DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING

PARTON MODEL

Faynman proposed this model for high

energy Hadron collisions in 1969
Bjorken then applies this model for
electron proton scattering
Parton model remain a justifiable
approximation at high energies

PARTON MODEL

Basic interaction in DIS of electron proton

is elastic scattering from spin half quark with
electron
Treating quark as a free particle

Quark- Parton model is formulated at high

energy frame (infinite momentum frame)

PARTON MODEL
The electron interacts incoherently with the various
Partons in the proton

The Parton is point like, that is, has no structure

and are almost free
The partons stay on-shell during the elastic
interaction
The partons have negligible transverse momentum

PARTON MODEL

PARTON MODEL

Ignoring the proton mass the momentum

would be

PARTON MODEL

In particle physics we prefer to

work with natural units
C=1 , =1

PARTON MODEL
Quark four momentum after interaction with virtual
photon

PARTON MODEL

Bjorken x is the fraction of proton

momentum carried by the struck quark
measurements of the x-dependence of the
structure functions can be related to the
momentum distribution of the quarks within
the proton

PARTON MODEL

kinematic variables for the underlying

electronquark scattering process can be
related to those for the electronproton
collision

We neglect the electron and proton mass

terms

PARTON MODEL

in electron proton scattering the center of

mass energy would be
And in electron quark scattering

PARTON MODEL

We define

PARTON MODEL
Now differential cross section of quark electron
scattering would be

PARTON MODEL

The dierential cross section for eq elastic

scattering where the quark carries a fraction
x of the momentum of the proton.

PARTON DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS

Quarks inside protons interact with each other
through exchange of gluons

Dynamic of this interaction will result in

energy/momentum distribution within the proton
These distributions are expressed in terms of
Parton Distribution Functions (PDFs)

PARTON DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS

For example the up-quark PDF for the proton is
defined as
the number of up-quarks within the proton with
momentum fraction between x and x + x
the functional forms of the PDFs depend on the
detailed dynamics of the proton; they are not a
priori known and have to be obtained from
experiment.

PARTON DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS

PARTON DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS

The e p DIS cross section can be obtained from the
denition of the PDFs and the dierential cross
section for underlying e q elastic scattering process
The cross section for elastic scattering from a
particular avour of quark (i) with charge (Qi) and
momentum fraction in the range x x + x is

PARTON DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS

The double-dierential cross section is obtained by
dividing by x and summing over all quark avours

And this is the parton model prediction for e p DIS

cross section

PARTON DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS

comparing parton model prediction with the general
expression for the DIS cross section in terms of the
structure functions

PARTON DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS

There are 3 significant notes
1. The parton model predicts the CallanGross relation

2. The parton model naturally predicts Bjorken scaling

3. the quark magnetic moment is directly related to its
charge and therefore the contributions from the
electromagnetic (F2) and the pure magnetic (F1)
structure functions are xed with respect to one
another.

DETERMINATION OF THE PARTON DISTRIBUTION

FUNCTIONS
PDDs cannot be calculated from first principle
because QCD Theory have a large coupling
constant
PDFs therefore have to be extracted from
measurements of the structure functions in DIS
experiments and elsewhere

 For e p scattering the structure function (F2) is

related to PDFs by

 Static model of proton consists of two up-quark and

one down

Proton is dynamical system because of existence of

gluons
Virtual gluons can fluctuate into quark-anti quark
pair
Neglect contribution of heavier quarks flavour

QUARKPARTON MODEL PREDICTION

QUARKPARTON MODEL PREDICTION

QUARKPARTON MODEL PREDICTION

QUARKPARTON MODEL PREDICTION

SLAC RESULTS

RESULTS
Parton model gives a proton structure of 2 upquarks and one down quark

the total fraction of the momentum of the proton

carried by quarks and antiquarks is just over 50%
the remainder is carried by the gluons that are the
force carrying particles of the strong interaction