A REPORT ON A COMPARISON OF THREE AIRPORTS

(Cochin International Airport, Bandaranaike International Airport

and Suvarnabhumi International Airport)

SARI V S
(Register No: 85614045)
Under the guidance of
Dr. Muhammad Aslam
Lecturer
School of Management Studies, CUSAT
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

To the Cochin University of Science and Technology

School of Management Studies

COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Kochi - 682022, Kerala, India
2014 2016

AKNOLOGEMENT

I wish to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to each and everyone who
helped me in the completion of this work .
First of all I thank god
throughout my work.

almighty

for giving me all the

grace and

assistance

I am very glad to express my gratitude to Dr. M. BHASI

,director ,
school of management studies , CUSAT for his timely help all through my study.
would like to extend my gratitude to lecturer Dr. Muhammad Aslam , school of
management studies , CUSAT, for her valuable suggestion , advice and
encouragement throughout the course of this work.
I express my deep gratitude to my dear friends
helping hands, who were always friends in need.

for

their

co-operation

SARI V S

and

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

COCHIN INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

Cochin International Airport (IATA: COK, ICAO: VOCI) is an international airport

situated in the city of Kochi, in the state of Kerala, India. Located at Nedumbassery, about
30 km (19 mi) northeast of Kochi, it is the busiest and largest airport in the state of Kerala.
For the financial year 2014-15, Cochin airport is the fourth busiest airport in India in terms of
international passenger traffic after Delhi, Mumbai and Chennai ferrying over 3,751,225
passengers and seventh busiest airport in India carrying 6,814,867 passengers. The airport is a
primary base for Air India Express operations and is a focus city for Air Asia India, Air
India, Indigo, Jet Airways and Spice Jet
Cochin International Airport is the first in India developed under a publicprivate partnership (PPP) model and was funded by nearly 10,000 non-resident Indians from
30 countries.
On August 18, 2015, it became the world's first fully solar energy powered
airport with the inauguration of the dedicated solar plant.

HISTORY OF CIAL

The original air facilities in Kochi where an aerodrome and airstrip on

Willingdos Island, built in 1936 by the British Residency of Kingdom of Kochi, intended for
transporting British officials involved in the development of Cochin Port. The airstrip was
converted into a military airport by the Indian Navy during World War II. The Royal Navy
chose it as a strategic site for their headquarters in Southern India and as an air station cum
landing craft and seaplane base. The military facility hosted naval fighter planes and was
intended to thwart possible Japanese air raids. A small naval unit set up just two days before
the outbreak of World War II.
After Indian Independence, the Indian Navy operated the airport, though it
permitted civilian aircraft to use the facility. The Gulf economic boom of the 1980s made it
necessary to develop international transportation to Kochi in the interests of expatriates
working in the Middle East.

In October 1990, the Kerala Chamber of Commerce, supported by local

industry, passed a resolution to expand the naval airport to accommodate large jets and
facilitate direct flights to the Middle East. The resolution was rejected by the Navy for
security reasons. This resulted in Kerala Govt to moot idea of a new Greenfield civilian
airport to be built near Kochi; however the government of India's Airport Authority of
India did not have enough funds to commence a Greenfield airport. This led to the formation
a novel idea of collecting funds from public and individuals to construct an airport, which
was indeed for the first time in India. The idea was put forward by Mr.V.J.Kurian, then the
district collector of Ernakulam. The airport site was chosen near to K. Karunakaran's
constituency and still 90% of the travelers are travelling from south of the airport.

CONSTRUCTION OF CIAL

The original proposal for the airport outlined an estimated cost of 100 crore
(US$15 million) and an expected date of commission in 1997. Approval was granted in May
1993. The funding was envisaged to be from interest-free loans from non-resident Indians
working abroad, donations from industrial undertakings, exporters, cooperative societies and
loans from the state government. A body called the Cochin International Airport Society,
under the chairmanship of the chief minister of Kerala, was registered in July 1993 to execute
the project. To better fund mobilization, as well as administrative convenience, a public
limited company under the name Cochin International Airport Ltd. (CIAL) was registered in
March 1994 with an authorized capital of 90 crore (US$13 million).
A total of 2,000 acres (810 hectares) of land was acquired for the
construction of the airport. Approximately 2,300 landowners and 872 families were resettled
under a rehabilitation package. Major electric lines and an irrigation canal had to be diverted.
The facility was formally inaugurated by the then President of India, KR
Narayanan on 25 May 1999, and the first commercial service began on 10 June 1999. The
operations from the old naval airport were moved to CIAL on 1 July 1999
Cochin airport is the first in India to be built in a publicprivate
partnership and is owned by a public limited company called Cochin International Airport
Limited, better known as CIAL, floated by the government of Kerala in 1994.
The government of Kerala holds 33.36% stake, making it the single largest investor in the
project. Indian government companies like Air India, BPCL, AAI hold 8.74% stake, while
foreign companies like Abu Dhabi based Emke Group, the Oman-based Galfar
Group, UAE based Majeed Bukatara Trading holds 5.42% stake. Indian companies hold
8.57% stake, while scheduled commercial banks like Federal Bank, SBT and Canara

Bank holds 5.91%. The remaining 38.03% stake is held by more than 10,000 personal
investors from 29 countries, mostly non-resident Indians.
The company has decided to go for public offering and giving 10
million shares to HUDCO as part of debt settlement, which would to lead HUDCO having
3.37% stake in the company and reduction of stake of other holders.
The Chief Minister of Kerala (Oommen Chandy) is the ex-officio
chairman of CIAL. V J Kurian is the managing director, appointed on 10 June 2011.
CIAL is one of the most profitable airports in the country. In
financial year 2012-2013, CIAL reported a profit after tax of 112 crore (US$17 million),
with a gross income of300 crore (US$45 million), with a sharp increase of 40% from the
previous year.

TERMINALS
Cochin International Airport has three terminals. There is a cargo terminal spread over
an area of 2,000 acres.

DOMESTIC
The domestic terminal has an area of 10,000 m2 (110,000 sq ft) and is designed to
handle up to 400 passengers at peak times. The departure hall has 26 common use terminal
equipment (CUTE) enabled check-in counters, including 6 premium check-in counters, 4 self
check in counters. It has 6 security gates and a common waiting area that can accommodate
400 passengers at a time. There is also a family lounge and a premium lounge for business
class passengers, and a food court is housed in the waiting area, while a restaurant operates in
entry lobby. There are 4 remote gates facility available for domestic passengers. The arrivals
hall has 2 baggage carousels.

INTERNATIONAL
The international terminal covers an area of 47,000 m2 (510,000 sq ft) with two
buildings for departures and arrivals connected inside with a corridor. The departure and
arrival halls of the international terminal are designed to accommodate 1800 people each at
any time. The departure hall has 42 CUTE enabled check-in counters, including 10 premium
check-in counters. CIAL is the fifth airport in India to install advanced in-line baggage
screening systems, replacing conventional x-ray based manual screening. It has 36 passport

control counters, 12 security gates and 12 customs counters. There are four premium lounges
for first class and business class passengers. There are 10 gates and 5 jet ways. The arrival
hall has 24 passport control counters and 4 baggage carousels.
New terminal-3
On 8 September 2012, the director board of CIAL approved the design of the new
international terminal which will cost 6 billion (US$89 million). It will have two levels, the
ground level for arrivals and the top level for departures. It will be able to handle 12 million
passengers annually and 4000 passengers during peak hours. It will have 15 aerobridges with
a floor area of 140,000 m (1,500,000 sq ft). The terminal is expected to manage passenger
traffic till 2030.
Once the new terminal is ready, the old international terminal will become a domestic
terminal. The existing domestic terminal will serve business jets only.
The Foundation Stone for the new terminal was laid on 2 February 2014 and is
expected to be ready in 30 months. The works of T3 has reached near completion and a
formal inauguration has happened on 26 February 2016 by Chief Minister Oommen
Chandy. The terminal will be open for commercial operations by May 26, 2016.
With the commissioning of Terminal 3, Cochin Airport became India's 3rd largest airport
with total built up area of 2 Million sqft space for commercial operations.

Cargo
Cochin Airport has a dedicated cargo centre on the eastern side of the complex. The cargo
centre is one of the largest facilities in India with a total floor space of 120,000 sq ft
(11,000 m2) in 50 acres (200,000 m2) of land. There are three complexes in the cargo village:

The Centre for Dry Cargo (CDC), with an area of 50,000 sq ft (4,600 m2), has a
dedicated warehousing facility and air-customs inspection facility for both import and
export.

The Centre for Perishable Cargo (CPC) is the largest dedicated cold storage centre for
perishable goods in India. It has a floor area of about 22,000 sq ft (2,000 m2) and can
handle approximately 25,000 metric tons of cargo. It was commissioned in 2008 at a cost
of 38 crore (US$5.6 million) jointly by CIAL, Government of India through
Agricultural and Food Promotion Export Development Authority (APEDA) and
Government of Kerala.

The Transshipment Cargo Complex is a dedicated warehouse allocated for

transshipment cargo. The import and export cargo from the customs warehouses in the
catchment area, as well as from airports like Chennai, Bangalore, Coimbatore, etc., are
handled and stored at this centre for export.

In addition, an exclusive domestic cargo complex has also been constructed for private
domestic logistics firms and India Post services.

INFRASTRUCTURE
Air traffic control
The air traffic control (ATC) tower is 60 m (200 ft) tall. Cochin ATC controls flights
below an altitude of 25,500 ft (7,800 m). The airport has an instrument landing system (ILS)
using distance measuring equipment (DME). The Instrument Landing System allows aircraft
landings in reduced visibility, as low as 650m. The ATC uses Doppler VHF Omni range I and
II.
Large-scale upgrades such as the latest AIRCON 2100 air traffic control automation
system were also introduced.

Airport surveillance radar

The AAI has installed an advanced 16 crore (US$2.4 million) airport
surveillance radar (ASR) as well as monopulse secondary surveillance radar (MSSR). In
addition, surface movement radar was installed for effective monitoring of flights in the
runway and parking bays. The system allows an aircraft to land every three minutes instead
of the previous twelve. The radar improves the accuracy of aircraft alignment with the
runway whilst landing. This will reduce fuel consumption and will allow for further increases
in airport traffic. The system increases the range of the radar to 250 nautical miles.

Runway
Cochin International Airport has one runway, 27/09, 3,400 m 46 m (11,155 ft
151 ft), equipped to operate any type of aircraft in commercial service. It has a full-length
parallel taxiway of 3,400 m (11,200 ft). The 807 m 125 m (2,648 ft 410 ft) apron
comprising 16 stands can accommodate five wide bodied and eight narrow bodied aircraft.
The runway is spread over the panchayat areas of Nedumbasserry, Sreemoolanagaram and
Kanjoor.
Cochin Airport has one helipad for dedicated use of helicopters, meant for air-taxi purposes.
Plans for constructing a heliport are underway.

Naval enclave
Indian Navy will set up a Naval Aircraft Enclave at Cochin International Airport
Ltd (CIAL). A MoU in this regard was signed between CIAL and the Navy. The proposed
Naval Aircraft Enclave will comprise a hangar for bigger aircraft of the Navy, administrative

office, disbursal centre, apron capable of holding 2 Boeing type aircraft (P-8I long-range
maritime reconnaissance aircraft) and a taxi track. The Naval Aircraft Enclave at Cochin
airport will be the second such facility of the Navy attached to an international airport,
after Mumbai. But it is the first public-private participation model airport to hand over land to
the Navy for such a facility.
The construction began in 2013 at 10 acres of land owned by the Navy at the airport.

PASSENGER FACILITIES
Facility of Collective Landing Permits for Group Tourists
The facility of Collective Landing permit for Group tourists is available to foreign
nationals other than nationals of Afghanistan, China, Ethiopia, Iraq, Iran, Nigeria, Somalia,
Sri Lanka, Pakistan and foreign nationals of Pakistani origin

Shopping
In pursuit of earning more non-aeronautical revenue, CIAL has set up shopping
facilities. The Cochin duty-free shop in the international terminal is the first full-scale dutyfree shop in India and one of the largest managed by Alpha Kreol, a joint venture between
Alpha UK and Kreol Middle East. The arrivals hall has a large duty-free shopping area of
13,000 sq ft (1,200 m2). The departure block duty-free is smaller in size of 2,000 sq ft
(190 m2) that allows passengers to buy various products there is a book shop and ethnic
Indian Khadi products promoted by KVIC Kerala, selling traditional Kerala souvenirs and
Khadi clothes.
The airport has a large Kerala items specialties shopping arcade within Domestic
Departures terminal. In addition, duty paid retail shops and business centers operate in
Canopy at city side in meters and greeters area. The Art Gallery of the Kerala Lalitha Kala
Academy were also started which exhibits paintings which will be available for sale.

Lounges
The international terminal has three lounges in the departures section. A VIP lounge
exclusively for VIPs and CIPs operated by Oberoi Hotels, is near the emigration area on the
ground floor. CGH operates two lounges in the international terminal. The Earth Lounge is
one of the biggest in India, with 6000 sq ft of facility with dedicated bar, restaurant, private
seating facility with panoramic view access to airside and shower facility. In addition, first
class and business class passengers can use Firefly Terrace garden as free lounge access.
Oberoi operate an arrival lounge after immigration in arrivals side.

In Domestic terminal, there is one lounge- Clipper Lounge located near to Check-In Area.

Security
Cochin International Airport is listed among the 12 major airports of India. Its safety
and security is handled by the Bureau of Civil Aviation Security through the Central
Industrial Security Force Airport security (CISF). Cochin was the third international airport,
and the first private airport, in the country to come under the cover of CISF in 2001, after
the Central Government decided to hand over airport security to CISF in the wake of the
hijacking of Indian Airlines IC-814. Security was handled by the Special Branch of Kochi
Police before the CISF. The airport company's Aviation Safety Wing (ASW) oversees security
facilities and equipment. The ASW is also responsible for fire and emergency services.
CIAL is the only airport in the country with internally trained private security agents,
specializing in intelligence gathering and passenger profiling. Security management training
is provided by CIAL's Aviation Academy and personnel are employed by the company as
security agents deployed in baggage screening rooms, entry gates, the general cargo area,
and the lounge areas. CIAL ASW employs Army-trained sniffer dogs to check for explosives
in baggage areas, the only Indian airport to have such a facility. CIAL has introduced three
state-of-the-art ION scanning detectors that can identify small amounts of material, down to
nanograms, of explosives.
The airport is under the direct protection of the Kochi City Police, who have a station
outside the terminal. CISF maintains two armed squadrons and one bomb detection and
disposal squad. CISF has a command center 250 metres outside the terminal, with an
intelligence division and mobilization cell. The air customs division operates a narcotics
detection squad in the terminal. The CIAL ASWs are working on installing a fully
automated perimeter intrusion detection system that will detect any possible violation, using
sensors that will provide critical time for the security forces to react. Phase one of the
intrusion prevention system is in place with barricades, automatic retractable bollards,
surveillance cameras, parking gate management systems and the introduction of biometric ID
cards for staff.
The immigration department is handled by Special Branch officials trained by the Bureau
of Immigration.
The airport company also has a high-end robotic security system capable of remotehandling of explosive devices and fire-fighting and hostage situations . The system is
operational from September 2014, making CIAL the first in South India to have such a
facility. It comprises safety robots developed by Canada-based Pedsco Ltd. and Threat

Containment Vessel (TCV) and sophisticated luggage containment vehicle both developed
by Nabco, USA. The main equipment of the system is a threat containment vessel (TCV)
carried by robots, which is capable of containing a blast of minimum 8 kg of TNT or
equivalent quantity of explosive, triggered by suspected luggage including chemicals,
radioactive materials and bombs. The container is reusable as it withstands repeated
detonations and size of the TCV can be adjusted with the size of the suspected baggage.In
addition to TCV, the technology also comprises a remote mobile Investigator (RMI)-9WT,
which is a multipurpose six-wheel vehicle with removable tracks for step climbing capability.
Using fixed arm extenders, the robot can be configured for different applications such as
under car searches and second-storey window access.

GROUND TRANSPORTATION
CIAL is located between National Highway 544 (NH 544), one of the main
highways of South India, and the Main Central Road (MC Road), one of the State Highways
of Kerala. An expressway is planned from NH 49 to the MC Road to facilitate faster
transport. Though the main railway line is only about 500 metres from the airport, the nearest
station is Angamaly about 8 km away.

Air-taxi services
Cochin airport has dedicated air-taxi services for passengers to travel to major pilgrim
destinations in Kerala as well as to cities like Thiruvananthapuram andKozhikode. In
association with Bharat Airways, it provides scheduled air-taxi services to Sabarimala.

Buses
Buses are the primary means to connect the airport with major parts of the city. Services
are mainly operated by the Kerala State Road Transport Corporation which operates two
classes of bus service. The nearest bus stations are Angamaly bus depot and Aluva Rajiv
Gandhi Municipal bus station from where local, long-distance and inter-state buses operate.
KURTC has come up with a new bus service which would turn as a boon for the persons
boarding flight from Nedumbassery airport to different parts of the world. P Ubaidulla MLA
flagged off the bus at a function held in the KSRTC depot.

Taxis
Cochin airport manages a fleet of its own cabs, operating as the Cochin Airport Taxi
Society (CATS), providing prepaid and regular cab facilities. CATS taxis can be booked at
prepaid counters in the arrivals sections of both the international and domestic terminals.

Helicopter

Chipsan Aviation air charter services operating Helitaxi service from the airport to the
various locations. Booking counter at domestic terminals.

CIAL Aerotropolis
One of the future projects for the airport is the CIAL Aerotropolis, or Airport City,
with a total area of 500 acres (2.0 km2) The Aerotropolis was proposed by its founder, V.J.
Kurien, to ensure additional revenue sources for the growth of the company and to increase
airport traffic through tourism and allied activities. The proposed Aerotropolis will be in
Nedumbassery and nearby villages, aiming to convert into a self-sustainable town, with the
airport forming the core element with a residential zone. Work on the Aerotropolis
commenced in 2007.

Manufacturing and business zone

The master plan envisages the creation of a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) for
aircraft-allied industries, especially spare parts and OEM manufacturing units, an airline
research and development center, workshops, and service zones. In addition to this an
Information Technology Park, with dedicated airline support technology, design and
development centers is also proposed. An integrated logistics center and central container
freight station are planned at the cargo village.
CIAL's proposal for establishing the SEZ was approved by the Board of Approval of SEZs in
2008; however, work is yet to start due to the global recession. The project is estimated to
begin by August 2011.

Achievements
The Cochin International Airport became the first in the world to operate completely
on solar power. After adorning many firsts in its cap, like being the pioneer in PPP model in
building an airport to introducing a path-breaking rehabilitation package for evictees, Cochin
International airport limited (CIAL) is all set to become the first airport in the country which
would be operating on solar power. When the PV panels laid across 45 acres near cargo
complex become functional, in near future, Cochin airport will have 50000 to 60000
thousand units of electricity per day to be consumed for all its operational functions, which
will technically make the airport absolutely power neutral
CIAL has ventured into the Solar PV sector during March 2013, by installing a 100
kwp solar PV Plant on the roof top of the Arrival Terminal Block. This was a trend setter in
the field of grid-connected solar PV in the State of Kerala. The plant was installed by the
Kolkata-based M/s Vikram Solar Pvt. Ltd. 400 numbers of polycrystalline modules of 250Wp
with five numbers of 20 kW capacity Refu-sol make string inverters were used in this plant.
This is a grid connected system without any battery storage. CIAL is now in the process of
setting up a 12MWp solar PV plant as part of its green initiatives.

BANDARANAIKE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

Bandaranaike International Airport (also known as Colombo International

Airport and Katunayake International Airport) (IATA: CMB, ICAO: VCBI) is the main
international airport serving Sri Lanka, and a hub for SriLankan Airlines. It is named after
former Prime Minister SWRD Bandaranaike.
Bandaranaike International Airport is located in a suburb of Negombo, 22 miles (35 km)
north of Colombo. It is administered by Airport and Aviation Services (Sri Lanka) Ltd. It is
the hub of Sri Lankan Airlines, the national carrier of Sri Lanka, and Mihin Lanka, the budget
airline of Sri Lanka.

HISTORY OF BANDARNAIKE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

The airport began as a Royal Air Force airfield in 1944 during the Second
World War, RAF Station Negombo, in 1957. It closed as the British left the island,
and SWRD Bandaranaike removed all the British Military airfields from Ceylon (Sri Lanka),
the airfield was handed over to the Royal Ceylon Air Force (RCYAF) and renamed
Katunayake. Part of it still remains an military airfield. In 1964 Anil Moonesinghe, the
Cabinet Minister of Communications started the building of a new international airport to
replace Ratmalana, with Canadian aid. The airport was completed in 1967, and Air Ceylon,
the national carrier, began international operations from it using a Hawker Siddeley
Trident and a leased British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) British Aircraft
Corporation (BAC) VC-10. It was named after former Prime Minister SWRD Bandaranaike,
in 1970. It was renamed Katunayake International Airport in 1977, but was changed back to
Bandaranaike International Airport in 1995.
On 7 November 1971 the first Boeing 747 landing took place, the Boeing 747200B was operated by Condor was carrying German tourists from Frankfurt. In the early
1990s the position of the airport's runway (04/22) was shifted northward and the old runway
was made into a taxiway for departing and arriving aircraft. Airport expansion projects have
recently been undertaken at the airport under the Stage 1, Phase II Expansion Project. A pier
with eight aero-bridges opened in November 2005. New terminals with an additional eight
gates are proposed to be built under Stage II of the Phase II Expansion Project. Construction
of the new Stage II, Phase II Expansion Project is expected to commence in September 2015
and is expected to be completed by 2017.

On 7 May 2007 the Sri Lankan Government decided to shift some military
aviation operations out of the space adjoining the airport to SLAF Hingurakgoda, thus paving
the way for more civilian operations. As part of the airport development program, a passenger
train service was launched between the Airport and Colombo Secretariat Station, in June
2010. They also unveiled plans to extend the Colombo-Katunayake airport express train to
Ratmalana International Airport. The airport is used by Emirates as an alternative emergency
airport for its Airbus A380 aircraft. In 9 January 2012, an Airbus A380-800 operated
by Emirates flight EK 413 from Sydney landed at Bandaranaike International Airport. This
was the first time in history that an Airbus A380 had landed in a Sri Lankan airport. EK 413
had taken-off from Sydney en route to Dubai, but needed a refueling stop. Originally planned
to refuel at Singapore, it was decided to land in Colombo instead. The exact cause as to why
the A380 needed to refuel is not known.
On 26 July, The Criminal Investigations Department (CID) of Sri Lanka
police set up a new security system at the Bandaranaike International Airport at Katunayake
to identify criminals. The new system is expected to help identify the most wanted criminals.
Bandaranaike International Airport is equipped with 18 double jet way gates in preparation
for airlines introducing the Airbus A380. Emirates airline to fly the A380 to Sri Lanka in
2016 or 2017, deploying the aircraft on its daily DubaiColombo service. Sri Lankan
Airlines is the largest airline operating at the airport, with a fleet of 25 Airbus aircraft based at
Colombo and providing scheduled services to Europe, Middle East, India, South East Asia
and the Far East. Mihin Lanka is a low-cost airline operating at the airport with a fleet of 3
Airbus aircraft based at Colombo and providing scheduled services to Middle East, India,
South East Asia and the Far East.

Expansion and Developments

The airport is undergoing resurfacing of its runway. Future projects may include a
second runway to support the Airbus A380, a further eight passenger gates, a domestic
terminal, a five-storey car-park, and a five-star hotel neighboring the airport. Construction of
the new approach channels to the airport will begin in September 2016, and expected to be
completed by 2020.
A new split-level passenger terminal building, which separates arrivals and departures
vertically, a new pier with eight boarding gates, and 14 passenger boarding bridges, with a
dedicated gate comprising two passenger boarding bridges for the new Airbus A380, will be
included in the proposed new complex. There would also be a remote apron and an additional
nine parking stands to ease air traffic movement. There would be a tax-free apparel shopping
mall at the Katunayake BOI Zone to attract more business visitors to Sri Lanka. The mall is
to be adjacent to the arrival terminal and connected by a sky bridge.

The second stage will involve the acquisition of 600 hectares of public land, the
construction of a runway capable of accommodating new-generation airplanes, an aircraft
repair and maintenance center, an arrival and a departure terminal, a shopping arcade, a cargo
complex connected to the airport by rail and a multistory car park. Under the Development
Project Phase II, Stage 2, a second passenger terminal and a required utility for second
terminal will be constructed. Work will also be carried out to expand the terminal, aircraft
parking apron, and public utilities. The existing airport terminal will be converted to a
domestic and regional terminal, when the new complex is ready. A two tier passenger
terminal with arrivals and departures physically separated as found in most modern airports
will also be constructed. A rapid exit to the Colombo - Katunayake Highway will be provided
directly from the terminal. Stage 2 itself is to be implemented in two stages and the first stage
is scheduled to be completed by 2020

Project phases and construction

The second phase of the expansion project is being carried out with Japanese assistance
and is expected to be completed by 2017.

November 2007 to August 2014 - Development stage of Phase II

The new design, submitted in July 2014, provided a green terminal, utilizing the sun
with more eco-friendly concepts incorporated

On 7 Sep 2014, the Japanese premier launched stage 2 of the second phase of the BIA
development project on his arrival at the airport, which is being funded by the Japanese
Government.

20162020 - The construction for the new terminal will commence in 2016 and will
be completed in 2020.

Runway and expansion

The Bandaranaike International Airport has a single runway (04/22), with an asphalt
surface. The take-off and landing distances are 3,441 m and 3,350 m respectively. In addition,
the government has decided to invest on a second runway at the airport, enabling the A380 to
land in Colombo. There is also a plan to build another taxiway to handle the A380 in the
future.

Runway overlay - TBA

Construction of the second runway - TBA

New taxiway construction- TBA

TERMINALS
Bandaranaike International Airport (airport code CMB) at Katunayake, Sri Lanka, is
30 kilometers north of the island nation's capital of Colombo. Thirty airlines currently serve
the airport's over 8.5 million annual passengers. Taxis, buses and rental cars are available for
transportation. The airport has three passenger terminals. Terminal 1 is the current
international terminal, built in 1967, Terminal 2 is the new international terminal, which is
expected to be completed in 2017, and Terminal 3, is the new domestic terminal, which
opened in November 2012. The airport's new Silk Route lounge recently opened, expediting
the customs process for Commercially Important Passengers.

Terminal 1 opened in 1967 and is the oldest, but biggest terminal in the airport. It has
12 gates. It has arrival and departure areas that are separated horizontally. All
international flights currently use this terminal, until Terminal 2 opens in 2017. The
terminal consists of a main terminal building directly connected to one concourse which
houses all the gates. In effect, once through security, passengers go through a small, and
rather decrepit shopping area, to one long arm-shaped concourse, with gates 6-14 housed
there. On the upper level of this concourse, there are two lounges. In the main body of the
terminal is Sri Lankan Airlines' "Serendib Lounge", and the Palm Spirit lounge. This area
has duty-free shops, a tea shop, a small Cafeteria, a smoking lounge, and day-rooms &
showers. Beware the Colombo airport can be surprisingly busy, and although there are
some seating areas situated alongside its length, they are quite inadequate at times of
congestion.

Terminal 2 is planned to open in 2017, a section of the terminal is to be opened for

the passengers by the end of 2016. It would be the newest and most modern terminal at
the airport. It is planned to have 8 gates, with arrival and departure areas separated
vertically. New terminals with an additional eight gates are proposed to be built under
Stage II of the Phase II Expansion Project. Construction of the new Stage II, Phase II
Expansion Project was commenced on 7 September 2014 and is expected to be
completed in 2016. A new pier with eight boarding gates and 14 passenger boarding
bridges, with a dedicated gate comprising two passenger boarding bridges for the
operations of the Airbus A380, will be included in the proposed new development.

Terminal 3 opened in November 2012 and handle all domestic flights. It has arrival
and departure areas that are separated horizontally.

The Cargo Terminal opened in October 2009 and handles all cargo flights. It has
arrival and departure separated horizontally and is the first terminal that you see when
you get onto airport road.

GROUND TRANSPORTATION
Bus
A luxury bus operates every 15 minutes from the terminal to Colombo via E03 Colombo
Katunayake Expressway, with a travel time of around 30 minutes.

Car
E03 Colombo Katunayake Expressway is a new high-speed road linking the airport
to Colombo, with a travel time of around 20 minutes. The airport taxi service operates a
counter in the arrival Lobby with a fleet over 600 vehicles.

Rail
A high-speed rail system is proposed to connect the airport to the capital Colombo by an
electrified high-speed rail link to Colombo Fort where it will link to the proposed Colombo
Monorail.

Sea
Sea plane in Seeduwa Dadugam Oya near Bandaranaike International Airport in Katunayake
and using DHC-6-100 for traveling inside the country in Sri Lanka. Cinnamon Air operates
scheduled flights daily.

SLAF Katunayake
In 1956 with the departure of the RAF from RAF Negombo, the Royal Ceylon Air
Force took over and renamed the station RCYAF Katunayake. With the construction of the
Bandaranaike International Airport, major portion of the air base was taken over. However
the Sri Lanka Air Force remained and expanded its air base adjoining the International
Airport. At present it is the largest SLAF station in the country and is the airfield for several
flying squadrons as well as ground units. The SL Air Force Hospital is also based at SLAF
Katunayake.
In March 2001, on the 50th anniversary of the Sri Lanka Air Force, the airfield was presented
with the President's Colours.

SUVARNABHUMI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT (BANGKOK)

Suvarnabhumi Airport (IATA: BKK, ICAO: VTBS), also known as (New)
Bangkok International Airport, is one of two international airports serving Bangkok,
Thailand. The other one is Don Mueang International Airport.
Suvarnabhumi was officially opened for limited domestic flight service on 15
September 2006, and opened for most domestic and all international commercial flights on 28
September 2006.
The airport is currently the main hub for Thai Airways International, Bangkok
Airways and Orient Thai Airlines. It also serves as regional gateway and connecting point for
various foreign carriers.
The airport is located on what had formerly been known as Nong Nguhao (Cobra
Swamp) in Racha Thewa in Bang Phli,Samut Prakan, about 25 kilometres (16 mi) east of
downtown Bangkok. The name Suvarnabhumi was chosen by KingBhumibol Adulyadej and
refers to the golden kingdom, hypothesised to have been located somewhere in Southeast
Asia.
The building was designed by Helmut Jahn of Murphy / Jahn Architects. It was
constructed primarily by ITO JV. The airport has the world's tallest free-standing control
tower (132.2 metres or 434 feet), and the world's fourth largest single-buildingairport
terminal (563,000 square metres or 6,060,000 square feet).
Suvarnabhumi is the twentieth busiest airport in the world, sixth busiest airport in Asia,
and the busiest in the country, having handled 53 million passengers in 2012, and is also
a major air cargo hub, with a total of 95 airlines. On social networks, Suvarnabhumi is the
world's most popular place where Instagram photographs were taken in 2012.
The airport inherited the airport code, BKK, from Don Mueang after the older airport
ceased international commercial flights. A modern motorway no.7 connects the airport,
Bangkok, and the heavily industrial Eastern Seaboard of Thailand, where most of the
manufacturing for export takes place.The airport are known to be haunted by the locals
because the airport was built in an old cemeteries.

Land purchase, early construction

The need for the new airport was recognized in 1973 when 8,000 acres of land was
purchased 25 miles east of Bangkok. The site, known as Cobra Swamp, was drained and
named Suvarnabhumi meaning Realm of Gold. In 14 October 1973, student-led protests led

the overthrow of the military government of Prime Minister Thanom Kittikachorn and the
project was shelved.
After a series of ups and downs, the "New Bangkok International Airport" company
(NBIA) was formed in 1996. Due to political and economic instabilities, notably the Asian
financial crisis of 1997, the civil construction began six years later in January 2002 by the
government of Thaksin Shinawatra.

Early construction, airport tests, and official opening

The airport was due to open in late 2005, but a series of budget overruns, construction
flaws, and allegations of corruption plagued the project.
A further delay was caused by the discovery that the airport had been built over
an old graveyard, and superstitious construction workers claimed to have seen ghosts there.
On 23 September 2005, the Thai airports authority held a ceremony where 99 Buddhist
monks chanted to appease the spirits.
Full tests of the airport took place on 3 and 29 July 2006. Six airlines Thai
Airways International, Nok Air, Thai Air Asia, Bangkok Airways,P Bair, and One-Two-GO
used the airport as a base for twenty domestic flights.The first international test flights were
conducted on 1 September 2006. Two THAI's aircraft, Boeing 747-400 and Airbus A300-600,
simultaneously departed the airport at 09:19 to Singapore and Hong Kong. At 15:50 the same
aircraft flew back and made simultaneous touchdowns on runways 19L and 19R. These test
flights demonstrated the readiness of the airport to handle heavy traffic.
On 15 September 2006, the airport started limited daily operations with Jetstar
Asia Airways operating three Singapore to Bangkok flights 3K511. The first commercial
arrival Singapore flight 3K512 and Thai Airways International operating some domestic
flights to Phitsanulok, Chiang Mai and Ubon Ratchathani. Bangkok Airways moved on 21
September, AirAsia and Thai AirAsia followed suit on 25 September and on 26
September Nok Air moved to Suvarnabhumi Airport. During this initial phase, as well as in
the previous tests, the airport used the temporary IATA code NBK.
Suvarnabhumi officially opened at 03:00 on 28 September 2006, taking over all
flights from Don Mueang. The first flight to arrive wasLufthansa Cargo flight LH8442
from Mumbai at 03:05. The first commercial when officially opened arrival was from Japan
Airlines at 03:30. The first passenger arrival was Aerosvit flight VV171 from Kiev at 04:30,
and the first cargo departure was Saudi Arabian Airlinesflight SV-984 to Riyadh at
05:00. Aerosvit also had the first passenger departure (VV172 to Kiev) around 05:30.

Initial difficulties
Many difficulties were recorded in the first few days of the airport's operation.
On the first day alone, sluggish luggage claims were common the very first passenger
arrival by Aerosvit took an hour for the luggage to start coming out, and some flights did not
have their luggage coming out even after four hours. Also flights were delayed (Thai Airways
claimed that 17 of 19 flights were delayed that day), and there were also failures with the
check-in system. Subsequent problems included the failure of the cargo computer system, and
the departure boards displaying the wrong information, resulting in confused passengers
(especially as unlike Don Mueang, there were no "final calls" issued).
Months into its opening, issues such as congestion, construction quality, signage,
provision of facilities, and soil subsidence continued to plague the project, prompting calls to
reopen Don Mueang to allow for repairs to be done. Expert opinions varied widely regarding
the extent of Suvarnabhumi's problems as well as their root cause; most airlines stated that
damage to the airport was minimal. Prime Minister Surayud Chulanont decided on 16
February 2007 to reopen Don Mueang for domestic flights on a voluntary basis, with 71
weekly flights moved back initially, with no international flights allowed.

CAPICITY AND SAFETY ISSUES

Tarmac problems
In January 2007, ruts were discovered in the runways at Suvarnabhumi. [21] The east
runway was scheduled to close for repairs. Expert opinions have varied widely as to the root
cause of the ruts. Airport authorities and airline representatives maintained that the airport
was still safe and resisted suggestions that the airport should be completely closed and all
flights moved back to Don Muang.
On 27 January 2007, however, the Department of Civil Aviation declined to renew the
airport's safety certificate, which expired the previous day. The ICAO requires that
international airports hold aerodrome safety certificates, but Suvarnabhumi will continue to
operate because the ICAO requirement has yet to be adopted as part of Thai law.
As of early-2016 tarmac problems persist at Suvarabhumi. Soft spots on the tarmac,
taxiways and apron area have not been permanently fixed. Aircraft get stuck in the soft
surfaces that are the result of sub-standard materials. "The constant resurfacing of the tarmac,
taxiways and apron area with asphalt is an unacceptable patchwork solution. We literally need
a "concrete" solution," said said Tony Tyler, IATA's director general and CEO.

Plans to re-open Don Mueang for domestic flights

In January 2007, Thai Airways announced a plan to move some of its domestic
operations back to Don Muang International Airport due to overcrowding. Three days later,
the Ministry of Transport recommended temporarily reopening Don Muang while repair work
on the runways at Suvarnabhumi proceeds. At that time, Thai Airways said it would shift
most of its domestic flights back to Don Muang while keeping flights with high international
passenger connections such as Chiang Mai and Phuket at Suvarnabhumi. On 28 March
2009, Thai Airways discontinued all domestic flights from Don Muang. Bangkok Airways
and One-Two-GO had similar plans, but Bangkok Airways remained at Suvarnabhumi. Thai
AirAsia said it would not move unless it could shift both its international and domestic
operations, prompting them to stay at Suvarnabhumi for the time being. Nok
Air and Bair were undecided, but Nok Air later relocated all their flights to Don Muang,
where they operate today. As of January 2010, only Nok Air and One-Two-Go operate
domestic flights from Don Muang Airport. PBair have ceased operations altogether. OneTwo-Go was integrated into Orient Thai Airlines in July 2010, but continues to operate from
Don Muang Airport. As of 1 October 2012 Air Asia has moved all of its Bangkok operations
to Don Muang International Airport (DMK) from Suvarnabhumi Airport (BKK).

Repair and upgrades

Airports of Thailand found that the cost of fixing 60 identified problems at the airport
would be less than 1% of the total airline cost and the problems could be fixed in up to four to
five years. Dr. Narupol Chaiyut, a member of a committee overseeing service problems at the
new airport, estimated that 70% of the problems would be fixed within 2007. Twenty of the
60 problems were successfully fixed by February 2007.
Suvarnabhumi Airport's main terminal roof is designed with structural elements and bays
placed in a cantilevered, wavelike form to appear to "float" over the concourse beneath. This
overall design principle was to express the former essence of the site, from which water had
to be drained before construction could begin. The eight composite 2,710-ton trusses
supporting the canopy of the main terminal are essentially diagrams of the bending moments
acting on them, with the greatest depth at mid-span and over the supports.
The result of Helmut Jahn's vision is a structure with performance materials serve in
their total composition and in use more than in their conventional roles. This maximizes
daylight use in comfort with substantial energy life-cycle cost savings. The installed cooling
system reduced up to 50% compared to a conventional system. A translucent membrane with
three layers was developed to mediate between the interior and exterior climate, dealing with
noise and temperature transmission, while still allowing natural flow of daylight into
building.

Events
On 25 January 2007, due to work to the upgrading the taxiways, which suffered from
small cracks, few incoming flights were delayed and several flights were safely diverted to a
nearby operating U-Tapao International Airport in Rayong province.
On 26 November 2008, an illegal occupation of the airport took place by People's
Alliance for Democracy, closing the departure lounge and blocking exits and causing almost
three thousand passengers stranded within the main terminal, another 350,000 were stranded
inside the country, as all flights were grounded for a short while. The People's Alliance for
Democracy seized the control tower at 12:00 am. On 2 December 2008, protesters agreed to
leave the airport as they had been illegally protesting and permitted the resumption of flights.
Security checks, clean-ups and re-certification once the illegal occupation ended delayed the
airport from being fully functional until 5 December 2008.

Predatory Irregularities
Petty thieves and confidence men, the majority of them illegal taxi drivers or tour
guides, are known to prey on tourists in the arrival hall. They belong to politically-well
connected criminal groups: Kamnan Samruay, Boonruang Srisang, Sak Pakphanang, the
Pattaya Mafia and Phuyai Daeng. Evicting them has proved difficult as they allegedly are
well connected. (The head of the Pirap gang is supposedly related to an Airports of
Thailand executive, while the Phuyai Daeng has ties to influential civil servants in Samut
Prakan.)
On 1 October 2010, two hundred armed men occupied the airport's parking area for an
hour, blocking the building's entrances and seizing ticket booths to collect fares from
motorists. Airport security personnel failed to respond, reportedly because of an internal
dispute within the Parking Management Company, the firm contracted to run the parking
facilities.

Specifications
Costing an estimated 155 billion (US$5 billion), the airport has two
parallel runways (60 m wide, 4,000 m and 3,700 m long) and two parallel taxiways to
accommodate simultaneous departures and arrivals. It has a total of 120 parking bays (51
with contact gates and 69 remote gates), with five of these capable of accommodating
the Airbus A380. The main passenger terminal building, with a capacity of handling 76 flight

operations per hour, co-locates the international and domestic terminals, though assigning
them to different parts of the concourse. In the initial phase of construction, it will be capable
of handling 45 million passengers and 3 million tonnes of cargo per year. Above
the underground rail link station and in front of the passenger terminal building is a 600-room
hotel operated by Accor Group under the Novotel brand.
The airport's passenger terminal is the world's largest passenger terminal ever
constructed in one phase at 563,000 square metres (6,060,000 sq ft), and is also currently the
fourth biggest passenger terminal building in the world, after the Hong Kong International
Airport (570,000 square metres or 6,100,000 square feet), Beijing Capital International
Airport (990,000 square metres or 10,700,000 square feet), with the largest passenger
terminal being at Dubai International Airport (Terminal 3 is over 1,500,000 square metres or
16,000,000 square feet). The airport air-traffic control tower is the tallest in world history at
135 metres (443 ft).
Suvarnabhumi Airport has 72 jet bridges and 69 non-jet bridges. Additionally,
flights are also able to park at remote locations on the ramp, from which airport buses
transport passengers to and from the terminal. Suvarnabhumi Airport has 18 jet bridges and 6
non-jet bridges for Airbus 380800.

Expansion
On 15 December 2011 Airports of Thailand (AOT) announced the speed up of the
second phase expansion of Suvarnabhumi Airport to 2016, one year ahead of its scheduled
completion in 2017.
An investment of 62.5 billion baht (US$1.95 billion/1.49 billion) is being planned for the
second phase, according to then Transport Minister Sukampol Suwannathat. The plan is to
strengthen Suvarnabhumi Airport's position as a regional aviation hub. Phase Two would
raise the airport's capacity to 65 million passengers a year and should also be undertaken in
parallel with the construction of the new domestic terminal.
Earlier transport Minister ACM Sukampol Suwannathat gave the green light to Airports of
Thailand (AoT)'s plan to carry out the expansion of Suvarnabhumi airport with the
construction of a new domestic terminal. The new domestic terminal will be capable of
handling 20 million passengers a year. Estimated cost is 9.2 billion Baht (US$2.96 billion/
2.04 billion).
By mid-2015, the airport was handling more than 800 flights per day, higher than its 600flight capacity and has exceeded its capacity of 45 million passengers per year.
The two expansion projects are part of the overall airport enlargement that would
see Suvarnabhumi raise its annual passenger handling capacity to 125 million passengers, 90

million international and 35 million domestic passengers by 2024 at an estimated cost of 163
billion baht.($5.25 billion USD/3.62 billion EURO) The expansion includes the construction
of one additional runway from two at the present, subsequent enlargement of domestic and
international terminals and improvements to parking bays, car parks, and other airport
infrastructure.
An expansion plan to increase the passenger capacity of the airport to 65 million by
building an additional satellite passenger terminal linked to the current main terminal via an
underground automated people mover (APM) system is set to be voted on by the AOT board
during a 17 May 2012 meeting. If the plan gains endorsement by the board it will be able to
proceed to appointing a project management consultant (PMC) which will bring it one step
closer to commencing construction on the much needed expansion. If all goes to plan the
expansion is set to be completed in 2018. The expansion also includes a plan to expand the
airport parking garage as well as the expansion of the eastern end of the main passenger
terminal by 135 meters along with the construction of a new airline office building. The
expansion does not include plans to construct a third runway, however. According to
the Bangkok Post, the new satellite terminal will have a total of 28 gates, with 8 for the
Airbus A380 superjumbo jet.
The new passenger terminal will be used only by Bangkok Airways and flag carrier Thai
Airways International. Furthermore, the airport wants to cluster the airlines belonging to an
alliance.

Traffic by calendar year

Suvarnabhumi accounted for the largest share of air traffic at Thailand's airports
in 2015, handling 52.9 million passengers, up by nearly 14 percent from the previous year
despite its passenger capacity of only 45 million a year. International passengers passing
through Suvarnabhumi grew 15.9 percent to 44.2 million, while domestic volume edged up
4.87 percent to 8.68 million. Aircraft movements showed a 9.50 percent increase to 317,066,
consisting of 247,584 international (up 11 percent) and 69,482 domestic (up 4.41 percent).

Airport Rail Link

The 30-billion baht Suvarnabhumi Airport Link was opened on 23 August 2010, after
multiple delays. The Airport Rail Link (ARL) is operated by SRTET, a subsidiary company
of the State Railway of Thailand. The standard gauge line is 28.6 kilometers long and is
elevated for most its length, running mostly above existing regional railway lines and parallel
to the No. 7 Motorway and Si Rat Expressway. There is a short at-grade/underground
segment as the line approaches the passenger terminal building of Suvarnabhumi Airport.

The ARL hours of service are 06.00 to 24.00. The ARL has two interchange stations,
namely Phaya Thai (changing for BTS Green Lineservices) and Makkasan (linking
Phetchaburi station of the MRT Blue Line). In the future, the ARL will complement the SRT
Red Line commuter service, which comprises two-meter gauge, dual-track lines. The ARL
may also be extended from Phaya Thai to Don Mueang via Bang Sue, given that the old Don
Mueang International Airport has now been reopened for civil aviation under a dual-airport
policy.

Regional train
Meanwhile, SRT provides a suburban commuter train service between Lad Krabang
(the nearest station to Suvarnabhumi on the East line, one station from the airport by Airport
Rail Link) and the northern suburban city of Rangsit via downtown Bangkok and the old Don
Mueang Airport. The train also connects with BTS and MRT at Phaya Thai and Phetchaburi
stations respectively. A shuttle bus service linking the airport with Hua Takhe railway station
is provided by BMTA. The train service is currently not as popular as the bus service because
it requires a shuttle bus connection. The service will be stopped when the Airport Express
Link is completed.

Bus
A free bus service connecting Suvarnabhumi Airport and Don Mueang Airport operates
from 05.00 until midnight. Three air-conditioned city bus routes are operated by Bangkok
Mass Transit Authority (BMTA) serve the airport's dedicated bus terminal.

Car
The airport has five main access routes. Among these the most convenient route is via
the Bangkok Chon Buri Motorway (Highway No. 7). Another main airport entrance is in
Samut Prakan province via the expressway from Bang Na to Bang Pakong.
The airport has provided five convenient entrance routes. The main route is via the
motorway in the north of Bangkok, directly connecting Bangkok's downtown and Chon
Buriprovince, the industrial and harbor city in eastern Thailand. However, another main
airport entrance is located in Samut Prakan province, connecting an elevated highway in the
south of Bangkok which lies from Bang Na to Bang Pakong.

CHAPTER 2
COMPARISON OF THREE
AIRPORT

Cochin
International
Airport

Bandaranaike
International
Airport

Small Comparatively Comparatively Big

Bandaranaike
Of CIAL
Passengers are less
There are small no.
of passengers
Small no. of shops
There are large no. of
inside and outside
customs free shops
the airport
inside the airport
Services are nice in
Services are good at
CIAL
Bandaranaike Airport

There are only

limited process for
check in at CIAL

There are no. of

process for check in
at Bandaranaike

There are less no. of There are

counters for check in comparatively large
no. of counters of

Suvarnabhumi
International
Airport
Big Airport
There are huge no. of
passengers
There are many
customs free shops
inside the market
Services are very
good at
Suvarnabhumi
Airport
There are more
security check
needed for check in
suvarnabhumi
There are different
counters for check in
for foreign passport

CIAL

holders and domestic

passport holders
There are no crowd
There are crowd in
There are much more
at CIAL
Bandaranaike Airport crowd at
Suvarnbhumi Airport
There is new
There is no other
There are huge no. of
terminal at CIAL but terminal in Colombo terminals in Bangkok
not opened
Airport
Developing Airport
Developed Airport
Well developed
Airport

CONCLUSION
According to my view point, I conclude that Suvarnabhumi Airport is bigger than
the two Airport (CIAL and Bandaranaike International Airport). And there are more facilities
available in Bangkok International Airport were comparison with CIAL and Bandaranaike
International Airport. So according to my analysis Suvarnabhumi International Airport is
busiest Airport by comparing CIAL and Bandaranaike.