

At t = 0, (0) = 20.944 rad/s, from which C = 20.944. The angular
travel is
d
= = 20.944e0.01t ,
dt

Problem 13.100 The needle of a measuring instrument

is connected to a torsional spring that gives it an angular acceleration = 4 rad/s2 , where is the needles
angular position in radians relative to a reference direction. The needle is given an angular velocity = 2 rad/s
in the position = 0.
(a)
(b)
What is the magnitude of the needles angular

velocity when = 30 ?
What maximum angle does the needle reach
before it rebounds?
Solution:
=
d
= 4
d

d = 4
22
2
= 2 2
2
2

= 2 1 2
(a)
(b)

= 2 1 (/6)2 = 1.704 rad/s
Maximum angle means = 0.
= 1 rad = 57.3

Problem 13.101 The angle measures the direction of

the unit vector e relative to the x axis. The angular velocity of e is = d/dt = 2 rad/s, constant. Determine the
derivative de/dt when = 90 in two ways:
(a)
(b)
Use Eq. (13.33).

Express the vector e in terms of its x and y components and take its time derivative of e.
Solution:
when = 90 , n = i
de
= 2i rad/s when = 90
dt
de
d
=
n = n
dt
dt
(a)
(b)
= d = 2 rad/s
dt
= 90
e = (1) cos i + (1) sin j

de
= sin
dt
d
dt

i + cos
d
dt

j
Evaluating at = 90
de
d
= i = 2i rad/s
dt
dt

Problem 13.102 The angle measures the direction

of the unit vector e relative to the x axis. The angle is
given as a function of time by = 2t 2 rad. What is the
vector de/dt at t = 4 s?
Solution: By definition:
de
=
dt
d
dt

n,
where

n = i cos +
+ j sin +
2
2
The angle is = [mod(2t 2 , 2 )]t=4 = mod(32, 2 ) = 0.5841 rad,

where mod(x, y) (modulus) is a standard function that returns the
remainder of division of the first argument by the second. From which,

de
dt

t=4

+ j sin 0.5841 +
= 16 i cos 0.5841 +
2
2
= 8.823i + 13.35j
is a unit vector in the direction of positive . The angular rate of

change is

d
dt

= [4t]t=4 = 16 rad/s.
t=4

Problem 13.103 The line OP is of constant length R.

The angle = 0 t, where 0 is a constant.
(a)
(b)
dx
dy
and vy =
to deterdt
dt
mine the velocity of P relative to O.
Use Eq. (13.33) to determine the velocity of P relative to O, and confirm that your result agrees with
the result of (a).
Use the relations vx =
Strategy: In part (b), write the position vector of P

relative to O as r = Re where e is a unit vector that
points from O toward P .
Solution:
(a)
(b)
Note that P = Re, and
de
dP
=R
when R is constant. Use the
dt
dt
The point P is described by P = ix + jy. Take the derivative:
definition (Eq. (13.33)),

dx
dy
dP
=i
+j
.
dt
dt
dt
de
=
dt
The coordinates are related to the angle by x = R cos , y =

R sin . Take the derivative and note that R is a constant and
= 0 t, so that
where n is a unit vector in the direction of positive , (i.e., perpendicular to e). Thus
dx
d
= 0 :
= R sin
dt
dt
dy
= R cos
dt
d
dt
d
dt

,

.
d
dt

n,

+ j sin +
.
n = i cos +
2
2
Use the trigonometric sum-of-angles identities to obtain: n =
i sin + j cos . Substitute,
dP
= R0 (i sin(0 t) + j cos(0 t))
dt
Substitute into the derivative of the vector P,

dP
=R
dt
d
dt
The results are the same.

(i sin + j cos )
= R0 (i sin(0 t) + j cos(0 t))

which is the velocity of the point P relative to the origin O.

Problem 13.104 The armature of an electric motor

rotates with a constant angular velocity of 400 rpm
(revolutions per minute).
P
(a)
(b)
What is the magnitude of the velocity of point P

relative to point O?
What are the normal and tangential components of
the acceleration of P relative to O?
80 mm
Solution:

(a)
vP /O = (0.08 m)(400 rpm)
(b)
at = 0, an =
2 rad
1 rev
1 min
60 s

= 3.35 m/s
(vP /O )2
= 140.4 m/s2
0.08 m

Problem 13.105 The armature shown in Problem

13.104 starts from rest at t = 0. Its angular acceleration
is given as a function of time by = 2t m/s2 . Determine
the velocity and acceleration of point P relative to point
O in terms of normal and tangential components at
t = 10 s.
1
3
Solution: = 2t, = t 2 , = t 3
vP = (0.08)(10)2 = 8 m/s
aP t = (0.08)2(10) = 1.6 m/s2
vP = (8et ) m/s2
aP = (1.6et + 800en ) m/s2
aP n = (0.08)(10)4 = 800 m/s2

Problem 13.106 Suppose you want to design a medical centrifuge to subject samples to a normal acceleration
of 1000 gs. (a) If the distance from the center of the
centrifuge to the sample is 300 mm, what speed of rotation in rpm is necessary? (b) If you want the centrifuge
to reach its design rpm in 1 min, what constant angular
acceleration is necessary?
300 mm
Solution:
(a)
The normal acceleration at a constant rotation rate is an = R2 ,

giving

=
an
=
R
(1000)9.81
= 180.83 rad/s.
0.3
The speed in rpm is

N =
(b)
rad
s
1 rev
2 rad
60 s
1 min

= 1730 rpm .
The angular acceleration is

=
180.83
=
= 3.01 rad/s2
t
60

Problem 13.107 The medical centrifuge shown in

Problem 13.106 starts from rest at t = 0 and is subjected
to a constant angular acceleration = 3 rad/s2 . What
is the magnitude of the total acceleration to which the
samples are subjected at t = 1 s?
Solution: = 3, = 3t, = 1.5t 2
at = (0.3 m)(3 rad/s2 ) = 0.9 m/s2
an = (0.3 m)(3 rad/s)2 = 2.7 m/s2
a=

(0.9)2 + (2.7)2 m/s2 = 2.85 m/s2

Problem 13.108 The radial distance from the axis of

the centrifuge in Fig. 13.38 to the sample container is
8 m. Suppose that you want to subject a sample to a
normal acceleration of 100gs.
(a)
(b)
What speed of rotation in rpm is necessary?

If you want the centrifuge to reach the rpm determined in part (a) in 2 min, what constant angular
acceleration is necessary?
Solution: r = 8 m
(a)
aN = 2 r = 981 m/s2
2
= 981/8 rad
an
/s2
= 11.07 rad/s
8m
= 106 rpm
(b)
d
= , constant
dt
= 0 + t
0 = 0
11.07 rad/s = (120 s)

= 0.0923 rad/s2

Problem 13.109 A powerboat being tested for maneuverability is started from rest at t = 0 and driven in
a circular path of 12 m radius. The tangential component of the boats acceleration as a function of time is
at = 0.4t m/s2 .
(a)
(b)
What are the boats velocity and acceleration in

terms of normal and tangential components at t =
4 s?
What distance does the boat move along its circular
path from t = 0 to t = 4 s?
Solution:
(a)
at = 0.4t m/s2
an = +v 2 /r
v = 0.2t 2 m/s
At t = 4 s,
a = 0.4tet + v 2 /ren
a = 1.6et + 0.853en
v = 3.2et m/s
(b)
s = 0.2t 3 /3
s|4s = 4.27 m

The angle = 2t 2 rad.
What are the velocity and acceleration of point P

in terms of normal and tangential components at
t = 1 s?
What distance along the circular path does point P
move from t = 0 to t = 1 s?
Problem 13.110
(a)
(b)
Solution:
= 2t 2
4m
(b)
s = R = 8t 2
= 8(1)2 = 8 m
d
= 4t =
dt
et
d2
rad
=4 2 =
dt 2
s
s = r = 4 = 8t 2
P
eN
vt = 16t m/s
4m
v = r = 4(4t) = 16t
at =
(a)
dv
= 16 m/s2
dt
v = 16(1)et m/s = 16 et (m/s)

a = Ret + R2 eN
a = (4)(4)et + (4)(42 )eN (m/s2 )
a = 16et + 64eN (m/s2 )

Problem 13.111 The angle = 2t 2 rad. What are the

velocity and acceleration of point P in terms of normal
and tangential components when P has gone one
revolution around the circular path starting at t = 0?
= 2t 2 rad
We want to know v and a when = 2 . Substituting into the first eqn,

we find that = 2 when t = t1 = 1.77 seconds. From the solution
to Problem 13.110,
= 4t rad/s
vt = 16tet and
= 4 rad/s2
s = 8t 2 m
vt = 16t m/s
at = 16 m/s2
a = Ret + R2 eN
Substituting in the time t1 , we get
vt = 28.4et (m/s)
a = 16et + 201.1eN (m/s2 )

Problem 13.112 At the instant shown, the crank AB

is rotating with a constant counterclockwise angular
velocity of 5000 rpm. Determine the velocity of point
B (a) in terms of normal and tangential components;
(b) in terms of cartesian components.
Solution:

= (5000 rpm)
2 rad
rev
min
60 sec

= 524 rad/s
45
B

1 ft
(524 rad/s)et = (87.3et ) ft/s
VB = (2 in.)
12 in.
(a)
VB = (87.3 ft/s)( cos 45 i sin 45 j) = (61.71i 61.71j) ft/s
(b)
in

Problem 13.113 The crank AB in Problem 13.112

is rotating with a constant counterclockwise angular
velocity of 5000 rpm. Determine the acceleration
of point B (a) in terms of normal and tangential
components; (b) in terms of cartesian components.
Solution:

= (5000 rpm)
2 rad
rev
at = 0, an = (2 in.)
1 ft
12 in.
min
60 sec

= 524 rad/s

(524 rad/s)2 = 45,693 ft/s2 45,700
(a)
aP = (45, 700en ) ft/s2
(b)
ap = (45,700 ft/s2 )(cos 45 i sin 45 j) = (32, 300i 32, 300j) ft/s2

Problem 13.114 Suppose that you are standing at

point P at 30 north latitude (that is, a point 30
north of the equator). The radius of the earth is RE =
6370 km. What are the magnitudes of your velocity and
acceleration relative to a nonrotating reference frame
with its origin at the center of the earth?
P
RE
30
Equator
Solution: Standing at 30 North latitude, your radius from the spin
axis of the earth is r = Re cos 30 .
Your velocity is given by
r
30
|v| = re
Re
and your acceleration is

|a| = e2 r.
e =
2 rad
= 7.27 105 rad/s.
(24 h)(3600 s/h)
e = 7.27 105 rad/s.
Hence
|v| = 401 m/s

|a| = 0.0292 m/s2

Problem 13.115 At the instant shown, the magnitude

of the airplanes velocity is 130 m/s, its tangential
component of acceleration is at = 4 m/s2 , and the rate
of change of its path angle is d/dt = 5 /s.
(a)
(b)
What are the airplanes velocity and acceleration

in terms of normal and tangential components?
What is the instantaneous radius of curvature of the
airplanes path?
Solution:
= (5 /s)
rad
180

=

36
rad/s
aP t = 4 m/s2 , an = (130 m/s) = 11.34 m/s2
(a)
(b)
vp = (130et ) m/s
ap = (4et + 11.34en ) m/s2
v2
(130 m/s)2
=
= 1490 m
an
11.34 m/s2

Problem 13.116 In the preliminary design of a sunpowered car, a group of engineering students estimates
that the cars acceleration will be 0.6 m/s2 . Suppose that
the car starts from rest at A and the tangential component of its acceleration is at = 0.6 m/s2 . What are the
cars velocity and acceleration in terms of normal and
tangential components when it reaches B?
50 m
B
A
200 m
Solution:
at = v
dv
= 0.6 m/s2
ds

0

vdv =
(0.6 m/s2 )ds
v 2 = 2(0.6 m/s2 )s
At point B

50
m vB = 18.28 m/s,
SB = 200 +
2
aBn =
vB2
= 6.68 m/s2
50 m
Thus
vB = (18.28et ) m/s
aB = (0.6et + 6.68en ) m/s2

Problem 13.117 After subjecting the car design

described in Problem 13.116 to wind tunnel testing,
the students estimate that the tangential component of
the cars acceleration will be at = 0.6 0.002v 2 m/s2 ,
where v is the cars velocity in m/s. If the car starts
from rest at A, what are its velocity and acceleration
in terms of normal and tangential components when it
reaches B?
Solution: At point B SB = 200 +

at = v
dv
= 0.6 0.002v 2
ds
vB = 14.20 m/s,
aBn =

0
vB
50
2

m
vdv
=
0.6 0.002v 2
sB
ds
0
vB2
= 4.03 m/s2
50 m
at = 0.6 0.002(14.20 m/s)2 = 0.197 m/s2

Thus
vB = (14.20et ) m/s
aB = (0.197et + 4.03en ) m/s2

Problem 13.118 Suppose that the tangential component of acceleration of the car described in Problem 13.117 is given in terms of the cars position by
at = 0.4 0.001s m/s2 , where s is the distance the car
travels along the track from point A. What are the cars
velocity and acceleration in terms of normal and tangential components at point B?
Solution:
at =
v

0
dv
dv ds
=
= 0.4 0.001s m/s2
dt
ds dt
dv
= 0.4 0.001s
ds
v dv =
SB
(0.4 0.001s) ds

S
0.001s 2 B
v2
= 0.4s

2
2
0
From Fig. P13.116, SB = 200 + 2/4 where = 50 m, so SB =
278.5 m
Solving for v,
v = 12.05 m/s
v = 12.05et (m/s)
a = (0.4 0.001sB )et + v 2 /eN (m/s2 )
Solving, a = 0.121et + 2.905eN (m/s2 )

Problem 13.119 A car increases its speed at a constant

rate from 40 mi/h at A to 60 mi/h at B. What is the
magnitude of its acceleration 2 s after the car passes
point A?
120 ft
30
Solution: Use the chain rule to obtain
A
30
dv
= a,
v
ds
80 ft
80 ft
100 ft
where a is constant. Separate variables and integrate: v 2 = 2as +

C. At

s = 0,
v(0) = 40
5280
3600

= 58.67 ft/s,
from which C = 3441.78. The acceleration is

a=
v2 C
2s
The distance traveled from A to B is

s = 2(80) + (30)

(120 + 100) = 275 ft,
180
The velocity is as a function of time is v(t) = v(0) + at = 58.67 +

7.817t ft/s. The distance from A is
s(t) = 58.67t +
7.817 2
t .
2
At a point 2 seconds past A, the distance is s(2) = 132.97 ft, and the
velocity is v(2) = 74.3 ft/s. The first part of the hill ends at 142.83,
so that at this point the car is still in the first part of the hill. The
tangential acceleration is at = 7.817 ft/s2 . The normal acceleration is
an =
v2
(74.3)2
=
= 46.0 ft/s2 .
R
120
and the speed in

[v(s)]s=275 = 60
5280
3600
The magnitude of the acceleration is

= 88 ft/s,
from the constant acceleration is

a=
3441.78
= 7.817 ft/s2 .
2(275)
(88)2
|a| =
7.8172 + 46.02 = 46.66 ft/s2
Note: This is a large accelerationthe driver (and passengers) would

no doubt be uncomfortable.

Problem 13.120 The car increases its speed at a constant rate from 40 mi/h at A to 60 mi/h at B. Determine the magnitude of its acceleration when it has traveled along the road a distance (a) 120 ft from A and
(b) 160 ft from A.
Solution: Use the solution in Problem 13.119.
(a)
The velocity at a distance 120 ft from A is

v(120) =
2as + C =
(2)(7.817)(120) + 3441.78
= 72.92 ft/s.
At 120 ft the car is in the first part of the hill. The tangential
acceleration is at = 7.817 ft/s2 from Problem 13.119. The normal
acceleration is
(b)
The velocity at distance 160 ft from A is

v(160) =
2(7.817)(160) + C = 77.1 ft/s.
At 160 ft the car is on the second part of the hill. The tangential
acceleration is unchanged: at = 7.817 ft/s2 . The normal acceleration is
an =
(v(160))2
5943.1
=
= 59.43 ft/s2 .
R
100

(72.92)2
(v(120))2
=
= 44.3 ft/s2 .
an =
R
120
|a| =
7.8172 + 59.432 = 59.94 ft/s2

[Note: The car will lift off from the road.]
|a| =
7.8172 + 44.32 = 45 ft/s

Problem 13.121 Astronaut candidates are to be tested

in a centrifuge with 10-m radius that rotates in the horizontal plane. Test engineers want to subject the candidates to an acceleration of 5 gs, or five times the
acceleration due to gravity. Earths gravity effectively
exerts an acceleration of 1 g in the vertical direction.
Determine the angular velocity of the centrifuge in revolutions per second so that the magnitude of the total
acceleration is 5 gs.
10 m
Solution:
an 2 + g 2 = (5g)2 an =
an = r2 =
24g

an /r

24(9.81 m/s2 )
=
= 2.19 rad/s
10m

Problem 13.122 After first-stage separation and before

the second-stage engines have fired, a rocket is moving at v = 3000 m/s and the angle between its velocity vector and the vertical is 60 . Because aerodynamic
forces are negligible, the rockets acceleration is that due
to gravity, which is 9.50 m/s2 at the rockets altitude.
Determine: (a) the normal and tangential components
of the rockets acceleration; and (b) the instantaneous
radius of curvature of the rockets path.
60
Solution: The components of the acceleration are aT = g cos(60 )

toward the rear of the rocket, and aN = g sin(60 ) normal to the axis
of the rocket directed 30 degrees away from straight down.
The normal acceleration is also given by aN = v 2 /r, where r is

the radius of curvature of the path. Substituting g = 9.50 m/s2 and
v = 3000 m/s into these relations, we get aT = 4.75 m/s2 , aN =
8.23 m/s2 , and r = 1094 km.

Problem 13.123 The athlete releases the shot with

velocity v = 16 m/s at 20 above the horizontal.
(a)
(b)
20
What are the velocity and acceleration of the shot

in terms of normal and tangential components when
it is at the highest point of its trajectory?
What is the instantaneous radius of curvature of
the shots path when it is at the highest point of its
trajectory?
Solution:
ax = 0
vx = vx0 = 16 cos 20 , vy0 = 16 sin 20
(c)
ay = 9.81 m/s
|aN | = v 2 /,
= v 2 /|an |
= (15)2 /9.81 = 23.0 m
vy = vy0 9.81t = 5.47 9.81t

At highest point, vy = 0
(a)
v = 16 cos 20 et = 15.0et (m/s)
(b)
a = 9.81en (m/s2 )
y
et
eN

Problem 13.124 At t = 0, the athlete releases the shot

with velocity v = 16 m/s.
(a)
(b)
What are the velocity and acceleration of the shot

in terms of normal and tangential components at
t = 0.3 s?
Use the relation an = v 2 / to determine the instantaneous radius of curvature of the shots path at
t = 0.3 s.

vx = 15.0 m/s vy = 5.47 9.81t m/s
v=

vx2 + vy2
At t = 0.3 s,
|an | = v 2 /
= v 2 /|an | = (15.2)2 /9.67
= 24.0 m
y
v = 15.2 m/s
v = 15.2et (m/s)
We have the following geometry
From the diagram
tan r = vy /vx
r = 9.55
et
en
Vy
x
9.81
Vx
m
s2
an
|an | = 9.81 cos r = 9.67 m/s2

at
|at | = 9.81 sin r = 1.63 m/s2

a = 1,63et + 9.67en (m/s2 )

Problem 13.125 At t = 0, the athlete releases the shot

with velocity v = 16 m/s. Use Eq. (13.42) to determine
the instantaneous radius of curvature of the shots path
at t = 0.3 s.
Solution:
1+
=
We now have y(x)

dy
dx
2 3/2
vy
dy
= 0 9.81
dx
v x0
2
d y

dx 2
We also know v0 = 16 m/s and
vy = vy0 9.81t, hence
vy0 = v0 sin 20 = 5.47 m/s
y = y0 + vy0 t 9.8/(t 2 /2),

Also, vx = vx0
y0 0
vx0 = v0 cos 20 = 15.04 m/s

At t = 0.3 s, x = 4.5 m,
tx0 0
Hence t = x/vx0 and

x
9.81
y = v y0 (
)
v x0
2
x
vx20
d2y
= 9.81/vx20
dx 2
From the solution to 13.123,
x = x0 + vx0
x
v x0
2
dy
= 0.168
dx
d2y
= 0.0434
dx 2
and = 24.0 m

Problem 13.126 The cartesian coordinates of a point

moving in the xy-plane are x = 20 + 4t 2 m, y = 10
t 3 m. What is the instantaneous radius of curvature of
the path of the point at t = 3 s?
Solution: The components of the velocity: v = 8ti (3t 2 )j.
At
t = 3 seconds, the magnitude of the velocity is |v|t=3 =
(8t)2 + (3t 2 )2 = 36.12 m/s. The components of the acceleration
are a = 8i (6t)j. The instantaneous path angle is
tan =
vy
3t 2
=
.
vx
8t
At t = 3 seconds, = 0.8442 rad. The unit vector parallel to the

path is et = i cos + j sin . The unit vector normal to the path pointing toward the instantaneous radial center is

+ j sin
= i sin j cos .
en = i cos
2
2
The normal acceleration is the component of acceleration in the direction of en . Thus, an = en a or an = 8 sin + (6t) cos . At t = 3
seconds, an = 5.98 m/s2 . The radius of curvature at t = 3 seconds is
=
|v|2
= 218 m
an

Problem 13.127 The helicopter starts from rest at t =

0. The cartesian components of its acceleration are ax =
0.6t m/s2 and ay = 1.8 0.36t m/s2 . Determine the tangential and normal components of its acceleration at
t = 6 s.
Solution: The solution will follow that of Example 13.11, with

the time changed to t = 6 s. The helicopter starts from rest (vx , vy ) =
(0, 0) at t = 0. Assume that motion starts at the origin (0, 0). The
equations for the motion in the x direction are ax = 0.6t m/s2 , vx =
0.3t 2 m/s, x = 0.1t 3 m, and the equations for motion in the y direction
are ay = 1.8 0.36t m/s2 , vy = 1.8t 0.18t 2 m/s, and y = 0.9t 2
0.06t 3 m. At t = 6 s, the variables have the values ax = 3.6 m/s2 ,
ay = 0.36 m/s2 , vx = 10.8 m/s, vy = 4.32 m/s, x = 21.6 m, and
y = 19.44 m. The magnitude of the velocity is given by
The normal acceleration component is given by

|v| = vx2 + vy2 = 11.63 m/s.
aN =
The magnitude of the acceleration is given by

|a| =

ax2 + ay2 = 3.62 m/s2 .

|a|2 aT2 = 1.67 m/s2
The unit vector in the tangential direction is given by

eT =
vx i + vy j
v
=
= 0.928i + 0.371j.
|v|
|v|
The tangential acceleration component is given by aT = a eT

= 0.928ax + 0.371ay = 3.21 m/s2 .

Problem 13.128 Use Eq. (13.42) to determine the

instantaneous radius of curvature of the path of the
helicopter in Problem 13.127 at t = 6 s.
Solution: Equation (13.42) is =
dy
1+
dx
2
d y

dx 2
2 3/2
.
We need y(x)for the path of the helicopter of Example 13.11.

We have x = 0.1t 3 and y = 0.9t 2 0.06t 3 . Solving the x relation for
t and substituting this into the y relation, we get y = (0.9)(10x)2/3
0.06(10x).
The derivatives required to evaluate the radius of curvature are
dy
=
dx
and

2
(0.9)(10)2/3 x 1/3 0.6,
3

2
d2y
1
=
(0.9) (10)2/3 x 4/3 .

dx 2
3
3
Substituting these into Equation (13.42), we get x = 21.6 m,
dy
=
dx
d2y
= 0.0154, and = 80.96 m. This agrees with the value
dx 2
|v|2
= 80.96 m using the values in Problem 13.128
found from =
aN
0.4,

Problem 13.129* For astronaut training, the airplane

shown is to achieve weightlessness for a short period
of time by flying along a path such that its acceleration
is ax = 0 and ay = g. If the velocity of the plane at
O at time t = 0 is v = v0 i, show that the autopilot must
fly the airplane so that its tangential component of the
acceleration as a function of time is

gt
v0
at = g
2 .
gt
1+
v0
x
O
Solution: The velocity of the path is v(t) = v0 i gtj. The path

angle is
: tan =
vy
gt
=
,
vx
v0
gt
sin =
.
2
v0 + (gt)2
The unit vector parallel to the velocity vector is e = i cos + j sin .
The acceleration vector is a = jg. The component of the acceleration
tangent to the flight path is at = g sin ., from which
gt
at = g
.
2
v0 + (gt)2
Divide by v0 ,

at = g 1 +
gt
v0
2 21
gt
v0

Problem 13.130* In Problem 13.129, what is the airplanes normal component of acceleration as a function
of time?
Solution: From Problem 13.129, the velocity is v(t) = v0 i gtj.

The flight path angle is , from which
v0
.
cos =
v02 + (gt)2
The unit vector parallel to the flight path is e = i cos + j sin . The
unit vector normal to e is

+ j sin
en = i cos
2
2
= i sin j cos ,
pointing toward the instantaneous radial center of the path. The acceleration is a = jg. The component parallel to the normal component
is an = g cos , from which
v0
an = g
=g 1+
v02 + (gt)2
gt
v0
2 12

If y = 100 mm,
Problem 13.131
dy
= 200 mm/s,
dt
d 2y
= 0, what are the velocity and acceleration of
dt 2
P in terms of normal and tangential components?
and
y
300 mm
Solution: The equation for the circular guide is R 2 = x 2 + y 2 ,

from which x = R 2 y 2 = 0.283 m, and
y dy
dx
=
= vx = 0.0707 m/s.
dt
x dt
The velocity of point P is vp = ivx + jvy , from which the velocity is

vx2 + vy2 = 0.212 m/s. The angular velocity
|v| =
=
|v|
= 0.7071 rad/s.
R
The angle is
= tan1
ax =
y
x
d
dvx
=
dt
dt
1
x
dy
dt
= 19.5

y dy
x dt
y
x2
2
dx
dt

dy
dt
y d2y
x
dt 2
= 0.1591 m/s2
The unit vector tangent to the path (normal to the radius vector for a
circle) is ep = i sin + j cos , from which
at = ax sin = 53.0 mm/s2
since ay = 0
an = R2 = 0.150 m/s2 .
Check: an = ax cos = 0.15 m/s2 check.

Problem 13.132* Suppose that the point P in

Problem 13.131 moves upward in the slot with velocity
dy
v = 300et (mm/s). When y = 150 mm, what are
and
dt
2
d y
?
dt 2
Solution: The position in the guide slot is y = R sin , from which
= sin1
y
R
= sin1 (0.5) = 30 .
an =
x = R cos = 259.8 mm.

From the solution to Problem 13.131,
y
y dy
=
vy .
vx =
x dt
x
The velocity is |v| = 300 =
vy = 300
and vx = 150 mm/s (Since the point is moving upward in the slot, vy
is positive.). The velocity along the path in the guide slot is assumed
constant, hence at = 0. The normal acceleration is

y 2
vx2 + vy2 = vy
+ 1, from which
x
|v|2
= 300 mm/s2
R
directed toward the radius center, from which

d2y
= an sin = 150 mm/s2
dt 2

1
2
y 2
+1
= 259.8 mm/s
x

Problem 13.133* A car travels at 100 km/h on a

straight road of increasing grade whose vertical profile
can be approximated by the equation shown. When x =
400 m, what are the tangential and normal components
of the cars acceleration?
y
y = 0.0003x 2
Solution: The strategy is to use the acceleration in cartesian coordinates found in the solution to Problem 13.90, find the angle with
respect to the x-axis,
= tan1
dy
dx

,
and use this angle to transform the accelerations to tangential and normal components. From the solution to Problem 13.90 the accelerations
are a = 0.0993i + 0.4139j (m/s2 ). The angle at
= tan1
d
Cx 2
dx
= tan1 (6x 104 )x=400 = 13.5 .

x=400
From trigonometry (see figure) the transformation is at = ax cos +

ay sin , an = ax sin + ay cos , from which
at = 0.000035 . . . = 0 ,
an = 0.4256 m/s2
Check: The velocity is constant along the path, so the tangential comdv
ponent of the acceleration is zero, at =
= 0, check.
dt

Problem 13.134 A boy rides a skateboard on the

concrete surface of an empty drainage canal described
by the equation shown. He starts at y = 20 ft, and
the magnitude of his velocity is approximated by v =
2(32.2)(20 y) ft/s.
(a)
(b)
y = 0.03x 2 , so
From Eq (13.42),
=
[1 + (0.06x)2 ]3/2
ft.
0.06
At x = 0,
dy
dt
2
+
dx
dt
dx
dt
dy
dt
d2y
dt 2
= K 20 = 35.89 ft/s.
x=0

= 0,
x=0
d2x
dt 2

= 2C
x=0
dx
dt

= 0,
x=0
2

= 77.28 ft/s2 .
x=0
The angle with respect to the x axis at the bottom of the canal is
= 16.7 ft.
= tan1
The magnitude of the velocity is

At the bottom of the canal the values are
dy
d2y
= 0.06.
= 0.06x and
dx
dx 2
(b)
y = 0.03x 2
Use Equation 13.42 to determine the instantaneous

radius of curvature of the boys path when he
reaches the bottom.
What is the normal component of his acceleration
when he reaches the bottom?
Solution:
(a)
2
= v = K(20 y) 2 = K(20 Cx 2 ) 2 ,
dy
dx

= 0.
x=0
From the solution to Problem 2.133, the tangential and normal

accelerations are at = ax cos + ay sin , an = ax sin +
ay cos , from which
where K = 8.025, C = 0.03. From y = Cx 2 ,

dy
= 2Cx
dt
d2y
= 2C
dt 2
dx
dt
dx
dt
at = 0 , and an = 77.28 ft/s2 .

,
2
+ 2Cx
d2x
dt 2
Check: The velocity is constant along the path, so the tangential

dv
component of the acceleration is zero, at =
= 0. check. By
dt
inspection, the normal acceleration at the bottom of the canal is
identical to the y component of the acceleration. check.

.
Substitute:
1

dx K(20 Cx 2 ) 2
=
.
dt
1
(4C 2 x 2 + 1) 2
Since the boy is moving the right,

dx
> 0,
dt
and

dx dx
=
.
dt
dt
The acceleration is
d2x
=
dt 2
KCx
1
(20 Cx 2 ) 2 (4C 2 x 2
1
+ 1) 2
1
K(4C 2 x)(20 Cx 2 ) 2
3
(4C 2 x 2 + 1) 2
dx
dt
dx
dt

.

Problem 13.135 In Problem 13.134, what is the normal component of the boys acceleration when he has
passed the bottom and reached y = 10 ft?
Solution: Use the results of the solutions to Problems 13.133 and
From the solution to Problem 13.133,
13.134. From the solution to Problem 13.134, at y = 10 ft,

x=
dx
dt
d2x
dt 2
y
C
at = ax cos + ay sin , an = ax sin + ay cos ,

= 18.257 ft,
from which
from which

1
1
= K(20 Cx 2 ) 2 (4C 2 x 2 + 1) 2
y=10
= 17.11 ft/s.
at = 23.78 ft/s2 , an = 11.84 ft/s2
y=10

= K
y=10
dx
dt
y=10
Cx
1
(20 Cx 2 ) 2 (4C 2 x 2
+ 1) 2
1
(4C 2 x)(20 Cx 2 ) 2
+
3
(4C 2 x 2 + 1) 2
y=10
= 24.78 ft/s.
d2y
dt 2

= 2C
y=10
dx
dt
The angle is = tan1
2

+ 2Cx
dy
dx
d2x
dt 2

= 9.58 ft/s2 .
y=10
= 47.61 .
y=10

Problem 13.136* Using Eqs (13.41): (a) Show that

the relations between the cartesian unit vectors and the
unit vectors et and en are
i = cos et sin en
and j = sin et + cos en
(b) Show that
det /dt = d/dten
and den /dt = d/dtet .
Solution: Equations (13.41) are et = cos i + sin j and en =

sin i + cos j.
(a)
(b)
Multiplying the equation for et by cos and the equation for en

by ( sin ) and adding the two equations, we get i = cos et
sin en . Similarly, by multiplying the equation for et by sin and
the equation for en by cos and adding, we get j = sin et +
cos en .
det
=
Taking the derivative of et = cos i + sin j, we get
dt
d
d
( sin i + cos j)
= en .
dt
dt
Similarly, taking the derivative of en = sin i + cos j, we get
den /dt = (d/dt)et

Problem 13.137 The polar coordinates of the collar A

as functions of time are r = 1 + 0.2t 2 m and = 2t rad.
Determine the velocity of the collar in terms of polar
coordinates at t = 1 s.
A
r
Solution:
r = 1 + 0.2t 2 m = 2t rad
r = 0.4t m/s = 2 rad/s

v = r er + r e
At t = 1 s,
r = 0.4 m/s,
r = 1.2 m, and
v = 0.4er + 2.4e (m/s)

Problem 13.138 In Problem 13.137, what is the acceleration of the collar in terms of polar coordinates at
t = 1 s?
Solution:
r = 1 + 0.2t 2 m = 2t rad
r = 0.4t m/s = 2 rad/s
r = 0.4 m/s2
At t = 1 s,
= 0
r = 1.2 m,
r = 0.4 m/s,
r = 0.4 m/s2 , and = 2 rad/s

a = (r r 2 )er + (2r + r )e
a = 4.4er + 1.6e (m/s2 )

Problem 13.139 The polar coordinates of point A of

the crane are given as functions of time by r = 12 +
0.4t 2 ft and = 0.02t 3 rad. Determine the velocity of
A in terms of polar coordinates at t = 2 s.
Solution:
r = 12 + 0.4t 2 ,
= 0.02t 3
r = 0.8t,
= 0.06t 2
r = 0.8,
= 0.12t
At t = 2 s we have
r = 13.6,
= 0.16
r = 1.6,
= 0.24
r = 0.8,
= 0.24
= (1.6er + 3.26e ) ft/s2

vA = r er + r e

Problem 13.140 In Problem 13.139, determine the

acceleration of A of the crane in terms of polar
coordinates at t = 2 s.
Solution: Use the data from problem 13.139
aA = (r r 2 )er + (r + 2r )e = (0.0166er + 4.03e ) ft/s2

Problem 13.141 The radial line rotates with a constant

angular velocity of 2 rad/s. Point P moves along the line
at a constant speed of 4 m/s. Determine the magnitude
of the velocity and acceleration of P when r = 2 m.
y
2 rad/s
4 m/s
P
Solution: The angular velocity of the line is

d
= = 2 rad/s,
dt
from which
d2
= 0.
dt 2
dr
= 4 m/s,
dt
v=
dr
dt

er + r
d
dt
The magnitude is
|v| =
42 + 42 = 5.66 m/s .
The acceleration is
d2r
= 0.
dt 2
a = [2(4)]er + [2(4)(2)]e = 8er + 16e (m/s2 ).
The vector velocity is

The radial velocity of the point is
from which
The magnitude is

e = 4er + 4e (m/s).
|a| =
82 + 162 = 17.89 m/s2

Problem 13.142 The collar A slides on the vertical

bar. At the instant shown, its coordinates are x = 0.9 m,
y = 0.6 m, and its velocity and acceleration are v =
4j (m/s) and a = 9.81j (m/s2 ). Determine the velocity
of A in terms of polar coordinates.
Solution: Given
x = 0.9, x = 0, x = 0
y = 0.6, y = 4, y = 9.81
We have
= tan1
Then
er = cos i + sin j
e = sin i + cos j
y
x
= tan1
0.6
0.9
= 33.7
i = cos er sin e
j = sin er + cos e
vA = (4j) m/s = 4 m/s(sin er + cos e )

vA = (2.22er + 3.33e ) m/s


acceleration of A in terms of polar coordinates.
Solution: See Problem 13.143
aA = (9.81 m/s2 )j = (9.81 m/s2 )(sin er + cos e )
aA = (5.44er + 8.16e ) m/s2

Problem 13.144 A boat searching for underwater

archaeological sites in the Aegean Sea moves at 4 knots
and follows the path r = 10 m, where is in radians.
(A knot is one nautical mile, or 1852 meters, per hour.)
When = 2 rad, determine the boats velocity (a) in
terms of polar coordinates and (b) in terms of cartesian
coordinates.
Solution: The velocity along the path is

v=4
(a)
1852 m
1 knot
1h
3600 s

= 2.06 m/s.
The path is r = 10. The velocity

vr =
dr
d
d
=
(10) = 10
m/s.
dt
dt
dt
The velocity along the path is related to the components by

v 2 = vr2 + v2 =
dr
dt
2
+ r2
d
dt
2
= 2.062 .
At = 2 , r = 10(2 ) = 62.8 m. Substitute:

2

2
d
d 2
d
+ r2
= (100 + 62.82 )
,
2.062 = 10
dt
dt
dt
from which
vr = 10
(b)
d
= 0.0323 rad/s,
dt
d
= 0.323 m/s ,
dt
v = r
d
= 2.032 m/s
dt
From geometry, the cartesian components are vx = vr cos +

v sin , and vy = vr sin + v cos . At = 2 ,
vx = vr , and
vy = v

Problem 13.145 The collar A slides on the circular

bar. The radial position of A (in meters) is given as
a function of by r = 2 cos . At the instant shown,
= 25 and d/dt = 4 rad/s. Determine the velocity of
A in terms of polar coordinates.
r
u
x
Solution:
r = 2 cos , r = 2 sin , r = 2 sin 2 cos 2
Using the given data we have
= 25 , = 4, = 0
r = 1.813, r = 3.381, r = 29.00

= (3.381er + 7.25e ) m/s
v = r er + r e

Problem 13.146 In Problem 13.145, d 2 /dt 2 = 0 at

the instant shown. Determine the acceleration of A in
terms of polar coordinates.
Solution: See problem 13.145
a = (r r 2 )er + (r + 2r )e = (58.0er 27.0e ) m/s2

Problem 13.147 The radial coordinate of the earth

satellite is related to its angular position by
r=
1.91 107
m.
1 + 0.5 cos
Satellite
The product of the radial position and the transverse

component of the velocity is
rv = 8.72 1010 m2 /s.
What is the satellites velocity in terms of polar
coordinates when = 90 ?
Solution:
At
= 90 ,
r = 1.91 107 m = p
r=
p
,
1 + 0.5 cos
r =
(p)(0.5)( sin )
(1 + 0.5 cos )2
We also know that

rv = 8.72 1010 m2 /s
hence
However v = r ,
r 2 = 8.72 1010 m2 /s
Solving for , we get
= 0.000239 rad/s
and r = 2283 m/s and from above
v = 4565 m/s
v = 2283er + 4565e (m/s)

Problem 13.148* In Problem 13.147, what is the satellites acceleration in terms of polar coordinates when
= 90 ?
Solution: Set A = 1.91 107 m, B = 8.72 1010 m2 /s
r=
A
=B
, rv = r(r )
1 + 0.5 cos
B
= 2 =
r

=
B
A2
B
A2

(1 + 0.5 cos )2
(1 + 0.5 cos ) sin =
B2
A4

(1 + 0.5 cos )3 sin
r =
0.5B sin
0.5A sin
=
(1 + 0.5 cos )2
A
r =
2
B
0.5B cos
cos (1 + 0.5 cos )2
= 0.5
A
A3
When = 90 we have
r = A, r =
B
B
B2
, r = 0, = 2 , = 4
2A
A
A
Thus
a = (r r 2 )er + (r + 2r )e = (1.091er ) m/s2

Problem 13.149 A bead slides along a wire that rotates

in the xy-plane with constant angular velocity 0 . The
radial component of the beads acceleration is zero. The
radial component of its velocity is v0 when r = r0 . Determine the polar components of the beads velocity as a
function of r.
Strategy: The radial component of the beads velocity

dr
is vr =
, and the radial component of the acceleration
dt
is
ar =
d 2r
r
dt 2
d
dt
2
=
dvr
dt
r
x

r02 .
By using the chain rule, viz.,

dvr
dvr dr
dvr
=
=
vr .
dt
dr dt
dr
you can express the radial component of the acceleration
dvr
in the form ar =
vr r02 .
dr
Solution: From the strategy:
ar = 0 = vr
dvr
02 r.
dr
Separate variables and integrate: vr dvr = 02 rdr, from which
The transverse component is

v = r
v=
d
dt

= r0 , from which

v02 + 02 (r 2 r02 )er + r0 e
r2
vr2
= 02 + C.
2
2
At r = r0 , vr = v0 , from which
C=
vr =
v02 02 r02
,
2
and

v02 + 02 (r 2 r02 ).

Problem 13.150 If the motion of a point in the xyplane is such that its transverse component of acceleration a is zero, show that the product of its radial position
and its transverse velocity is constant: rv = constant.
Solution: We are given that a = r + 2vr = 0. Multiply the
entire relationship by r. We get

dr
d
d 2
+ 2r
=
0 = (r 2 + 2rvr ) = r 2
(r ).
dt
dt r
dt
d 2
(r ) = 0, then r 2 = constant. Now note that v =
dt
r. We have r 2 = r(r) = rv = constant. This was what we
needed to prove.
Note that if

Problem 13.151* From astronomical data, Kepler

deduced that the line from the sun to a planet traces out
equal areas in equal times (Fig. a). Show that this result
follows from the fact that the transverse component a of
the planets acceleration is zero. [When r changes by an
amount dr and changes by an amount d (Fig. b),
the resulting differential element of area is given by
dA = 12 r(rd )].
t2
t2 + t
t1 + t
A
t1
Solution: From the solution to Problem 13.150, a = 0 implies
(a)
that
r 2 = r 2
d
= constant.
dt
The element of area is

dA =
or
1
r(rd),
2

1
d
1
dA
= r r
= r 2 = constant.
dt
2
dt
2
Thus, if
dA
= constant, then equal areas are swept out in equal times.
dt
r + dr
d
dA
r
x
(b)

Problem 13.152 The bar rotates in the xy-plane with

constant angular velocity 0 . The radial component of
acceleration of the collar C is ar = Kr, where K is a
constant. When r = r0 , the radial component of velocity of C is v0 . Determine the polar components of the
velocity of C as function of r.
r
x
Solution: Use the same strategy used in Problem 13.131. The

radial acceleration is given by
At r = r0 , vr = v0 , from which
C=
dvr
r02 ,
ar = vr
dr
where the chain rule has been used to obtain
dvr
dvr
= vr
,
dt
dr
dvr
from which ar = Kr = vr
02 r.
dr
and
vr =
v02 (02 K)r02

,
2

v02 + (02 K)(r 2 r02 ).
The transverse velocity is v = 0 r, from which

v=

v02 + (02 K)(r 2 r02 )er + r0 e

vr dvr = (02 K)rdr,
from which
vr2
r2
= (02 K) + C.
2
2

Problem 13.153 The hydraulic actuator moves the pin

P upward with constant velocity v = 2j (m/s). Determine the velocity of the pin in terms of polar coordinates
and the angular velocity of the slotted bar when = 35 .
Solution:
vP = 2j (m/s)
r = rer
x

v = r er + r e
2m
Also, r = 2i + yj (m)
v = yj
(m/s) = 2j (m/s)
r = y sin
tan =
y
x
Hence

V = r er + r e
V = 1.15er + 1.64e (m/s)
r = y cos
r=

x2 + y2
.
y
= 35 ,
Solving, we get
y = 1.40 m,
r = 1.15 m/s,
er
r = 2.44 m,
rad
= 0.671
s

Problem 13.154 The hydraulic actuator moves the

pin P upward with constant velocity v = 2j (m/s).
Determine the acceleration of the pin in terms of polar
coordinates and the angular acceleration of the slotted
bar when = 35 .
Solution: From Problem 13.153
V = 2j m/s, constant
a=
= = 0.671 rad/s
= 35
dv
0
dt
y = 2 m/s
y = 0
tan =
[2 sec tan ]( )2
=
sec
= 0.631 rad/s2
y
y
=
x
2
y = 2 tan
y =
y = 2(2 sec )(sec tan ) 2 + 2 sec2
2 sec2
x = 2m

Problem 13.155 In Example 13.15, determine the

velocity of the cam follower when = 135 (a) in
coordinates.
Solution:
(a)
= 135 , = d/dt = 4rad/s, and = 0.

r = 0.15(1
Follower
u
+ 0.5 cos )1
Cam
= 0.232 m.
dr
d
= 0.075
sin (1 + 0.5 cos )2
dt
dt
= 0.508 m/s.
v=
dr
d
er + r e
dt
dt
= 0.508er + 0.928e (m/s).

(b)
vx = vr cos v sin
= 1.015 m/s.
vy = vr sin + v cos
= 0.297 m/s.

Problem 13.156* In Example 13.15, determine the

acceleration of the cam follower when = 135 (a) in
coordinates.
Solution: See the solution of Problem 13.155.
(a)
2
d
d2r
= 0.075
cos (1 + 0.5 cos )2
2
dt
dt

+ 0.075
d
dt
2
sin2 (1 + 0.5 cos )3
= 0.1905 m/s2 .

a=
d2r
r
dt 2
d
dt
2

2
d
dr d
e
er + r 2 + 2
dt
dt dt
= 3.52er + 4.06e (m/s2 ).

(b)
ax = ar cos a sin
= 0.381 m/s2
ay = ar sin + a cos
= 5.362 m/s2 .

Problem 13.157 In the cam-follower mechanism, the

slotted bar rotates with constant angular velocity =
10 rad/s and the radial position of the follower A is
determined by the profile of the stationary cam. The
path of the follower is described by the polar equation
r = 1 + 0.5 cos(2 ) ft.
Determine the velocity of the cam follower when =
30 (a) in terms of polar coordinates and (b) in terms of
cartesian coordinates.
Solution:
(a)
= 30 , = d/dt = 10 rad/s, and = 0.

r = 1 + 0.5 cos 2
= 1.25 ft.
dr
d
=
sin 2
dt
dt
= 8.66 ft/s.
v=
d
dr
er + r e
dt
dt
= 8.66er + 12.5e (ft/s).

(b)
vx = vr cos v sin
= 13.75 ft/s,
vy = vr sin + v cos
= 6.50 ft/s.

Problem 13.158* In Problem 13.157, determine the

acceleration of the cam follower when = 30 (a) in
coordinates.
Solution: See the solution of Problem 13.157.

(a)
d2r
= 2 2 cos 2
dt 2
= 100 ft/s2 .

a=
d2r
r
dt 2
d
dt
2

2
d
dr d
er + r 2 + 2
e .
dt
dt dt
= 225er 173e (ft/s2 ).

(b)
ax = ar cos a sin
= 108 ft/s2 ,
ay = ar sin + a cos
= 263 ft/s2 .

Problem 13.159 The cartesian coordinates of a point

P in the xy plane are related to its polar coordinates of
the point by the equations x = r cos and y = r sin .
(a)
(b)
(c)
Show that the unit vectors i, j are related to the

unit vectors er , e by i = er cos e sin and j =
er sin + e cos .
Beginning with the expression for the position vector of P in terms of cartesian coordinates, r =
xi + yj, derive Eq. (13.52) for the position vector
in terms of polar coordinates.
By taking the time derivative of the position vector
of point P expressed in terms of cartesian coordinates, derive Eq. (13.47) for the velocity in terms
of polar coordinates.
e
er
r
Solution:
(a)
From geometry (see Figure), the radial unit vector is er =

i cos + j sin , and since the transverse unit vector is at right
angles:

+ j sin +
= i sin + j cos .
e = i cos +
2
2
Solve for i by multiplying er by cos , e by sin , and subtracting
the resulting equations:
i = er cos e sin .
Solve for j by multiplying er by sin , and e by cos , and the
results:
j = er sin + e cos
(b)
The position vector is r = xi + yj = (r cos )i + (r sin )j =

r(i cos + j sin ). Use the results of Part (a) expressing i, j in
terms of er , e :
r = r(er cos2 e cos sin + er sin2 + e sin cos )
= rer
(c)
The time derivatives are:

dr
dr
d
=v=i
cos r sin
dt
dt
dt

+j
dr
d
sin + r cos
dt
dt

,
from which
v=
d
dr
(i cos + j sin ) + r (i sin + j cos ).
dt
dt
Substitute the results of Part (a)

v=
dr
d
dr
er + r e =
er + re
dt
dt
dt

Problem 13.160 The airplane flies in a straight line at

400 mi/h. The radius of its propellor is 5 ft, and the propeller turns at 2000 rpm in the counterclockwise direction when seen from the front of the airplane. Determine
the velocity and acceleration of a point on the tip of the
propeller in terms of cylindrical coordinates. (Let the
z-axis be oriented as shown in the figure.)
Solution: The speed is

v = 400
mile
h
1h
3600 s
5 ft
z
The radial acceleration is
5280 ft
1 mile

= 586.7 ft/s
ar = r2 = 5(209.4)2 = 219324.5 ft/s2 .

The transverse acceleration is
The angular velocity is

= 2000
2 rad
1 rev
1 min
60 s
a = r

= 209.4 rad/s.
The radial velocity at the propeller tip is zero. The transverse velocity
is v = r = 1047.2 ft/s. The velocity vector in cylindrical coordinates is

dr
d
d2
+
2
= 0,
dt 2
dt
dt
since the propeller rotates at a constant angular velocity. The acceleration az = 0, since the airplane travels at constant speed. Thus
a = 219324.5er (ft/s2 )
v = 1047.2e + 586.7ez (ft/s) .

Problem 13.161 A charged particle P in a magnetic

field moves along the spiral path described by r = 1 m,
= 2z rad, where z is in meters. The particle moves
along the path in the direction shown with constant speed
|v| = 1 km/s. What is the velocity of the particle in terms
of cylindrical coordinates?
P
z
1 km/s
Solution: The radial velocity is zero, since the path has a constant
radius. The magnitude of the velocity is

v=
r2
d
dt
2

+
dz
dt
2
= 1000 m/s.
The velocity along the cylindrical axis is

dz
1
=
dt
2
d
dt

= 447.2 m/s.
v = 894.4e + 447.2ez
The velocity vector:

The angular velocity is

Substitute:
v=
r2
d
dt
d
dz
=2 .
dt
dt
d
dt
2
+
1
4
d
dt
y
2

1
r 2 + = 1.25,
4
d
1000
= 894.4 rad/s,
=
dt
1.25
from which
from which the transverse velocity is

v = r
d
dt

= 894.4 m/s.

Problem 13.162 At t = 0, two projectiles A and B are

simultaneously launched from O with the initial velocities and elevation angles shown. Determine the velocity
of projectile A relative to projectile B (a) at t = 0.5 s
and (b) at t = 1 s.
10 m/s
A
B
10 m/s
60
O
Solution:
30
x
vA = (9.81 m/s2 j)t + (10 m/s)(cos 60 i + sin 60 j )

vB = (9.81 m/s2 j)t + (10 m/s)(cos 30 i + sin 30 j )
vA/B = vA vB = (10 m/s)(0.366i + 0.366j)
vA/B = (3.66i + 3.66j) m/s
Since vA/B doesnt depend on time, the answer is the same for both
times
vA/B = (3.66i + 3.66j) m/s

Problem 13.163 Relative to the earth-fixed coordinate

system, the disk rotates about the fixed point O at
10 rad/s. What is the velocity of point A relative to point
B at the instant shown?
y
A
10 rad/s
B
2 ft
Solution:
vA = (10 rad/s)(2 ft)i = (20 ft/s)i
vB = (10 rad/s)(2 ft)j = (20 ft/s)j
vA/B = vA vB = (20i 20j) ft/s

Problem 13.164 Relative to the earth-fixed coordinate

system, the disk rotates about the fixed point O with
a constant angular velocity of 10 rad/s. What is the
acceleration of point A relative to point B at the
instant shown?
Solution:
aA = (10 rad/s)2 (2 ft)j = (200 ft/s2 )j
aB = (10 rad/s)2 (2 ft)i = (200 ft/s2 )i
aA/B = aA aB = (200i 200j) ft/s2

Problem 13.165 The train on the circular track is traveling at 50 ft/s. The train on the straight track is traveling
at 20 ft/s. In terms of the earth-fixed coordinate system
shown, what is the velocity of passenger A relative to
passenger B?
50
0f
t
50 ft/s
20 ft/s
Solution:
vA = (20j) ft/s, vB = (50j) ft/s
vA/B = vA vB = (70j) ft/s

Problem 13.166 The train on the circular track is traveling at a constant speed of 50 ft/s. The train on the
straight track is traveling at 20 ft/s and is increasing its
speed at 2 ft/s2 . In terms of the earth-fixed coordinate
system shown, what is the acceleration of passenger A
relative to passenger B?
Solution:
aA = (2j) ft/s2 , aB =
(50 ft/s)2
i = (5i) ft/s2
500 ft
aA/B = aA aB = (5i 2j) ft/s2

Problem 13.167 Each bar is 0.4-m long and rotates in

the x-y plane. They are connected by a pin at A. Relative
to the reference frame shown, bar OA has a counterclockwise angular velocity of 5 rad/s and bar AB has a
counterclockwise angular velocity of 10 rad/s. What is
the velocity of point B relative to the reference frame at
the instant shown?
Strategy: Point A moves in a circular path about O.
Relative to point A, point B moves in a circular path.
(Imagine yourself sitting on point A with point B rotating
around you.) Determine the x and y components of the
velocity of A relative to O and the velocity of B relative
to A. Then you can determine the velocity of B relative
to O.
60
25
O
Solution:
vB/O = vB/A + vA/O
vA/O = (5 rad/s)(0.4 m)( sin 25 i + cos 25 j) = (0.845i + 1.813j) m/s
vB/A = (10 rad/s)(0.4 m)( sin 60 i + cos 60 j) = (3.46i + 2.00j) m/s

vB/O = (4.31i + 3.81j) m/s

Problem 13.168 A private pilot wishes to fly from a

city P to a city Q that is 200 km directly north of city P .
The airplane will fly with an airspeed of 290 km/h. At
the altitude at which the airplane will be flying, there is
an east wind (that is, the winds direction is west) with a
speed of 50 km/h. What direction should the pilot point
the airplane to fly directly from city P to city Q? How
long will the trip take?
N
E
200 km
50 km/h
Solution: Assume an angle , measured ccw from the east.

VPlane/Ground = VPlane/Air + VAir/Ground
VPlane/Air = (290 km/h)(cos i + sin j)
VAir/Ground = (50 km/h)i

VPlane/Ground = [(290 cos 50)i + (290 sin )j] km/h
We want the airplane to travel due north therefore

50
= 80.07
290 cos 50 = 0 = cos1
290
Thus the heading is
90 80.07 = 9.93 east of north
The ground speed is now
v = (290 km/h) sin(80.1 ) = 285.6 km/h

The time is
t=
d
200 km
=
= 0.700 h = 42.0 min
v
285.6 km/h

Problem 13.169 The river flows north at 3 m/s.

(Assume that the current is uniform.) If you want to
travel in a straight line from point C to point D in a
boat that moves at a constant speed of 10 m/s relative to
the water, in what direction should you point the boat?
How long does it take to make the crossing?

VBoat /Ground = VBoat /Water + VWater/Ground
VBoat /Water = (10 m/s)(cos i + sin j)
VWater/Ground = (3 m/s)j
VBoat /Ground = [(10 cos )i + (3 + 10 sin )j] m/s
3 m/s
We want the boat to travel at an angle tan =
Therefore
400 m
S
C
500 m
3 + 10 sin
400
=
= 25.11
10 cos
500
Thus the heading is

25.11 north of east
400
500
The ground speed is now

v = (10 cos )2 + (3 + 10 sin )2 = 11.60 m/s
The time is
t=
d
=
v
5002 + 4002 m
= 55.2 s
11.60 m/s

Problem 13.170 The river flows north at 3 m/s.

(Assume that the current is uniform.) What minimum
speed must a boat have relative to the water in order to
travel in a straight line from point C to point D? How
long does it take to make the crossing?

VBoat /Ground = VBoat /Water + VWater/Ground
VBoat /Water = vB /W (cos i + sin j)
VWater/Ground = (3 m/s)j
VBoat /Ground = [(vB /W cos )i + (3 + vB/W sin )j] m/s
We want the boat to travel at an angle tan =
400
500
Therefore
3 + vB/W sin
500
12
=
vB/W =
vB/W cos
400
5 cos 4 sin
To be a minimum we must have
dvB/W
12(4 cos + 5 sin )
4
=
= 0 tan = = 38.7
d
(5 cos 4 sin )2
5
Notice, that this heading puts the boats relative velocity perpendicular
to the line from C to D.
The relative speed is now
vB/W =
12
= 1.874 m/s
5 cos 4 sin
The time is
t=
d
=
v
5002 + 4002 m
= 342 s
1.874 m/s

Problem 13.171 Relative to the earth, the sailboat sails

north with speed v0 = 6 knots (nautical miles per hour)
and then sails east at the same speed. The tell-tale indicates the direction of the wind relative to the boat. Determine the direction and magnitude of the winds velocity
(in knots) relative to the earth.
60
Tell-tale
N
E
W
S
Solution:
vwind /ground = vwind /boat + vboat /ground
In position one we have
vwind /ground = vwind /boat1 i + (6 knots)j
In position two we have
vwind /ground = vwind /boat2 ( cos 60 i + sin 60 j) + (6 knots)i

Since the wind has not changed these two expressions must be the
same. Therefore

vwind /boat1 = vwind /boat2 cos 60 + 6 knots
6 knots = vwind /boat2 sin 60
vwind /boat1 = 2.536 knots

vwind /boat2 = 6.928 knots
Using either position one or position two we have

vwind /ground = (2.536i + 6j) knots

vwind /ground = (2.536)2 + (6)2 knots = 6.51 knots

2.536
direction = tan1
= 22.91 east of north
6

Problem 13.172 An engineer analyzing a large-scale

machining process determines that a tool that moves in
a straight line starts from rest at time t = 0 and position
s = 0 and moves with acceleration
a = 2 + t 1/2 t 3/2 m/s2 from t = 0 to t = 4 s.
(a)
(b)
Draw a graph of the tools position from t = 0 to

t = 4 s.
What is the maximum velocity of the tool during
this time interval, and at what time does it occur?
Solution:
(a)
10
8
a = 2 + t 1/2 t 3/2 m/s2
s, m
s0 = v0 = 0
v=
a dt
v = 2t +
s=
t
0
2 3/2 2 5/2
m/s
t t
3
5
0
(a)
2
t, s
v dt
s = t2 +

2 5/2
2 7/2
2
2
t
t
m
3
5
5
7
Plotting, we get
(b)
Maximum velocity can be found two way Plotting the velocity

or finding where acceleration is zero, calculating the velocity, and
checking to see if it is a max or min.
The acceleration is
a = 2 + t 1/2 t 3/2 m/s
Acceleration is zero at t1 = 2.31 s
da
3 1
1 1
= t 2 t 2
dt
2
2
Evaluating this at t1 , we get
da
= 1.95
dt
Hence, velocity is a maximum. Evaluating velocity at t = t1 ,
we get
v(t1 ) = 3.72 m/s at t1 = 2.31 s

Problem 13.173 A projectile is launched at 10 m/s

from a sloping surface.
(a)
(b)
Determine the value of the angle for which the

range R = 15 m.
Determine the angle for which the range R is a
maximum. What is the maximum range?
10 m/s
30
a
Solution: Set g = 9.81 m/s2 , v0 = 10 m/s

Using horizontal x and vertical y we have
ax = 0,
ay = g
vx = v0 cos( 30 ),
vy = gt + v0 sin( 30 )
1
sx = v0 cos( 30 )t, sy = gt 2 + v0 sin( 30 )t
2
When the projectile hits
R cos 30 = v0 cos( 30 )t
1
R sin 30 = gt 2 + v0 sin( 30 )t
2
Solving we find
R=
8v0 2
cos( 30 ) sin
3g
(a) Using a root solver we find

15 =
(b)
8v0 2
cos( 30 ) sin = 33.6 or = 86.4
3g
To maximize
dR
8v0 2
=
cos(30 2) = 0
d
3g
= 60
The maximum range is therefore

R=
8v0 2
2v0 2
cos(30 ) sin(60 ) =
= 20.4 m
3g
g

Problem 13.174 A catapult designed to throw a line to

ships in distress throws a projectile with initial velocity
v0 (10.4 sin 0 ), where 0 is the angle above the horizontal. Determine the value of 0 for which the distance
the projectile is thrown is a maximum, and show that
the maximum distance is
0 (1
0.4 sin 0 )
0.559v02
.
g
Solution: The path is obtained by integrating the equations of
.6
motion:
Range factor
.5
dvy
dvx
= g, and
= 0, from which
dt
dt
F .4
a
c .3
t
o .2
r
.1
vy (t) = gt + V0 sin 0 , and

vx (t) = V0 cos 0 .
g
y(t) = t 2 + (V0 sin 0 )t, and x(t) = (V0 cos 0 )t.
2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Launch angle, deg
At the end of flight, y(tflight ) = 0, from which

tflight =
2V0 sin 0
.
g
The range is
R = x(tflight ) =
2V02 sin 0 cos 0

.
g
Noting V0 = v0 (10.4 sin 0 ), the maximum range occurs when

dR
d
=0=
d0
d0
2V02 sin 0 cos 0

g

= 0,
from which: after some algebraic reduction,

dR
=
d0
0.8 cos2 sin

(1 0.4 sin 0 )

+ cos(2) = 0,
from which
0 = 33.41 .
This is confirmed as a maximum by graphing

R
g
v02
as shown. The maximum range is

Rmax =
v02 (1 0.4 sin 0 )2 sin 0 cos 0

g

= 0.5589
0 =33.41
v02
g

Problem 13.175 At t = 0, a projectile is located at the

origin and has a velocity of 20 m/s at 40 above the horizontal. The profile of the surface the projectile strikes can
be approximated by the equation y = 0.4x 0.006x 2 ,
where x and y are in meters. Determine the approximate coordinates of the point where the projectile hits
the ground.
Solution: The path of the projectile is obtained by integrating the
equations of motion:
y
20 m/s
y = 0.4x 0.006x 2
40
x
Impact point
d2y
= g
dt 2
2
f(x) 0
and
d2x
=0
dt 2
using the initial conditions. The result:
6
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
x, meters
g
y(t) = t 2 + (V0 sin )t m,
2
x =29.48
and
x(t) = (V0 cos )t m.
At impact,
y(tflight ) = yimpact
2
= 0.4ximpact 0.006ximpact
.
Solve for tflight :

tflight =
V0 sin
g
2gyimpact
V02 sin2

.
Substitute:
ximpact
V 2 cos sin
= 0
g

1

1
2gyimpact
V02 sin2

.
The two functions

2

2g(0.4ximpact 0.006ximpact
)
V02 cos sin
1 1
ximpact
f (ximpact ) =
g
V02 sin2
were graphed against values of ximpact to determine the zero crossings.
Only one crossing is of interest (the other was ximpact = 0), and this
value was refined by iteration (using TK Solver Plus) to yield
ximpact = 29.477 m
from which
yimpact = 6.577 m

Problem 13.176 A carpenter working on a house asks

his apprentice to throw him an apple. The apple is thrown
at 32 ft/s. What two values of 0 will cause the apple to
land in the carpenters hand, 12 ft horizontal and 12 ft
vertically from the point where it is thrown?
Solution: The path obtained from the equations of motion is

given by
g
y(t) = t 2 + (V0 sin 0 )t,
2
and x(t) = (V0 cos 0 )t. When the apple reaches the hand
g 2
y(tflight ) = tflight
+ (V0 sin 0 )tflight = 12 ft.
2
V0 sin 0
g

1

1+
24g
(V0 sin 0 )2
1
f
, 0
h
1
2
Solve for the time of flight:

tflight =
Launch angles
3
60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80
angle, deg

,
from which
x(tflight ) = 12 =
V02 sin 0 cos 0

g

1

1
24g
(V0 sin 0 )2
The two functions

f (0 ) =
V02 sin 0 cos 0

g

1

1
24g
(V0 sin 0 )2

12
were graphed to determine the zero crossings and the results were
refined by iteration (using TK Solver Plus) to obtain 0 = 60.9 and
0 = 74.08

Problem 13.177 A motorcycle starts from rest at t = 0

and moves along a circular track with a 400-m radius.
The tangential component of its acceleration is at =
2 + 0.2t m/s2 . When the magnitude of its total acceleration reaches 6 m/s2 , friction can no longer keep the
motorcycle on the circular track, and it spins out. How
long after it starts does it spin out, and how fast is it
going?
en
400 m
et
Solution: The tangential component of the acceleration can be

integrated independently of the radial acceleration to determine the
angular velocity:
a = r

dr
d
d2
d2
+
2
= r 2 = 2 + 0.2t m/s2 ,
dt 2
dt
dt
dt
since the radius is a constant. From which

r = 2t + 0.1t 2 m/s.
The radial acceleration is
ar =
10
8
6
4
2
f(t) 0
2
4
6
8
10
10
Zero Crossing
11
12 13
time, s
14

d2r
2 = 1 (2t + 0.1t 2 )2 m/s2 .
r
dt 2
r

|a| =
(2 + 0.2t)2 +
(2t + 0.1t2 )2
r
2
,
from which, at time of spin out:

36 = (2 + 0.2t)2 +
(2t + 0.1t 2 )2
r
2
.
The function

f (t) = (2 + 0.2t)2 +
(2t + 0.1t 2 )2
400
2
36
was graphed to determine the zero crossing and the result refined by
iteration. The result: t = 12.36 s (A zero crossing also occurs at a
negative time; it is ignored.) The velocity at spin out is
V = [r]t=12.36 s = [2t + 0.1t 2 ]t=12.36 s = 40 m/s
V = 40
m 1 km 3600 s
= 144 km/h
s
103 m
1h

Problem 13.178 At t = 0, a steel ball in a tank of oil is

given a horizontal velocity v = 2i m/s. The components
of the balls acceleration are ax = cvx , ay = 0.8g
cvy , az = cvz , where c is a constant. When the ball
hits the bottom of the tank, its position relative to its
position at t = 0 is r = 0.8i j (m). What is the value
of c?
Solution: Choose a coordinate system with the origin at O and the

x axis parallel to the plane surface. The path is obtained by integrating
the equations of motion:
dvx
= cvx ,
dt
dvy
dvz
= 0.8g cvy , and
= cvz .
dt
dt
Separating variables and integrating:

vx (t) = Cvx ect , vy (t) =
0.8g
+ Cvy ect , and vz (t) = Cvz ect .
c
From the initial conditions,

Cvx = 2, Cvy =
vy (t) =
.5
.4
.3
.2
.1
f 0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
Zero Crossing
.5
1
c, 1/s
1.5
0.8g
, Cvz = 0, from which vx = 2ect ,
c
0.8g ct
1), and vz (t) = 0.
(e
c
Integrating:
0.8g
2
x(t) = ect + Cx , y(t) =
c
c

1 ct
e
+ t + Cy , z(t) = 0.
c
From the initial conditions,

x(0) = 0, y(0) = 0, from which Cx =
2
,
c
Cy =
0.8g
2
, from which x(t) = (1 ect ) m,
c2
c
y(t) =
0.8g
0.8g
t m, and z(t) = 0.
(1 ect )
c2
c
When the ball strikes the bottom

y(t) = 1, x(t) = 0.8.
From the equation for x, at time of impact,
ect = 1 0.4c, or ct = ln(1 0.4c).
Substitute these into the equation for y to obtain
0 = (0.8g)(0.4c + ln(1 0.4c)) + c2 .
A graph of f (c) = 0.8g(0.4c + ln(1 0.4c)) + c2 was used to find
the zero crossing, and the result refined by iteration to obtain c =
1.313 s1

Problem 13.179 The polar coordinates of a point P

moving in the xy-plane are r = t 3 4t m, = t 2
t rad. (a) Draw a graph of the magnitude of the velocity
of P from t = 0 to t = 2 s. (b) Estimate the minimum
magnitude of the velocity and the time at which it occurs.
Solution:
(a)
Magnitude of Velocity
The velocity is
v=
dr
er + r
dt
d
dt

e = (3t2 4)er + (t3 4t)(2t 1)e .
The magnitude is
|vp | =
(3t2 4)2 + (t3 4t)2 (2t 1)2 m/s.
The graph of the magnitude is shown.

(b)
The minimum magnitude is found from a search of the tabulated

values of the magnitude:
10
9
8
7
6
5
|v | 4
3
2
1
0
.5
1
time, s
1.5
|vp | = 2.63 m/s at t = 0.79 s

Problem 13.180 (a) Draw a graph of the magnitude of

the acceleration of the point P in Problem 13.179 from
t = 0 to t = 2 s.
(b) Estimate the minimum magnitude of the acceleration
and the time at which it occurs.

a=
d2r
dt 2

r
d
dt
2
2

d
dr
d
er + r
+
2
e .
dt 2
dt
dt
From Problem 13.197,

r = (t 3 4t),
= t 2 t,
dr
d2r
= 3t 2 4, 2 = 6t;
dt
dt
d
d2
= 2t 1, 2 = 2.
dt
dt
Acceleration
50
45
40
35
30
|a| 25
Minimum = 2.074 @ 0.31 s
20
15
10
5
0
Substitute:
.5
1
time, s
1.5
ar = 6t (2t 1)2 (t 3 4t), a = (t 3 4t)(2) + 2(3t 2 4)(2t 1).

The magnitude is |a| =

ar2 + a2 .
The graph is shown. The minimum is found from a search of the tabulated values of the magnitude of the acceleration: |a|min = 2.0738 m/s2
at t = 0.310 s Note for users of TK Solver Plus.

Problem 13.181 The robot is programmed so that

point P describes the path r = 1 0.5 cos 2 t m, =
0.5 0.2 sin[2(t 0.1)] rad. Determine the values of
r and at which the magnitude of the velocity of P
attains its maximum value.

vp =
dr
er + r
dt
d
dt

e
dr
= sin(2 t) m,
dt
d
= 0.4 cos[2(t 0.1)]
dt
The magnitude of the velocity is
|vp | =

( sin(2 t))2 + (1 0.5 cos(2 t))2 (0.4 cos[2(t 0.1)])2 .
4
3.5
3
2.5
|v | 2
1.5
1
.5
0
Robot hand Velocity
Maximum = 3.248
at 0.73 s
0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1
time, s
The maximum value was found from a search of the tabulated values:
|vp |max = 3.248 m/s. The corresponding values of r and are r =
1.066 m and = 37


values of r and at which the magnitude of the
acceleration of P attains its maximum value.
Solution: The acceleration components are:
ar =
d2r
r
dt 2
d
dt
2
, from which:
ar = 2 2 cos(2 t) (1 0.5 cos(2 t))(0.4 cos(2(t 0.1)))2

a = r
d2
dt 2
dr
+2
dt
d
dt

, from which:
a = (1 0.5 cos(2 t))(0.8 2 sin(2(t 0.1)) + 2( sin(2 t))
Robot arm acceleration

25
22.5
20
17.5
15
|a| 12.5
10
7.5
5
2.5
0
Max = 22.636
at t = 0.475 s
.2
.4
.6
time, s
.8
(0.4 cos(2(t 0.1))).

The magnitude is |ap | = ar2 + a2 . Although not required by the problem, a graph of the acceleration as a function of time is shown. The
magnitude is found by a search of the tabulated values: |ap |max =
22.64 m/s2 . The values of the radius and angle are r = 1.494 m and
= 20.5 .


slotted bar rotates with a constant angular velocity =
10 rad/s, and the radial position of the follower A is
path of the follower is described by the polar equation
r = 1 + 0.5 cos 2 .
(a)
(b)
Draw a graph of the magnitude of the followers

acceleration as a function of for 0 360 .
Use your graph to estimate the maximum magnitude of the followers acceleration and the angle(s)
at which it occurs.
Solution: Refer to the solutions of Problems 13.157 and 13.158.

In these problems, the acceleration components for the follower were
derived as functions of the angle . We proceed as in Example 13.15.
(a)
We find the value for

vr = r =
Note that = = constant and = 0. Hence,

v = vr er + re = sin(2)er + re .
In order to determine the components of the acceleration in polar
coordinates, we need to be able to determine all of the variables
in the right hand sides of ar = r r 2 and that a = r + 2r .
We already know everything except r and . Since is constant,
= = 0. We need only to find r . To find r , we start with
r = vr . Taking a derivative, we get
r =

d
d
sin(2) , or
(vr ) =
dt
dt
r =
d
d
d
[vr ]
=
[ sin(2)] = 2 cos(2)2 .
d
dt
d
We can now solve

for the accelerations and the magnitude is
given as |a| = ar2 + a2 . Using an automatic numerical solver
to plot the results, we get the graph at the right.
(b)
dr
dr
dr d
dr
by
=
=
= 0.5(2) sin(2)
dt
dt
d dt
d
= sin(2).
From the graph, the maximum magnitudes of acceleration occur

at = 0 and = 180 , and the value for the maximum is
|a|MAX
= 350 ft/s2
Follower Accel. Magnitude (ft/s^2) vs Angle (deg)
360
340
a
320
m
300
a
g 280
260
f 240
t
220
s 200
180
s
160
140
0
50
100
150
200
250
Follower Angle (deg)
300
350
400

Problem 13.184 Suppose you throw a ball straight

up at 10 m/s and release it at 2 m above the ground.
(a) What maximum height above the ground does the
ball reach? (b) How long after release it does the ball
hit the ground? (c) What is the magnitude of its velocity
just before it hits the ground?
Solution: The equations of motion for the ball are
ay = g = 9.81 m/s2 ,
vy = vy0 gt = 10 9.81t (m/s), and
y = y0 + vy0 t gt 2 /2 = 2 + 10t 9.81t 2 /2 (m).
(a)
The maximum height occurs when the velocity is zero. Call this
time t = t1 . It can be obtained by setting velocity to zero, i.e.,
vy = 0 = 10 9.81t1 (m/s). Solving, we get t1 = 1.02 s. Substituting this time into the y equation, we get a maximum height of
yMAX = 7.10 m.
(b)
The ball hits the ground when y = 0 m. To find out when this
occurs, we set y = 0 m into the y equation and solve for the
time(s) when this occurs. There will be two times, one positive and one negative. Only the positive time has meaning for
us. Let this time be t = t2 . The equation for t2 is y = 0 = 2 +
10t2 9.81t 2 2 /2 (m). Solving, we get t2 = 2.22 s.
(c) The velocity at impact is determined by substituting t2 = 2.22 s

into the equation for vy . Doing this, we find that at impact, vy =
11.8 m/s

Problem 13.185 Suppose that you must determine the

duration of the yellow light at a highway intersection.
Assume that cars will be approaching the intersection
traveling as fast as 65 mi/h, that the drivers reaction
times are as long as 0.5 s, and that cars can safely
achieve a deceleration of at least 0.4g.
(a)
(b)
How long must the light remain yellow to allow

drivers to come to a stop safely before the light
turns red?
What is the minimum distance cars must be from
the intersection when the light turns yellow to come
to a stop safely at the intersection?
Solution: The speed-time equation from initial speed to stop is

given by integrating the equation
d2s
= 0.4g. From which
dt 2
(b)
The distance traveled after brake application is traveled from

brake application to full stop is given by
s(t)0 = 0.2gt02 + V0 t0 , from which s(t0 ) = 353.14 ft.
ds
= 0.4gt + V0 , and s(t) = 0.2gt 2 + V0 t,
dt
The distance traveled during the reaction time is
where V0 is the initial speed and the distance is referenced from the
point where the brakes are applied. The initial speed is:
d = V0 (0.5) = 95.33(0.5) = 47.66 ft,

V0
(a)
65 mi
1h
5280 ft
1 mi
1h
3600 s
from which the total distance is

= 95.33 ft/s.
dt = 353.14 + 47.66 = 400.8 ft
The time required to come to a full stop

ds(t0 )
V0
95.33
= 0 is t0 =
=
= 7.40 s.
dt
0.4g
(0.4)(32.17)
The drivers reaction time increases this by 0.5 second, hence
the total time to stop after observing the yellow light is T =
t0 + 0.5 = 7.90 s

Problem 13.186 The acceleration of a point moving

along a straight line is a = 4t + 2 m/s2 . When t = 2 s,
its position is s = 36 m, and when t = 4 seconds, its
position is s = 90 meters. What is its velocity when t =
4 s?
Solution: The position-time equation is given by integrating
from which
ds
d2s
= 4t + 2, from which
= 2t 2 + 2t + V0 , and
dt 2
dt
(2)
s(t) =

2 3
t + t 2 + V0 t + d0 ,
3
where V0 , d0 are the initial velocity and position. From the problem
conditions:

2 3
2 + (22 ) + V0 (2) + d0 = 36,
s(2) =
3

4V0 + d0 =

94
.
3
Subtract (1) from (2) to obtain

V0 =
94 80
6

= 2.33 m/s.

ds(t)
dt

= [2t 2 + 2t + V0 ]t=4 = 32 + 8 + 2.33 = 42.33 m/s
t=4
from which

(1)
2V0 + d0 =

80
2 3
.s(4) =
4 + (42 ) + V0 (4) + d0 = 90,
3
3

Problem 13.187 A model rocket takes off straight up.

Its acceleration during the 2 s its motor burns is 25 m/s2 .
Neglect aerodynamic drag, and determine
(a)
(b)
the maximum velocity of the rocket during the

flight and
the maximum altitude the rocket reaches.
Solution: The strategy is to solve the equations of motion for the

two phases of the flight: during burn 0 t 2 s seconds, and after
burnout: t > 2 s.
Phase 1: The acceleration is:
ds
d2s
= 25t, and s(t) = 12.5t 2 ,
= 25, from which
dt 2
dt
since the initial velocity and position are zero. The velocity at burnout
is Vburnout = (25)(2) = 50 m/s. The altitude at burnout is hburnout =
(12.5)(4) = 50 m.
Phase 2. The acceleration is:
ds
d2s
= g(t 2) + Vburnout (t 2), and
= g, from which
dt 2
dt
s(t) = g(t 2)2 /2 + Vburnout (t 2) + hburnout , (t 2).
The velocity during phase 1 is constantly increasing because of the
rockets positive acceleration. Maximum occurs at burnout because
after burnout, the rocket has negative acceleration and velocity constantly decreases until it reaches zero at maximum altitude. The velocity from maximum altitude to impact must be constantly increasing
since the rocket is falling straight down under the action of gravity. Thus the maximum velocity during phase 2 occurs when the
rocket impacts the ground. The issue of maximum velocity becomes
this: is the velocity at burnout greater or less than the velocity at
ground impact? The time of flight is given by 0 = g(tflight 2)2 /2 +
Vburnout (tflight 2) + hburnout , from which, in canonical form:
(tflight 2)2 + 2b(tflight 2) + c = 0,
where b = (Vburnout /g) and c = (2hburnout /g).
The solution (tflight 2) = b b2 c = 11.11, = 0.92 s. Since

the negative time is not allowed, the time of flight is tflight = 13.11 s.
The velocity at impact is
Vimpact = g(tflight 2) + Vburnout = 59 m/s
which is higher in magnitude than the velocity at burnout. The time
of maximum altitude is given by
ds
= 0 = g(tmax alt 2) + Vburnout ,
dt
tmax alt 2 =
Vburnout
= 5.1 s,
g
from which
from which
tmax alt = 7.1 s.

The maximum altitude is
g
hmax = (tmax alt 2)2 + Vburnout (tmax alt 2) + hburnout = 177.42 m
2

Problem 13.188 In Problem 13.187, if the rockets

parachute fails to open, what is the total time of flight
from takeoff until the rocket hits the ground?
Solution: The solution to Problem 13.187 was (serendipitously)
posed in a manner to yield the time of flight as a peripheral answer.
The time of flight is given there as tflight = 13.11 s

Problem 13.189 The acceleration of a point moving

along a straight line is a = cv 3 , where c is a constant.
If the velocity of the point is v0 , what distance does the
v0
point move before its velocity decreases to ?
2
dv
= cv 3 . Using the chain rule,
dt
dv
dv ds
dv
=
=v
= cv 3 . Separating variables and integrating:
dt
ds dt
ds
dv
1
= cds, from which = cs + C. At s = 0, v = v0 , from
v2
v
1
v0
v0
1
which = cs , and v =
. Invert: v0 cs =
1.
v
v0
1 + v0 cs
v

v0
1
When v =
, s=
2
cv0

Problem 13.190 Water leaves the nozzle at 20 above

the horizontal and strikes the wall at the point indicated.
What was the velocity of the water as it left the nozzle?
Strategy: Determine the motion of the water by treating each particle of water as a projectile.
20
20 ft
12 ft
35 ft
Solution: Denote = 20 . The path is obtained by integrating the
Substitute:
equations:
dvy
dvx
= g and
= 0,
dt
dt
0=
from which
g
2
35
Vn cos
2
+ 35 tan 8,
from which Vn =
dy
dx
= gt + Vn sin ,
= Vn cos .
dt
dt
35
cos
g
= 68.62 ft/s
2(35 tan 8)
g
y = t 2 + (Vn sin )t + y0 .
2
x = (Vn cos )t + x0 .
Choose the origin at the nozzle so that y0 = 0, and x0 = 0. When the
stream is y(timpact ) = (20 12) = 8 ft, the time is
g
0 = (timpact )2 + (Vn sin )timpact 8.
2
At this same time the horizontal distance is
x(timpact ) = 35 = (Vn cos )timpact , from which timpact =
35
.
Vn cos

Problem 13.191 In practice, a quarterback throws the

football with a velocity v0 at 45 above the horizontal. At
the same instant, a receiver standing 20 ft in front of him
starts running straight down field at 10 ft/s and catches
the ball. Assume that the ball is thrown and caught at the
same height above the ground. What is the velocity v0 ?
45
10 ft/s
20 ft
Solution: Denote = 45 . The path is determined by integrating

the equations;
v0
d2x
d2y
= g, 2 = 0,
dt 2
dt
from which
45
10 ft/s
dy
dx
= gt + v0 sin ,
= v0 cos .
dt
dt
g
y = t 2 + (v0 sin )t,
2
20 ft
x = (v0 cos )t,

where the origin is taken at the point where the ball leaves the quarterbacks hand.
When the ball reaches the receivers hands,

y = 0, from which tflight =
2v0 sin
.
g
At this time the distance down field is the distance to the receiver:
x = 10tflight + 20.
But also
x = (v0 cos )tflight ,

tflight =
from which
Zero crossing
100
80
60
40
20
f(v) 0
20
40
60
80
100
35 35.5 36 36.5 37 37.5 38
Velocity, ft /s
20
.
(v0 cos 10)
Substitute:
20
=
(v0 cos 10)
2v0 sin
,
g
from which
400 g = 2v0 sin (v0 cos 10)2 .

The function
f (v0 ) = 2v0 sin (v0 cos 10)2 400 g
was graphed to find the zero crossing, and the result refined by iteration: v0 = 36.48 ft/s . Check : The time of flight is t = 1.27 s and
the distance down field that the quarterback throws the ball is d =
12.7 + 20 = 32.7 ft = 10.6y ds, which seem reasonable for a short,
lob pass. check.

Problem 13.192 The constant velocity v = 2 m/s.

What are the magnitudes of the velocity and acceleration
of point P when x = 0.25 m?
y
y = 0.2 sin x
P
x
1m
Solution: Let x = 2t m/s. Then x = 0.25 m at t = 0.125 s. We

know that vx = 2 m/s and ax = 0.
From
y = 0.2 sin(2 t),
we obtain
dy
= 0.4 cos(2 t) and
dt
d2y
= 0.8 2 sin(2 t).
dt 2
At t = 0.125 s,
y = 0.141 m and
dy
= vy = 0.889 m/s and
dt
d2y
= ay = 5.58 m/s.
dt 2
Therefore
|v| =

vx2 + vy2 = 2.19 m/s,
|a| =

ax2 + ay2 = 5.58 m/s2 .


What is the acceleration of point P in terms of normal
and tangential components when x = 0.25 m?
Solution: See the solution of Problem 13.192. The angle
between the x axis and the path is

= arctan
vy
vx

= arctan
0.889
2
ay
at
= 24.0 . Then
ax
at = ax cos + ay sin = 0 + (5.58) sin 24.0 = 2.27 m/s2 ,

aN = ax sin ay cos = 0 (5.58) cos 24.0 = 5.10 m/s2 .
aN
The instantaneous radius is

=
vx2 + vy2
aN
(2)2 + (0.889)2
= 0.939 m.
5.10


What is the acceleration of point P in terms of polar
coordinates when x = 0.25 m?
Solution: See the solution of Problem 13.192. The polar angle is
= arctan
y
x

= arctan
0.141
0.25
= 29.5 . Then
ar
ar = ax cos + ay sin = 0 + (5.58) sin 29.5 = 2.75 m/s2 ,
ay
ax
a = ax sin + ay cos = 0 + (5.58) cos 29.5 = 4.86 m/s .

2

Problem 13.195 A point P moves along the spiral path

r = (0.1) ft, where is in radians. The angular position
= 2t rad, where t is in seconds, and r = 0 at t = 0.
Determine the magnitudes of the velocity and acceleration of P at t = 1 s.
P
r
Solution: The path r = 0.2t ft, = 2t rad. The velocity components are
vr =
dr
d
= 0.2 ft/s, v = r
= (0.2t)2 = 0.4t.
dt
dt
At t = 1 seconds the magnitude of the velocity is

|v| =
vr2 + v2 = 0.22 + 0.42 = 0.447 ft/s
The acceleration components are:

ar =
d2r
r
dt 2
a = r
d2
dt 2
d
dt
2
= (0.2t)(22 ) ft/s2 ,
+2
dr
dt
d
dt

= 2(0.2)(2) = 0.8 ft/s2 .
The magnitude of the acceleration is |a| =

ar2 + a2 = 1.13 ft/s2


slotted bar rotates with a constant angular velocity =
12 rad/s, and the radial position of the follower A is
slotted bar is pinned a distance h = 0.2 m to the left of
the center of the circular cam. The follower moves in
a circular path of 0.42 m radius. Determine the velocity of the follower when = 40 (a) in terms of polar
coordinates, and (b) in terms of cartesian coordinates.
Solution:
(a)
The first step is to get an equation for the path of the follower in
terms of the angle . This can be most easily done by referring
to the diagram at the right. Using the law of cosines, we can
write R 2 = h2 + r 2 2hr cos . This can be rewritten as r 2
2hr cos + (h2 R 2 ) = 0. We need to find the components of
We can differentiate
the velocity. These are vr = r and v = r .
the relation derived from the law of cosines to get r . Carrying
out this differentiation, we get 2r r 2hr cos + 2hr sin = 0.
Solving for r , we get
r =
P
r
hr sin
.
(h cos r)
Recalling that = and substituting in the numerical values,

i.e., R = 0.42 m, h = 0.2 m, = 12 rad/s, and = 40 , we get
r = 0.553 m, vr = 2.13 m/s, and v = 6.64 m/s
(b)
The transformation to cartesian coordinates can be derived from

er = cos i + sin j, and e = sin i + cos j. Substituting these
into v = vr er + v e , we get v = (vr cos v sin )i + (vr sin +
v cos )j. Substituting in the numbers, v = 5.90i + 3.71j (m/s)

Problem 13.197* In Problem 13.196, determine the

acceleration of the follower when = 40 (a) in terms
of polar coordinates and (b) in terms of cartesian coordinates.
Evaluating, we get r = 46.17 m/s2 . Substituting this into the
equation for ar and evaluating an , we get ar = 125.81 m/s2
and a = 51.2 m/s2
Solution:
(a)
Information from the solution to Problem 13.196 will be used

in this solution. In order to determine the components of the
acceleration in polar coordinates, we need to be able to determine
all of the variables in the right hand sides of ar = r r 2 and
that a = r + 2r . We already know everything except r and
Since is constant, = = 0. We need only to find the
.
value for r and the value for r at = 40 . Substituting into the
original equation for r, we find that r = 0.553 m at this position
on the cam. To find r , we start with r = vr . Taking a derivative,
we start with r r hr cos + hr sin = 0 from Problem 13.196
(we divided through by 2). Taking a derivative with respect to
time, we get
r =
(b)
The transformation of cartesian coordinates can be derived from

er = cos i + sin j, and e = sin i + cos j. Substituting these
into a = ar er + ae e , we get a = ar er + a e , we get a = (ar cos
a sin )i + (ar sin + a cos )j. Substituting in the numbers, we
get a = 63.46 i 120.1 j(m/s2 ).
r 2 + 2hr sin + hr 2 cos + hr sin

.
(h cos r)


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Problem 13.

1 The position of point P relative to point

Strategy: Use Eqs. (13.3) and (13.4) to determine the

Problem 13.2 The milling machine is programmed so

Determine the velocity of the head as a function

Problem 13.3 The person drops a ball at time t = 0.

How long does it take the ball to fall to the floor?

Problem 13.4 The boats position during the interval

Determine the boats velocity and acceleration at

a) v(4s) = 12.96 m/s2

a(4s) = 1.28 m/s2

Problem 13.5 The rocket starts from rest at t = 0 and

v = 229 m/s = 20b + 4000 c

substituting these into (1) and (2) and evaluating at t = 5 s, we get

What is the maximum velocity during this interval

(a) Max velocity is at t = 4 s. where v = 28 m/s and

What is the maximum velocity during this interval

This is indeed a maximum, since

Problem 13.8 The rotating crank causes the position

Determine the velocity and acceleration of P at

a(0.375) = 11.2 m/s2

Problem 13.9 For the mechanism in Problem 13.8,

These velocity maxima have the absolute value

The acceleration maxima occur at

= [0.2 ] = 0.628 m/s.

Problem 13.11 During an assembly operation, the

v = 60t 60t 2 mm/s

The position and acceleration at this time are

Problem 13.12 In the test of a prototype car, the driver

What is the maximum velocity, and at what time

Solution: Assume that s is measured in feet, and that t is measured

The maximum velocity is

The maximum occurs at

The maximum occurs at

In canonical form this quadratic equation is

with the solution t = b b2 c = 11.85 or 3.52 seconds.

This is a maximum since

Problem 13.13 Suppose you want to approximate the

The velocity at t = 8 seconds is

Since the vehicle starts from rest at t = 0, the velocity is zero,

At t = 4 seconds, s = 176 ft, from which 176 = 16C + 64D.

At t = 8 seconds s = 448 ft, from which 448 = 64C + 512D.

The acceleration at t = 8 seconds is

Solve these two simultaneous equations to obtain C = 15 and

a = [30 6t]t=8 = 18 ft/s2 .

The position is given by s = 15t 2 t 3 , from which the velocity is

Problem 13.14 The acceleration of a point is a =

Solution: The velocity is

where C1 is the constant of integration. Thus

At t = 0, v = 10 m/s, hence C1 = 10 and the velocity is v =

The velocity at t = 3 seconds is

where C2 is the constant of integration.

Problem 13.15 The acceleration of a point is a =

(60t 36t 2 ) + C1 = 30t 2 12t 3 + C1 .

At t = 0, v = 20 ft/s, hence C1 = 20, and the velocity as a function

(30t 2 12t 3 + 20) + C2

v = 30t 2 12t 3 + 20 ft/s .

Problem 13.17 A bioengineer studying the mechanics

We have two equations in two unknowns. Solving, we get

Substituting the known numbers, we get

Problem 13.18 Missiles designed for defense against

How long does it take to reach a velocity of

10,000 ft = (1610 ft/s2 )t 2 t = 2.49 s