Numbers In, Numbers Out: COMP1917: Computing 1

COMP1917: Computing 1
2. Numbers In, Numbers Out

Reading: Moffat, Chapter 2.
COMP1917
c
Alan
Blair, UNSW, 2006-2013
COMP1917 13s2
The Art of Programming
Think about the problem

Write down a proposed solution
Break each step into smaller steps
Convert the basic steps into instructions in the program
Use an editor to create a file containing the program
Use the compiler to check the syntax of the program
Test the program on a range of data
COMP1917
c
Alan
COMP1917 13s2
Work methodically dont just hack !
Like an architect building a house, or a hungry person eating a pizza, you

should plan in advance and do the job one piece and one bite at a time, not
try to shove the whole thing into your mouth at once.
Remember:
A day of debugging can save an hour of planning
COMP1917
c
Alan
COMP1917 13s2
Example Programming Task

Einsteins theory of Relativity predicts that the mass of an object will
increase as its velocity increases, according to this equation:
where:
m
m0
v
c
m= q
m0
1 ( vc )2
is the observed mass

is the rest mass
is the velocity
is the speed of light
Write a program which reads the rest mass and velocity from standard
input, computes the observed mass and prints it to standard output.
(You do not need to understand the physics in order to complete the task!)
COMP1917
c
Alan
COMP1917 13s2
Structure of the Program

#include <stdio.h>
int main( void )
{
// declare variables
// read values from standard input (keyboard)
// compute observed mass using Einsteins equation
// print result to standard output (screen)
return 0;
}
COMP1917
c
Alan
COMP1917 13s2
Variables and Types
Variables are used to store data

In C each variable must have a type
C has the following generic data types:
char
character
( A, e, #, . . . )
int
integer
( 2, 17, -5, . . . )
float
floating point number
( 3.14159, . . . )
there are other types, which are variations on these three.
COMP1917
c
Alan
COMP1917 13s2
Variable Declarations
Each variable must have a declaration, which tells the compiler to
reserve storage space

Variable declarations are like the list of ingredients at the top of a
cooking recipe
A variable declaration must specify a data type and a name
float x;
char ch;
int n;
Declarations can be placed after the opening bracket { in a function
COMP1917
c
Alan
COMP1917 13s2
Function and Variable Names Identifiers
Identifier names must be made up of letters and digits.

The first character must be a letter.
The underscore character _ counts as a letter.
uppercase and lowercase are different
Restrictions: Keywords like:
if, while, do, int, char, float ... etc

cannot be used as identifiers
COMP1917
c
Alan
COMP1917 13s2
Variable Names
It is helpful to use descriptive names for your variables, which make the
code eaiser to read and understand.
float mass, rest_mass;
float velocity, ratio;
These are called variables because their values can vary as the program
executes.
We might like to treat the speed of light differently, because its value is
constant and cannot change during the execution of the program.
There are two ways to handle constants in C.
COMP1917
c
Alan
COMP1917 13s2
Constant Declarations
We can declare a constant variable:

const float SPEED_OF_LIGHT = 299792458.0;
. . . or, using scientific notation . . .
const float SPEED_OF_LIGHT = 3e+8;
variables declared with the const qualifier cannot be altered.
attempting to alter a const variable will generate a compilation error.
COMP1917
c
Alan
COMP1917 13s2
10
Symbolic Constants
Alternatively, we can define a symbolic constant at the top of the file:
#define SPEED_OF_LIGHT 299792458.0
we use symbolic constants to avoid burying magic numbers or
values in the code.

symbolic constants make the code easier to understand and maintain
#define name
replacement text
the compilers pre-processor will parse your code replacing all
occurrences of name with replacement text.

it will not make the replacement if name is inside quotes or part of
another name.
COMP1917
c
Alan
COMP1917 13s2
11
Identifiers Conventions
many library functions begin their names with an underscore _ .
For this reason, you should avoid starting your own function or
variable names with an underscore.
some programmers like to capitalize the first letter of each word
SetPrime();
others like to use all lowercase, with an underscore between words
int frequency_count;
by convention, constants are defined in full uppercase.
single letters from a to n often used as counters and indices.
longer names are encouraged for external variables and for clarity.
COMP1917
c
Alan
COMP1917 13s2
12
Input using scanf()

#include <stdio.h>
...
scanf( "%f", &rest_mass );
scanf( "%f", &velocity );
reads input according to a format and stores values in arguments
returns the number of input items successfully read, or EOF on failure
or end of file
at least one argument but possibly more
each argument (unless an array) must be preceded by ampersand
character &
COMP1917
c
Alan
COMP1917 13s2
13
scanf()
#include <stdio.h>
int scanf(const char *format, ...);
Format can contain:
blanks, tabs (whitespace) ignored
ordinary characters must match characters of input stream
conversion specifications
%d decimal integer
%c character
%f float
%lf double (long float)
COMP1917
c
Alan
COMP1917 13s2
14
Prompting the user with printf()
printf("Enter rest mass: " );

printf("Enter velocity in m/s: " );
COMP1917
c
Alan
COMP1917 13s2
15
Assigning Values to Variables

Variables can be assigned values using the = operator
n = 23;
x = 3.1415;
Variables can also be initialised when they are declared
char c = A;
int x = 75;
Variables can be modified during a program
y = x + 42;
x = x + 1;
The expression to the right of = is evaluated and the result stored in
the variable to the left of the =
variables must be assigned before they are used; otherwise they will
have garbage values.

COMP1917
c
Alan
COMP1917 13s2
16
Arithmetic Operators
The following are binary operators:

Name
Symbol
Example
Conditions
Add
a+b
none
Subtract
ab
none
Multiply
ab
none
Divide
a/b
ignore remainder for integer

division
Modulus
a%b
remainder of a / b
Cant be used on float

COMP1917
c
Alan
COMP1917 13s2
17
Abbreviated Assignment Operators

C allows certain abbreviated assignment operators when the same
variable appears on the left and right side. For example,
x += 10;
is an abbreviation for
x = x + 10;
We can also use
-=
COMP1917
*=
/=
%=
c
Alan
COMP1917 13s2
18
Increment and Decrement Operators

The operators ++ and -- can be used to increment a variable (add 1)
or decrement a variable (subtract 1)

It is recommended to put the increment or decrement operator after
the variable:
n = k--;
// suppose k=7 initially

// first assign k to n, then decrement k by 1
// afterwards, k=6 but n=7
It is also possible (but NOT recommended) to put the operator before
the variable:
n = --k;
COMP1917
// again, suppose k=7 initially

// first decrement k by 1, then assign k to n
// afterwards, k=6 and n=6
c
Alan
COMP1917 13s2
19
Mathematical Equations
If necessary, break a large equation into smaller pieces or split it across

multiple lines.
m= q
m0
1 ( vc )2
ratio = velocity / SPEED_OF_LIGHT;

mass = rest_mass / sqrt( 1.0 - ratio * ratio );
COMP1917
c
Alan
COMP1917 13s2
20
Math Library Functions
#include <math.h>
sqrt( ... )
If your program uses mathematical functions like sqrt(), sin(),
cos(), log(), exp(), etc. then you need to include math.h and also
compile with the -lm option (which stands for library math)
$ gcc -Wall -o einstein einstein.c -lm
COMP1917
c
Alan
COMP1917 13s2
21
Printing Variable Values with printf()
printf( "Observed mass = %1.6f\n", mass );

formatted output written to standard output
very useful and flexible function
at least one argument but possibly more
printf(), used judiciously, can be very helpful for debugging
COMP1917
c
Alan
COMP1917 13s2
22
printf()
#include <stdio.h>
int printf( const char *format, ... );
format may contain ordinary text as well as conversion characters,
which print the value of the next argument:
%d
decimal integer
%5d
decimal integer at least 5 chars wide
%f
floating point number
%5f
floating point number at least 5 chars wide
%.3f
floating point number 3 decimal places
%5.3f
floating point number at least 5 chars 3 decimal places
COMP1917
c
Alan
COMP1917 13s2
Complete Program
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
// remember to compile with -lm
// speed of light in m/s
#define SPEED_OF_LIGHT 299792458.0
int main( void )
{
float mass, rest_mass;
float velocity;
float ratio;
23
COMP1917 13s2
24
printf( "Enter rest mass: " );

printf( "Enter velocity in m/s: " );
// compute observed mass using Einsteins equation
ratio = velocity / SPEED_OF_LIGHT;
mass = rest_mass / sqrt( 1.0 - ratio * ratio );
printf( "Observed mass = %1.6f\n", mass );
return 0;
}
COMP1917
c
Alan
COMP1917 13s2
25
Question
What if you type in a velocity that is greater than the SPEED OF LIGHT?
What will happen?
What should happen?
How can you make it happen?
COMP1917
c
Alan

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COMP1917: Computing 1

2. Numbers In, Numbers Out

2. Numbers In, Numbers Out

The Art of Programming

Think about the problem

2. Numbers In, Numbers Out

Work methodically dont just hack !

Like an architect building a house, or a hungry person eating a pizza, you

2. Numbers In, Numbers Out

Example Programming Task

is the observed mass

2. Numbers In, Numbers Out

Structure of the Program

2. Numbers In, Numbers Out

Variables and Types

Variables are used to store data

floating point number

there are other types, which are variations on these three.

2. Numbers In, Numbers Out

Each variable must have a declaration, which tells the compiler to

reserve storage space

2. Numbers In, Numbers Out

Function and Variable Names Identifiers

Identifier names must be made up of letters and digits.

if, while, do, int, char, float ... etc

2. Numbers In, Numbers Out

2. Numbers In, Numbers Out

We can declare a constant variable:

2. Numbers In, Numbers Out

values in the code.

the compilers pre-processor will parse your code replacing all

occurrences of name with replacement text.

2. Numbers In, Numbers Out

2. Numbers In, Numbers Out

Input using scanf()

2. Numbers In, Numbers Out

2. Numbers In, Numbers Out

Prompting the user with printf()

printf("Enter rest mass: " );

2. Numbers In, Numbers Out

Assigning Values to Variables

have garbage values.

2. Numbers In, Numbers Out

The following are binary operators:

ignore remainder for integer

Cant be used on float

2. Numbers In, Numbers Out

Abbreviated Assignment Operators

2. Numbers In, Numbers Out

Increment and Decrement Operators

or decrement a variable (subtract 1)

// suppose k=7 initially

It is also possible (but NOT recommended) to put the operator before

// again, suppose k=7 initially

2. Numbers In, Numbers Out

If necessary, break a large equation into smaller pieces or split it across

ratio = velocity / SPEED_OF_LIGHT;

2. Numbers In, Numbers Out

Math Library Functions

2. Numbers In, Numbers Out

Printing Variable Values with printf()

printf( "Observed mass = %1.6f\n", mass );

2. Numbers In, Numbers Out