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Chapter 15
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Acids
Have a sour taste. Vinegar owes its taste to acetic acid. Citrus
fruits contain citric acid.
React with certain metals to produce hydrogen gas.
React with carbonates and bicarbonates to produce carbon
dioxide gas
Bases
Have a bitter taste.
Feel slippery. Many soaps contain bases.
4.3
4.3
base
base
acid
acid
base
acid
conjugate
acid
conjugate
base
15.1
H2O (l)
autoionization of water
H
O
H
+ H
O
H
H
base
H 2O + H 2O
acid
+ + H
H O H
O
conjugate
acid
H3O+ + OHconjugate
base
15.2
[H+][OH-]
Kc =
[H2O]
[H2O] = constant
Kc[H2O] = Kw = [H+][OH-]
The ion-product constant (Kw) is the product of the molar
concentrations of H+ and OH- ions at a particular temperature.
At 250C
Kw = [H+][OH-] = 1.0 x 10-14
[H+] = [OH-]
Solution Is
neutral
acidic
basic
15.2
-14
K
1
x
10
w
-15 M
=
=
7.7
x
10
[OH-] =
[H+]
1.3
15.2
pH A Measure of Acidity
pH = -log [H+]
Solution Is
neutral
[H+] = [OH-]
At 250C
[H+] = 1 x 10-7
pH = 7
acidic
pH < 7
basic
pH > 7
pH
[H+]
15.3
15.3
15.3
H 2O
H 2O
H 2O
Ba(OH)2 (s)
H 2O
The OH- ion is the strongest base that can exist in aqeous
solution.
15.4
15.4
Strong Acid
Weak Acid
15.4
0.0 M
0.0 M
H3O+ (aq) + NO3- (aq)
0.002 M 0.002 M
0.0 M
0.0 M
Ba2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq)
0.018 M 0.036 M
[H+][A-]
Ka =
[HA]
Ka is the acid ionization constant
Ka
weak acid
strength
15.5
0.50
0.00
0.00
-x
+x
+x
0.50 - x
x2
= 7.1 x 10-4
Ka =
0.50 - x
Ka
H+ (aq) + F- (aq)
x2
= 7.1 x 10-4
0.50
Ka << 1
0.50 x 0.50
x2 = 3.55 x 10-4
x = 0.019 M
0.50 x 0.50
0.019 M
x 100% = 3.8%
0.50 M
Less than 5%
Approximation ok.
15.5
0.122
0.00
0.00
-x
+x
+x
0.122 - x
x2
= 5.7 x 10-4
Ka =
0.122 - x
Ka
H+ (aq) + A- (aq)
x2
= 5.7 x 10-4
0.122
0.0083 M
x 100% = 6.8%
0.122 M
Ka << 1
0.122 x 0.122
x2 = 6.95 x 10-5
x = 0.0083 M
More than 5%
Approximation not ok.
15.5
x2
= 5.7 x 10-4
Ka =
0.122 - x
ax2 + bx + c =0
x = 0.0081
HA (aq)
Initial (M)
Change (M)
Equilibrium (M)
0.122
0.00
0.00
-x
+x
+x
0.122 - x
[H+] = x = 0.0081 M
pH = -log[H+] = 2.09
15.5
percent ionization =
x 100%
[H+]
[HA]0
x 100%
15.5
[NH4+][OH-]
Kb =
[NH3]
Kb is the base ionization constant
Kb
weak base
strength
H+ (aq) + A- (aq)
OH- (aq) + HA (aq)
H+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
Ka
Kb
Kw
KaKb = Kw
Weak Acid and Its Conjugate Base
Kw
Ka =
Kb
Kw
Kb =
Ka
15.7
H + + X-
The
stronger
the bond
The
weaker
the acid
+
H
O- + H+
The O-H bond will be more polar and easier to break if:
Z is very electronegative or
15.9
O
O
H O Cl O
H O Br O
Cl is more electronegative than Br
15.9
H 2O
H 2O
H 2O
+
Al(OH)(H2O)2+
5 (aq) + H (aq)
15.10
15.10
Kb for the anion > Ka for the cation, solution will be basic
Kb for the anion < Ka for the cation, solution will be acidic
15.10
Example
Answers
A. NH4I
NH4 + will hydrolyze to NH3 and H+
I is a conjugate base of a strong acid and will
not hydrolyze
Therefore, it is acidic
Answers
B. NaNO2
Na+ will not hydrolyze
NO2 is a conjugate base of a weak acid and will
hydrolyze forming HNO2 and OHTherefore, it is basic
Answers
C. FeCl3
Fe+3 is highly charged and will hydrolyze to
produce H+ and
Cl- is a conjugate base of a strong acid and will
not hydrolyze
Therefore, it is acidic
Answers
D. NH4F
NH4 + is a conjugate acid of a weak base and
will hydrolyze
F- is a conjugate base of a weak acid and will
also hydrolyze
Check the ka and kb values;
NH4 + ka = 5.6x10-10 > F- kb= 1.4x10-11
Therefore; it is acidic
Exercise
Predict whether the following solutions will
be acidic, basic or nearly neutral:
A. LiClO4
B. Na3PO4
C. Bi(NO3)3
D. NH4CN
Exercise
Predict whether the following solutions will
be acidic, basic or nearly neutral:
A. LiClO4
neutral
B. Na3PO4 basic
C. Bi(NO3)3 acidic
D. NH4CN NH4 + ka = 5.6x10-10
CN kb = 2.0x10-5
basic
H2CO3 (aq)
2HNO3 (aq)
15.11
Definition of An Acid
Arrhenius acid is a substance that produces H+ (H3O+) in water
A Brnsted acid is a proton donor
A Lewis acid is a substance that can accept a pair of electrons
A Lewis base is a substance that can donate a pair of electrons
acid
H O H
N H
H+ +
H+ + OH
acid base
H
base
+
H N H
H
15.12
F B
N H
F
F
acid
base
F
F B
F
H
N H
H
15.12