teach'

yourself
bengali
williamradice

For 0\. m !rs, nr)e tran

lO nilllonpode hle ieart o\r'er
75O$bircis lsech yolel
\ ,a withlmpssivee$rlls,
be wtee youwantto be
wriht6crl youl

pleaseconlaclBookpoi
ForU( oJdeenquides:
Lld, 130MihonPatt,binodon,
0x0n,0X144sB.elephone:
+,u (0)1235827720.
F: 144(0)1235400454.
Lines
aeopn09,017.00,Monday
lo satudasirh 24-hom"ssaoe
arswino
sor
vice.Diails
abouloulillesandhowto odorarsavailabl
lsw.tmchvoursell.c0.uk
ForUS,q
odsonquiriss:
Mccnw-Hill
Customor
Socs,
POBox545,
das conract
Blacklicl,0H
43@4{545,
USA.
TelsDhon:
1300'722-4726.
Fa*1-14-755-5645.
ForCanada
pleas
(onlarrMcca\rr'lill
ord6r
nqines:
Bys6on
Lld,300Water
St,
\'Vhilbv.
onalo.
Ll 986Camda.elorone:905.305000.Fax
9054305020.
Longmnowned
lheaulhohalive
souc.!
Iorssllouidso
lsarnng
-with morctnr
inlrodctlon
50miill0n
coolos
sold{ondwide
includes
ofi500rUs n
- lhl..Dhrourlcllseies
heeldsollanquagcs,
cats,
hobbis,
business,
compn0
andeducation.
roipt diaoirs
BrilishLiDarytalogi4g
in Pblict?/i
,rlrj a callosu6
rrLordlorIhhtitleh avarlrornd!aacalpl
able
idmlh6Brldsh
Lrh'aru
Dadrno
Libntyol Congss
Adog CardNunbet:aoltlq.
01
C l, I, u, , g, n, b, m, r,
Firstpublished
InUK2007byHoddr
ldution,338Euston
Foad,London,
NW13BHFirslpublhed
in US2007byThevlccraw'Hill
Compnies,
Inc.
<,, ,EtT
publishd
Thissdlon
2007.
02
t4 o ,o ,4 r,su
The!.a!i yors.ltnamols rooislEd
mdemtk Hodder
Headline.
q, s( ), ,,,, B
Copyioi@
1994,20{3,2007Wiliiam
Radlm
/r U/Aliqhlsresovsdrl3
patlrcmanyperminsd
usrunderUKcopyohtlav,nopat
c l, y, $ !l
olthispublicaon
maybereproducad
otansmhd
inanylom orbyanymens,
elecq((), {, n, r;f
photocopy,
lonlc0 mchanical,
inDludinO
ecording,
0 anylnlomaiion,
stonoeand
eldevalsiystom,wilhoulpnissioninwnnOlromrhepublisherorundsll$ncstom
04
a,o,hE
lhe CopyohtLicensinq
(orrepmAosncy
Llmlld.
turlhsdeiailso suchlicences
gEphic
q(,(c),rq'
ropoducion)
maybe
0m lheCopyrlgl'l
obDined
Licnsinq
Aqncy
liied.
0l saronHouss.
6-10Kirbvsrsi.London
EclN8s
05
,qdt
/nUsjAllnohhasdd.ErceplaspenltodundsrlhsUnedStales
Copyno,
A.t 0l
1976,n0prl0l lhlspublition
mayb! rcpoduced
0diibutsdh ny|orm byy
(),(i),q
means,
of storedina dalabass
orrtdvl
sysrem,
sirhourrhepiorrvionpemlsslon

iI
l
I

l; ru

qr(),!(),
?(),o,o,r,,

00

Typossr
byMacmiiln
IndiaLimikd
Pintodin G6t Brirain
l0 Hodder
Educatlon,
a dlvisioot Hoddgr
Hcadtin,
anHachsltLlvmUKCompay,
338Eusron
Road,
London,
NW13BH,byCox&vwron Ld,
Readino,
Bokshlre.
1 pblishsr
his usedirsbestenftavous
to onsusNtthuBLsorcxrentwebsilssrolord
to lnis bookc corEcrdndactiwattletimoo!oln! to prsss.Howpblisho
ewetc
andlh8ahohvnomspomibility
torerlEbsit0s
andcnmako
n0luaranh.thta siewillremaln
llw 0 thtlhocontstll mmin
rdMn! decrnt
H.chitetpoliwis l0 usopapsslr Nronabnl,rnwabLandng/chblepmductg
rnd madslromsoodoosn in ruslainablo
orssL.Thsloge 0 ndmmacuino
p0c0s$5
arooQscld
t0 contoto rh. eNi.onmeblelulaons
olhocoudryol
lm pr o$lonnum b o1r 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Ysa
201220112010200920082047

07
08
t9
10

18
21

1q t !q, !q 4u
d,E,br r,s,g
j, y,h ,.E,sv,q
q ),qtq,t ,4
t, ph,{, ; f, b
{,lF,s,Ytt,
,,p,h,rE,d

24

o c, H; g!,

,10

28
32
3

61,ci,'t,t, q'a,
; a,
ACt),t,

E
o
o
5
t
o
5
t

F, th,{h, rh,g [, Ill

4 ,r,qD .,qr ,e
r, gh, dh;slq4!, ndh,, hr

t(.),, * , v, r, R
13
PadlvD
14

15

16

17

18

19

negative
time-telling
opasltenses.
andocit
omEnglsh
exercise;
exercise.
Et tanslalion
48

rcview0l Darloo
table
olettes;
Saskitic
iranslileraon
con&ll0n
ad!nmar
57
tlrdl0olabodsomgonr
58
convelstion
inEast
London:iR,A;
zeo
personal
ponouns;
veb;interrogalive;
pronoun.
dem0nslaiive
afimaiiv
reply
pronoun
anddemonstrative
exercise;,
q, , S; subject-complement
exercise.
lalki!lo a ickshawallah
67
conversation
aiSanlinikean:
t possessive
case;
a-; definite
anicle
demonstrative
ithings);
adjoctives;
negative
ofthezero
verb.
negative
sltement
anddemonstntivo
adjeciive
exercise;
wod-order
exercise.
buying
lruiIa||dvololatles
78
convesalion
atastall:,rD,lF;dminulive
articlei
indeinile
alicle:hownuch/nny,
numherc:
postpositions.
numbe
andpostposition
exercise;
el; answedng
quesions
oxercise.
lining
olabol
$chools
conversation
atgirls'schobl
insylhetl4, ,
pariicipial
E;-Fn and-khana;
postpositions;
plural
locativelnslrumenlal
case;
ofpesonal
nouns;
pronoun;
present
pronoun
elexive
tense.
andlocaiive
case
execise;
l; gap-illing
exercise.
arnnging
avlsll
102
telepone
convesalion
in Kolkala:
6, B, f, d;
appointments;
utuo
tense;
infinitive;
object
case;
panicle
impersonal
consluclions,'also'
and
appointmenis
execise;5,,,l
week-plannin0
exocise,
health
anddlet
11
conversalion
inRajshahi:
, , ;F;telling
thetime;
0bli0ation:
moeimpersonal
consluclions:
imperativel

m6alln!anailal
127
paniciple
convrsaton
wlthpaintor
inDolh:Eg;pa$
(conoctlno
snt8ncs,
compound
vors,
stat6s,
postpositions)
advorbs,
doublo
; prlocltense.
*rrE/kandperfect
tonsexorcis;!,
;
partjciplo
oxcrclse.

21

blk! lo 6hild
139
present
convercation
inKolkatai
continuous
tense;
comparsons;
like/dislike.
Comparison
andlike./dislike
xercise;
tense
exercise.

22

oolvallallolona Lalrl
tawlling
witastdont
toChithgono:V,,S,
{
''S, ld,; pastpct
tnsqvrbal
noun+ taoya;
postposilions;
adjoctiva
caseendings
orwords
pastportct
snding
inconiuncts.
andvorbal
noun+ yaoyaxorls8;
1,l; adictival
pos$osltion
oxorciso.

tollicabri.r
162
convebatio
withastory-t,ler
in8iminohm
simple
pasttense;
(pssive
vdnoun
senlences);
asadlective
wrlcandar.y;compound
veswith@/tneoyr.
Which/any/sone
andcllildrcn's
storyexercise;
diary-wtinoexercise.

24

ml.lhg a sdLr
171
convo6atlon
wllhlady-pot
InDhakar
;
paniclplo;
pa$t6nse;
conditlonal
habltual
noed.
Kolkata
metro
andshopping
list(ne0d/obli0ation)
oxorciso;
concis6
sat6nc6
totclsc,

25

l.rnd! 8on!li
186
pastcontinuous
converstion
aboutlaming
Bengali:
tens;
extended
ves;tdl (conditions).
conditional
senlence
vebexegise;
conlinuous
andextended
prcseexercise.

21

nYlaYol prd lro

numbe6,
dates,
elc.;veblables.

151

201

padlhroe
21
28

29

30
3't

2S
rcadlngs
220
thealloFbidndt0 cal
q; tense
recognilion
execse.
226
Sallllala
akurtal:{; relative/correlative
Abanindanalh's
pronoun
oGrcise.
234
S.ryriilRay
q,
om
ff/en/ l|assmalA
; tmnslation
Bengali
sxercise.
241
Ir0oreinElla
q onomatopeia
exercise.
ronEurope:-av',9,
Lettes
28
Vr
lhaEangladoai
gnnnalical
recognilion
TheDaysof 71.,:
6)GCiSe.

SlirsurRrtman
pooms:q,conjunct
exefcise;{.
consonants
lhecomluolhemoool
33
trF,*, R
sdlr!,ra-$;
6uesbyTa0ore:
,texecise.
, rR;sdlr
Das
Jibraada
3l
rF
rf;
Bergalt eBeatii.4
Poemsl
4
vlruol D lhlo
35
sdlu,ra-sfoms;
consonans;
coniund
vowel
harmony
distjncions;
Muslim/Hindu
lt
lrlher
talh0
ley to lhaeretisos
gloseay
Betlqali-Engllsh
Enoli$h-Blall
llossty
lrx
lrammalical
acloowled0emo[b

27
26

nl
281

2S?
297
x12
359
400
4V.

F-
LJ
II

5
t

o
'

O all e malor languages o the vrorld, Bengali (Bangla)

has been most neglectedby foreign learners. It stands sixth
in e world ia its numbe of spakers,has the richest and
most developed modern liteatue in Sou Asia, ws e
moer-tongue of mary leadg reformers and actists of
19th nd 2Oth-century lndia, and is now e national languageof Banglade and e state languageof WestBengal.
There is a sizeableBeagali-speakingdiaspora, in India {especially the easternstates of Assam atrd Tripura), the Middl
East, North Americ and Britain. The East End of London
hasbecomeasclosely associatedwi its Sylheti-Benpli pop
ulation as it once was with Hugunot and Jewish mignts.
Bengali was the language o Rabindranath Tagore, e
greatest and best known modern South Asian writer; and it
was the lnguge of India's most celebrated film-maket,
Styjit Ry. Bengli scientists, doctors and acdemicsre
pomircnt ll ove Sou si, nd in Europe and Nonh
Ameic. Yet despite its size, literry weelth, historicl importnce Itd govring contemporry pofile, thee ere still
remrkbly few acilities for oreigners to learn it well.
Britain has only one university lectureship in Bengali, and
lectureshios in othe countries outside South Asia can be
counted o the fngers of one hand.
The samecan be said of books om which to learn Beruali.
kfore e SecondWorld Var, there were perhapsmore grmmrs nd couse books or Bengali an or oer modern
South sin lnguges.The Revd Willim Sutton Pgen
department o Bengali at e School of Oriental and African
Studies, and produced a number of pioeering wokq his
effons $r'eeextended by ProfessorT. W. Clark, who briely
held a uaique london Univesily Chair in Bngalifrom 1967
until his death ir\ 1969, aad by Dr Trapad Mukhejee.

CL

tr

o
+
IT

o
5

solaship was nourishedby the-achevements

Vrestern-based
CbanerieelD Mheriee teacher)anclotrer
Kum
o Sunili
hak in the lds of Bengali philologv
i" rott .t"
""a
".n"ii.
anJ i.."eraphv. The mierials rhat Clark and Mu-kieriee
ar 5oAS wereexcelem'and served.me
*i,. fo' ,.t
"iua.n"
But Dr Mukheriee was awe tht they
"r
"t"a""ttrrr'"tt.
""
He struggledagairsrillnesslo producea new
needdupdaiing
bi,t .u.-*hn. he was wriring ir rhecontext' and Poten-*.
i'J *.a f"' BengaL were charying tst. I have therefore
aooreda ne* appioachin this book APan from th soundand
."riir .*e'.i'." ,n pun Otre{which in rheirmeodolog} go riEht
to
baci to S,monPage).I haveconceiredmv task aresh'aming
mke
Bengali
to
and
conrexts'
needs
and
eet a de ua'ieiv o
as easy and enjoyable to leam as Possible.
Thi. is coursein speking.writrng and-readingtandJd.Beneali. I[ as'unes at nv empl ro go beyoncl PhaseDoor(
ino*ledee musr teache rcrig clearlv and fLr\' ut Purely
'readineLowledee' of Bengaliwouldnor onlv negeoe tondertu usic ot its sounds,ir would alsoeareurexPlnedmDy
berweenspellil1gand pronunclarionSoih course
discrepancies
reachese soundsot Bingali with c-are.as well as rts scriPland
,"a the accompanvingrecordingis irtegral At rhe
o^-"c
iame tirne,l havetried ro enablerhe learnerto progresstohrgner
ln this. as in oer ns'I
levetso reane and understanding.

eelinsrhare leP'
lr". u" i"n"i*.a by Dr Mukharjee\

berweenany coursern Bengalithen ailblend readnga te'

.uin o.""oro.t *"t ,oo greatand dispiritirg or mosr learn"
tliey happenedto be speakerso anothesoutlr Asn
ers (unJess
language,.
Thosewho want pnmrily io \PkBengati,who are panning
ro m to Benealtovisit or work. or who are rn coDtaclwtn 'en.vvt'ere, mav feelat thev do not wrsh to
fi..""it*
script' gramma and
rakerhis leap:thar a novelsound-svstm.
o JibaDtratrd
of
Tgore
witigs
e
that
vocabuaryar enowlr,
umev
be
dunteo'
aotlo
them
u8e
wait.
ButI
have
ro
may
Das
p"t fft"e, nonly wilJ ey reneiheir undeF
r...*"
ianding of-i*Bengagramma.scriPtnd Pronuncition'but they
i *t'1. new imaginariveworld. breathtakirsin
wiU
""o"t.r
detichi. And the combinedendeavt"ti..v
ri*o*
it.
"ndto
*e
i".
t'.to
-d beauiiesof Bngali knorlr to lovers of
'7lit and literature
-*
everywhere.
language
Otthe many friendswhohaveassistedme,l shouldspeciallvlike
of the Depanmemof Bengali
t"t
,'ft""f. iif.**
"iruzzaman'
whereI ws invited to wok on
t the Uniersityof Chitagotrg'

is book as Visiting Fellow at the end of 1990. Pn Tflo is innd would

ina.f,"a t nis acutelmguistic-prcepiion.
not
had
kindness
personal
his
""i.ut"lty
never have been wrinen i
-proI am
-the
ttme'
previling
pohncal
tumoil
from
the
tcctedme
lsosinceevsrtefulto PodoshBhaftachrya'Manoshrltrua'
lutcantaani S-up;vaChaudhui.Ghulam Mur"hid. Priti Kumar
itra. Sudipta Kaviri, Ysmin Hossin. Anuadha Rom
-.rtt"r"
"a ProfessorSis Kumar Ds Panicular (hanks
are due ro'ManoshiBarua,SoniaKazi. Aiil Banerieeand Nurul
lslam for e enthusias(icrecording of the ecodrng tht
ai"p"nies ,h. book, ard ro Biman Mutlick for his beautiful
for*s. finallv I thank all mv-pupilsar SOAS'
drin.n..'ipt
leaning trom very urPerrectdfts. nave
by
cheerfully
who.
frelp.a lne." *"L. improvimens. I hope at ey and other
userswill not besiraret ler me know of any remainingmisres
o unclaiiiesor omissions.

v. R.

i"hol o Oriental and ftican Studies, Universitv of London'

1993
Note on the frrst e?rint (1995)
Additional rhanks are due to ProessorPabitra Sarkaq whose
in the Stdt?smanlclgufte.28 Jnury1995)
uirv."."rn t
',ew
haienabedme ro make a numbeof improvementsand correcof mv studentsin e
et,, *e most sharp-eved
,l'Jui"
use.
6rst yearo e book!
Not2 on the 2OO3cdtio'
Funherconectjonshavebeenmaderthereadinglionpp 29't-6
hasbeenupdared;and e exeoseon Pp 99-100 now takesacSilheti stat"", since1995,aia divisionof Bn8ldesh'
-""rot
No/- on th 2007 citiorl
The whole book hsbeen re{e eleconicllyAs well as some
hs
Glosstyfther coectioosand updates.an English-Bengali
I
be
oncrar
sctron'
it
lutther'
a
new'Tking
and
added,
been
Kotata, and this has been adopted
i.
p"il"g t"tit""
""*
(hrougrrout.
I am very Stalehrlro Dr llanne-Ruth Thompsonfor her expen
Glossary'
help wit e Englisb-Benga

Script diagrams

v w R w w qr
S.

.S-

R@ KH4 W K

@@< F v Rr @
q
q
w
4dEr

M ERRqrq
w W b\eE @

q
v q wbo
# s

In Memoriam
TARADA MUKHERJEE
11928-9O)

+
go
=5

ro
o
@
o
=-

q)

v
N

s2
it

1
v

GT
t

'6
"9
;J

!^
^al
-'t

4l

tr
El

I
f

-ct
-l

The languagesof South Asia are richly endowed with sounds,

paiculy consonants; and the Hindus were the 6st people in
the world to relize that the sounds of a language can be
grouped scienrifically according to where and how they are
made ia the rnou. Unlile the Greek and Roman alohabetswhich follow a hphazardoder Indian scriptsare ba'ed on a
logicaltabeof lener': vowels6rst. rhen the'velar'consonants,
th 'palatl' consonnts,the 'retro[ex' cosonants and so on.
The Bengali script, like other Sou Asian scrips (except Urdu)
was originlly devisedor e writing of Sanskrit. s e modern
Indo-Aryan languagesdeveloped(growing not exactly om San6krit but rom the Prakits, the spoken languages of aqcient
Indi), regional varieties o what was essentially the sme writing systemwee usedto write em down. Nowadays Sanskrit is
usually wriften and printed i Detangar, tl'e sipt tht is lso
used for Hindi. But it car tust s vrell be writtn in the Bmgli
script, and when Bengali children learn their letters, they learn
them accoding to Sanskrit sequence.
The complete table o letten will be fond in the Revie* section
t the end of Part One. You will need to know it otherwise vou
won't be able to us Bengali dictionary. In the first 12 nits,
hoqrever,you'll be introduced to the sourds and letters according to a different squerce.There are ttuee reasonsfor this. First,
I have found from my experience o teaching Bengali that it is
best to begin with sounds that are easy for foreigners to make,
and progressgradually to more dicult sounds.Second,it is important to pctise the sounds by repeating words and phrases,
not by pronouncing them ir isoltion. Thre ae very few words
made of vowels alone, whi is what you would strt with i you
foowed the traditional sequence.Thir4 the pronuncitiotr of
Bengali does not 6t the spelling pfectly. The mis-mtch
betweenspelling and pronuncition is nothing like as get s in
Englsh. bur ir is enoughro ma[e Bengalipronuncmtionqte
tricky, hrder than Hindi. Bo languages have essentially
'Sanskritic' spelling systems, but Bengali has diveged from its
classical roots more than Hindi. It is essential to explain and
learn Bengali sounds and scrpt with care. I I followed the traditional table, I would have to begin by conusing you with the
letter that causesmore pronunciation problems than any othrl
We begin wi thee vowel sounds. The frst vowel is very much
e sound you mal.e when the doctor wants ro examineyour
a

as in Enelish stl/

The secondalso approximates to n English sondl

i
s in Engish ses
The ird sound does not relly exist in most pronunciations of
Enr,[sh,bur i you rake the'oo'sound in uoo, and push your
lipi rigir torward as if you werewhi.ding. you will get ir:
U
Unlike most people pronunciarionof English oo', Bengahu rs
a pare .ound: i.. rhe ips do nor move whn ueing it Most
Enqlishvowefsoundsaie impure:rhey sliderom one sound to
another.Thrs js often reflectedin Engtishspelling:brea./ear'
en ponouncing Bengali 4 i, u, make sure at the
,odt, etc.
soundsare absolutelypure.
Here are four consonants, none of which should cause any
diiculty:
g
as in Engish get
s in English /rot
n
b
as in English boze
m
as n English rn t
The next sound should be rolled or 'trilled' as in Scotso Italian but don overdo it. At the end o wods, particularlt the tongre
aps only once or twice:
t

as inltalixr

Roma

The l sound is perfectly familiar to English sPeken.bur

make sure you alwiyr pronounceit t rhe front of rhe mourh:
I
as in nglish lez4 nv s in English ill
on eir own. or when reWhenpronouncingBengaliconsonants
ferrineto em in orderto spe word o name,it custonary
to ei them a folowrne vwe-sound - the so-ca[ed i'trt
vovielr. pronouncedasin BritibhEngshror. (Therewill be more
about the inherent vowel in Unit 2.) The advntgeof.his is at
vou don't have to leam namesor the letters. You simply say:

gt
nt
bt

mt
r:,
lr

You now need to leam e Bengli letters or the vowes and

conson.nts abov. All South Asin scripts (except Urdu, which
ie lcreian in origin) follow t\r'o bsic principis:
I I o ryllablc consistsofa vowel alone,or a vowel {ollowedby
4 co|rsonant, firll vowels ar usd.

2 a syllable consists o a consonant olowed by a vowel,

vowel signs are used.
To seehow this works, let's tust of all learn the letters for the ve
consonantsabove. You need to learn to write em, and aso to
recognizethem n print. You'll seeat once that printed forms are
not always quite the sameas hand-written orms, and o course
hand"writing styles vary. If you want to acquire elegant Bengali
handwritng, the best thing is to 6nd a native speaker who can
tch you, You can lso acquie hand-writing books such as
Bengali schoolchildren use. For the sequenceo strokes, reer to
the diagams on pp. xii-iii. You will seethat some letters (e.g.
the l) beginwith smallloop or'blob':
Handwriting

Print
q

r
4
If you wnt to write a on its own, you need the f vowel:
t9l
!t (tu vowl)
a
This letter is also used i the syllable consists of a vowel +
an

t9ll

A much morc common squence,however, is consoant +

vowel, and you'll be relieved to learn that the vowel sign is
sinply . Thus:

ga
na

5n

ina

Sor so good. With i and u, howev.r thereare two complicag Each o these sounds cn be represented by one or other of
two letters.In Snskrit,thereis a'short'ind a'ong'i,
'short' u and'long' u. Inth standrdRomantrnslitertion
o Snskrit(seep. 55), theseare distnguished
by the useo a
bar or 'macron' over the long vowels, and I propose to adopt
the sme convention here. The tansciption system used in

this book derives,with some mofrcations, om e work o

ProessorT \V, Clark (seeIntro&rction, p. ix). It boows letters
rom e International Phoneticlphabet, but it is a tnsiteration in t ii indicts preciselywhi leaen shoud be used
in witins words in Bensali riDt. The disrinctonbeween
rhort'an"d long land u r-nBengaiiha' not suruiuedin Bengali
pronuncialion,but is stil pesenrin Bengalispeling.Thur for
two soundswe have our left$ nd vortel signsto lem.
Bengli is red, like English, ftom left to dght; but the vowel
srsnsdo not necessarilyollow tbe consonnon rhe p8e.
The vowesignfor the rbort i i5 wrinen bl" lhe consolanlr
the s;gnfor e long i is written r/t./ rhe consonantithe s8ns
for rhe short and lonp.u are wrinen ?Iop the consoDnr:

i?

I
t

ii

uB

(tull vowel)
(vowel sign)
( vowel)
(vowel sign)
(ull vowel)
(vowel sign)
{ull vowel)
{vow sign)

nouns and adjectives. You have already seen the first our

an
ma
na
9a
nan
gan
alnar
abaa
bagan
mi

amraniina

sor?9
my
again

lni
unl
rumal
n
hl
m0l
amianlni I did not bing
amianlam / b,'oughl
unraniini we cliclnot

Syllablesconsistingo, sy,b + i, I, u' o would be wrinen

asfollows:

bift
bi
bugi

{r

Mal
You are now ready to start pronouncng, reading nd vtiting
some Bengali words and phrases.

Exercises
1 Practise saying e words and phrases overleaf with the
help of the recording o the previous few pages.In this and in
in Udts 1 to 12, you nednot
all th nrst (sound)xecses
worry about analysingthe grammar.By the end ofe book.
you wrll be ablero do so, nd you l know abourdistinctions
betwcen,or example,the differnt pronouns for r nd sre.
For th moment, hoveve! concenteteon producig th right
sound, and on picking up vocabulary items - pnicuarly

w do not
take
am anun
*n9 6ome)
mangos.
nun ni?
wltak
(some)saft?
nin n
Pleasetake
omq.
Ini ma ma She is my
nothe
uniamar
Heis ny
(rnatenal)
mart
uncle.
amarnam My nameis
raul
Raul.
| rut,l Takeny
nin
handkerchie
uniunar
/s he Um's
baba?
fathd?
n4 uniimir No,l,eb EimiS
bb

Now see i you can write the words nd phrases aboye in

Benglscript. f a vowel comes btweentwo cosonants, it is
always thought of as 'belonging' to the consonant before, not
e consonart lhr ollos5. Thus amar is wrinen -r,nol
dn-:

c{
If a vowel follows a vowel, it has to be written as a full vowel:
so niina is written nl-l-na:

fr
The sequencer followed by u s in rumal geneally has a special letter-form, perhaps becausethe ordinary vowel sign for
u Q would interfere with the dot in :

+B=

{ however, dos occu in some modern typeaces.

Keys to this and subsequentexercisesare on pp. 297-311.

A {4.
6

.1

t"

j5t

-o
!. b
s

s
-q

c'

In Unit 1, you lemt to giv consonants pronounced on their

olrn e inheent vowel-sound :. The inerent vowe.sound is
frequendy given to consonnis which have no other vowel attchedto them. I Hindi, and the standard north Indin pronunciation o{ Sanskrit, the inherent vowel s pronounced like the
ehort a sound in English t e. It is nomlly transliterated as a. In
Bengai,e inheent vowel vdes in its pronunciation. It is either pronounced > as ir Britsh English,ot, or as a very pure o
such as we don't relly hav in English, but which speakersof
French will know from a word such as zol Sometimes,inluencedby e sounds around it, t is hl way between thesetwo
sounds; but to strt with it is best to thin of it s having two
possiblepromrnciations: : and o.
Romanizedspellings of Bengali namesoften use'a' for the ierent vowel aad {or the 'long' vowel a that we learnt in Unit 1.
Satyajit Ray, for example, the famous lm dector, would hve
oronounced his name with an o sound or the fist nd scond
ia', and an a soundfor the rhd. ln Benslispellig.rhe'r in
inherenr
vowels;e 'a' rn Ray'isa { ). A Bengali
'Satyatit'are
friend o mine writes his name in English 'Sukanta'. The 'a' in
the middle is n ; the '' t the end is n inherent vowel, pronounced o. Very conusing!
Bengalisare not alwap consciously aware that thei pronunciation of the erent vowel vaies. They thin-k of it s one sound.
How is e oreign learner to know whethe to ponounce the
ierent vowel as: or ol The nswe is that he or shev.ill have
to develop a 'eel' for which is rigt, and ths only comesgraduirlvolvedis giveno p. 292
aUy.A brie analysiso the processes
Two DrinciDls
cn be rememberedat the outset:
a In words which have ierent vowels in two consecutivesyllables, the sequencewill usually be Jo, not ol:. (Exceptions
occur with prefxes such as po-, or 5)-.) Thus the word for
'
,ot is ponounced'g)rom', not'gorm'.
b In words which end with a 'conjunct' consonrt + inherent
vowel, the inherent vowel is always pronounced o. Thus
'Suknt' above has to be pronounced 'sukanto', not
'sukntf'.
Often the hherent vowel is not pronounced at ll. In grom, for
examole. the inherent vowel is not added to the m t the end of
the word. fuain, when to pronounce the inheent vowel and
when to drop it is something that one can learn only with practice. PeoDlewnh a backsroundin sanskit. where the ieDr
vowelis ironounced unlssindicaredotherwiseby a specialsign
(seep. I 0 5), someiimeshvedificulrywith th; speo of Bengati:

leanerssemto cope with ir qur(e

but mosr {nglsh-spking)
easil) and inuirively. peps becuseEngli(h has so mny
words ndins wi a consonant without a vowel.
So rno.h for rh. pron.,ncrtionoJ he heent vowel There is.
however,a furhir causeor confusion.The o sound in Bengali
cn be reDesnredeier by the ieot vowel. or by the
'proper' vwel o, or whi there is a separateetter:
o

as in French rzol o Geman so

Leamers of Bengisomerimeshave di6culry disdnguishrng

berweenrhis sound and u/u (Unir l, p 4). ln borh the ps are
roundedas wher whistting.bui in u/
f.r*rra
"rd
"""f'.Ji,*,
towards the roo of e mourh Bui
higher
is
raised
rongu-e
ihe
anothe"son of confulion anses in rhe spelling Becusethe
inerenr vowel can be pronourced exactly the same as rhe
propet vowel o, Bengalispllingis no lwaysconslstent.mtbrs
reerd:thereae somewords, suchas rhe common word bh'lo
eier
tsZia, *aL and many verb forms. which can be spelt
I
book.
vowe
o.
ln
is
proper
rh inlrerentvowel oiwrrh rhe
frequnty
most
that
occur
for
the
spelliags
have tried to settle
today. But wi verb forms ispecially, it is diffrcult to be com.leteiv consistent sometimesone spelling 'looks' better in a parcuhi context than another.
The Romantion used in this book needs to distinguish between o when it is an iaherent vowel, and o when it is a prope
vowel. For the forme, I have decidedto use citcumlex accenti
Thus ihe Bngatiword for good can eirher be sph bhalo or
bhla In most Bengli words contrnrngan 'o souno' ne
spellirg is perfemlyfixed: but be preparedto find this inconsisNow someconsonnts.The fust is not dicult for most ernrs,
except when the letter is ptonouaced on its own:
4

as in nglish fzger

Benglisgeerallypur anu beforeit. and

Ir eferrineto is
easie
vou mav aisofind it'ener, to sav'utt'. When it occusin words,
softened'so that pronunci'ionbeih" h"r 's' .l.men. i,
Engtish suger. This varies fom speaker
comes moie tike 'ng' in"ften
to rocker.In Donuncinge word or the Bengalirceor narion. for cxample,somewill syb.DCi with a hrd '8' soundin
tha ;otherr ll softenrhe'g or eliminait cornpletely.
hc ncxt eound doesnot xist in English. It s a 'd' sound, but untittt ilrc nnglish 'a' it is detal, made by pressingthe tongue fumly

ginst the top font teeth. Speakersof French or Spanishor e

other Romnclngugeswill be sedto mking their 'd' s dentl:
d

inFrcnch docuur
^s
The last sound n this chpter can be eprsentdby three different lettrs in the script, The three 'sibilnts' that are drstinguishedin Snskit (3,, s) ee generallyall pronounceds'sh'in
stndard Benali (except somtimeswhn combned wi oer
you wll
letters- seepp, 286-7). In East Bngal(Bngladesh)
often he 's' rther thn 'sh', even in educatedspeech.(The is
also a tendency to pronounce <h s 's'.) It is sfe, howevei, to
$tck to 'sh', unlessthe word is English (rrrs, clcle etc.):
as in English s,iP
"
All th inormtion given so far in this chpter is easierto understand when you tum to the script. For e inherenr vowel there
is, by definition, no vowel sign: the sylblesgt, nt, bt, etc. 3re
simply wien with the consonantsalone. For a syllable consistinefr on its own, however, fullvo/el is used.This s e rst
letter that Bengali children learn; it is like the lener or a, without e secondvrtical suoke:
;

Hndwriting

Pint

)l9q
The full vowel q is pronounced r, not - but thete are exceptions (seep. 292 ard the Bngli-Englbb Glossary pp. 313-15).
The proper vowel o has, ike the other vowels you have learnt,
a 'full' form and a 'vowel sigJt'. The vowel sign has two bits
to it: one tht goes before the consonant, and one that goes
after:

oS

(tull vovlel)
(vowelsign)

Thusbo is tritten 6tt

The letters for the consonnts introduced in ths chapter re es
follows:
|
o

t
I

I
,

rf
{
g

rl

Exercises
1 Listen to the rccording, or refer back to previous Pages,
and practisesryins e foloMng words and phrase'..Rememberto oick up usefuvocbulrvems, ehoutbolhe
ing about giammtical structur a-tis stgel

om

ney

dit
sfD
dad
didi
din
aqul
ma5

day
frnger
(Btena0

tununl

Lister,

a|ta
Junbo
oi blgulo
ordui

bit

mnut

DOn
mrdbnlal
ni
.o di
ami
Jniba
asbona

amra

o dil
ora nll&ra

oi sfb
ama?
or didir
nam
5la

50mDar
asbo?

uni amar
bon n)n

asini
rbibt.

Cone (on)
sunday.

/,!erl

Theyar two
Ben9ali.
(yoghutt).

Stutuay.
Te (lne)his/

Srara
Sh is no

Monday?

Now seif you crrwrit the words and phrasesabove in Bensnli scripr.For rhe syUableJuere is a vanationsimilar to ru
is usuav*rimen F. u can
in Unit t (p. 7). ru, you remember.
woud
expect:
wv
in
the
bc witien
vou

rl + *-

qlqt< cqtaaar
Qustion mks and other punctuation marks are the sameas
English.

btl
ml
b5bon

o tul

This orm occus in some qpefaces. But in handwriting and

th best typeaces,the form <! is common,
There is also a varition for { (Seep. 287).
To put in full stops, use a shon venical line. The lst sentence
above would be written:

Speakerso English are used to the same sound bing aieved

by different spellings, In principle, each letter of the Bengali
script represents separtesound. You hve seen,howevq tht
I and i re pronounced the same,nd u nd il the three sibilants
are all oronounced as 'sh'r and the 'o' sound can be achieved
either by the proper vowel o o by the nherent vowel.

This unit contins further anomalies of this kind, arising from

wht is sometimesknov'/n as 'phonological decay': phoaemic distinctions at existedin Sanskit have benerodedin soeech.white
'Decy' i. of cour.e. a
rhe scripr remainressentiallySnskJiric.
raer loaded word; one could sythat the volution of Bengalis
a purifrcation and improvement rather than a decline.Crtinly its
streanlined grammatical systemis a relief to thosewho fiad complex inlectiors difcult. On might wish that e writing system
had been similarly simplied: but as with English spelling, to reorm t would be to severthe languagerom its history.
The vowel sound introduced in this unit is pue than its neest
Engshequivaent:
e

as inFrcnch caf rather thn in Eglish play

The new consonart to leam is quit easyfor English speakersto

pronounce.h is aspiatedin way that is quite normal in Engli:
*

IE

=?
15

l(o

kh

as in English izg

Aspirate it a linle more heavily than n Eng.lish,espcillyat the

beginning of words. Vhen it occurs in the middle or t the end
o words, e aspiration is much ghter.
The lette for e G:
Handwitirg
Pint
e
{ {full vowel)

ivolvel sign)

The vowel sign is wrtten before the consonant; so be is v'/ritten

6t. You can sethat the vowel sign for o (C , p. 11) is made
o e + a, rd this is tue for Hindi and other South Asian
rngugestoo.
In good Beogali pintirg, C is used t the begirning of a word
end in the middle of wod; but most people do not make this
distinction in hand'riting.
\hen the somd e ollows nother vowel, espcially :, a, or o,
the 'smivowel' y is used. Words lik bhty, khay, py, or dhoy
are theefoepronouncedas 'bht', 'khae', 'pe' nd 'dho'. y
also servesas a 'glide' betweenvowels. Betweeni *nd e, a and u,

or e and it can sound like an English 'y', trd this is th sound

you can give it vrhen refring to it on its own. Often, however,
it is scacely pronouncd at all. meye StL for exrple, is pronounced with a lenghened 'e' sound - the y disappearsin normal speech.Betweeno and a it is pronounced like a light English
'w': in e verbal nouns lhrya, oya, nd deo)rdfor example.
This is raer like the 'w' sound in French ori. The sound execr"e below containsexamplesot thesevioLrsponunc;rions
of y. I you have the recording, listen caretully to it. The lette

for y isr

v
' The letter for the consonant kh is:
kh{
Finallg you need to learn a letter at is sometimesused for the
sound 4. This is derived from the Sanskrit nasalization sign,
anusuara- reqrl'er'tly usedin Sanskrit, but much less so in Bengali (which has a different nasalization sign with a dierent
function: seeUnit 5, p. 22). Benglinuwa is use4,for exampe, in e word for the Bengali languageitsel, baIla d(qt.

rq(
There are sornewords, prticulrly ose where D or ! re combined with another letter in a coninct, where Bengali spellng is
not consistent. The word colloquially used for renibb, !!emendous. erc..or ex-ample.
can be
sarlghatikStrrr or
'prlrolo,r can be .pelt r)n
sJghatik
|{(Slh5iFrr rheword for
Bg'
o rJ! F(). But for other words, the spelling is trxed (9rl is
now n achic spelling for <Ft), and it is never possibleto add
vowel to R.baoal (th Benglirace or nation, a! opposed
to
-e Bencali languge)must alivays be wriaen <t.

Exercises
f,l t .L''renro rhc'ecord;ng.o referbackro previou\pses.
\yingrheollowing
word'.ndphrases:
andprcri\e
biye
khay
rakhe
brought
khabe
gifl, daughter

food,meal
khoydoy
helsh/sslrs
tekhe
very
khub
,i,/rss
rsukh
nrkh
manF
5rl|ge
mtDglb Tuesday
am-fhab
aml
llkhbona
amarsrlg cone with
mo.
atun
Don\ gv
maoer
debenna AOto us.
o el
khab.?

Bring the
blkhana
nlye e!0
khane rc
bsun
uni asnni?

na
e srb lilh
nb?

Str/ll wdte

o ekhunl
el
ItE very hot
skhn
khub
g)rm
ami khye
lam
eating.
s
mrDglb.
asbiia
Tuesday,

ln Unit 1 you le3mt the variation + fo ru, and Unit 2 includedthe similar variariong for,t This unit containsyouJ
first consonanralconiutrct:rg. SorireBengahconiuncB a
immediatelyrecograble:tht are madeup o ruo lenerson
top o eachorher or side by side.gl, for example.is witten
and 49 is of rhis
dir + qt. Orhers are esl recognzable.
type:

.09t{
In modern typefaces you will sometimes 6nd a more easiy
recognizableform; but the orm above is moe common, nd
alwys usd in hndwriting.
Now seeif vou can write the words and Dhasesin Execbe 1
in.Bengaiscripr.Watch our for !9. which s underned,like
all coniuncrsin rhe transcnDlionusedin this book.

There are two vowel sounds to lern in is unit. The tust is similar to one of the vowel sounds o nglish:
r

as in English dt

The other sound is a diphthong: i.e. it is made up of two vowels

joined together: the vowels o and u joined to produce:
o
Mate sure that you retan th 'pudty' o both e o and th !,
but let the stressof the syllable fall on the o. You have to push
your ps right forward to make this sound,
There is onlv one new corBonnt to ln, but it can b difcult
or the foreign learner lt's the nspirated vrsion of the consonant you leemt in Unit 3. In order to produce it correcdy, say an
Englishword like reak (notice that v/ do not normally aspirate
th 'k' sound at e end of the v/od). Now say e Bengali
8ound,giving it, as usual, the inerent vowel e:

.6

v
6r
J

v
4
6l

-s
o
-g<

The sound a is representdin two ways in Bngliscript, but unlike the variations between and o or l ( g ) nd J ( ( ) the
rpellingis generally6xed nowadays:wordsspeltin oneway wiJ
not be soer in e orher.
The rst way is to usee letter for e, which you leamt n Unit 3.

l-

Handwiting

Pri

7,

4 (tullvowel)
C (vowelsign)

How do you know i ( is pronounced e or a? The nswer is that

you don't, from e script loe. But vrords contining e are gencrally common words such ask i fu)h9 or Ldnn (how), or elsr'
verbswherethere is a regulr lterntion bewr'eera ald , according to which terseor personyou are using.This will be explained
in Pt vo (see pp. 95-8). Some spaks in East Benga
(Bangladesh)do not distingushvery clearly betweene and e, but
they recognizethat in correct speechthey should be distinguished,
and you should try to do so. As th t/ distinction there e
some words whr e sound is btweene two; but such subtltiescome with an advancedknowedgeof Bengali.
The other way of representing is explined on pp. 29-30.
Th diphthong o is witten:

(tull vowel)
(vowelsigrt)

The consonant k is written:

k?

Exercises
f,l r risten to the recording or refer backto previouspages,
and practisesayingthe following words and phrases:
kt?
k?

What?
Who?

kar?
kamn?
vr'hy?
kan?
ku
krkhn?
dik
lok
kal

aml kri
unlkrren
mr kinl
k kene?
or nam ki?
khane
golmal
krona
e bikhana
kt?
akhn db?
keu amak
b)lnl
5 noko kae
)nek dr gl

srkal
srkl
krlm
gar
noko
gal

Don makea

Shal (l)give
(jt)now?

(on)ftiday.

The last sentenceabove contined the coniunct k:

r+<=

s)l
o

6"

..1

a long way
by boat.

on rbai

gel
Ju&ba

SeeUnit 8, p. 35 or more inormation about conjuncts with

r as the secondmember.
Rememberat in this sane word u can be wdtten B (though
{is asopossible).
Now seeif you can write the words and phrasesin Exercise 1
in Bengli scipt.

In Unit 3 you learnt the letter derived

Sanskritnaslizationsrgn:
(
()
This functions in Bengali as an alternative to g (t). To indicte
the naslization of vowels, Bengali has a different sign called
which me^s htellly noofl-dot. B.uttust pmctise
o!bi!du,
saying the nslizedfoms of the vowels e and o. Nastiztion is
performed by lowering the soft palate at the back of the mouth
so tht e ir low is directed rough the nose;rather than the
mou. There are no nasalized vowels in standaid Bitish English. In French there are plenty \mgLPrc, le Pq!!2etc,) tho]u9h
none of them are quite like the Bengalinasalizedvowels:

The oer sound to leam in this unit is consonnt, esy for

Englsh speakersto make:
ch
as in English cal/
Make sure is sound is well aspirated (more than in English)
when it comesat the beginning of a word. In the middle or at e
end of a word, aspirationtendsto be much Lighter(ci kh, p. 15).
The nasaliztionsign,cudrbilrlu, is witten lke this:

Hndnritins

yi",

This is placeddirectly abovea ful vowel, but if a vowel sign is used

it is placedover the consonantto which the vowel sign is ttached:

..i 6ci
In lernins to writ the lettr for ch, it is probably helptul to
learn the letter or e unaspirated sound c, whi will be introducedproperly in Unit 10. The letter or c is containedwithin
rhe letter {or ch:
cED
chq

Exercises
f,l t t-istcnto the recording,or reer back to prevrouspges,
rncl practiscsayingthe following words and phrases.Pronouns .rrc nxrrc 'polite'when they are nasalzedlThis will
bc cxplni'cd i'r l't Two (seep. 62).

ke
ra
dr
ke
ra
dr
r
chel
chbi
ch)y
churi
ami achi

r kacheie
b)s

Comend

mey

Wfryarc (you)

boy

golmal
krch
kn?
k blbo
na k
blbo?
uni khub rg
krchen
r khub )sukh
krchil
ma khni

ffaKinga
Shall0 te

ansry

chilam
se chilEna
was,o bichana
(present) rode
amla
kheyechilam
helsfels
ke brl
comng
lsat
eschl
aml
r mach
bsechilam
lan doing
mals
ami kchi
(l)haveput
kichui
okhane
(i0therc
khchi
khanna
k rc mach

(that)we
They don't
ea fish (or)

Thereareno conjunctlettersto lan in this unt. You may be

coowonderinghow 1ouc.nlnow wherherrwu con'ecurive
sonantsarewlitten as a conjunctor not. The answerto this is
that you cannot know iust om the sound of a word, but
grammar and morphology(the way in which words are put
together)will often help you. khanna in the last sentence
above is not written with th conjunct ( + ) becauseit js
made up of the present tenseorm khan plus the negative suf6\ n. krchi, nor wririen urrh rhe.on;uncrt{ t< + q7
becauseit consistsofthe stem kr rom bn and the present
conrinuous
ending-dt {seeUnir21. p. J43.
Now seeif vou cn write e words and ohrasesin Exetcise 1
in Bengati siript.

i5 unir intro'
You h! ituee moe n'alizedvowelsto leam:
soundthat

i*i . i ,r'.'"^,r*d rormo e firsrBensli

you learnt (seeP 3)

male if you had bad

Thrs is more or les. rhe soundvoLrrord
a*,.' ,sked ro look ar vour ttuoat'
i".*.r''""t'.

t" Il: i:llll:i".d^

rherwonewconsonanr.
;: ;J;' ;1:i:l:
most imDortant consonntLdlstlnctLonsro c

.
gr':E,i'",'l*l*iHi;.:1.J;::iJl:','I
irpper teeth.
It i. **",irf

pr"""""ce Bengalidenralcon'onanrscorecrlv'

',:.1';:1.;.xl**..u;,s1;lil6;;:1p
-

l;",:'#,''i:;.':,"!1i[g,i'
'".".1,';:t*,lf
rchrc 1em now:
cerebral coni", rs conideredro -be an

A"

!lt

:H.;

:-'

sl

a
&
5

:':**ll.i:-"':,.',il.ll:'i.'J.l:'ril:i.:
asin
;""i .l'p"ii'*a ven,cariupwards
; ;i ;
.rni."*

l3
CL
l5
lf

are
,q.i." r""e"seibur the consonntsin qLre'tion

ro
Failure
con'onnrs
iil'"i,..I'',r.ar',drom rhedenr
p"i:dl:1ll
is
oft'l
con'onanrs
,r"e,'haur t'orn'eoex
(o
g.nn""t
when Englishmenre 'hown r4rng
'peK

i:';rt-:,'u:n';r",:in:
Hlilisln*rilH;
""".t.,

j:t'.it$i'."""::$.
x1
l'"""'f:r:+",:"#"1"'::il
like:
.. v.u canwhisperrr it vou
"ii,,:"."ti
t
asin Ftenchl'lr

:i-.l
lim*.,:ilr#J;i[;""""4"'*"#1i
i"eLi"b
,' i'''*,. b!ai:111s.Pd'tl:'lii:
i
'l,c^

sinstthe alveolridg lhe bengauso

tii o the tongue,
t

as a
regard dental t as a 'soft' sound, and eo0ex t
BnsaLis
pronuncra$on
and may sometrmescorrect vour
i""-,

The asal , like the other asal vowels, is

crbhCu:
Hndwriting

Pitrt

+F=
+9=

Rememberthat when the vowel sign is used, the nasal sign goes
ovr e consonnt:

Th letters fo the two new consonantsre as fol;!'s:

Exercises
Pages.
I u"t n to . t..ording..orreerbackto Prvious
f,l
- and pracrisesyingthe fotlowingwordsa:rdphrases.
You
maviraveareadvnoticeda panernin rheformsof thepronoins, whlch wl beexplaniedtully in Part Two:
hrml

you

lott

tonak (to)tou
you(pt.)
@t|.a
hey
td'
hey
6ra
tl(e
money
t*
wpee)

tu*ro
drot
tsbil
d.t
F
nte
q.
oF
bta?

AtYou slil
sitllngJwaitng?
(Please)eatthis
llttle bi|
tbl\ toma kcheA.ril e rbro

trmitb! b5
a?
Gtul lh.ye nin

lnenao
tomra*al k{r
.cDy d?

Theish]s nice

thr

tomnmtlc
Jnyldt
t n?

that

ti.i leit b3t

blo

whydidyoulb
(sleep)on lt
grcund?
Tellhimto wft

tnrry? ani klt F*a

s li e bt
db?
{ufl|
anf. su!!!r,
a llttb
*tu
ld4u t*
tomra Don'tdelay
d.d

kmna

wwdry?

sttdr srnry
mdttbJH.

t/.,e

I There re two nw conjuncts tht result ftom this Unit' n + d

andn+t:

I W 0tou)?
Tfreneryo is
be'/.tt, but

7
g

otlrrrAs with u (Unrr2, p 12),rherers.rnalternarivel'y

ing 41u.io rhar tiliu rbn, can enhe be wrinen rFior FFq.'
The fisr i. the preeredoPlron. but In 'ome typeacesyou
will seeth second.
Nou seei 1ou can wrire rhe word' and phraserin txercise I
in Bngli scipt.

There are two new sounds but four new letters to learn in this
unit. and some complications to explain wi regard to the
rcrit. The frst soun is like an English 'j', but it cn be xoreisedin Benealiby rwo fferent leners.Oneo rhe.ei' known
ebqy j: : thej thar beong.ro lhe min b)g or stoup of
j

as in English lrm

..emr-vowel'y.)!t)h$!'
The orher is knot n ar:nbh!!!r f) rneans'in berweenand is ppliedro the grouPot leflerstht the
rncienlIndin grdrmiansregardedas berng in betweenvowBorhy and y e dei\edhom rhe\n-krrt
.ls andconsonanrs.
ar te begiotriogo a word is pronounced
in
Bengah'y
but
'y',
ki i. ro i"aiiute the di{ence n pronunciation, a dot was
addeto the latter n the 19th century (q)
pronouncedlie j

F'
:,

.T

N t-<
g
*

3{
6l

lo
t-<

In Bangladesh,both j and I can sound rnore like Engish'z',

cspeciallvin words of Perso-Arabicorigin - e.g. nani (Prafers),
ponouncednamaz.
The other new sound introduced in ths unit is straightorward:
as in English mr (but sometirnesa little
'breathier')

The script for the three letters given bove is s follows:

Print
Handtriting
q
gt
j

v
n

When {/ (originlly the same ltter, remember) occurs as e

secondmembeio a coniunct,it is writtenl ard calledfr-ph:la
This can aect e pronuncition of the conjunct in two wys:
Ir lenethens the sound of the consonnt to which it is atrache.h,' rhe common posrpo\itionJly {611 /oa and
rLs collocujal vrrirnr inv are pronounced 'jnn' and
'inne re'pecrivet.
MakJ'ure rhairhedoublen.ound rs rein
ro all doubleconson.rnta
;llv doub.Th' aDDlie.
'ound.
Bengali, which should be krfntokab^n sfa?hetti mther thn
Enslsh ,",?/,t.
It -is ollow;d br a fl), the vowe soundofren change'ro a
' hl, accourr. toi rhe *pellinso wod Lke
!y /yerj. o En
sish $/ords such as !4.aDl (bank) ot lyanqat @anager).

Jf is not always pronounced a: !ya!!ya Wqt e'cqla ition),

for example, is pronounced with an a sound in the tust syllable
nd an a in th second. slgrya lffil euehins) has a vowelsound ln the second syllable that is closer to a than a. s w
the t/ and a!/ distictions (seepp. 9, 19), the pronunciation is
sometimesin betwenthe t!vo.
occasionally, ir words Like Wth (pain) o Wbh'.r (bebariorr, occu's without folowine . It is then pronounced !
(persozl is
unless ollowed by i in e next syllable: thus {!i
pronounced'bekti'
(seep. 292).
Finally letter that ppeasin the scipt but is often silent in pronunciation. In Snskrit there is distinction between 'b' and 'v'
which has disappeared in Bengali, so that words and names
which in Sanskrit would be spelt with a 'v' ir Bengal are spelt
(and pronounced) with a b. Thus the Hindu god Vishrru is pronounced blflu in Bengai. Sometims'v' in Snskit occus in
coniunct, particularly 'iv', '5v' and 'sv': in which casethe Bengali
b is written small and attached to the consonant. It is then
known as b-phtla (cf. Fr-phrla bov).At the beginningof
words it is silent in pronuncation, so aam nd jyrr are pronounced 'sh.m' and 'j:r'. \hen it occurs between vowels
it lengens the consonnt to which it is attached. So bift
(ahiuerce)]s pror\onced'b'. In $/ords of English origin like
ntmbr, tle b is pronounced as a b nd will thereore be given
as b rather than v in this book.
i, J and , with br-ph)la ar wrinn:
Y

Exercises
or referbackro prviou.pses.
f,l t Li'rento rherecording.
andpraaisesayingtheollowingwordsandphrases:
jrl
jini5
5Vam

snoe(s)

aikerkai

water
thns

:
i

Fy9a
l!)r
hari
amrj!y
you 9o
tumi Yo
amatmn
hry
a&jrnlok
![amo
gm
b!!aj
Ubhar
bi[bilyal]y
ote hat dion Do not
at jor
htbnn
alotaki lel
deb?

Don't walk

.iama gay
diye eso
Te (rne),what
b)l to
akhn
krta baje?
ra k dlner

jry

a day.

tomarki jy)r
hyeche?
diye
Jnala
bej rod

got fever?

rai maq Theyhave

elen
tra i maq Thy'vejust
gone,
glen

the light?

part rom the conjuncts with y)-ph)la (I) nd b-phtla

(<) describedabove,thereis one new coniunctin Exercise1
-q:

s+=

Be careful not to conuse this wi the vowel q (e).

Now see you cn write the words and phrsesin Exercis 1
in Bengli script.

Thereare no new vowels in this unit, but ou consonantswhich

are quite dicult for many foreign leamers to mster.The first is
the aspirdd version of the dentl t that you lernt in Unit 6.
V/hen Engtish words with an unvoiced 'th' sound.(thin, tbree)
r translitemted into Bengati, is is the letter tht is used (the
in tben or there is transliterated with r). But th
votced'th'
^s
different from anlthhg irr English. To make
oound is actually
Engtish 'th' te tongue is placed between the upper and lower
front teeth, whereas Bengali th is made by placing the tongue
furnly against the upper ront tee as or t, with an additional
pu o air following:
th
The no.t sound s the aspirated labial ph. This is pronounced
romewhatvariablyby narne .peakers.Somepronounceit as a p
with aspiration, but many (especialyin Bangladesh)pronounce
It more like an English 'f'. In West Bengal it is oien pronounced
rs a 'p', and is is perhaps the most 'stndrd' pronuaciation
to lm ro:

_d

t,

Flr
A

ph

as in Germn Pferig

The third sound in this unit is e 'retroflex' counterpart of d.

Place your tongue as for e retroex t, and add 'voice' to it.
Eengalisconsider this 'hard' sound, as opposed to the soter
dental consonants.It is like an English 'd', but the tongue should
be more pointed and slightly curled back:

4
5

lo
-

linally we come to the sound that is perhaps the most difcult of

all for foreign learners o South sian languages.(In Sanskit the
sound does occu, but only as an 'allophone' of { when it occurs
betweenvowels rather than at e besinnins of words. As th
q/ the distinguishing dot was added to e Bensali scipt in the
19 century) ln Unit 1 you leamt e 'rolled' Bengali r. The new
rcund here is a 'flapped', retrolex 1. Curl your tongue Lrp and
round as you were about to say t o q, but instead of making
contact with the alveolar ridge, ap e tongue down smrtly so
that it udibly slaps against e bottom of e mouth. Or, if you
have the recording, igtroe this instuction and see you can
oirnply develop the knack of producing this sound! Somepeople
find ir easierto pronounceir betweenvowels:you can try sying
r-J-a over and over again. Speakersof American English may
find it helptul to compar the sound with the way they prono.JJ.ce'' iD butter or better.

The lenersor the four soundsabovee sollo\'s:

Hndritirs
hinr

th
{
F
T
Ph

I Two new coniuncts occurred in the words and phasesabovel

h and ts:

D+ r =
r +:t =

Exrciss

ri

f,+=

pses.
or reterbackto previous
f,l t ristento the recordins.
andpractisesalng e foowrnswordsandphrases:
mata
btha
amithald
tumi
than
phul
phrl
tlnl 4kn
akta b{
btl
qal .r
trkri
motgaIi
grurgali
ttrnlrkhn
chage?

t sry

fruit

today.
ota phel Don\ thtow
tht awatl
dlona
didll 4k CaI0w

a g house
vegtbles
Whenwil

khane
Stop lrsf6thm
tel phu.ly Th o|l's
9Cn
tumi kothay
k?
ktud.n (Please)wata
tit e.

chrl.y
Corneback
phlre5o
ke qakhe? Who'sclqng?
ogulodtT
qrm?
counw ft6*

nnge) eggs?

s. biti kh.y

thm,
Scp,sop
tham9Il
aschel
rooc
Don't stand
dIabenna
tonarbli
kothay?
phrlgull5)b
khye
phelch?

run?
4an dik
diy. gcl
taFtai
hrb

9.trt

t nsht
it wil be
quicKer).
We'll giet

thmlel
amla
namDo

ma br

babt
*oth.y?

+ =

rtys

rt

This is known s 'r-phrla (c flph)la

and blph)l,
pp, 29-30). Even in 3 and E {seep. 20. Jt) phja is

Don't go

a, bti
thete
beiona

! s an easily recognizable conlunct, once you know that 3

whn it is written second in conjunct is written s atrached
to the bottom of the fust member of the conjunct. Thus:

Now seeif you can write the rrords and phrasesin Excise 1
in Bengai script.

live new letters in this unit, but only four new sounds. The rst
h the naslversioof i rhe'long' doesnor occurin a nasatized
orm). You should be usedto nasalizedvowels by now. so rhs
oheshould present no special difculty:
'' The next one is the nsalized verson of o - a rae sound n
Ecngali: indeed thr are some words where it is disputed
' Whetherthe correct pronunciation is o o In transcriprion
thc tilda (-) has to b placed over the first vowel, but becireful
to nasalizethe whole diphong:

I'|[
-"

--l

Ol

6r -c<

J
v
$

lf,
lw

--

fo
L

4\

l-

||<<

Yormight 6nd ir interesringr rbjs srageto look at rhe complr

Uble of lettrson p. 53- and rick off rhe lenesyou havelearnt.
Youwil seechatin rhe6lth group of consonants,
the 6rsrand e
bunh are stiJl rernaimng.The rsr is unvoiced and uaspirared.
fu wi oer unaspiraredconsonnrs.
be cefulnor ro;spirie
It inadvenent\ whn n occus t rh beginning of a wod.
he unaspated'p' rhar occursar rhe etrd of EngJrshwords is
niar to e Bensasound:
D

hc letters for thesetfuee sounds are as follows:

Hand*dting
Pit

!t a

6ol,"*"'r
(vowesign)

\y

lrur,"*-1

z"

c 1""-a "ign1

Rcmemberthat when writing the rasl crndrbindu (.) wirh

vowlsigns.ir_shoul{be pliced over e consonnr,
not rhe
VowelsrAnrtselhFl,(l|l.
t

'i

Thcre are two more letters ro lern in is unit. The 6rst is really
I coniunct mde up of I and p. n Sanskrit words and names
luch as'k$tIya'.'rk$s' or'[sm'. ir is pronourced'ksh'.
ln kngati it is pronouncedke lh ifit occursr e beginingot
r word, and like a double kkh if ir occurs between vowels in the
tiddle of a word. Thus e examples above are pronounced ia
E.nga 'thrtny', '..kkhs' and 1hkh (notic rhat in the third
o thesee'rn'is'assim ated' into rhe h nd is not pronounced
rt ll). In rhe rranscrip(ionusedin thisook. I wilibe u"ed for
thh lene and you will thereforehaveto remebert the ! is
not pronounced. The reason or inroducing r here rather than

meely in passilg as conjnct is that Bengl diclionaries tlet

it s single letter and have separate section fo words
beginning wi 8.
$
![

"f
When referring to this letter on its own, Bengaliscall it 'khiyr'.
FinalJywe haverbe rl that belong.ro e rerroflex'groupo
ex
con'onanrstseecompleterableon p. 5J. lr is proDounced
prnc
qu;re
frequenlly.
on
itt
own
s
n.
lt
occus
crl rhe sme
ulailv at rhe end oi words. bur lso in coniunc\ r th one of rhe
other rtroex consonants. The general rule is that conjuncts
involving a nasal use the nasal appropriate to the group: thus
'vlr' consonants(k, kh, q, et.)take rJ,'lata' consonnts(c,
ch, etc.) take i, 'retroflex' consonants tk r, 'dent' consonants take n and 'labial' consonntstak m
The thee sibilants (seeUnit 2, p. 11) arecategorizedas 'palatal' ('f),
'retroflex' i{) and 'dental' (q), nd e sarne pinciple applies.
The ule is sometimes broken with foreigr words: kaudar counter - wooldtx wntten rtith dentl n + etoex t, and maltr
is written with dentl s + retroflex 1.The letter for retroflex 4 is:

r
Exercises
1 Listen to the recording, or refer back to previous pages,
and prace saying the following words and phrases:

jamta"
che
gacne
after(watds)
pl[e
aF
amadr
5
potabeFl
k5un
what(4
pnibatll Canyou speak ki suElr
pakhil
Bngali?
blte
btd(s)!
Paen?
o. phuphub His (patema,
Pnikmn
mara
achen?
gacnen
tala-ptysa
poft
ma
must
You
apnal
rpeh
p)ylr tarlkh tl frrst
krt
pa
ptth
pre

h)b

purno
kapt

foot,leg

ajpry4

until today

rkjrn trutt a toung

lbi
aPnra
p!Ek
paft.
)I nln
tomarmathr
uP.
mi pa pichle
ptgelam
pnikrkh6n
pchln?
tomadr
p{4on
kmn
hyech?
paJrbaflte
kara
sechen?

gone?

khno
alaphryn! wt met.
kep!4am Do pranmd
l(Jr
Ct1(you)
iygafar
glve a
bibrrq
dit
paa1
setkrun That'sa sad
matte
!fPr
eluku prth (l1l)be able
hteYet
Paroo
D[atonana
krl,
p'-'bay
ptrte
prDna

study,you

r||r nens anykid of srnet for e upperhody.jrm.,r.pq is e usul eprcsionfor clothes.Nomd)s, etl is slly usd for nn shir, dj.m.
or a sirla boue oi frock.
lA Vliti- tr".t'ip term.Se.tisi otr pp. 289-91.
It c e Re\$ rrrheendoPrdT$o(pp.2il-1-Jor e Bensah
Don,h..
rHidobe,sre: lins e d6of someotre
fc.
2 There are two new coniuncts in this exercise. One o them is
on the same pttea s in Unt I (p. 35r:

+ l

The other coniunct also conJormsto a oattem:

+r=

- abouea consonanrr. known as reph. and is alwys used

when? Drecedes
norhe
you
Now see
can write the words and phrasesm Exrcise 1
in Bengascripr.Watchour tor coniuncrs
wnh y: remember
tharJ r. used(exceptin { above)ifq/ occursa e second
memberof a conjunct (seUnt 7, p. 29). Be carefutnot to
missq (c),not ro be confusdwirh I (g).

ll

'ln Hindi and Sanskrit it would be pronounced 'a', and e other

,diphthong,or, is pronounced 'a'. Hindu wods nd namessuch
r'Vailava'and 'Kurrv' becomeboIb and koDb in
lngli, Of course othr diphthongs are creatd in Bengali by
aombintionso vowels: e.g. in words such as khy or ku,
Shere e stressalways falli on the tust vowel. Somtimesthe
Clphthongso nd o re achievedby the inherent vowel + u c
r $e words or'wre and 'book'. tor exampe.:re wrinen b
u

o + rcn
t;; (i.';..r'iri'i "* vower
(), but
occur,as
in te
rhedemonstrative
asin
demonsrrarive
oi
oi (E[
bur o + u does
does not.
nor.
Iiho occu4
lcmmber that the special letters or these diphongs when
lhcy occur are indicated l the tanscription used in this book by

hr

::,

,yl

.;

ct
sl .T
lvl
AI

t\vo new consonantsare inoduced in this nit. The fust is the

fmaspiratedversionof ch {seeUnir 5, p. 22,. 'ch ar the end o
Unglish words like rorrh, ben.h or pn;h is Aeneraltyfreeo as-

lo
lo
l5

lcL

ilt second consonant is the spiated version o b. This is a

hlevy sound, and it tekes someconsiderableheaving of the chest
lpuscles to produce it at fust:
bh
Thc ltters for thsthee sounds are as follows:
HndwitinC
P

bh

Prinr
d (tull vowel)
I
{Vowel slgn, wntten
beore the consonant,
like the vowel sign or )

Exercises
f,l

I .li'ten r., rtrerecording-or reer back to Prev'ouspase.

nd praclisesayirrgrhe tollowing word" and phJase*:

by camc
cini db?
cabi
cokh

car
secay
bhalo
bhul
ami bhul
gechl
bhat
ki hq!?
cup krl
bh)d.lok
oJmcotr ma5

Key

What\
happening?
Be quiet)

Caitra'

seamar
ceyebo
o bhaike (l)do not know
cinina
c'l, baFt Com,ltst's
loout,
iai
uni tka
patn9.
di!n
bhr4!loktc Givelhe
gentlenan
ca oo
(sone) tea.
Eont eat nce,
bhatna
et lucis.b
khyluci
khan

uSarshall(l)
'give
(you)?
Give(me)rwo

dui camc
din
apnarbhai
kamn
che?
bhaloache
bh{Emhilthe lady?
alike
cen?
cabitakothay Whercclicl(you)
rakhle?
amar
bhrynk
gfrosts.
bht
bh)y kr.e
badtbh.lo
kl!!u bhaF tocdbut
bej
babarjry
amarkhub
bhabna

nry

cokhcbhalo (l)don\ have

good
dkht
eWsight.
Pain

"Fo th Bnslimonths,*e pp. 204-5.

b tind of puedci.pti: sinilr to r,t in North lndi but smllrand ten

The conjunct c + ch is an obvious combination of the two,

nd coniunct d + r ollows the same oarem as the coniuncts noted ir Units 8 nd 9:

D+ E =
t+< =

E
g

Rerember how to wdte kintu dl (seeUnit 6, p. 27). Now

seeif you cn wdte the words and phrases in Execise 1 in
Bengali script.

new tters in this unit, but really only th.reenew sounds.

is the voiced spirsted

Jh
is ir made by addrngaspiririon ro j. ln the smeway, asprran shoulclbe addedto t to crete

1i,

next sound is rther rare. It is th spirared vrsion of the

.d reoflex
+

dh
is the sound that occus in the name of the caDital o
ngladesh:.
{haka. Like th. ir should be pronouncedsharply

-"r"
I
:sl

.cL
'5

leners Ior thesethree sounds are as ollows:

Handwriting
hint

Jh

th
qhD

fl

6nt o the remainiag two tetren is thoreticlly rhe sp;

I version of the retrolex t - but in fct ir is not really
:d with aspration. Ir is a very rae letter The only
word containing it is e Bengali month ta

sepp.204-5).
Uun-July,
luke

L5

Lo.

t (9) it does not exisr s a sepaareener LnSanskrrrlsee

Unir 8. p. 3J ). Tbrsrs why in e tuil table oFlemersg andV re
normallygivenin bracketsaherig andD respecrjvely
lsee p. 531.
Flnallya lener which rs known s lhrd (.r/-ol/j b. Ir rs usd
when rhe denrl t occs thout r rerenr vowel beine
pronounced.or any orhe rowel added.l ,s given as g in rh
'Fnscription used in this book:
It cither comest e etrd o words - e.e. ER {h)tht. ssdtattlyl, o. belore consoranrs at do nor narurally orm a
conjuncr wirh t - e.g. BrF< uljDb. lestiualt. qql (sr!ma,

il lo o l

l l

reer hack to peviousPee''

f,l I Li'ren ro rhe recording-or
- and pracri'eray:grhefollowioswodsand Phrdse'l

i1l

jhol

bhat dhk

jh)t
jhi

all n?ht
thik ach
apnar
(ne) youl
thikanat
blun
a5aInma5r
mJhamajhi of Ih
cithila
paF y dao
meihet Juye
or thl4a caughta

jhrgta
majhl
thik
thikana

thatla

mth
4hu
sbojh

l9ech-

tini othen
9a lal
rath btlg

t bhore Don't get uP

uthona
ihrgF ld W are you
quanellng?
kn?
mchrjhole
c'Jry vety
kijhal
Bengatl
hyech?
poh
-by5
t br Sa{i
sucha big
ki kr
krthatathlk What()tou\
sayis ight.
{hukbe?
Jhimejh
Suddenly
h{h!jhrt
jhtdice
uthlo
omi bll
majhiDona Theboatnan
bulhin
hte rjl
Bengal
willingto
hlna
merona
dhll

llllill

b+ b=
ct+s=

'
:

Exercises

il-

2 The are two conjuncts in e sound exerciseabove,tt and d:

q
ste,-nothe4. Many .uch words. bowever.useE a1heran
will
altav'
1, ..ir,lJy *n"t *sume thrt without vowel
be speltth e,.

lhrl Eedi e qualiryofhohes oraprr$

inr r}

Fl

Now seeif you can write out the words nd phses in Execise 1 in BenCiscipt.

tal

tE l

lI

Three more letters to go! The rst is classified as vo\rel, but

doesnot seemlike a vowel as it is Dronouned..i, as in the name
of the best-loved of all Hindu deities, Krishna. The Sanskritic
ranslireration for KJishnais K rsna', and e samesymbol or
'd' hasbeenadopredin e rrroscr;Dtionusedin rh'\ hook:

r
It is Iikely rhat the lener wasoriqirallr pronouncedratherdiferotly. henceirs classifcariondstvowll:Lrke orhervoweh, ir hs
p full form and a vowel sign:
Handwiting
Pint

r(

(tull vowel)
. (vowetstn)

vowel .ign i, aflchedro e bottorq qf rhe .uroonanr, so

b (edrth),fot example,;;prinredgR.
lst two sounds re consonnts. Fist, rhe aspirated vesion

gh

GI

the aspated version o e dental d:

dh

#
g

CL
5

gh
dh

l*
#
I

The leaersor rhesesoundsare:

5{

Exercises
fl

t
to rherecording.
or reerba_ck
ro prcvrouspases.
nd,Lsren
prctise
srngrhefoUowing
wordsandphrases:

CL

thi
gham
9nas
gn)r
gno[a
ghi
9hr4ta

(clarified
buttr)
s!6t

dhopa
dh0lo
5e hat dhoy

dust

grass
dan b6s

rr.Yy

be cawht

WerUou)
flhle a/, six at&
s/6p"ng/i
ghum(d
e?
/n
seasons
Anglades/'.
'r,'etme?
schoo/
amrrnek 4 t m heavilyk budhba kl - ts th
of
c/osd
*ulbndr
debt
(on)
open
na
khtaf
bli hgle ,t3 anlDsWednedaY(s)?
dolnF

banfde
chrfi' tu

br

Probew
bodh hry
brndh
i ;st- dhe cah(tlget to
i,dbaJ
I'w been
wanglot oY. FY? bYth?

mtjludhu we'teius
bndhu

amifri

gh)rla
b5 achf

adh 5r
dudh
neb
5srnrn

prthfbJ

ihnrecte

You al.o needro norerhe wy in which h + r is writren. The

besl typetacesppronmre ro rhe handwrinen orm _ bur
some.less.elegan
rpeace\ simpt) pur vowel sign tor r
unorne n In the usut\ryav:

e.+ =

a (or)

Novr se you can write out the words and pbasesin Exrcise 1 in Bengli script.

two-anclal8lhouts. ghtr ptthe l7terc'se rot

otdus
khub dhdo
t'I takhal
on th Path
a@rof
to th
milk
lre's
Sht."

S"hry!,,

u/erde'edat $||h
alt(ovet)

-td4/eld

ny hertl

thewottd.
TodaYthe
Dottwaldsr al dint
rcd
dey hasbeen
su|t
d(eba
,n
f,e
ohuftangal
bso,uiely
gt
a
bth.
atha
W'I
ftttile'
heded,/teb
dhe
Honlywts
!Judhu
17,es
oibrri
dhofl
dhuti Ptr
srnoke
th;k
ghof.t lub Ihe hols
conlng
dhva
dh-lr_dh-lrc ,s puli,ng
rom tltat
asccf
vqY slowlY'
housel
tanche
by the ,er ( uir o weidt), but liG
'Milk ud to he $ld

rc Nd oow'

'Morinc-oba. or seDsd(mra nve or pond for brlg

J1 @ p 2_2
'For rhe;rccrion o hdry. ctr Nore

1d w"bns

There are veconluncts in the sound execiseabove:{' g!' ll,

ndh, nd :

+ r=

+\t=
t+b =
+ {=

+D =

.B

f lii ,:'xi:Jf.*,
]l;tr
:L
Ii""::",,'r:,{|
:lJ:ilffi:rilt".,n:,;3i5:1,,*"u,r'"*

I
i1

J* H:.'f,f:n**,'ooliH:*

,npanrq,o
nd

i :nlnr;
:ru
l**jflHr',#,i#l',1,':;
]l!."31tr

t;n1" y rherabtcar youh:re nor tearnr

drerhe
)et

r ''4'''"a,r'.
i::iJHf'1'9'"",fo'1"1;;:*q'1:
'"
occursjo
ciuncr.
such oi1ii,,
i

^ l'

l"bil.Bfli:;:lJ
i'
pi-o"a
rr.'u'"""n'n
iTl iJ'ni ;i iLi'*

i'.l#t'i;;t;tffi"inj,::'
orecard)'
andmeth"- i'

vocabulary.is ro wrire words on small irdex

cards (wr he

ttq) o

iilii':iff;il::'de

Tableof letters

-t
F}

't'""''

o
o
oo
II

qtrqt6ts|
BengaliAlphabet

Jaiu0

rt

et9

tR

q4

cch

Jl hff

tth

s$)
4(r)

u(s)

t(9

E.

()

(y)

! F)
{h (rh)

ddhn

4T

9ghq

D5

{
ikh

foloo

.t
'

9 r

pft

bbhm

rlJ S s h

All rhe Conversations units 14 to 2s ae giletr in Benclr

srript. !0hen your read em. looking up .wor'15 In lhr
Bencti-E*lish Glossarv if neces"ary.wrte down on cos
*r' *at ou ..1 *oul be usetulro leam Evetrif vou do not
"'. iU"-.r"''ri", . rar.iredown all e words on cards.e filing
home the order or the Bengalilecrers
i t.- *ilt t'elp t"
'a.
ih.. guiaun. tt'. order ot q/ordsin Bengai dicrionaiesi\
and intomattoabourthich c(ionariesto
even on"p. 312,"n
p.
givn
on
2q4
uy is
some o the spcialnmesused to reer to particular ldtters have
alreadv been noted. The following list dds few more:

?-slr

E{v i

h-ft

dilgl

E -qtE

E)!v u
dlrg!ti
nuryr

-ft
( -q{q!r
,_DR'{

; -r

q -<ft{ q
. -{'f{t "t

n -tEr

{ -qltrE
-qg:q
.EFFIT{

r-{rr
q-tE
I -{?

Vhen referrirg ro vowerigns.rhe su6x -kar l.E) rs used;nd

ln reierrg ro conilrncts.the locativecaseending is pplied to
the,trst memberoJ rhe coJrund(seeUnir t7. p. 94). i1us ro
speuout rbe word qFr?c$A funforyettabte),oe\\outd savl

q / <gr ,|?/ q.er /< / lfu qsr tm qsFQr

/

Sanskritictransliteration
I you progressin your srudyo Bengat,you will comeacrossa
standJd'5iskriic' \)Tnm of rranrlrrerarion,
usedto all South
rlslanLaJguges.
li |5nor verysti\fdory or Benqdli"minlv be
causethelnneenrowet;sal*ays wrinena. wheresu, y", o*
bejsrlnheren^r
vowelis pronounced:or.Foreerence,
:
:9r7
thelble
ollenes wirh Sanskridctransreradon
rsas ollowr:

qqt
a

< -s
*-<.@I

r]-phrla

- - ca'

repn

mn
{rtc

iF

bi5)19

Fi-ph)h
b-phJ

,,tufioau

.or\st{3t (nuryr)

<)!![tilElu

blSyts
m04!!ryt)
!q '
,Lt h4! F,
)4rbq!! P.
tallyt)
miifhry !)
dr!!I r,

hE

khggh

D(-D)

n
q

(rh)

bh

e .q i
chjjh

!
E(9
t(t)

"pronounced'rlph{! t'

o(v)

!h

qO)

qr
rd d h

sE'

"t

P
{

pn
()

(v)

b/v

< r
rl s

R
sh

SomeoIthenamesfor lenerslisredopposirewould, ir Sanskritic

ansteattorbe:
hrusua, dryha, anusv|, candrubindu. bisarya, bary\ta, mrdt arrya. da tya, antabstha, tlabya, ya-phal

lr,

ar+

dRo
+.
f
!D
J

Conversation
The basicidea behind all the Conversationsin this book is as ollows. You, as a learner, wish to try out your Bengali on native
.peakersand you do rhis bv meenngas many narivesp-eakers
4s

p'ossible.
.r oengind;ons ef{ifr
in Bangladesh.
.
t.

g,

{
II

ct 5

o
g

CL

GI

II

+ 5

o o
3 ct
o
o
5
o

AIfr

(expatriat Beneali) communities outside the subcontint. ln

the Convestror, you ask them questions about their ives,
work, famllies, ideas,feelings, and so on. Your questionswill be
simple in sucture to begin with, but they will gradually get
more compicated as your knowledge o Bengali progresses.
You 'inteviews' will eply in sentencesthat are natural to
rhem.and cheymay ask1,o,{someque5ljons!By the end o Unir
25 you will hverechedan equal inrerracrionwirh the people
you ae talklng to.
The Grdm section ater each Conversatior explins lerly
all the structures used by yor: it won ncessrilycove eveything said by your 'interviewees'. But when, by the end of Pat
two, you have compltd lI the s.rcises, you can go back and
nlyse what you interviewees have said in the light o all the
gramma you nave rant.
When reading and rehesing each Conversation, try to turn
what yo! syinto'ctive knowledge'. Your undentanding o what
your intervewees say can be mo 'passive': an overall understanding o the meaning will be sufficient. The trnstion given,
and e grammar notes, should enable you to wok out the
meaning o individual words. Failing that, you can ook tlem up
in th Bengali-Eneli Glossay at the end of the book.
If you havethe recording,you will nd all the Conversationsin the
book ecordd on it. Lsten to it to peect yout pronunciaton.
For your fust Conversation, you try out you Bengal on Mrs
Kurshid Rahman, who works in a school offc i st LondoL
Noticing photograph that she keepson her desk, you ask her
about it:

trq'fi

rfir{cl{
q'fi
rqrt{{t
!{FlR
rq{t

fi mr
fiqqlR |
qrt'c{Rl?
:tn,fiqirc"tHR.E<REqIrl' <rq r
qln cs?
eqqt'l

qq

.qT't6i?

frrqctq6

t,qlcs1e q ,< |

qt

rccffi

s a$?
s qt{- cqb(F I

Mla Rahman That'sour nighbour'svandah.Our verandahis at

lhe back o the hous- it cn'l b senrcm thig
sid.'
"b.bi dd n. re rhe *ndrd wo& o Mrhd aid fath,hut .bb dd .m!
r ud coloqall b Bnsali Mulims. Note the conimts: -+ =-l;

qH
m{tqfl
qt"i

lfr?

ftq{wn

,+rbtFqtftq fur,irl csIE,

fr?

+n={

R4I frI, frE SRglr{l fi

eb qqtcq& r
frrqctE{Fo qmffi* q,EtsFq!rqR<i
q't
s -{ qRlT{ ?
cc{rqt qFlsR-R-slRl
qH
fifr qt"F1tfl?

bBeglis slly h.ve orMl ne by which y re lown publi.ly, d

(-n.n \Lit. .,111-iane)wd thin cir imedite fmily.
"Mn Ralan imllis hft tht hd dily has home (b.d) in villas: prcba
bly her srndpardts s.ill live there. Hcr paratr renften nr in Dhta, on
thn b atLl./
ot the ue home.
dYomy hv.ome c6s'swani's itl for Hindu relieiosrchi In
Bssf ,t is led by both Hind$ nd Mulins a3 the ordi@ty wotd f h,!
,drd lor iB prouction, '$.i', &. p, 30.
he leBndh' city flt or hore m b an uppr'oor blcony.

q"t
tr{{ rorrn slqt{ dRft qf

Grammar

tqrq: qFl{

slcRFtF ftT - q fr's cqlrfi{ sl{{r I

Translationand notes
Ms Rhman H's my fathe.
Does'abba' menfathef
Ms Bahman Y6s.in Bangtadeshws usua y say .bb,
for
ithra

Ms Rehmn Sh'smy mother

Does'amma'meanmother?
Ms Rehman Yes.we usuallysy ,amrna'.
Whobsh?
Mrs Rafuhan Sh'smy titttesiste[
Mrs Rahhan

H nameis Bahtma,but hr famitvnam

is Mini.b
ls this your hom?
Mrs Rahmn Nol exactlyou home,but our ptce
in Dhka.c
whose bicyclis tht?
Ml6 Rehmen My bthsr's - he's not in th photo.
ls h6 your husband?d
Mrs Rahmn Yes,lh ptoto was takenafl6r ou maniao.
Whatb lhat?

1 Zeo verb
In Eaglish, sentenceslike lohn is fot, ot Mary is a polcewonan,
or Is he mad are klrown as sublect-complementconstrucrions.
ll the questions in the dialogue above follow this simple structure in English these require the verb ,o e, whereas in Bengali
no verb is required.

2 Interogativki
The Bengali question word o inteffogtiv *i is pronourced
with a slight emphasisor stresswhen it meansWlati e.g. ota ki?
tvhat's that?).Ruti canalso be usedto turn a srtemen!irto a
question, in $r'hich case it t unstressd,i,e. piotrounced only
very lightly: ini ki pn.r yam7 (Is he your husband?).he Ee t
Bengali writ Rabindnath Tagore tried to eslablish a convenrion-that'unstessed
kl'should wrinen with f and 'stressed
ki'
sbouid be wrimenwith bur manv wrjters usefr or both, and
one has to tell ftom e context whethe it is stressedo ot. Unsuessed tl can oten be orniaed, the question beig indicted
merly by a rrsrng rntontron.

3 Pesonalpronouns
Bengali personal pronoufi lI, yoa, he, etc.) ad their possessive
otms luy, yott, hs, ac.) are not dif6cult to leam, so although
not all of them have been used in the dialogue above, it will
be useful to look at a table of them right away. There are three

important points to notice:

a Bengatrnore advancedan English in lhis respec!)dos
nor or5ungurshSenderevenin (inglr pronoun\: lere rs no
orstmctlonberwee,p nd sr".
b Benglidj.rinsuishesbenveenpotire ard familiar pronouns,
.
not onry In rhe \econd
pnon ryoat ar in French,Gerrnanand
manyolhertngugesburin rherhdpesonroo helshe/the\).
rote pronounsre usedwhen ad&essingor reieuing ro po_
prenot wr knowr royou, or peopleolderor moreqeniorihan
)ou.ae.trulrrpronounsare u.ed for iendsor clldren.
c In rhe rurd per\on_proximiryis disringuished.
Ini, or exam_
ple. mensr? o s/r? nearby.nd uni meansbe or shc
o*r
lhere. I hre is lso tinl. usedfor e or sre ekewhere.Th,( is
commonlyusedin $rirren narrarrve.bur rn speechthe second
degre ol.proximiry is often sufcient, even if the person is
nol ctully pre5enr.ini, uni. flni are polite pronouns:vou
w|ll seehom rhe rable klow wbar e familir third person
pronounsare. You will also seerhar polrrc forms ari oten
ch'evedby'trslizing'e vowel.
(Norerhe abbrevitions:
F = Fanilia:p - polirerH- Here;
| = rnerei E = lllsewhere-
Subjct
1
2

I
you Fl
youlPl
he/sheIn
nelste [P]
helsheIn
elshe IPI
helshelFl
telsle [Pl

Singuta
ami
tumi
apni
e
ini
o
uni
se
tini

ptr|ral
amra
tomra
apndd
ra
ra
ora
m
taa
ira

Possesslv
1
nry
2
yourn
youlPl._
o Lnt
msner ltl
his/hetn
hulr n
Il
his/hetIPI
h]A/hetn
lq
his/herlPl

Slngulr
amar
tomar
apna
er

or
'
tar
ir

plural
amader
tomadc
pnader
eder
def
oder
der
tadr
tder

3 IHI
3 m
3 tEl

'Te colloquii

fo@

E,

Fd6,

o8t

you
you
ney
they
they
ney
they
ney

The.interrogatve personal pronoun Wlrol Whose?) ollows a

Subjct
Who?

Siingule
ke?

Plurl
ka'a?

Whose?

kar?

kader?

These forms can be ether polite or familiar. They are never

nasalized like the non-interogative personal pronouns. r e
subject case,ke ke is ltrntive for kara when separateindividualsare implied,

pronouns
4 Demonstrative
The demonstrative prcnouns ft that, these, those) m ke
use of the same distnctions of proximity as the ird person

ot
set
9UIO

o9uro
Jegu|o

this lhere)
tldt \therc)
,r/ut (esewhere)
these (here)
thos ltheel
t ose(elsewhere)

Exercises
wur
youl
dEir
their
thei
thei
,I/'eir
eil

d6.1F aft vry common b spd.

These exercisesthroughout Pa Trvo re bsedon the grrnmar

covered in each udt. The fust exerciseis given in script, and is
generally
very.imple in form. The econdexerci\eis givenin
trnscrption, nd is more complicated. Bo sorts of exercise,
howeveE should be answered either orally or r Bensali script.
Do not attempt to write the trnscription: the Key to the exercises(in Bengaliscript)is on pp.297-31L.
\hn script is used, the exelcises are numbered with Bengai
nurnerals. You can lern hovr to write these by re{erring to
the _Scrip diagrams o pp. xii-iii
at front of the

I a Imag_ure
thar you are beingaskedquesrrons
abour a photo_
srphor )our own tmjb. Repyaffrmarivety.
Fltowge
panern grvenn he exmplj

qbfrr

r. t -l

- or"-q<an r
t qlR l r

qbfr:

ebt _l

qBtfrr

adt _l

) F frq'f4tr t?

q q q'r cqFE?

e sl'{fr w{ ?
8,4bq'Ft(r<&?
a ,41 qr"Fr cRc{4 ?
sfi qf'ff cF ?
q \irfr?
bRfrq'Fntrsffi?
b ebffr \ ?
>oqtfr q"F|{?

qAfrr

sDt_l

b Many words for common anrcteso modern tie have

beenrkeniDroBengaiirom Engtish.seeif
)ou cn s) whl
tne rortowmgrtemsare..changnge demonstrarve
pronour
trorn qE| to Dl jn ech case.Example:

.{D FF?

tR'qI

qtfr? ) _l

q frr

vD _l

The lsrone is a rrp, fo British lenersar lerl! The Eneftsh

wor.r.thrl rs usedin Bengalifor rr_ozsprs
is elfi ipnr.). Nore
tsoth.!rp.ostase
stlnp; resffiB
(.po,;rjct t1".a il.
potnt pefltbtrorsgElt ('dor Den'\.
Fill in gpsIn rhe tolJowingquesrjonsand answers,usine
rne InrerrogaveK. tbe personapronouns.or rhe demon,rrai
rrvepronouns.to wnie e exercrse. willneed reollo*)ou
mg conluncts, some of which are new to you:

F + E=
(F+q=

{+<=
q +/=

pint

Handiting

q (seep. 53)
{
{

q
vt

t
!t

ami barJali.
apni imrei?

(Enslsh)

kilic? (teacher)
na, uni 4!!ar (docto)
ota kar?
oF _.
apni ke?
rliit.
-

viii

eta -?
r.
ola _
kot? koal
n4 er kot.
tarahindu?
n4 khristan.
(Chrstidnrti oderbad?
-

ry4 _

bad.

tomder[icar_?
tic mi:jtar hrk.
-

II

gt

o
5 x
o 5
-

II

5 GI
gt
t

g,
I-

0t
5

gt

Conversation
You are *ayrng t snrinikeran in Wesr Beneal. where
Kb'ndrnathTgoreoundedhjs famourschooland"unrr ersiw.
You!e beenro.Xokaraor a coupleof days.and have
iu
eturned. rravetngon e Visv_Bharrjexpress.arrivins r
tsolprr
srron.tmiddy.The rr.kshawallah
who rakesyoi ro
ne unrer\rtytrom lhe srationlnowr you qurtewell.He knew
you werecomingbck today.and *as wairg ar rhe sarioD
or
you. ou a\k him someques onsas you ridealon*ur the
bak.
ing midday heat.

-qttgxtqtq'FtffisqtFlq
ltfraXat
cFfi
fr+.ttq qtqmsfratfll r
q"i

qq,({:tel9+s?

furFr {Frf|

qH
fis{|fq

q c{,fi"{ rDt
q{ |

Translationand notes
qER-s'lR q'if?
R'ttslqt {, qBqa |
qPtfi
qft{ q6la 's.qtR?
+telst .f, cff1,48{.lqrr(qrM dI
qr4
qqf{fr (qFffcIqEs?
R-{lr4t t, eF Fr qt* EFcwor
qt"i
eqRT{c ss?
+qrc*o c{a<{c lr, (qr46a.{ { qlr lE I
qH
q'Ffcq<q{ro cfiqlT?
R{{tqt goll-eQft, 1631s"16,
ql"t
{t6 fr q{ qtq?
'firrlEl
s ${ c - {t6{ ql&rq {{ wt6r |
q'l
q'Fm<FRfro"nfur
iirF:tf3n{, stq <l fuq{r
tfi5tffQE{ r
qt
sqr
.tlgqrqr qq-frE,vz q{'6G- frErrqrm qrn
srll[{ EFI{afr I
qHR
q4msffffi?
qF

You
Rlckshawallah
You
Rickahawelleh

Do you havchlldren?
Yes,on daughieand two sons.
How old they?
Rickshawllh The gil is 2. lhe boys ae tn and sven.
Whr6ls your househ?
Rlckshaw.llah Veryn6ar- overthere, on th other sdeof th

Rickshawallh

Rickshawellh
Rickshawllah

qH

c{Ft Q|f(srl,{rit{ c?lcqI

blfr?

ls there (a)llag th6re?

Not exactlya village- th housesare ll
scattercdthere.
Did you fathr hvea rckshaw'?
No, my fathe did not havea ickshaw He was a

(Didyou have)land?
Rick3hawallah A littl, but not here- in Biha My elder bpther
Rickshawalleh
nickshawalleh

+-ttertc{t,qmRq|frl

qt'F
qfrr<FF'|rlRml+FqrEr
{.ttqsr qF c& - c<n{rcz{s { qzRvr{ Etr{

ls thls ckshaw yours?

Ysitb mine.
Arethere lots of ickshawshee?
Yes,too many,Threisn't enoughwo tor so

Aren't you Bengali?

No, we're Bihafi,b
ls therea camerashop thjs way?
Not this way - in Bolpurlhere re lots o studios,
but they're not opn at midday,thoy'll be open in

What'sthat (buiding)?
It's th 6lectrcityoffice.'
ls th buildingnew?
Rlckshwallah No,ltb veryoldOK, flne. How much is th ate?

Rickshawllh

Rlckshawallah Fiverupees.
Hsr,(ptase)
rake(ir).May| 90? .
l9l
ptease.
Rickshawallah
A pu i\ r (om6 rerrue ol li In Bengrt:a pond ur ,b..oft
r.p.
dw ro . usedto comunat brb ins and whne.
ch e(,rie me , Br hr n\
r he wejF, n p/ n o Bg 1 J. D d . o l m u i h o l
H81( rDbrhJr:th.vohen knoq ec er hnsurgp..
'Gne .hop.._ste dos.rn be devetoped.
r; oleo knoM r< \rudio..
-r n e cb hrwa r h_b$ pm iD hi. , epl! : h J r m n o n . d o m , t r L l a c e ,
Inoma rD ro ne ,x dei no' ol! our uce/ n 1@ r r r l l r .
rhe a F no Ln s b. \ equr r r n6 r , her phjr r . . c r i , , k r u r t y " ** v , y , x
Eor Geevsb abls p. l ra), .ru nenstpkan) c!e.

Notice the conjuncre ( + ) in EI{ //jrS?r. I hi, makesuse

ol R+dl,\ee Unit 8. p. sr. Other occurrenciso+l wit nor
DespecixymenronedI-r

Grammar
'| Possessivecase
The poses.iveorm o tbe pronounsi. characrerized
by a 6nal+.
I nrssme-r endrng\erue.rs the possessiie
crse fo nouns.lf rhe
noun ends vowet,-r atoneis added:
baba krlm
If the word ends in a consonant, -er is added:
amdek kur chana

oar dogl puppJr

Monosyllabic words ending in -a, howeveq usually add

-yer:

mayersa
payerllth
The -ye ending is lso u sed\ith bhat (brcther) and b6u (uife)l

ma.bhyerbndhu
or buyergryna

my brother's ftiend
his uifel jewellery

But bhai-rnd bu-e. (spehwirh a hyphen)are ako found

lsee
rne Lovesrrotrrn Unrr 4. p. 60).

2 acrr- (to be pesent)

You saw in Unjt.t4 thar or one use o the English verb to
z,p- subect-comptemenr
construcdons_ o vrb is requred in
engatr.I or anorherusot rhe Engishverbto p. however.a" in

sentenceslike Trere r'sa post-ofce in ny street o Is there d tele'

a verb: the appropriareform o
Dhone
'the herc., Beneaidoes use
verbach-. (Thls book senerytollows rheconventrono referrrnsro Brns,li!erbs rn rhe 'verbalnour' forfttora (doflgt.
dakh rseeinel.etc. For ach- ere i\ no verbnoLrnorm, so ir
urll be referdro hv irs stem',to whichendingsare addedr I
find it convenient to call this the vetb to be presert thoug its
usesextend beyond presencor location
and p51.Ar wi ll Bengi
ch- har only two ten.es.presenr
verb., tou needro earnrhe endingsor the firsr per.on.the
lmrliarsecondperson,rhe f.:marthird penon. and pohte*ec'
ond and rhird pr.on. he poiretorm n alwaysthe 'ame or rhe
second as for e third person. Thee r ro seParateforms or
the plural in all Bengali verbs, the ending is the samefor ,/ as
or I, or thet as or he/sle, and so on.
The oaradiemsiven below or rhe presentren'e of ach- use\
rhe pronoun'ami,tumi, se,apni/tini.Theseculdbe replaced
wi rhe pluralsubjeflpronouns(seep. o2t. The thrrdperson
wi'h the
p'"nounJs. tfmilia)or ini lpolirercouldbe ePlced
ther third person pronouns: , o, ini, uni, or their plurl

2 IFI
3 tFl
2&3 [P]

ami achi
hrmiad
apn'/trni achen

Norerhchis ofienwrirtenacho(qftR).
The pasttenseorms are asfollows:
1
2 ln
3 tFl
2 & 3 [P]

amlchilam
tumichil
schil
aPni/tiniiln

Noterhatchllcanalsobewdtten.hlb (fu).
ach- is used in sentencesinvolving ocation:
Is Fathet (dt) hone?
bab ki ball achen?
Tberewerc lots of peo|le there.
okhane)nk fok chff.

Ifa locativeadverbor phraseis presenrin rhesenrencf,or rheinterroganvekothay/Wrpre./,ach- can be omined. bi onlv rhe
presentlenseis implied:
uni kothay (achn)?
Whete(is) helshe?
okhnamar lrlm (che). My pen(\) there.
ach- rs also usedor possession.
Bengadoesnor havea verb ro
,a/?: insreadan impesoul consruciionrs used,o a
rype rhat
wru Decome,ramrtrar
ro you as you proge$ wirh r language.
|
petsonhautngot owr,r8 gosinro rhe possesrive
caseie
^e s lwysrhd person
verb
[F]. So insteadof Rizrt hasa bicyde
one sys,Of Rmi a bi.ycle t s,
rimh rikel ach.
Rememberto make the verb thd person [F] even if a polite pro_
noun ls prsent or the or/neor possssol

apnarki kukurchil?

Di you haue a dog?

Somerinese 'pos\essor'r\ understoodfrom rhe conrexrnd

can b len out. teliphon che?could be inrerperedas ls thetea
tptephone(heft.)aor Do (yout hauca telephone?Bngligam,
mr expesieshere.in nedt nd togicalway. rhe overt;! be_
rweenlocatronnd possessLon,
he negativeo ach- in rhe psenris n.i ror alt perrons(ni in
Bangldeshi.
ln rhepsr.-na is addedro rheverbht. r.uit *"y
o making Bengali verbs negative):
khantliphon nei.
amderbathrum chifna.

Tbere'sno ulephonehereWe didn't hauea bathrcom,

3 Dfiniteartict (things)
The defuire anicle rrle, ir Bengaliis a suttu addedto the nour.
ro rnrng\(sopposedto peopteor pei animrls) by ar rhe mosr
cormonartclere-ta. which you haveabedyencounteredas a
component of th singular demonstrative pronouns eta, ota,

sta(p.63):
tbilta
batita

The singular defnite article is quite ofren omned when it is clear

trom the context thr a paticula irem is man :

cbi&oay?

Where's (tbe) key?

When to use it and when to leve it out is something tht can

ony be learnt through practice, and, like many aspectsof the
Bengalilanguage,cannotbe esilyleducdto a rulel
The plural definite article for ings is -gulo (c the plural demonstrate pronouns, p. 63). The noun itself doesnot chngein om:
bigulo
gadgulo
Thi\ anicle is oblig.rLoryif you wanr ro expre.. a definiteplural
senrencelike qari odike could mean The Qt ot'cr thereor
I herer a ar ouir-rhereot t h"/e aft rcrc ouet th?tebu,tnor The
therc.(SeeUnt 16, p. 82.)
.ars are o11er

4 Demonstrativeadiectivs
In Enslish there is no distinction betweenthe demonstrtiveprothe demonstrtive djective (Tbat lettel
norlciue me that)
^nd
demonstratve adiectives arc made
came yesterday). I Rengali,
by putrine the two pans o the demonsrrivepronoun e/t.
oit, se/t,e/gulo, o7gub. re/gulo errhersideo the noun:

e gatitkl apnar?
Usualls in spoken Bengali, an emphatic -i is added:

oi dokantantun.
i blguloor.
oi gchgulokhubsundr.

Thesebooks are hislhets,

Those tees arc uery bea tifii.

when one is meely drawing ttention to an obiect, not distinguishrngrlrs one rom thar one. rhe emphatrcel. oi. sei cn be
usedor their own wiihout -ta:
Is this houseWurs?
ef bad ki tomr?

5 Negative ot the zeo veb

you wanr to expressthe negativeof rhe zero verb rTr,s is not
nv roon, He\ a /i), you mun userbe aPPropireform of
thi verb n:-. which ljke ch- hasno vebal noun om. (Bensali
dctionaries only list e litray form n)ha.) It exists in the present tense,conjugated as follows:
1
2 lfl

3 tFl

2&3

[P]

ami nl
brmin)o

5nry

apnl^inin)n

It is very easy to muddle up these forms, so ,learn them

caefully!
.ml b)ll n|.
ota or n)y,
tini ki bahm4n)n?

ql e?tr{fumt

sE_

I am not Bengdli
Thdt's not hs.
Is't he a Btahmin?

,4q{K Cqr4|
q_

Be.aretul, too, to disringuish them from nt (see2 bove), In

colJoquialspeech.you wrll hearpopleusingn rcr,/ insreadof
the correcr form of nr-: e.g. ota bhalo n lThat's,tlot good),
fof6mt. mar n. Tr? pens not minzt. But rhis pracaels prolF
ably bestavoidedby th learner.

E[<J<slff |
bq'Ft{ _

qfiftr

bv -

ql E'.1q{rq qlI I

Exercises

)o l\9i

1 a Give negativevesionsof the following stetemnts,using

r
kl-l/RrE-{7ftntnq-r-*t
or Qe7r{/
anachanging
the pronounor demonstrativesindjcred,
Forexample:

,q

U5mglbe picruresas r ede, supply rhe correcdemotr

tive ;djecrivetorms - .rx rQ . . /relt on the left. tai
( . . . /tltrql) on the risht For examPle:

'flS

g I

Rfiq q|

qdEcq{cqmqI[El
iri (wErmqRl
qlqqR I
tqffid |
Do the exercsoally, then write your answes:

qll <Rtrfl&k I
)<_
|
d<lvffr |
|
i Rtq qoFt |
e B_
|
lq-dfuqf(Rl

qE FEI C{UTI

8 ql{l[Ed _

qfrr$ qfrfi< cqFFFqfql

cfrr{t_

IJ you can deduce the mearLing,you ll 6nd wods in the

Bdgli-English Glo$ary.

) -qiFl

ccFr
Q c<vtarbt

$r"5'*,

cFf,'l

qldFFll

q? sbtq<

vi
vii
viii

8 _Vlgl

a_

(ed sometimes

the words have beeniumbled up Put

2 In the followirs sentences,
them into the crrect order,so that they make sense.The correct
sentencesre given in the Key lo e exerciseson p. 300.

xii

qilffitaEq r

frA"t

"In colloquil BengIi the word for ,8ly is oien lrotroced

witien) 'bigglhl .

iii
iv

(R 6R.IrtslrE|

s-

rGnl

acheapnadertelibhrn ki?
kothaybabatomar?
chilekiokhanetumi?
ntryamarblmta.
ntunsaikelacheor.
baqalnrn uni.
bhalokhubam amgachtaoi.
nambitarki?
achede.
f,nekchelemye
amader
achn
ekhane.
tica.
dadarrafia ei.
jmhma apnarki chilbabar?

li-

Conversation
You eo to a rnket (<tqR) somewherein West Bengal, to buy
someruit and vegetables.The shopkeepersits on the loor of his
shop, surrounded by piles of produce, with a cash-box to one
side o him and a pair o scaleson the other. when you sk him
or what you want, he weighs it on his scalesand then drops it
srraightfromrhepano rhe.clesinroyourbg:or he mighrpur
delicte items such as tomatoes hto a paper-bagfirst. I you have
lots of things to bu he may iot down the pices on a scrap o
paper.bur mosr shopkeepers
ir the subconrienrre very good
ar mentrl arnhmerrc.Mny cu.tomersserverhemsves.
Picking
out whatever they want and handing it to e shopkeeper'

nTsr"T $ l
tr qqr{
qEqfcs?

qt
=

ct
tr

CL

IT

o GI
GI
o
+ c
=

qt

ct
o
o
I

-IT

1+

fiFFl{Ftd qc{s qlqlR- ae flafl?

qtq
(w frrelr
(qFHqqd fi - cqsfr"retqlqltr {F blt t
q'ff
,!+c{trER
cEt{f{r qDt?
qb.y{s'R fa |
qF
". sFK
MFFFFiIIIqlq | elqsDr?
qt"
- c{, <9 cs !
eTFnld qrlF cs:l;rv r l <slF 6{I{qcT v q(< l
qH
Eqlt r<tss?
fiFFF[iEI F "|{$ |
qE|rrl.T+ttffiftR?
qPt
EFFF|AF-rQ -+lt c+rqr
qi
|
t - guFE
qqr.
q{
<v
s.
i5rEr.&4 EalrqR frR
fiFFFIqFI
?
4FfC<t
q.KrFf,
q4
{ | Qi, ql'FrF {r1rf I
fiFFFIEEI fi& tqF w*t | ivq {Kdt ?rF bFq'lI
qi
dl c{<
{EiE,q9
{F
d1l
fi
fit{hftd
$ cst- Et Tt {.{t I

q,fi

c{'IIEITEI 6SFN4F?

:!

ls '1(| ('lt$1FlfiqFr(,\sr&'4iff{
{tFqrqt&q 6atsr
qPr
ir, qtq-6+&r Err{{|
fiFFFI4FI rFvE4t c-fffrqBql qF I
qt"fi
qR,6fi?
(TFFFIiR frfr | (R ca,Tr,rtcqF
iltq Ffr - csrsstr{d r
qPtff
qrqtIql ftREFtrfit | ,r 1{ Fs qE?
mr{Fq* ffi 't$t.t 'itr{t I
qFfi
q'tfi,R&Btrr f{Ftt sl&m cmqI
fir{f{h
ffirN,l6r,TG -l
fiFFFIIiR

Tanslationand notes
Shopkp Ys?
You
Havyou got (ny)potatos?
Shopkper I've lots o potatos- how manywlll you tek?
You
On6-and-a-halfkilos.
Shopkper Hereyou re,bOn6-aad-a-half
kllo6of potto6s
makesfive ruDees,
You
I want an aube|gi.
Shopkpr Thb one?
You
No. one of thoae.nearlhe cauliflowers.
Shopkcpcr OK. Do you only wanl on?
You
Ys- (thy') nic6 nd blgl
Shopkpe Tha6 not ell that blg. In th riry sa6onthy'll
b much blg(g6r).
You
OK.Howmuchwllltheubin6b?
Shopkp 60 paisa.
You
OK- May I see a ew tomtoes?
Slopkopr Certainly- how mrrywill you tak?
You
Two- those big one9,
Shopkpar OK,two big tomalo6, half a kilo, three rupe. Do
you n6danythinglse?
Yoll
Glv m e cbbgtoo. This on6,to your let.
Shopkep Hr6you arc. Elghtnns.\rybn you tke (6me)
'ladyb tlngrs'?(Iy'6) vry 6sh.
You
V6rywil, l'll tek6 250 gremms.
{ihopkper Tak500 grammss- (th6y'r6)very ch6p- ou
ruosa kilo,
You
Fine.Wheewill I get good uit?

Shopkep Acrossthe street- in frcnt of the post-oflicethre

ar6 lots of fruit-carts.dWill you take (some)eggs?
No, I don need eggstoclay
Shpk6epr 'vegot verygood'cleshi'eggs.'Look.
OK,give(me)six.
Shopkeper Hereyou are. He,l'm giving(themto you)in a
pap bag - (they)won't break.
OK.lwon't ndanythingelse.Howmuchdidthat
cometo altogetfer?
Shopkeept 12 rupes,50 Paisa.
Willyouchngethis20 ruPenote?
shopkesper Yes.13,15, 20 - her6Youare.
t- say!, Sp.dk! e pore pdrnte o he verb brlt kee Unir la
r b eo r e r snl e &@b u r i w e i Be n s l
o o r : i r r i r . " y . *n . t '. r r b . u p to
*. m wUch a \hp!ftPer would di'e rhar he b
ii"
U.
""'ra
" ".*rl
.edy for his next Gtonei ln Bansladesh ki l.gt aP Vhat do to" rc'
aun;7.li c.i.pn.t1 tUlhdi,1o rou wd"tn. ot ' n b6l twhat M lrou)
exclunge8eflnp M
Pmple doni nol\
ktc:, sould be nore ul
cm
well.
shool*FB. le,s hev krow
blit.l az purg, rhe prerr.onhnuob tr o te \(b dv' rr4 pp l44'
(enlt rplacams in 1957, bDt peopl sill soins ue then in col'
"ais
bqa spech._here wce 16 @s to the ruPe, so 'eisht nC is quiYalent
dsdle; of fruit tend to b more itinrt thn slles of rtgtabl6, sprading ou'
thm roud in a basket, or sels them
! Mr6 o the sround, rts
from a trolley or hand.at (phtler s.ti)
.D6hi esasare 'Eerarsp', d de small nd flavourfin conpded to the lars
whit 'poultry'sss that co flom battrt hN
E- ;i si@: ids otun morc idiotutic in Bnsali to rePlv to q6tion bv r!tids ; rb, thr an by svins'vs' or'no'

The Convetatiooconrinsseveralfuture tensetorms t6{rl. "F

etc.) vhich will be explained fully in Unit 18, and dree new
Indtititrg

+<=

.+ E=
( P+ D=

q
l'

Pint

D
rF

rtinq i ftnl
'In witins conjunctcitr whicb 4 comsftct, it is clearestto
ough handwritt@form do vary
makes use of A+ (-- see Unit 9, p. 39). Other occurrences of
(8 will not always be mentioned ftom now on.

Note that the conjnct V as in qgt and tg is norally pronounced 'st' raer than 'sht'. This lso happensift is combined
with certain other letters - seepp. 2A6-7 .

Grammar
I Diminutiveform of the article
The definite anicle, -ta, -gulo, which as you leamt ii:Units 14
and 15 is also used to make up the demonstrative pronoun and
demonstrativeadjectiv,has a'diminutve orm', -ti, {uli. This
is usedfor popl(unlessyou wsh to be rude),and is also used
for small or pretty thngs, pet animals and so on. It can be used
for many oer ings, too, to add a note of politeness,or to indicate some knd of persona relationship with the thing bing
mntioned. In e convrsation bov, -li used for eggssuggests
that they are small and attractive, and it also adds a riendly,
courteoustone to the dilo$re.
In Bangldesh,-ti is used rathr lessthan in West Bengal, and -1a
for peopleis not necessrilypejorative.mr tlnl chl che
(I haw three sons)world be perfectly normal usage.

2 lndeinitearticle
ak lozel plus e definite article cn form an ndefinite article a,
an) n Ren9all, but is normally only used when you wnt to
make it clear that it is only oze that you mean. If the dimnutive
form is used, ak changesto ek:
kla bgun cai.
amde ekti mye .he.

(I)'laflt an a belgine(i st ofle).

We haue a daagbter (only one).

ln many caseswhere English requires an indefinite anicle, there

is no article at ll in Bensli:

tlnl4ats.r.
Note also that ere is no indefnite plural form in Bngali. lu on its own wirhout aticle - can either mean porab or potatoes,
and this is true of al Bengalinouas. Generally the context makes
it clear whether one or mor thn on s meant, but ambiguities
do sometimes arise, particularly in witten txts where items
re not physically in sight. The phrase phulkplr kache n th
Conversation above obvi,oluslyneans near the cauliflouers iI a
pile of c-aulifowersare visible; but grammatically it would also
be correct if there were onlv one caulilorrer,

3 Howmuch?Howmany?
The word bt was sed iI the ConvesatioD n Unit 15:
tader b)ys lrt?
Hou oA arc et? (Li,t, Ho)
maeh is thei age?)
Itt is gnerally used in questions expecting some kind of measurment n th reply. Don be conJused by the fact that in
English we use Hor., ,nrrri for things that can be counted as
sep;ateobiects (Hou! nucb sagar uo ld you lke?), a d Hou)
tnatt? or corlntable rhtnAs (Hott many potatoes would you
lie . In Bengali, the reply expected is a rneasuement, you
shouldusert:
dmbt?
Hou) m cb? (Lt. Hou mu.b prce?)

drJ lakn.
lubt kilo?
pckllo.
lrt dr?
kud mall.

Hota,naqr hilos of potlitoes?

20 miles.

Instad of bt, lry can be used, or the abbrevated and colloouial form b:
kJy ms?
Ho, ,fiarry fio/tthsl
kr taka?
HoI, many upees?
If e answer expected is not masuement, but a number of
countable objects or people, the de$nite anicle musr be ddd to
the interrogative, lry or b, rather than k>t, are preered in
this case,by being more ormal and literary (or rural) than b.
Notice that e same form o the rticle that is dded to bv or
b in the questonshould be addedto the nurneralrn e rejly:

apnarlryti
chelemye
ache?
cati.

Hou many.hiurcn do Jou

okhan ktta cyat ache?

Hou nany chahs are there

ratt.
btftfr kttf chan. ch?

Hou nany kittens does the cat

tinli
No rhat ay.l (a feu) takes e anicle in the sme ry as the

byktatmetoc|.
bta?
drJt..

I uabt a fe& tomatos.

Tefl.

Exercises

4 Numbers
A tull table o numbers is qiven in the Reew of P T'o
lDD.202-3). BeneaLnumberi are quire difficult, so or rhe trme
.ne l.arn . nrmb.r. as thet ocur in the Convrsatiotrnd
Grarnar sections. Note tht there are special words for oneand-a-half (de1l an,tuo-and-a-half la1ai), so i the coversation above250 grainmesws afit) gam. Fo e numbers with
ticles, you need to knov the following vaiant foms:
dui
tin

+Ia=

duto
tint
crt

z\:J
4

The emaining numbers take -[a as normal. The diminutive is

always -ti (bui remembertht k + ti = ktl). The variant forms
or 2, 3 nd 4 are normal n Iest Bengal; in Bangladeshduta,
(9\ re
tinta, ca are heard.Nore that dui r2,/,ch)y 10)akd
^ry
is
rdded.
generaUyhonenedto du-, chr-. n)- when the arricle

5 Postpositions
Enqlishhrs pposirjon\tot thc table,nefl ro mel^r ho,,t?.?c.
Bengati.lik oahe sou Asian languages.has posoritron'.
comineafter the noun. \,iosr o ihem requrerheposes\ e c\e
{seeUnit 15, p. 70) in the noun or ponoun tht ey ollow. In
the conversation above, there were seveal exmples:
phulkpi. kach
pnar b dik
rastaroi par
pollaPisrsmne

near(the) caulifl.ower
k)

a Severalo the Bengali numbers have occurred in the convrsations so f, so you can now practise saying the numbers up to 121

,{{,,&,8|,'D,W,ts,qF,{{,F{, qrF.,?.
.proDoued .e., b. ad omim6
sphq'|[Gl, <cn.
Using the pictures as a guide, answer the following questions, making sue that you ule the samefofm of th article
vrith the number as is used with the interosatve. Remmber rhe specialforms for. . 4. DE + D ap.sa). And rmemberthr masuemets
requireno article.xample:
l{rfl?

e^

'tTA{ |

n front of (tbe)Post-offce

The -e ending that many postpositions have indicates location,

as you will seewhen you lern the loctive/instrumental casein
Unit 77The Conversation above includes a number o verb forms,
which will be explained in subsequentunits Note or now the
future tensemrier -b' (nb, deben, pb, etc.),and the fact
at pronouns are frequently let out in colloqal Beng:

lapni)Judhuakta can?

Do (yotu)only waftt onea

Note too the vrb lag, which literally mensto stlt but which
has a host of idiomatic usesincludhg e expressiot ol nezd lsee
Unit24,p.182J:
ar kich lgbe?

e ss R-FtEfcr?

Wi

(yoa) need aflythflg

S 'EFI56?

r. ssBl?

l0g

c + fr?

s re F{"fi? ,,

q.
b An.wer lhe questionsbour e PicAre.beow.of a room.
lsins the posrposirionsIC.q hear). IdtF (betowt.v71l
V(A pboue, on top oA, i f[T /io irp /p/rt. rnd gfd lQ-f<t
to useqt[E: it can be left out of
(to the ght).o!dot'thave
questions nd statements containing a locative phrase (see
Unit 15, p. 72).

Example:

c<gtatc+t1?
c{ffdt I

r tFE 6+q1
?

8 E f-'b ct?l{ ?

t c5ldc+teff{?
e (ar cstcfl{?,

a ERDICSct{
?
asc''fR <t(q fstqr?

'/@r tsEql (rt.l

you @oglar e Fncltrhword he. you U ,.Lnd rheconjud, n r q = .rl.

2 Give arxvers ro lhr followrng quesrions,making fuJl useof

the vocbularynd gr]mmar you hve earnrso f. l there
are wods you don know. you can look them up in rhe
Bengali-Eglish clossry t the end of the book. Th; Key to
the exerciseson p. 301 gives some possible answers:
ii

apnarnamki?
xii apnarbathsamneki
apnarma-babr
namki?
rastana math?.
apnarki bha-bonache? x apnrbaganachekj?d
krti bhai-bon?
xiv okhneki |trkmgach
tader byos bt?
ache?
apnarkibaDlibndhu
bt?
ache?
apnarbar kchki
or bai ki apnarbar
parkache?
kache?
xvii krt maii dr?
apnarkigadache?
x-viii okhanki khlar
apnintungadcan?
mth?
ki |.km'gati?
xix mathtabrf na chot?
gadtrrnek damhrbe
Judhuakt?

bAn idio@ric use of e tutr oy.,

to be bohe: WUthe @/ be !e,r

"otl lz,L Nore lso the ue of n. to xpes o/ whm posing Ldnrives in

dNot tht e teosae

ri d

sonetins

so ar rhe d.l o c enrne.

Conversation
You visir a girk' school in a village near Syther. It is a
GriFli. ip'il,r"r school, bur all schosin B;ddesh have
alnost hlf er costs met by the Government. It is in a we construcredburlding n i5 quite well-equipped:this is patty
due to rhe moneybroughrinro rhe edby .lrndonrs _ Sylhetis
who h!e gon ro work in Brirain nd orher forergncounrries.
The classroomsopen o a long rerandah.Mrs Khn,the headteacber.tkesyou aongthe verandah.showg you eachcassroom In rurn nd answeringyour quesrjons.The girls are alJ in
spodess
blueand whireuniforms:ihey look rounar you wirh
intense curiosity s you look in through e open doors of the

qt

D qF
rcqq
{
II

ct 5
o CL
tr
1+ 5
II

GI
@

oo
5 c
o+
o
I

qPfi
Rrqqu

cr"r
frrflfi
qFIR
frrfifi

frr{{ ?F,qlqi ErEsft (r[r qa?

qcr, c{bfuq[<t.lFlcq1Ia,ffis1'<
6{Cr|(sIFSE
{{, {rqd (cra+qnc ?
t, c<ftivtt - sR TlT$gflqnq ffi rW
csK"q rrsq q{] d{ c?|({'I
<frFLTEE{?
Rtfi 4'6ta.F4lcfi v{t qtR- firq&r m,

EVqq I
q'ril fsll:m cet6Fcfl?
ER p (e|trF,'|ff{ C{Fqe, sr dl fiffi

frRqr
qF

$I"R fr sLq?
mc1 16, -{ ef{ r 'Fr?{ rrqm r6q{lT - 6{:
Dmm,CS DE*rqI r+tn mtcatma
rrrrw kcqfc<,sr<qJq{trd(lIK fus

r{ fi

qN F I
qRl, Fda F Esftdrd rrte E{, ?
r<lr qR c$t qF rrtrr I sF q?F-{-Ect

q,

l fr fr {-{qiF ft-s?

qt

,ttT.fur

fr.cc{t{

q"|
frrff{h

{1, q,rrq,Y['tfd, clq, fr614,slslc

c+"f6 st Yr|{,1q qf{ @nw qsF
sl sRE ccllTFc ct 4ft
rs ,a+ccq,iW;
{tFt qfq4qlqqR (qt-sclr.l I
c1E{qc$x*+a?
ce4fi (FF tvr< cl-q&E sI{ |
lTs.BR.{q;lEls ffi
ftq qs-Blt
?16

q,i
rqq {

{EC C?rCE?
R{ {q fr( qtg<d (q.E IqlT -lE <

qFfi

aq{ fiEFrEtCs.?

frrsr

You
Do llley ell cometrcm this upzrh?b
Mrs Khen Yes,most o them - but a ew cometom Sylhsttown,
lilrs Khan
You
llr3 Khen

You
lls Khen

You
MraKhan

frrfi {

'l(*m;l
qrfi ?
Efiat< strq R' e{qq Trl fr5
rcc{{ { qlElfiatqf4Fi'{c:r<srffi qFa frE
qc<q
qi"l
,{ calqsfi?
q
,abptn{ -(rq dr{F{cqr
rq:{
qt'tfr
s< crf4 er(T c.tc:t?
m1{ slrr fiffi s q|cp,qFt !T{tq{ '3
<l{t{ s
q'
fr qr({ ??ffi$tq< ?i?
.cc 1{ cq'${ r<'dl,(Fl R.<fr "lvl 1t{ q cs?
s cq'.F,,aF q.Ts frR q(q - tiq, Fs, q$
&{'T{ Tetq,R
+:, c<"1pt r s+-bcqqfi ft crmfi [a qs
r1qcs l?

qt"l

rccq

fr"s rnr qmrq<s-brEn-qR 'ft6ffi

qt(q - ,9r q(,is $?F{|

Translalionand notes
You
Mrs Khan

rs Khan,how manygirls are there in your school?

A lot, 300 altogethe' Therareten classs,30 gids in
each class.

Ms Kh.n

trs Khen

nd a tw rom other vlllges.

How do they get herc?
By bus,h6's a spcltbus arangmert- no our
own, a rentdbus.
Fromwhat age do you tak (them)?
Fromsix yearso age untit 15 or 16, but that isn't
ixd.
Whatdo they do then?
Youan,alr completingschool?Thy go to vaous
coll6gs- som6to Dhaka,somto Chiagong.Som6
gids get msried stightaway,but nowadaysgils want
to be educted.
Ah, nd they also mary 'Londonts',do they?c
(Iheir) parntsoften hope as much. Blrt gttingvis
and so on ls dificuftnow.d
Whl subictsdo they sudy here?
Bngali,maths,English,geography,society,scince,
rligion.Up to Class4 thy study combtnd
gograplry,socisty and scincefrom one book; from
Cless5 to Class10 thy lm the subjctsrcm
sparetebooks.
How aboul sDorts?
(hy do) lessthan boys. But they do dd vry
day.At bresk-timpshaps thy piay a bit on thetr
Dolhey play ball?

MraKht Theyply hand-ballwlth (a)sot batl.Wbdont ow

MraKhn
Yo
Ms Khan
You
lli6 Xlrn
Mrs Khn
You
Mr3Xhen

had balls.
How manyteachersar6 there?
5_
Do the junior clssshav6only one tachreach?
No,lhere are sparaltoachsor s6prte
subicts.
Wht class is this?
Thls is Class 10 - n Englishlessonis gotngon.
Whlchbook do th6y learniom?
hrb a book prscdbedby the governmrt,but we
use oth6 booksas well.
Wat klnd o books?Story books?
Hava look. Romll,will you gtv (t,3)you Engtbh
eadjngbook? Look,thre'slots n tt - stories,poms,
bit o hlofy.

You
Mrs Khn

xcllntltAt brak-tme,can I chatsa ittlqa/viththe

girls?
Certainly.Our brek-timewill be al ten - in anothr
fiv minutes- (please)wait or a bit.

".{ote r e anicle cn b dropled fran lrse nmber:

r-F (300) rather

tl he disi.ts (z'Id, of Banglade re diyided to sb_diside luqd.16)' e{h

wi a l@Uy elected coucil The Chai:mn of n ltdz'ra is Powe locl
sure. Note that the mphatic I in d is lso idomatroly atich4 b rhe pdtn 'inpdsonl'con_
'Ln. Does ndniase uith Loadons bone Ga rh$)?
suudion (se pp. 109 110).Not lsothe postlositionsathe/,t /, commonir
Bansladesh.In wst Bengal e!9 is piefeed.
dE a is oftm exp$ed n Bensali by repeats a word, wi innial coso
nni ciansed to t: bhkt. /4s id so ofl)t srttntp9 ktunet etu)
in nanv con'Noiice e us of Enslish words, which are atural dd idiomtic
tetrs. The Bensali word chutt could have bem used, bui this n lso Den the
sool holidays, or ny kind of holiday.
Sor the spdlins nd pronunciaiiotr of bah!, warm qlresiotr of pprovl' see
p. 53 and pp. 271-2,
ssrlp mes 'story', but grlP b is n idio meanins to .ra,

Note the ollowing new coniuncts:

q+q=

Hd'rilirg
t

9+F=

q+4=

g'

Prini
q,n."'ounced's'- see
pp.286-71

The astof tbeseis pronouncedg'at rhe begimingoa word.

and 'ee' be$een vowels.h also chnges folowing a ro : so
fr6FI rsrtprrpl is pronouncedbiggan ndslF rknowledge)$
pronounced'gan'.

Grammar
1 -j

and -khana

Vith people, e ending irn cn be used instead of -ti with the

interosative and with numbesl

o
or

bti my?
b.i.n ny?
triftl.
t{ttn

30.

The dfferencebetween-jrn and -ti is a subrldner ano nuve

speakeffhavevrryLngviews on ir. The following guidetinesare
orereoratner rcnhtlvelv:
a -Jtn js not normall; usedor young childrenrso pcti mey
wourd suggestthal rhe grts are young under 12. .y)
older glr or women.
_ wheeaspcjin mey. suggesrs
b -Dn r( more 'couecrive'than-li: pcjrn tok ug8esrs
group.
wherespcti lol suggesrs
separarerndrvidualr.
c -ti is nor. however,necessanly
more rerpectfulrhan -i:n. perhaps because-ti cn also be usedo ings tsee-p.82),
-jtn is more 'human'. skulebiti ticr che suggests20 separate teachers,but rre( rhm as'coLrnrableobiects' rather
than as_hunn beingr.bt[:n ticar is. in rhr\ conrexr.more
.jrn. unlke -ti. crn only be usedwirh prople, and u can not be
usedas de6nirearticeon jrs own. You ca-morsaytokJrnifyou
"khana, on the other hand, does functon fully as n arricle. It is
n alteative to -lr, used with a limited classo obiects. usualv
squareor lat objects:
bikhanam.r.
bkhan chbi?
dulh.n khata

Hou rhany pictares?

tuo exercisebooks

Both j.n nd -khna cn be combined with ek to form an indefinir-nrcle,Vith people,rhereis a lendencyro useakjrn iJ rhe
fidehnrrerrclejs menr.and kli one wnrsro stressar ir is
one peson; but this is not a hard-and-ast rule.

2 Participialpostpositions
The postpostions you lemt in Unir 16 all equire e oossessive
casein_rhe noun or pronounr rhe; apply ro. There is anorher
classo po\rposirionin Bengawherethe possessive
cseendins
is not requrred.Many ol ese are actuayverbalpaniciples1se
pp. lJ0-3). thek. for exampe.meanrng/rozr, ri derivdfrom
the verbthaa o srdy. kre, usedin the conversanonabovero
menby rr, etc. nd afrer a numeral to mean eac}, is rom trn
(to dolmake), Look o:utor postpositions as they occur in subsequent Conversatios in rhe booli, and take careto note whether
or not rheyrequerhepossessive
caseendinq.Checkrhemin rhe
Beogali-EnglisbGlossaryj you are uruure.

3 Locative/instrumentalcase
c.e lseep.70), the locarivec\e in Bengli
Lrker$e pos.essive
or d srmpteule To word! endcrn be fo;medb) the applicrion
iDg n consonant, add the ending -e. To words ending in a
vowel, dd the ending -t:

apnar!!ul
i klase
td;r baite
dlllite

I
If a word ends in -a, hovrve, eithr -te or -y (pronounced 1e':
seep. 15)can be added:
4hkate
{hakay
klkatate
klkatay

in Delh

in Dhaka

This also applies to words to which the defrnite rticle -ta has
beenadded:

almarll4t
or lm la),
the
okhane (thee),
Not tht the adverbsekhane (herc)
^d
^nd
in form.
interogtive kothay? lwreref are locative
The locative casealso oten has an instrurnental tunction. hate,
for example, can either me^ in (one\) bdnd ot by bdnd ln the
conve$tion above, ki.e?, the locative orm of k, is nstrumental
in me,]ni\g: By tuhat (neant o transport)? B,rt r.ore too the idiomatic addition of the postposition kre for meansof transport:
o kisekre as?
bsekre.

Bt rrhdt neafls do thqt cone?

By bus.

4 Plual endingsfor personalnouns

The endings-n and -der that ae used to fom the subiect pur
pluraform\olhe pronouns
lmra.tomadeerc.andposvssrve
or nmesl
.eeUnI 14,p.62)cnsobeddedropersonalnouns

chlderm!!ye
codhurImu5lman.

(the) erk
The Chaudhursare Muslims.

In e subiectcase,i the noun or nameendsin consonant,'era

can be added instead of +a:
Tbe Ses are Christan.
senerakhriltan,
M), sstersare c.leuer
amarboneacalak.

The -nl-ra/r endings re not as 'denite' as the plural denie aflrcle.bur re generallypeerred
lo ir. rheyeguith" gr.lsr
rs ressirendlv thn mverr-

5 Reflexivepronoun
|nyself, yourself, his o'utr, thei outx, etc. ate atl neatly er.?essd
by the pronoun ne which comesimmediarelyater'a oronoun
o noun.h take\rhenormalendings:
ami niJ batafl
ota or nijer saikf.
eta amad$ ndrbad n)y.
m nrokhanchllm.

l'm Bengai myself,

That\ bis o tn bi.ycle.
Tbs is not ou oun house.
We were tbereourselues.

In Mr. Khan\ replyin rheConversarioo

rbore - nijedernry .
the pronounmaderorrl r. undercroodfrom rhe conre).,1.

6 Present tense
As in the Coversation in Unit 16, thee are quite a few verb
forms in the Conversation above (infinitive, verbl noun, present
continuoustense)which will be dealt with in later uniis. The
time hr5 come.howe!er.ro learnhow rhe presentrense15romed
in Bengal.5ofar rhe only verbsyou h.rvelearnrforma v;re
tch- pp.70-2' ndn> (pp.--4r. Whenn). is coniugdted.
rbe
endmgschangewrrh eachperson(aml ni. tumi nro, elc.). Bur
notice tht the $em vowel also changesbetweenthe rst person
ami ni
tuminro

senry
apnl/tininrn

Al Bengti verbs mtr betlveen one or other of the fo[one

pirso vowelrlsesp.2o2 or rhe undertying
rea*onror rhsji

The present_tense
is harder to larn thn th othe$ becuse,
apartfrom the a/e verbs(andall 'extended'verbs- seeUnit 25pp. lq2 r). rhereis vowelmutarionwithrnthe rense.Burlearni
ing the presenrrense6sr rs rhe beslway of rrnplanting
rhese
prrsot vowelssecurelyjn your mjnd.
A problemarise\i writing do*,n rerb. ar murareberweenrhe
hrsr rwo pas (r/ and a/), becau,e,as you will remernber

from Units 2 atrd 4, the Bengali script does not distgsh between the t and realizations of the ierent vowl, oi the
a and e pronunciations o q. lt s vital, thereore, to know the
verb coniugations well, so tht you cn pedct the correct pronunciation rom the person and tense o the verb. The other
tbree pairs do not presentthis proble, s they are clearly distinguishd in the scipt.
As is traditional when teroing verbs in new lnguage,hre ae
paradigmsfor eacho the vowe pairs in the presenrtense.Ben
gali verbsare almostcomplerelyregular.Onceyou know bow to
corjttgtelr. (to dolrnalel, you r'ill be ble to coniugte P)ra
(t edr/but o|)t once you know how to corjugate dkha (ro
seel, you will be able to conjrsate Phala (to throl,.), and so on.
Rmember tht Bngali vrbs re fered to ind listed in dictionries) in the verbal non form.
)l

rde

olu

.li

kr
1
ami kri
2 [Fl tumi krr
3 lR se krr
2 &3 [P] apni/tini krren

I do
Wudo
l,e/sedoes
you/hebhedo(s)

dtkha
ami dekhi
1
2 [R tumidakh
3 Iq s dakh
2&3 [P] apni/tini dakhen

/see
yousee
helshess
youlhels,see(s)

ona
miJuni
I
2 IFI tumiJon
3 IFI seJone
2&3 [P] apni/tiniJonen

I hear
youheal
helshehea
Wu/helsheher(s)

lelha
1
ami likhi
2 [F] tumi lekh
3 IFl s lekhe
2&3 [P] apni/tin lekhe

I wte
you wnla
he/shewtes
youlhelshewnteb)

All these four tpes mutate between one vowel in the fust person, and another vowel the other prsons./ verbs, howri,er,
usethe e vowel in the pasr participl and past tnses,but not in

tle

rakha
1
ami rakhi
2 [Fl tumi rakh
3 [Fl se rakhe
2 & 3 IPI apni/tini fakhen

tkeep
ydJ keep
hetstkeeps
youlhe/e k@p(s)

All e types so ar are tonsonant stems'.Wi the secondperson

[Fl fon\. ]ou will al\o encounrerspelting,with o raer rhan;
and o wy\ hsro be usedwi rhe ree rem.rininBrh_ree
rypes.
which re 'vowl stems'. The pairs o vowels theruse hav already occurred above, but rememberthat e after a vowel s written y. Notice lso tht e polite +n endg conrrcts ro -n.
la

oltt

)l

khaoya
1
ami khai
2 [F] tumi khao
3 [Fl se khy
2&3 [P] apni/tini khan

leat
you eat
telsre as
youlhelsheeat(,

dhoya

ami dhu
2 IFI tumi dhoo
3 [q se dhoy
2&3 [P] apni/tinidhon

I wash
you wash
telsho wastes
youlhelslqwash(es)

hroya
1
ami hi
2 [Fl tumih]o
3 lFl s hry
2&3 [P] apni/tinj hrn

ltuconr'
Wu becone
felshe becomes
youlhelsh
becom(s)

Finally ere are the slightly nomalous verbs doya (to stue)
noya (to take), which are identical in pattern. but difef
^nd

fiom other Bngalverbs in that they mutate betweenfour vow_

els altogethr,thee ridthin the present tense:

ami dii

2 !F't tumi dao

3 tFl 5e day
2&3 Pl pni/tinidan

I Sive
youglve
helshe gives
youlhelgiu(s)

Lik prsent tense in English, th Bngli p$ent is used fo

habitual present actions (I pldy the Piano euery ddy, He doesh't
driflh dl.ohol, etc.l.lt is also qt oten wed as a 'historic pesent'in ntive (seeUnit 27, p.223, Note 10).

Exercises
1 a Answer the followitrg questions bout the conversation
in this unit, eitier posinvely or negtively, using the correct
form of the peseni tense w or without the sufx-t,
and changinghe subject-non to a ponoun (< old).
xample:

c{[{rfrql4w?
, rqrEq I
C{GRfrff4W?

, tfr'q{|

of 54ft
ln the thid srtenceyou wll needthe possessive
\ereryorre)t&R.

: cqrsd
T{fr ,qt 'rqc{(sqtz'i?
r. c{[r-:
fr fr sr qlfi ?
e lE c,l{*rR l;frFr c{rrarm
frm{t lt* ?

I sFFasbfr cfisdt qfdlqt qlqQ cclF clrl ?

a Fm:fifrrmre fr6sc{lG?
s Fn<afr crra{*rs?
q 8Ddfr &-a4c{?
b cr[Tdfrvq c.R{?

b ccc {{{dstlTd fiff v+qt +r<r

>o utffifr t+qx<r+6tcsr{ <(anf
"F{a-t""a-I.
b The map below gjve. e min z,la((Wl) o disrricrsof
Bngladesb-and the 6ve disrons (RErl): Dhta. Khutna.

Rajsha
hr,sylher
and Chinagong
ru|.:F+t.tWfl. frrS

and Wgtl]. Answerrhe que*ions oveieaby sayingwhere

the drstncrs
are.gjvjngrheDivisionnamewjrh the rightloca_
tive ending. For Dhaka and Khulna either -f or - @ is cofrect, ough - { is perhps more naturai in spee.

Examplel

<mc+mw:tl
Tr{1

viii apnimrd
-...__-?
ix t;nit<ioraloor=,
" "r-.r'o1a u,i lr,run

) s{ qR .sl qrn ?

\iede/ekhdoya_ddoya;;;;;;,
_....-,,,"_r ..__-.
xri rumirriker
;

9 6sFglar?

e fr{qd <oFwt?

"iii 'a*1u*t"*"..
xiv ami)ner
cjthi
.
ra amarbdbasrb$mry
dhuti
^ensaiislveDet'"-,

'{

s c.{lT{i csFqadl

c ffi

mnsnar

s T csFv.l?

,l

q ;nfrff mnntl

b etlTfi6sFrRqr?
s ltslIft Rr qrr,
)o :.l c E[r?

u. rg owinssentences.
usrng
e wordsin
lltj-1.i\ e"q"i1
el ishr.r"|.,i... *i,t ,r,. aa,ron
J"o
,D::i;t:-b'r,r_:n
c,uL,c o J)nl a tocavy'instrumenral

cs
o,,
p,...n,
..n..
l.:;..,:li:r;*,.,jl
lly....ldi.q
you
wx/ needa new coniuncr:

Cl

jtr-i::;::
ii*,*"mp;g;?,,[X:j.1
Rememberalso:

l+=
odr--

(SeeUnir4. p. 20)

gdache.

ii erhaspatateJudhu
__--

"'il',iiia

-nt""b'hour:

'Noft ai wen a !o$6sie

u',r,.on.'.,_u.
ffi .-;311.'*

R+=

(khaoya)b
(nr-)

4attar.
apnar-kitephonnei?
v erglame
jly {ut ni.
-_=.kbita bhatobase.'
vi apnar_
h kiphulergachache?
bhlo.
-

(tin)
tpac)
{bi)
{mye)
(barlali)
(basan)
(b,,

{kra)
(dhoya,
(khla)
j:ll
{rer(na)
(Pra)

rood,riquid,.oaqo,
rc.Ddmeatu

sairc conrjns nueral,

.che ,

be ler our

Conversation
You re inlGlkta, staying with a riend whom you met when
he war srudyingin EngJand. ou find n a bir ancial ro speftlo
hjm in Bengai.becuseyou firsrgor ro know eachotherthou
rhe mediun.oLnglish. Bur you aluayr speakro his parenrsn
Bengal.and when bj. marnedsnrer droppedin on hr parents
at rhe weekendyou tound rr natural ro spakBengatiro her. As
sheis a housewife with a son to look after, your fiiend suggests
thar you visir_herregularyfor conversrionprrciice. you iele.
Dnonener to nx hme.

F q1
ft^^

g) q,
'
IT

o
II

t+

q)
5
GI
-

GI

qPl

q{fi qfffi

qffi

,ffi-awt<r

firq?qsl,qt-

q{Flscl (;{|l<F?qFt{ Esf<.i lr4 |

qffi
al, + csr fuTa{ qt- Fq[$rcs qfdt
-t
q'dR{q{d?
\{"1 , (<{ fi cfr.p1i-ERr{,
s.< ql{ d, s+!
CH

m|cr{E{|

qffi
si, fr !Rr?(srFqcq?
qPt vl6EqlR tq"{?q{| cTT{qBq? cqraFsro
cffi

qlqcq ?
ql{t T{R qrfl qtq'fi

qfiffi;r L{{164
qp16a4

rel,afr-{r

qfr ieavo ?

qFF Tq q{

qPi

cffi
ctr
cffi
q"i

cffi

qFr(l, ft.D qF(<tI q|{6 ql qi'fit rF dql{

Fst rN-DRtq'f.]j q{{ q{ ?
, 6q <T{t? q"lfi {?l{ 1ff u(Evt{ qtclfu

qFtaq+-{4s
<l@ qfr imt<
lq rrc<rrar
s |
1s{firr {rGI?
<lRq,R{lf rqqfi q{, qlTcl r9't{c{l l
et<rqqlrF{{{q|{r{i?
qsi ETc{q{[s DF?qE{, qllrq q{rq eq5 {F I

qt l

qffi
qt't

-<qrcqrql{ qrot cst?

,{qr dl r<lsB ({i FraqFn{{ rtl ?
qq. ]RR{[{I EF(s 6r<l | - CSF
aq{K
qF|F ?

qffi

qnfi
qm
lc"fi

q4fi{Td<M 1-<CrflS"ffi:rc{ tsl,:r'fi

cqrsRs"|lficr fiM EFq.lc4&rF fr6{ tcq
qlcr tvl {F Ed1q{qR TdrF rq.cflr{|
q{RfiEc{{ |
6-sq1(q,ql,{rt EF-{wc{, \51'?Ct@rS1
{rdl{{ |
c{rcq{{r{!
, cq"t{c{|

fanslation and notes

You
Animadl

ls thst 723560?

ls that Animadlspeaking?lalr|aska/t| - b
Y6s,I cen tff who yoo aea- Namaskr
(Can)you understandme? lvly prcnuncietlonls vry bad.
Anlmadl No, it isn - it's very ctar.dYoudon't hveanytrcuble
undestandingme on the telphone?
Yes,lhere's plertyot noison th t6lphoneline, b |
can manage,(ples)6pka litll6 loudet'
Animdl So, what nws?How ar you?
I'm wll. And you? How is Amiyada?ls (your)son
ninsdi

Anidi

Anlmadl

An|di
Anir|dl
You

I /'6 all fin. A16you goingto cometo ou placeone

d4?
I will come, l'll certainlycome.ActullyI want to spakin
Beogaliwith you.rWillyor hav6tim?
Yes,why not? Comewhnevryou llke. I stay ai home
all day wilh (my)little boy. SomemsI tel ratherrk.k (lonel.
Whtdos ak-ak man?
Findlss,without friends.Youcome,you'll be able to
lesrn all thswords.
so what tlm shall I come?
Do you waft lo comtoday at midday?Come(Ed)
have lurchherwith us.
Fine,h won't be incon/eniert?

Animd Notat all.Comby 12.Attright?

You
OK, l'll try to come by 12. Oh - what bus sha t
Tka numberI bus and get off at Got park. ThnraKe
a dckshawrom threanclcomo straightto d tenstorybuilding.s
Ourflatis on thefifthftoo Youwon,t
haveany diffculty rcognizingit.
Fine,l'll hav(my)bath anctso on now, (and)thn st
o by half-pastten.
Animadi Good.S6eyou!
Animadi

'Psple smally use English nuberc for blephone trmbes, wen whm
spkinF Bensali. blun mes (Please)t?erk:.i. the snopkeep in Unir 16,
p.79.
6Naes*dr is the for6l (Sdskir)
ererine amons e.sli HiDdus, coespondins to the (rabic) s,/ea dldt&ffi mong MusliN. you should reply ro
N,m,sal vith ite sm word. To e Muslim eers, howeyi, you sol.l
reDly Alik'h 'dltun.4i
(short for didi, ,ldel s,irer) is dded to Anina's
ne partl bue sh ihs eldr sistr in Ier fmily, prtly beause i conmonly used as n feiomte, respecdul addition ro emle lme. Ca -d.
ltot for d.d., eld btothd), dded to her husbnd miyr mme lrer on
1,ir. t hare e.os,nsed (!o"). .n rcare to kn@hens"ie
dpso,, s ollord
& j.n., whkh neatrr.o &re d {ad ot.hi"eu \e \.N o r ce a L o e e n p h h r
" r l d D d , r / / p b u r h a , l l , o r t 5 o ,d ,o n r n
pftidr -itrDd e dvehah\e pniclrto. heF c|?r6lng \u rprise.
\n vt \Lt. to sqeak uords) b otn used tu nDs rathd rhan brt on its
own.
en erins to ''ord,, howwer (a lencl itcm), e J'q!, which
you ll s ron the tfflarion.an lso nee,o.
on teleone li
svhd orh.n rrrqe) is conbined wi there
/ro#/, rhe tocarive cae dds is

The three- new conjuncts in the Conversation are easily

recognizable:
D+D=
{+rl =

l+ =

Hadwriting
6
-tf

hint
6
.*"

EAID tfoa is $ritren wiih rhesrgnknownasq{g r . . In

Srnskitthi\ signlndrcates
thar rhe inherenrrowel r. not pronounced.In Bengaliit can be used(ashere)to form conjuncts
that r nor providedor in the Bengaliscript.or ro.block an
rDherenr
vowelrharthe phonoogyo rhe language
mrghtlead

one to expeci e.g. 'Cox's Baza' in Exrcise1b, pp. 99+100 - !ot

ponouncd 'bg bajr'. Note too its use in 'lunch'.

dkha
amidkhbo,

Grammar
Appointments

Jona
anitunbo,

'When re{eing to times in Bngli, numbe +

-t should b
used,either wi the postposition stmry o locativ cseending. srm)y, like mny other Bngali postpostions, fqlo$/s the

lkh
mi likhbo,

t,

pclr5rmry
drrtar srm)y
Other postpositionscan be usedin the sameway, suchas age
tbefod, p) talln t, or m!\t It'ihin . by).
cse:
For the interogaaive,
usek ta in th possessve
lotar

l'ha
amirakhbo,
lfiaoy
amikhab,

']m)y?

dhoya
amidhob,

The locative case can be used wi the number + la. nd widr

the introgtive, instead of $mry:

krt.y?
satlay.

hxy
mihrM,

Divisions of the hours will be dealt with in detail in Unit 19

{pp. 118-19). Note here,howevr,the useof 5 ('hlf pst'):

dooya
amideb-

5ateJta. m!-ryc

2 Futuretens
The future tenseis esierto form than the present, becusethere
is no vowel muttion within the tense. The tust person ending
.bo can be spelt either wi proper vowel o, or wth the inherent
vowel , The tust spelting is generally followed in is book or
the consonnt stems: krbo (F{Ftt), not kb (FiFi); bsbo
(<rfd) nor bsb (:FFl), etc. For the vowe stems it is mo
usual to useth turentvowel khab ({tl) not *habo ({tF);
hrb ({<) not htbo (EFtt), tc.

1
2 lFl
3 lFl
2&3
lPl

br
amikrbo
tumikrbe
sekrb
apni/tinikrben

I shalldo
y&will do
helstwit do
youlhelshew l do

In West BengI,'dbo' is heard or the first person o deoya, but

it eve wrinen. In wrinen Bensal. you will sometimesencourrer rhe reraryform <lftr{l
e"e'i rn texts rhar are not in
literaryBengalias such(seUnit 33).
For e futue of ach- the verb thata /to sral should be used,
though somtimes hroy. is possibl: c apn Dmry hrb
(Wll yot hau tme?) in the Convenation above.
The future tensein Bengaliofren has a grearersenseo volirion than the future b Engtish,thus whereasin English we
u6e expressions like 'would like', in Bngli rhe futur tense
will do:

.pnl c khbn?

WouA you lke (some) ted

Ther is lso no conshuction in Beng[ comparablg to 'going

to'. gair, the future tenseir Bengaliiovers ir

br$i h)b.
amracarteyoa h)b

3 Ininitive

It's going to ran.

lLit. There uill be fttin.)
We're goi?tgto leauet foar.
(r]ona h)oya is an opression
men1gto set out)

The infinitive ending in Bengali is -t. Notice that the exception of the rkh verb t}pe, infnirives (like the futurc tnsi
re formed on the second of the par of mutating vowels (see
Unit 17, pp. 95-8):
krra
dakha
,ona
lkha
rkh
khaoya
dhoy
nf,oy

1
2
3 [H]
n
IEj

ne
you n
you lPl
hlmlhetn
hinlhetlPl
hhlherln
himlherlPl
hinlhern
himlheFl

tiinguls
amak
tomake
apnak
k
ke'
oke
k*
take
tke

Plul
amade
tomadr
apnader
der
dr'
oder
de
tader
tder

us
you
Wu
tlm
then
rn
the|,'
the'/r'
them

krte
Junte
likhte
rakhte
khete
dhut
hte

The iniljve ot deoyuresrhesecondof irs our rowet:

oeoy

In the following table, not that the plil object pronouns are
th sameas the possessive:

dit

The hfanive has severa uses not comparable English,

which will be shom in lter units. ln this rnit it is used, as rngfist,with verbsmeannguant or am able, ardto exprecspupos:
apnibjlbfteparen?
Canyou speokBengali?
ami barJfalkhtecai.
I &ant to learn Befl*ali.
tr*ai kintbajaretab.
tt)'ll eo to tbe nukct to buy
uceetables.
The infiaitives above are rom brla, Jekha atrd ken spectively.
Remember that if you want to look up verbs in e BengaliEnglish Glossary at the end of ths booklor h a dictionary), you
wi need to work out from your knowledge of Bengli verb conjugation whch vowel ll be used in the 'verbal noun' form.

4 Obiect case
In Unit l4 pp.6t-l), you earnrrheBengalipersonal
pronouns
in rhe .ubiecr and po5\essiveces.One more cae needsto
be added: the objeci case,which serves both or direct obiects
lme, hbn, us, erc.) ad \d].Iect obiectslto ,ne, to hm, to ts, etc-).

'Tl coloquil ornr 6.r., .n.d., onrt , on.d.r reverycommonin speech.

C Unit 14,p. 62.

Like e plural sublectand possessiv

endingsGrnd -der: se
Unit 17, pp. 9+5), th objctcaseendings*e nd der can be
ddedto personalnounsor nams- eitherdircctly,or to the deinit rticlel
Hetshesalds tle girl eueryday.
sc mcyti*croj b)le.
rinik{lbo?
Sha I ca Rimi?
<hldcr
anbo?
Sha I brns (the)boys?
Occasionallv *e can be added to th Dlural de6nite anicle:
chlegulik would be grammatically poisible in e sentence
bov,but s s poinaedout on p. 95 n and .dr are preferd
to e definite article w personal nouns.
forms suchas ode*e, made.k,cheldekre
In Bangladesh,
commonly used for the plural oblect casein pronouns nd pesonal nouns.This is not 'standard' usge.bu i( is somimes
convenient to be able to distinguish between the possessiveand
the obiect in this wy.

5 lmprsonalconsiructions
Thesere a very important area of Bengali grammr, nd mny
vaieties o them vrill be noted in subsequentunits. You hve al
ready learnt how to expressazein Bengali by using ach- in an
impesotral construction (Unit 15, p. 72). In the Convesaon in
this chaptx, re were two moe impersonl constructions.
strblitha (corwenience) and *ubidha (in on e ienee) e lery

important words in Bengli (especiallyin Kolkta, which is nor

the mostconven;enr
ciry in rheworldlt.Th) re u+d iD an im.
per\onalcon\rrucrionwith hDoya(to belbc.onp)l
pnar )subidha h)be?
kofktarg:rne amarkhub
)subidha h)y.

\Xlilt be nco'venientto !ou!

\Lit. Ofyou incoau?np;rc it
ui beaJ
Kolkata\ beat bothers me a lot.
(t, In tbe beatof Kolkita of
w ,nuch inrcnuenlen.e it ,s.)

The colloquialvariantssubidhe/)subidhare particularlvcommon rn Kolkara,and havebeenutedin rheconrerarionabove

bcrseof its Kolkata settng.
Impersonal constructions are often used in Bngali to express
'things;t happenro you ratherrhanings whrchyou db acrilely or deibertey.
Animddialso use\n impersonal
idiom
usinglaga {to srr": cf. Unir t 6, p. 84r, As ohen happenrin colloqural.peech.rhe posses'ivepronour is onutteo:
majhe-majh(ama.)
ka-aka-ilag.

Somaimes (I) feel nther lonely.

lLir. Sotxetmesof te hnely

Often'active' construdions have correspoadingimpersonal

orms. Compareaml hub rag kri tt am uery nm deiber
a/el)l wr amar khub rag hty tl am helplesslyan4ly). Normally
tor a man mrying womn rhe active verb biye k:ra is used;
or a womn marryrng man, a ?ssive' imprsonal construc-

amarmeytia
samnr
srhbiyeh)b.

My daughtet is gettng
ntaned ,tei.t aek.

Modern women. bowever.are renditrgto mary .actvely'and

cdn syol lhemselves
.mi hlye kbona tt shall not Betnaed)
itthey like!The acriveom was usedofthe qls ar e sool in
Unit 17 (p. 89),

Exercises
I a Too. r/so is commonlyexpressedin Bengaliby the useo
tll panide . Comperethe folJowrngquesrionswith rhe
rr8r tuture orm ot rhe vrb and rhe panicle added lo

lhe noun o pronour. The interrogative is not atways

necessry,but it is good ide to get into the habit of using it.
Exarnpe:

q<|
lcsRanq <rqnq
ys rtctr<sr?
qfr cc sl- |
! qqR -

fi{wl Tqtlrcrfi |
\ 9-?
\ml:iR(4mmqrqr<|
e 6'FIK (Ri4t{( -?
qFrdi{lE nf{ I
8 Cstql -

qq <Fff6 {<{ |
?
c csFfl"
<l{ql: 4TFr EF-GI
I
s cslifl -?
s,411461-4qtc{
q F- ?
fi c{[s (Fffi({4 |
b q'F<qtft -?
ql (q{{Ez
?
b csFir*-

qfifrqt+r++tr
ro q'l -?
b Overleaf there is a page from Anim's engagementdiary.
See you cn nswethe quesronsbour it:
'

Imagrnetht you are plannrngyour week.In your mind. tisr

rherhmgsyou willhave to do and givethem eacha lime when
you might do em. The daysof e wekJe:

nlRats.Iql<Rr{
cttl

sqEatdp
lf

5 t. oo gltl gnra{ |

s-fii
qt<

ft

@ass.l

$ft{fui?l
: I$IIC SqFTFr*?
+flc{ ?

e qFrl<fr-{Il&c! 1Trr{]qfrtf
I tl r'{ ?
a {{fil qFN cs!lr q45 {|6{4 ?
v q-{ s f(fi EqF c{rc ?

q q [oFfrF ft {tn ?6
b frlrq Ts|rq?
b fi -sr.K{, cn a{-rqr
)o fi 6 fiF fr-{r{{?.
'9a uh.h dalt Ct.Utut t'. er.ise [br. p. too. AlEmtiv?t] you crn cr]

FF<fr{?

tunday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursdat
Friday
Saturday

For ot Sutday, er{., vsethe locative cse(rbibar, iombrc,

Lke:
erc,l.Fo rhe rimes.you eed expession5

ghc cd

8.oofV.g

rbibar
50moar
rtrlglbar
budhbar
bhltptibr
,ulob.
Jnibr

"to Deltt: the locativ cass{ndns is oin left our for .morion towa(ls' prace.

bhore
stkle
ouPure
blkele
sndhvev
(s-!!ryi in Bnsldesh)
at night
raa
uery lau at night
)n* tre
with all these,you can also use the word bala, which means
a period of e day:
bhor balay
s)kal baly
(gl bala, not raq bl)
You can also use the hours of th dy, using srmty o! the
loctive case.I you usthe day of the week as well, one locative cseending (on the time rather than the day) will be sncint. possiblesentencemight thefoe be:
sombrdrJtar s)m)y ml lonl Monday at ten o'(lo(k I
shall go to the bank
![e Fb.
Using the following verbal 'clues' (o any others that you cn
think of), constuct similar sentences:

bad pir ltra

dokank)ra
telibhi)ndr*ha
iv lnn )i
[ekph.{ kh.oya

to do the shoP|ng
to uatch televkiofl

vi cithilekha
vii lrbrr kagjprt
viii pteyaoya
ix slnmadekhtetaqrd
x Jna-kapf
kaca
xr p)ta/onabra
xri pirthekephera
xni kake dalrattaq
xiv htam bra
xv Juteyaoya
xvi byekFnblqludf
phonbra
'vii otha
xviii sardinkhabatori ba
xlx scklea|(srlgekhaoya
xx gantona

l
ll

to t fite qJetter
to lead a neaspaper
to go to the park
ta go to the cinema

to rctum ftom the off.e

to seethe doctolL

to phone a feb' frienis

to spenda day prcDar

to eat all togerher
to lkten to so/tgs

For prikr.youneedrlreconiuncr + =
S. I be coniuncsn
In.rnsrrshs4fp?e)is a pecrabteq +
I = .
il-"?,":.,*
be abrero work out rhe conjuncrr andtr or
l!
.ou_nourd
"TlE oore trect. orn of on r', whi was ued in lhe c.onveation in
rhis
rnd in FrerlFe t bu\e. In Brrgtdes,goDt krr
h uscd,
^un.
"nin. *hoyr in BnAlad6h,
'I it. t.osh@,on4f' to th? da.ro,..tE*h.no F an .eftnded.vsb: ff Un 2t,
tljr. to
eo to le dou (Ioyat'A!6 c 1, m,r $,
hnl y oFnk r , . e. t o. Lr up , h e \ c s e r d b t e , , s r i . 1
e
\pr$, er!.. wuch Frhr uke\ e nhe Ben$ticookrn8.._.
rrr" ,*,U,
he obviou,onrun
=
+
T F ro cook rest,t,:e.C,erblte hab. r,nn
kJen(Fdth dwc,th",ths
h thL t bet.

IT

o
g)
I

1+

5
q,
5
CL
CL
II

o
t

Gonversation

clq,qr Ftcq?

ccnF cq9r
fii: nr'iliffsii,i,ir: qpfi
ij.q1i:..i:
f
qtet,qtst{crs frqlr cfi |rRlTdrtrlq
jii:'il:t,./r:n[::i:i.,*::i,i:,Hlu.*,j*
*. ..fr*,gorogeer
q[R?

rnrroprcat
cr;,i",..;,_ouou

1l L.j, .1,l.

mB qlcl-{Ft{<zrq?
q1 sq Iq sfg,(R"t q{ qv {a4k4trt
fr(s

;i.$*,:.{!+*:!s,l;xH:;l;*,r,:.,:";:ifl:j

lL:L"l'::Jii',j*:

addresses
vouw; apnia*riereas';ou

cca q:ffi Tc+q* qq-fi $ qff<r.q I

qP

g, ({{ E tis f@. rltT qcry,qm

rct
C4zrfaq

cc(B q"FF fr {c q{, t c{Etr

'|]Ftl |

rfl e[ {tR? $ {I6t ?

qH l {, sl srdl

c{r q*qfiF?
c't qr<{lryfiq?Flfr(<?
c{rrF qt t ,sE-.q+lzrFfqr|, sF'lr ql\3,s+!
dl ffi6{ r{t rir |

qH

1,{ |
cq. EEr{qt{ FIF{E|{ a{{{l _qn*
bEt Erqr<r
q+Fvn+< frar yff+t<
q
FdT{< srdrI
qFfi
c{,/ Fl 14 3rfil ?
q.
qft
cqrlF
"rc<sw c"rran< | q"irR6E ql i c<h
?fl\3st
68lqt q+Fglv qR qs_Fsr_<

c'r

qF{?

co zqqk et qE Ra",m,qr{rdrc{fr
1c{,
q4l
ccrs
msr5ttrn<lfdr F fdq cr c5|
fi, tq
stu;{<F
E\e c:tre{*
qH
o q+ffi rVfils $e {t r

1, qi'Fl r${-qlrci q <C

fi |
n {. El Cq ?VF qF "l
Tfi q | etn {R 6<\ ?
ccrc sE. 2F qtE i q qsF qrsR (-{ ?

fir
qF

qffi

lzE {r. sr{ q qs} IIBr.tErcnts

I
cq. cs| ?Ne-lsr st'iR frqt
te , qq
't
frfi?

qHfr A. qf+I c'F sm

cafte
r
cqc{E frfa[i q{ -d q|afi ?qfr Td q, F qTc{t
frcr
?
ql({
4EFrc$

lanslation and notes

I thlnk you hv6 a bad cold.
Ys,phaps bcusofth h6tlast night,| caught
a chlll.
Oeuglt Doyou sweat at night?
You
Yes,I sweata great deal.
Then
don't use a fan any more- you'll get a worse
Dauglrtor
chill. Will you) take a little dal soup? (lt's)very good fo
coldsandcoughs.
Fine.Won't you heve (som)soup?
You
Daugltor No, l'll hav my m6el letl. But you should6at a bit
mor6.(wlll you) hav som6 mordc6 and a piec
of fish?
why? I'm not atl that hungrybthis will b morethan
Yo|l
enough,
Daugte You'reperhapsa little weakfrcm the heat. (You)mlist
eat a lot in the hot season.
l'll try But you (must)eat too."
Dughte No, afte (you'vehad)your meald l'll sit down

Dugln
You

You

No.no.why?Sit downndeat ghtnow:Whyeal

Dught6r

OK, al dght. Shall I give you a little morevegetable

You

Youcan give me (some),b give (me)a little sauce

fom the ish curry as we|.

(curry)?

Daughter

o*rn*'

H-erevouare. Alr eatingyou ougtt to est.

Wihyou
nave(some)truit?
No,pleas.I'm futtup.r

f,uit"n.|.yo,|.r""rzshurr

y1l

I b,ins
you l:1!iq
"ornu
somir.iit
andtea?\ /hattimesha tcome?
wnat timeis it now?
Oaughtr Hat-pastone.
OK.I'll rst{for)oneor two hours.Doyou have
a
Dughter Hsre- Bengatior Engtish?
English.I m tired.I w;n.t be abteto coricentrare
so
muchnowon Benoali.
Daughte Do you havea hea;ache? Do you
want some
You

No, no, don,t worv.

you haven,tgot a ever?s
-Daught Not
at . Whatwi you ctonow?
lou
uughter Me?.tsha do onor two things
in th house,andthen
I snal atsorsta bit.Whthar!
"rri b.t.

gtl ru,,_ re Lnir t8. p. | | J,.

bur wheFh h dropled, Etri .

'

he*
i;::i";:.':..$.;il i;i:ii:;;:::;1* *"es'c*,
.d!erelve
th

'tr.e

h. ot e

prfr.hto

hfre nd et,ewherc:nrhcorveF

'Nolff lhe be o rhc pntu k _ohe rnd et\qhre

o erp,s, toa.d: bat,{,.

bc usedwith the number (remembethe specialforms of -ta tht

lre usedwith 2, nd 4: seeUnil 16.p 84). In 'king rhe rime.
used.wirh the rrd per'on of rbe presrhc inrerroSrrivebta
's
cnt tenseof e verb baid (to shke)l

krta baje?
tlnte bj.
q ater to respectrvelv
The words for quarta past, hdlf past
^id
pon:
rsroya,afe,
It's a q drter Past foar.
sroyacrtebaje.

ratpctabaie.
ponchrfa baj.

1ijr,T;i|lrl;
i ";:
s eD p ..2 1 4
! : : ! 1, , , *t ' .

ni:i':il

ff ,ir JH::i1::"".
";:

1 6 o rrh erq b r b t carrheendofr.rE o.

pr

Ibe';J;;,;;;:
Ji""f.ij.r'le/-dootuo'dm

"rch be r rh r jD i, pr oior ed lr . he. l

Dr . . p . {o r .

APrifromconjunctsvirhGrF r{anddr.
rherersoneveryeasiJy
recogruz.ble
new conjDncr:

<i +E=

Grammar
1 Tellingthe time
t ,g. l0) you.teart
how ro referro ppornlrnenrs
r
ll "uJljl
Dxeo
rmes. to expres\thetime oo{. rheanjcle:["
,fr.rfa lt*

Itt a qatrter to sltc.

For 1.30and 2.30, however,the specialwordsfor one-and-a-balf

andtwo-and-a-half must be wed:.
It s half Pasto'1?.
dfi baj.
Its halt Pastttto.
ataita bje.
(Or atlle baj, especilY
in west Benga.)
For timesin mnutes,the pastpticiple(seeUnit 20, pp. 130-3)
of baja is usedfor times'ater'the hour:
(It's)20 past ten (Lit. ten
da bej kuti.
bauing strtu k 20) ,

r"$:#llrii":.::::.1;:!:*:r'1,,ffj:i;;r;
frj::,'Iii

pr. p' dd prE roftal

n.,
-popostrlon
"n "h,,""i,"

It'shalfpastfrue.

da bjte kud.

(It\) 20 to te t,20 to

For railway timetablesnd the Jkethe equivalent of Engish6.35'

8.40, etc. can be used, using bie or somemesomitting bj:

rinte bejp5yta!!
nrta-Dtr

3.45
9.17

2 Obligation
The most common way of expressing ohli1tio (must' hate
rol in Bensli r. bv an rmper*onalconsrruciionrobiecl case]
i rhrd onon oithe verbh:ova tio cle(onet. hrloy
'nnn'ue
can be in any tenie, dependingon the time o the obligation:
\ou must do ntoft work'
tomake aro kj krt h)be.
go to tle bdnk,
You t111rst
pnakebyalke tste h)be.
bJa kai;ftkder noko k6re In the tainy sasonpeo?le
hare to so bY boat.
jte n:y.

4 lmpeative
jtr!:!!!eobiec,case,
ii,'":r;';:':i:;"":.1'Jjt
n romenyone
Imperative verb forms are neededor commands and prohibiactive,,.o..,",
'"tn"'
|na rq otudh khte h)y.

", "ri!l,Ti",

I hare to take nedi.ine

eury day.

Y^ouwil ako often,hear.e\pcialyin WesrBengal,

a contracted
royn o the {sgulr)obiect casin rhis consrrucrion:
amy,
aPny,tomy:
aPnayprre hrb.

Vot wi haueto rcne latn

equivatenr
ro Ens)ish
oughtor shoutd,s
Y::1
*Pq""
cxpressed
by e consrrucrion:po,sessiveof personobgej i

tions. As you would expect frorn your knowledge of the Bengli

vcrb so far, there are polite nd fmitiff impeatives. There is
rlso a distinction betweenpresentand future impertivei prsent
for immediate ctions, future for things you want done in the
future.

PresEnt
Futu

verblnoun + ucit.In rhepreseJr(

tensno n

b..""..,;;tr";;;;;fi;::;:l';"il:.,'di*'#:.0;
pnat aro taka doya ucit.

yot should giue more monq.

usenr_sin othesubjecr_
Pj",I
I:"*":,.e nstive,
comprement
constructions:
yf

ato beF khaoyaucit nry.

Prsnt
FuturE

(lot) oughtn't to eat so

For e furuIeusehrbe(n).and for the psr

usechfl(n).(This
rs done wirh all subiecr{ompemenrco;\ucrion,
f"ure or past, not just with uclt consructions.)
".i;"if,..
N.ti."
too
tfr"t
the possessivecan go afae the verbal noun:
et br amar ucit habena.
It ronl be Tight for me to
do this.
amrsta tJra ucjt ahif6.
I ought to hauedorretbat.

aboveioctudessomeother idiomatic imper,

IFI
IPI
IFI
IP]

dkha
dkh
dekhun

Futurs

IF]
IP]
IR
IP]

lkha
fkh
likhun
likho
likhben

Present

IF]

rakha
rakh

Futur

oecome.l

Futns

tPl
IR
tPl

Do!

Seel

dkhbn

on
Jon
Junun
Juno
Junben

apnarkhubsdi hyche.yoahauea badeold.

AL of you bad .old it has
m thlg f.gch.
I haue caashi a chiL
{apnr)math dhrechel Haue (youj got a headache?
Th,enx^Lrsed
hereis the pecr.whichwil bedeatrwi property
rn Urur2{J.

krr
kun
ko
kben

tFl
lPl
IFI
lPl

Pr6s6nt

3 Moimpesonalconstructions
!e-;9ly11sati9n
sonat
consuctions!

IR
{Pl
IFI
IP]

rban

Write!

Keep!

IFJ
IP]
IFI
tPl

kheoye
kho
khan

\i polite imperatives, there is no dange of mbiguity:

Eat!

qj'oo

wqr!

dhuo
dhuben

Fl
IP]
tFl
IP]

You have no doubt gthered by now that Bengaivebs ae normally made negative by addng -na:

To the perect and past perfecttenses,howver(seeUnit 20,

pp. 133+ and Unit 22, pp. 156-7),-na shouldnot be added.
tense:
Instead
-ni is addedto tleDresent
You hauen't got a feuer
apnariv)r aseoi?

ho

mathdh)renl?
oeoye
dao
din

cve!

('eiechna'neveroccurs)
Yolr bauen't got a headach?

Not tht in witten Bengli -ni must lays be ttached to the

verb.In this book -na has also beenattachedto help the learner
chievethe riglt intontion. In the texts in pa Thee, however,
you l.ill seetht t is commonly written s a seprteword.

Exercises

s w'_-oer/erbfoms endingwl /o. you

my.wi e con_
sonantstemverbs.co-meacrosro for thelasi
syllab..f *"
{r) m.perarrve,
or for the ruiure (F). Nore ihar th; (F-.;;;;l
"i.".",
flve o asa/lo.or1t.) is so {orel) in rhe presenr
and rute.
imponanr rle in BngaLthar for ng.ivecommands
It
or
's,1I
p^ronbrrlons
rt|e iuture must be used.whareier e t". ,;;J
Io. | e
suttu _nats addedro rhe presentimperrive.
.negflve
tle, neaqng is politely empharic,aot negariv.
Vi,h t;'a;
verbs,wliten (F) imperarives
can be amsuo

spers,does
norindica*_,r,.
"-r.r,"b":i::ffff'*
-*",i.,
orrni' indicared
rv aspelia
in;3fi:i:,l::f *f*tic
br6 nal
bsona.
dalh nl
d|(hona.

6 Ngativeo pasi tenses

midhmpankrln.

hJoya

IFl
IP]
Fl
IPJ

Dotl't sil1g.

In Bangladeshit is normal to usethe poJtepresenttnseforms instedof krun, bsun,etc.But

krren,brsen,etc.- asimperatives
the latte orms are recognizedthroughout Bengal as 'standard'.

khabn
dhoy

IR
IP
tFI
IP]

gankrunnal
gankrbnn.

Don't st.
Dorl't looh-

1 a Fist, a simple but importnt exercise in telling the time.

Answer the que*rionDI <lf5? by readrngrhe clock ace*
overle.Use. tas nd C4ttot.lua etPast.balpasl
and quarter to, ar'd for times in minutes use either 6trq or
Then repet the exerciseusing (Q throug]out (the
tqF.
'railway-tinaable method'- p. 119). You will need,in addition to the numbers up to 12, the following numbers (the
cornplete table o Bengali numbers is given in the Reew of
Pt Two, pp.202-3):

15
20

'tr+<

(.'T&)

30 .r
4J 'qstfr

"oftd pronmced 'tiI.

(Notice the obvious conjunct+E = El.)

Remenberrhe vflan5 tor ihe numbersplus anicle

{\ee
urut,l6. p. 84i. n,rhe
words fo one-and_a-half
.special
nd,two-and-a-hatl
tht have to be usedtor t.jo and 2.J
are using the railway_rimerble
meod).

+rq?
f <frq?

ctrytM / F{ a{rfr |
Dffi<tqFG / ffi c{rq5ful

b Health is as frequent a topic o conversation in Bngal s

the weather is in Bdtain. ,venthe most mino ilments are
arnstly discussed,nd detiled advice is reely given. Fall
into this mode by giving you own list of presciptions to
someonesufferins horn cold. cous,hand low ever' Use
rhe G6s con"trutron,and rhe verbsand phraserirdicated
Example:

q"t{-r qt{ Ft6e I

q{r
: |
ae-{
eF
cclDl
rtr{l$
e_l
tlsqs{ "l',e{t a-l
c_l
'rl{
s${sT
s_
Tq4q

q _l

r-l
fiflrlb' {{
b_l
lTEb'l
vlFtGF cq'rtr6{. :o _

: +tttq ?

"to aut a '--t".

"r'
J - !
+t <llq?

a llq?

e <tlrq ?

s rEq?

"te

olql rets

to ut

|
ot pat 04.

ed'verb. Se Unit 18,!.114 and Unjt 25,p!.192-5

2 You've been spared traditional trnsltion execises so r,

but you now have enough Bengali grammar to transate the
Do rhe exercrseoralJy.r. fa.t a'
ollowins simple
'entence..
consolidate
the grammarrhat ha. been
ca
n,epeaedly,
ro
1ou
covered so fa; thn write it.
i
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
vi
viii
ix
x

Who are youl {Fl

Het [P] my friend.
What's tht there?
We hve two sons.
My sister'shouseis not big.
The trees are beutiful.
How old is your [F] father?
The post-ofrce is ner the station.
How many ildren ar thre i you [F, Plul] classl
Isn't he [F] Benglil
H [P] doesn't eat ric.

xi
xiii
xiv
xv
rvi
wii
xviii
x
xx

Prt IFI th books on the tble.

What time will your [F] mothff come
tFillyou
[P,plural] eat at nine?
you
Can
[F] sing?
He [F] doesn,t want to work.
t won be inconvenienr to you lpl?
You [F] must go there on Thunday.
Please[P] sit next to my elder broel
You [F] didn catch a chill?

q)

o
o
o
1+ +
]
IT

II
=

GI
qt
5

Conversation
You visit a BengLparnter who lives in New
Dethi, near e
lvenr rrs Cenrre.Begali Market. a pleasanr
congomerarron

gof.ee-houses.
is ationearby,
,;,r ,h. ;;i";
ll-sy::t"slop"
,and
nas
usnurhd
paindng
based
onskerches
he* _ra. t i,
"f

H:flJ:
;?::,,T,:,i
.til|,l,#t",,ff
JX'i:,'i;
qt't
frfr

qt"fi

fffr

DH
qr"t

ftff
q"i

q,fi

,4@t<

criR?

t,oWqmcrter
qlqrqqt sfr-RtBrq
{lr

ffi"sc<

c-{r,szc{fi-rqnR
{sr r

crs Effitqql {6qq, 4tt* seen zq

s[tFI ?
dc|.q fr{rr {{ q ?|qV+R rq m.
qFrF csu{+ cq.$| ,tr CsE{l'qHd\r.s
r+n cta omvla ft6<Sr* Vrc fr r
q-sF Eqr{E q r _
Cr6d,{|t_
tss,+t"t,cS, cq,crtaEqF_qlrRz
qTfr4* cqlsF| Rre
6.T{ qfiqr
, Trd CqlTtrislE CfFdt"lrl
c{{ _.q"]rr{
c+T{EIi? Tq-sl :,{Sv ta ffl5 ts_
EII<Tfi qe.s-ra<sFErffdfrEn qr{{ fus l
qEf !-r<rs sr<,qR ,fu
T.d-rlE1-
qrq*qq e vsrsfc- q ,a?|r+
s-R?l.cs

otz<r
q44r .Trq?6<rwi +frqrerq

ffff

1-qryRa{r q gn+ rTS3s I

q
ArrQ qfi r eta4 c{..tEq6<
"I{
qt+n'lRu{
rF u o fu <rqm:ras
6<ftc{[s

q,fi

qr(g| qlR rEfi ,{sfr-{?

qqq,s4fr{cqt5i {Rfi |

ffr

mr,qr'rqRfr szl5 ?
c+eam'fivmr +rr+tqRfr'arq,sr<

q4fr
f{ff

qrzeQfr- s?' rfut*q+!+fu t?<6

cl4

Rnr.t qll crifl q.lqE r

',4fr.t{< qdt csr{<(qfi c?

, ell GilqtR r cfift qtR l.fcn<

rq cq,{
{, qErqr i
q<<tsft1

*Rfi r

fiff

c"t
ff

c"r

Frfr

crl

frfr

F]t lasq I
[q-6sqc{s fi qFfl-fi-:t
fics{tsta c{srl-T{{{ iElql'({ ?
T{(l(e 'l[c,Tells{4'(o 'flr, sn qnr+
futcs "V.9'nrr+ | ,q+<VrFl q qt%q6{
qrm l<r<ff $srn fia {F I
q'Rr cq(4rTs?
N ire lrE {{, {E R<r-i6{s({ 'tcs t
-{cd qlel,qq rql F{ q \flfim
qq'{iE r<r
qs\g q'f4f c'ffiqls'lo( qll rF vl ql
c4c't(ql

Tfanslationand notes
You
Alst
You
Artlst

lsthis pictureinished?
Yes,moreor lessinishcl.
Do you go to this cofiee-houseyourself'
Yes,I go almost everyday. Onecan meet and talk with
(Arethey)all Bengali?

Atlst Notall,bul mostof themarBengali.

Didyou paintallth picturehere,oP did youbegin(it)

sittingin the coffe-house?
Arst Firsl I sat in the coff-houseand did the sketchesfor it
Thenl brougftthe
Here,lookat mysketch-book.
sktchbook{back)to my studio ad slowlyworked it up on
You'vebroughtlots(othings)intothis picture_ people,
ood,cups,plates,tables,pictureson thewall-and a
ower-stalloside.I lovethe wayyou'vecombined
eveMhng.
Yes,look t the rcd rossof the lower-stall- how do you
lik (thom)here?The flower-selleris sitting peacefullyunder

a blg tree. but insidthe cofee-housethere's great

crowd. I ve tfied lo cpturherethesetwo ;|ings: th6
peacetulexpressiono the tower-slltand the
cofie-house'sgossip and busy acflvity.
Haveyou beento France?BngaliMrket'scoffe.house
socjetyls rathertike Parisca societv.
Artist I'v beento Parsonce. I tikedit a bt;but becuseI had
v6ry little moneyI couldnl go to cas much.
Perhapsyou'llgobackonday?
Artist Certinly,but up ti now I hven'thad a chand,
Hvyou sold picturosabfod?
Anist Oneor two oreignershaveboughta few of my pictures,
but I haven\hadn xhibition
abrd
You
lsn thranyBengatiwoKtor'exhibition?
Artist O courstherets - .!fr..1gut ttre worOts a bit difficult.
Lots ot words havecome into our Bengalircm English.
You
Do the BgalichitdrenIn Dethta know Benoali?
An|st Thycan understanctBngsti,cn speakit to, but manvo
can'treador writ6tt.Thereis a btg Bengtischoot,but
manygo to Engtishmediumschoots.
You
Yourchildren?
Artjst Theyelso go to an Engtishschoot,i.e. th6y study through
Engllshmdtum.
You
Oh - | s6. V/e, I must go nowo I'v prcbabtywastdyour
atlst

NOtat A . lt,s b6n a pleasurto mest you.

psrimeir mans
"!8. is a arouir. Bnsl
seibte.haftinsandsGsipins.
'e.mb*

r D F ured ro mean o whn you are pons rremahver,n

\oke e,dDric u. or.ompound ,eb - ruted6y.,t . ro /,

rp,. se
e (ttm@r Baton blow.
d-ae { ending oD rL givine
t . menin| hM p.opte. n{ I loen!, hur
tr r r.haic Fua rd ne .h* h$ suruivedrn few wods.lotc b,t
eopt.r.4t
6 anorher comon idion,
tthl lir@lly n@ft Md] rser !pi: this is nor rhe l$r pBon of rhe
!r*D tens
nBt pe6or impertive. SeV.rb l.bls. D, 214.

Grammar
Pastparticiple
The psrpartjciplers very imporranrin Beneauqrammar.Manv
lunctjons thar in nglishare handledby conyuncrions
and sub'_
ordrnatectusesae expressedin Bengaliby paniciples.They

nrealsousdto form compoundverbs.The folms of the participlesfor the paradigmsgivenin earlierunits are as olows:
ora
dlha
Jona
llh
rkh
khaoy
dhoy
hroya
doya

kr
delh
un
ffth
rekhe
kheye
dhuy
hye
die

haubry doe
hauingseen
hauing beard
hauing uritten
having kep,
haring eaten
hauing washed
hauixg become
hang giuen

Porticiples v,/ere used in the Convesation above in various

I Thy connect two sntenceswhere n nglish it would be natmi kphhu.bre I sit ntbe coffee-house
and make
kbsta ki.
sketcbes(Li, Hauing sat in the
coffee-bouseI tnake sketches),
apnf drjata brorlh (Please)shut the door axd come
kre sun.
(tr),
Or participles can be used where English usesa subordinate
clausintroduced by conjrunctiorsslch
t'heh o aftet
^s
.lthltite, kre ami
UhenI'vefnbhedth leer
You can see at this makes for considerble concision n
Benglil

bhat khyeso.

Come when you baue had

b Panicipesare usedto torm a very frequentrypeofcompound

vcb in Bengai.Tn Englishyou makecompourd or'phrasal'
vrbsby combining verb wi a preposiiiontg?t up, cirr)
on, take afteL erc. A srmilar tcolloquialt role is played by
Bengaverbsrhar combinee panicipleoone verb ittr rtri
rnltlom ot noth:
niye a5a
to bi/tg (Lr. baring tahen come)
nfye yoya
to tltke something sofiewhere (Lit- hauing
uqen gol
phir sa
to corne back (Lit. hauing rct ned .onte)
phlre taoya
to go back (Lit. hauing uumed go)

cle Yaoyt

to go auay noue off (Ltt. haring

khyephal
gnurc asa

to eat up (Lit. bauing eaten throw)

to go fo a stroll, to conte by a round-about
roate (Lit. harns wandered .ome)

Bealen ro compoundverbso rhisrypeas rheyoccurin the

Lotrvesanoo\and re\ in rhe unjrs that follow _ especrally
as ey are rarely listed in Bengalidictionaries.(Thev are.
however, given in the clossaries at e end of dbis book.i
Th prticiples of cerrain verbs are cornbed with ch- to ex
pressstates:thus ami bse hi mensI drl, siffirg. The pres
ent continuous tense (seeUnit 21, pp. 143-4) woutd m;an I
am n. the ad or ploQss ol sung do?u. I he pa.r or ch_
woud be used i 1ou ranred ro;y t ?rs si.rg: amt bse
chilarn.Bec!,each-h, no tune orm (seeUnir-I8. p. t0-r.
thaka is used with rh participle if you want o expresssrres
ai^tomajll golpatk
bsethkbo.

I wtll sitwa
Col parL. '[ot)osin

The pa* pn lcrplekr thauingdon?t is [,sedrc t'n djectjve\ inro adverbsin Bengali.Someadverbsare spciatwords:
e.s. tttad r4strly).dhne-dhrrc tstob,tr. ot iggit tsoont,
bt,.rTo:r ny adiectlvecin be turned rnto an adverb by
bhalo kre
khaapkre
sund. kre

I Peect ten6e
Prst participles are used to orm two of the Bengali past tnss:
the peect and pst perfect. The 6rst of these occurs several
tlms in th Cotrvsatior above. It is roughly equivalnt to the
lnglish perfect tense, which is used to express pst fcts or
l.tions whre xct time is not sgnicant:
rpni ki amrikay giychn1 Hate yola been to Arnerca?
Yes,I haue been (there).
ry, nmigiyechi.
Thc useof the vadous past tensesin Benga[ is, howevex,rthe
nysteious. Severalof the perfect tense forms in the Conversadon above would be translated most natully by a simple past
orm ir English lDid yo paint the pi.ture here, rather than
how th nist
Houe yol painted the piture here?J.Nori'c
^lso
bse er
dipped into the presnt:p!thme ami bphi-hause
lhtfta kd, /hee, in nglish, you would usethe past.
The perfect of krn is conjugted as followsl

badly

Theree.howe{er.orheridromanc
rays o makingadverbs,
using words ke bhab or rjkm. meningway or nanncl:

Jantbhabe
bicchlriDkme

Partcipial and non-participil postpositions cn be combed:

brnr bhitor diye yona.
Don't go thtough t|re forest.
.mi majh-majhe babar ka.h I sometifles get leterc frorn
Fathe.
thel cithi pi.
lech theke is used insted of theke $/hen DeoDlerather than
placesrre Involved.Nolice that e non-paniiipial porrpositions dop thei! locative -e ending when ey ar combined
wi paicipes.

calmly (in a calm way)

nastily (in a rutsty,ugly u'ay)

As ha..rlreadybeennoricedm Unrrt7 seep. 93r.lompa

pniciple\re usedas posrpo.rrons.
Rememlerar rhsrype
ot posrpoririondoes not require e possessive
casem the
Precedng noun or ponoun:

!l!ulthekpctayphireasbo.(I'll) rcwrn from school

J nrmbrba5bJarhye Bus nber 10 d.oesnot go
.n
,ayna.
qksl k.easun.
Come by taxi.

1
2 ln
3 IFI
2 & 3 Pl

ami krchi
tumikrch
slech
apni/tin:krchln

lor all the other verb-qpes, take the pst prticiples giver on
p, 1Jl. and dd the sameendgs.(hereis the usualvaition
In the spelllngofthe /o ending.Note thar laoya /to go) sesa
different root or its past plticiple (giy.) d for the pefct
lcnse formed on it. And it has an altenative conffactd om
commonin colloquialsDeech:

1
2 ln
3 IR
243 lPl

amigiychi
o
tumigiych
o
or
segiye
apni/tinigiyecheno

gechi
gach
gache
gchen

There is also a common colloquial vadnt of the prrfect tense

(for any verb) usine the past participl plus gechi, gch; tc.
Thus instead of plcfta pEe<h (Tbe plate has fdllen), yot ca.t
sy pltta prc gch. At the beginning of the Conversation
bove, common idiom meaning is fzised was used:
eihbit hy gach?

Is this ficturc fnished?

(prfd and hroya can be cornbined with yaoya in othr tnses
too, but don assumethat is is possiblewi all ve{s.)
Remernberthat to orm e negative of the perect tense, -ni is
addedto the present(seeUnit 19, p. 123):
I have not frnished the picture.
I hduen't hdd an chibiton.

amichbitaJfkrlni.
amareqibltrn h)yni

The second sentenceabove is an impersona construction (Lit.

Of e exhibitiott has ,tot become| The Cowetsation aso includes an important impersonal use of laga to expresslike and
dislike:thiswill be deahwi rn rhe nextunl

b cqmfia c.n oc{ I

{r |
b cqcq
1K"r5lc.Ffl
<&
s
calmu(4
orql
)o
is fromthevdb rttt (to ,ok)'
a @sne. ,{R, t* ^s po$posiiin,
1'"1&s ror verbhrl
b Now prctjsethe pereci iense by 6Jlirg rn appropriate
besideeach picturedescrbethe
verb form. The sraremenrs
just
perormed.
Describe ction'
been
ction tht has
Example:
indicated.
the
verb
using

lzE cqu4F

m6*p<mq r

(T{t)

Exercises
1 It has been mennoned severaltirnes in the units so far that
the Bengli script does not indicate whethe Ftr{ is the (famil
iar) thid person presenttense ofe<t in which caseit would
be pronounced br, or the pst prticiple, in which case it
would be pronouncedkre. A simlar problem ariseswith
(Fr{ r= dkh/dkhel. Readrhe following senrences.
predicting the dght pronunciation of the word in bold in accordncewith itsgrmrical
tunction.I.lrean.*ersareg,renrn
trnsciption on p. 303. Exampl:

q({Rl

r c cqkq f{rE
e qlTdfi+l+601uI
8 cTfi{fdTTG

c4.?II

a fi qr+++ qr<aTqqF I
s qlS 'trdR I
q q.lR

'lrlb

qE{ |

\ vqrqFfF 6 ca1
-

()

( vf(El 14 Aci I
se bhlo gan krre
: ql ffi

) ff cqc{F(s"W{ -l
(cns)

e [q(q8 ,4F5m{ q{
-

("{rt)

I rtl$f T( _

(er)"

FlTfr_r

("rr)
'r, { dl _
(l:w9 n-s)

rff,i

N pptpdre for plrnr d),ns. but ro r penon drlne {[

{tfl
ihould be urd - comooMd urulucl (h/r n u,e, the vb.l no
llq
lrl|icd of the pni.i!e.

2 One of the most importnt things to mstr in speakingBengali is e fquent use o prticiples to connect ideas. Try
tuming eachof rhe followilgpairs oshon senrence\inro one
sentence,by turning the vrb in the rst sentenceinto prticipe. If negative is involved, p na beore the particpe,
s separteword. Notice dat the subiect of the two cluses
is usuallyth smbut not always,e.g.vi and xi, Remember
that the past participle of yaoya is giye.
ami bht khab.
ami apisiab.
apni kot prennl.
apni kn esechen?
tumi prl&ay pas krch."
tumi bleje Yeteparbe.
ami bajar kr.
ami bati phireasbo.
tini banjlaJikhechen.
tinideJesechen.
sojayan."
b dkeian.
bti hy gche.
aka bJpria hyche.'
loktikudhu tin takadin.
cleasun,
tumi hat dhooni.
tumi khterte parna.
se gafi kinche.d
se brflok hy gche.
tumicle gach.
amadrrsubidhahyeche.
se paglhyeche.r
se strl baccaderkhun kre.h.e
ami bi[am niyechi.
milnek bhaloachi.
chelti khub b mii kheyeche.h
chltirbmi hych.'
am pldhanm!]qlrj srlge btha blbo.
ami srb !Ib:!!a krbo.t
ryor hdre pased the dM.

Ne the ue ofrhe lo@tive.se endins on riE

'The skr h6 be.otue ni@ (dtd) .ledr

"ti.h na" lt. bs ndel.
3He bd' tu|dercd his ie (and) .hildtd.
rThe bor hds edtd toa tudry seets.
''rbe bu! has bed sck- mwrsonal colstruciiotr.
\ Lhall dftaagPPt?\thrig.

x r nd 11 c on t rn i fl p re L o n j u n fl s :

nmusn,,nts

i;t::g

Th q in the tustr like the in Ff in xv, is pronounced 's' not

'5h' (seeUnit 2, p. 11, nd pp.286-7).
SometimesBeng sentencescontain a whole string of partici
ples.Seeif you canlnk the ollowing 11 senteces
into one long
sentenceby using prticiples. Look up in the Bengali-Erylish
you cnnorgue\\.
Glossary
any wordswho\emenrng
re khub bhore oth. se (a khay.s dt maje.
5e snan krre. se pat-bhaqadhuti prre.
5ejuto pal bre, se bej bhat'khayna.
5e chata nay. se taFta hte Yay.
5e apiaea5e.se n)tar mqlye kaj krte Juru br.
"Ofce worke$ in Kolkata ofien have bh.t (a nce n]) ar hon bore hey

The solution is in the Key to the exerciseson pagesp. 303.

E
0t +
q)

ox
I

Ir

II

II
=

cLGI
-

t+

Conversation
A friend in Kolkata takes you to hs uncle's house for tea. Vari
ous othe friends and rcltives rurn up r e smetime, nd the
converstion gets too fst and jocular for you to follow very
well. Youdecidero pracri\eyour Benglir a genrlerpcewirir
your trrend uncle'' five year-oldgrandson.Yu pick'up a pi,rure book rh.rr he h\ been ed,. nd l\o rfll ejel.rspoo)in which he hasbeenpractising
hr, hand-wrirng.Speak
ing Io childrenis a good *a1 of buildinsup Xpu' ngr'.".
competence,but remembertht y are unable to make the
kind o allowances that dults can: you must work hard to pro
noun,ewhar you say a, rorrecrlyar possible.
orherurse1ou
won t Deundrstood!

qbfr (Fll ?
D ^r"r
q1k {, fu, Er{ q nV c.tF- .fl'rcr{ rtl.<
dlE
q'i

$lqqr,q cT4q[E f,{FFqEue, 6]a{t@ |

V "F sfrE "tVF "t N !

qtfrq<

"w.s "nR

q: etN rdFtlqec{

qll re (q{ | q-cqfi EIrE-?r

f,{rl,q1

q"r

r
qt'|fi
t
q4

q
l
q"|

ql

m-frostqg r
qlre 6?[Fil69

vtcq 4rEq?

qs?s rQ 'gtr{
'v1'vtrqErn- fifirl qrq
qr{rrlFtQ".ry&l
qcq
FlR A(9 cE!tqlce< cez-qcrcrc,r<
cuc<i
EtF | ?l{q I
s ?Ea 19I\, " -c;t?
cglI rd< (qcqIsdqE vtF { {N
'l9.iF
"flr{tq]q,,R*.frqcq?

,4csmdrhr'lnsttmat qrG.t<cqI

v {c-1-{r{tF ls ?4trlcqF-nERq?
qfi qtF ff crtrqr;scqFFful
,a?mfr G{ qtcR?.&rfi K I q 1q<We
!E5lq C?

ftst, stqfir+p{nt

qq qaoRq"{ Vftq i rnq? c'fdfr4tF

frm:

cq

to
c1
n
ct"t

r-*rq qrft e-Rql tqm qq cqqI

sDtcsrl fiF q1sq?ql (sGfr [q? CT(TF
cs?
cTcrFqrcqr qml c+q* |
IE EEISSUSRrS ?

1rq,ftorl cs,sE rr[ar l( {dtcnI olr':Ft( ie I

qqlriir
l
qfi
Er
$F 'flRl ffi E Tm [d I F cTFTrd
{ ?

qtr Fq'-,a{R tqlr frl$ ft ltotcna

$
as
c4 <r<QfraEt
dt,-lr4r Er{frqfrR*iq ql- \5,srF,q,
d
{

T1R -

qq
4

?n*ff c"."q t
t, , a, crlR,4fr - qrlFi4I

<tsrit s riE rqlR{ 4q1fi, E4Rql

rq cqG|
qll 1el
q
qr, q cg|{trs
'tfrsl | c,

t
ct4

q3{ nql qfl(s elsrq r cs:fl'{TCq ( qq {

'1
s1-(qcErttqtqlfi- qm< cq+tqa I
ffi 6o1qtftelr{ qqr{l ,qrfr-{I
c, Fl r{ Elrotartc<,qrfr{ ,44{tI

q"fi

fifi* c<a?ul.e"tzqr{q l:si(1fr?

q4 qqrwmsbtstfr qRq|q|(rl Flt{ fr(s eiFIqE,

tanslation and notes

ls thlsyourbook?
You
Ondson Not mine,Grandmothe,b I'm readinq(it) Listen:
'Thre'sa fai golng on now narthe Sens' house.
Peoplearecoming and going '

Youcan ead very well!

G.andson lcan readveMhing.
I'm learninghandwdtjng
riw
Look at my xrcisebook, HeJeis crandmothels
witing,and minebelow.
A you enjoyinglearningto write?
Gandson It's al right.bI like readingbookstoo - I've readlots of
bookswith Grandmothetl
Yourhandwdtingis muchbetterthan Engtishchildrn(,s).
Verybeutiful:i
Grandson Can'tthyreadandwrit?
Childrenof your age can't wdte or readso we . We,
what'shappning
in thispicture?
Gandson It'saairloThat'sa big whet.Th6chitdrenarspinning
(round)very fast.
Do you sometjmesgo to the fair? Haveyou been on a
bgwheel?
Gandson Once.I'v beenwith Fathe Therewr lots o pople.
What'swrittenhor6?e'Magic
tent.,Whyare[ these
(people)
goingjntothe tent?
Gandson ldon't know,ldon't knowaboutthat.
Didyouyourscolourthispicturebetow?Wiihmos

You

Gandson ldid.ldrw lotso picturesandthings.Lookat my

Grammar

Grandson
Grandson

Gandson
Grandson

lsthisyourown drawing?Wh isthisgirtctoing?

Who
is sh?
She'sdancing.Sheisn'tanyoneI knowr
Whyis hrhairyellow-coloured?s
A foreigngirl,that'swhy.Herhair'sye ow. Heryesare
blue.Herriencl's
lom thiscountry
I canseethat.Beautifultongbtackhai Whichscnool
do yougo to?
lgoto'HamonySchoot'.Myteacheris verystrict.
Shscoldsthe childrena loi.
HavyoulearntEngljsh?
No,just Bengli.Bul lknow someEngtish
-dog, cat,

Do youknowEnglishnumbers?
Grandson One,lwo,thre,four,ve- tdon't knowanymoe.
Bengalinumbers
areveryhard.I know(them)upto20,
aftrtht my head spins.
Gandson Come,let mtestyou.Here,crandmotherhas
written ll th numbersin my book. Te me, wha s
this?

36. B | don't knowthat (one).I must lean(some)more.

OK,(your)Dadis callingme now.l've muchenjoyed
chattingto you.l'll be off now" (l'll)seeyougain.
0rsndson I'llcometo yourplaceoneday.
thatverymuch,comeone
Thatwouldbefine.I'd
You
'ike
,As elswhere in th covs.lios so far, the pai.le .i tched to 5b convys
. n p h r r . . . f n 8 l n h . y o u w o u l d o b J+ ,h ew o r d e \.M h m s .
rirk(l) Dkm (Lir- oe rd) is ed'midiomticlly
to spEs lukM
pprovI.
trn r (n'.h, ndiy) soerlnes tks -srlo when applid to countable objects.
ih\ obvious r it a fr! Hdce he me of the pn.le to.
lAn idiom. of <h- wth lkhat Lit, Whdt dithg s helel
tLit. Sh\ ko! t4on. of nre.
Norie tha the word for colo,/, rD {< is spelt with I when t taks he ad'
letivl posesive ending -,G[agD, nenns .olo,rrd. T]is is bdause yoD
cannotdd voweh to ( (seeUnit 3, p. 16).
hLi,t.Mdy (I) cane? - poli. wy o taking leave, to vhich th noml (adult)
^
rpy would be eso or un. Uke ami tomtke Pri*r kd et ne tcst yon) this
ls la pdson inpertive (seeVqb tabl6, p. 214). (mi)a3i?cn alsobe ud
when you wnr o enter a roon: Mq I .onc in?

I Presentcontinuoustense
The presentcontnuoustensecorrespordscloselyto its English
cquivalent. It is used fo actions or events that are taking place
ai the p'esent time (It\ rainin') or for pre-arranged tuture
actions or events (I'm lying to Kolhata tonorrow). \he orms
or the presentcontinuousof bra re:
1
2 In
3 [F]
2 &3 [P]

amikrchi
tumi krch (or krcho)
se krche
apni/tini krchen

Thereis no vowel mutation within e tens,so you can, rom

the following tust person {orms, work out the forms or the
dkha
Iona
lekha
rakha

ami dekhch
amiJunchi
ami likhchi

khaoya
dhoy

amikhaci
amidhucchi
amihci
amidicchi

Norice rhe double \ound wirh rhe vowt5remverbs_ wnften

wrtntneconjund:D+E=E.

The prnicfpe cey rom caoya tto uant. ask

/or7 is used ro
make compafl(on_\in Benga.The penon or thing
wi which
rnecompanson beingmdegoesInro rhe pos\essriecase:
'i

smarCeyebuddhiman.

H\ffion i"t"tt;e""t'r'
o"

amitomrcy)nk
bm ini.

I knou mxcb lessthan you.

There,areno specialcomparative
forms for rhe adiecrives
ke
Eng||snotgger,sma ?r. tess.erc.If you wnt o maken adjec
trve compartivewirhour mdking jn expicir comprisonwirh
n'rng.,you cDdo so wirh rhe word aro (qtf _ _ore,,omet'messpelrq[ ) or wih ]nek Imu.h ):
That's leuei) b'epe
Thati much bettirt

Supedativesre xpressedwirh e compound scbcey

/rrdfi ull/:
ota amr $bcey pliy
bi.
aml kfasrs)bcye boka
chlechilam.

The Conversation contains several occurrenceso the very comlhon impersonaconstructionwith bhalo and laga to express
yol say,Lit. O me manlike and dislike. To say lpe
'i!1'1goes,
goesit strikes ue .
mar am bhalo lage.
n the present continuous tense, the mening is close to English

2 Comparisons

retaro b)[.
seta)nek bhalol

3 Like/dislik

Tbafs ,xy farcurite (dearcst)

booh.
I uas tbe stupidest bo! n the
class.

In rhe Conversarionabove.rriclly \peafungtomar hter telha

fDfyelllr chfemeyedercey )nel bhalo mensyokr hahd
wflfikg ts.tnu(hbeuerthan Fnglands thldten. tr woud be more
gmmarrcrtto saytomar hater lekhtnjly$ler chelemeyeder
h?ter fekhrceyrnk_bhatoryou, han1-wri-tng
is
Lene,
::l-t::h:!dyntihs
of Enetand.schitdrcnt_6 rhemeaning
-uch
is
perecflycte ln conrext.
thke/$blhke cn be usedinsreado cey/srbcey.in exactb
rne sameway, wlrh ihe smemeanins_

apna. ki bila bhafo fagch?

Are yolr eflioyiq the book?

rhe word order is switchedround.

Somerirne,
oi phifmta amar bhalo fagbena. I wo 't enjoy that fln.
To o.press/,e+ a verb,eithIthe infinitive(seeUnit 18, p. 108)
or e verbalnoun can be used:
balfa Jkhteapnr kl bhalo
fagch?
tomar ei mrd khaoyaama
ad)m bhalo lagena.

tue you ehjoyingleanin{

Behgli?
I don't like this drinkfug
ofyous at all.

In the second example above, the infnitive irould not be possible, becausedfferent persons are involved (you drtrlil,g: my
lea.tion to itl.I the persons are the sme, the verbal noun
eoundssligltly more 'general' than e infinitive, but s in English there is really very little difference:
oi tn kre yet amar thub
bhalo lage
ten kr yaoya amar khub
bhalo laqe.

I like to go ofl that tan.

I like gohg by train.

If likddislile is dectdt person, the person goes into the

obiectcse:
sloktikeamarekto
bhalolagena.

I dan't like thdt person

at dll.

Vdous intensirying words can be added, as ir e last sntence,

which you will pick up gradually. khrp (bad) can be used
insted of bh.lo . . . na to expressstrong disJke:
oi ticarkamar khub khrap
lage.

I can't standthat teacher,

F*l
tFl
t dl

ld l

l-l

O su!4!6t(beaatif l) cnbeusedto expressstrongliking:

yo 're lorely in that sa!
ol Jafitytomale su!q.

Et |

an....ir. o,n.r. *ur" o expressrngtike and dislike In Bensai:

wth the verbhloba!/io /oae).for exarnple,ofrenappLero
voure roods:or l he verb prchnd k {to li ke, Orfcrl: bur
Dh.to tag. r<n indi5pensable
elemenrin the langurge.

td l

l.
l
I

il

t t Exercises
lr\)l
l.-J

11471
tRi

l6cht

lNr

I a Pracrismakirg comparisonsby dexribing e pas ol

prcrueson rhis prff nd rhe nexr. and by uring e demon_
q{ and rhe ppropriareormof he de,_
strflveadJecrrves
Lrteamcte. Someol rhe words have been fiJJedin for you.
Example:

taJ

&t@tetGta orarur

rFt rr, I

c Q reFFfte?rdrd

\ir.

Tht nda thdt tun than ,n d4e stuI.

sart

CFII

well as e infinitive, the pst participle, the present and past

o ach- (with its specl present tense negative ni), and nr(the negative of the zero verb). Rememberalso that thaka fto
Jtdyl functions s fuaure tense fol ach-. Seenow if you cn
oupply the missing verbs in the ollong sentences,iudging
from rhe conrex whar would be rhe mo't appropriarerense
o om, and whether to give it a negative sl6x or not. The
verbs you shod rs re given in brackets in thei vebal
noun form (apart from ach- and nr-, which have no verbal

akaJe
meghkche.jhrr-.'
b Now 'drsagree'wth the ollowins expressions
o tike nd
dislike by repearirg the rtaremm-rs in tne nghve or
mrmatrve.Kememberthe useol Fl for rhe neeariveo e
pn enses{eep. I2J), lt rF ir usedin e arfiimarive,ure
6<{,in rhe nesariv.T}e empharicrfQ can become@
{lrr4rl In rn negtve.hxmpl:

qFlr E-{rl vlcq4utI

ql{lql{ 6{ft g|rqqrrfir I
:
i
e
8
a

( rRq11-vtrqtqlrS I
fiNtqFRstr4 c4[riqr
sq ffcrsqm,qrs qF Eo|d|
{r{ (T(sqFIl
"lqF El5lKI
iil ql{r 6{ff vlrq Elfi |

g 'l{ T{qIR
EIEE'II
ql
(?l9ql
c,4?F
er4 srfr |
b <ffi c,Rq:* ccffstFt4Rqtl
b RiqlqFm q-c Etc;t|
)o lBcg c{ {Er qR ?iR qrE| EtartI
You have norr been introduced to fou Bengali tenses- the
present,the future, the perfect and the prseni connuous - s

ami bajareya!g[i. tumi badte_,

na amars{ge

(thaka)
pabena.D
et b)f qafiei rasty_
(4hoka)
iv mi khubklnt.khna Dratona
(krra)
dkh ki hyeche!
kukurtabeFltikemee
(phla)
ami oj dt kapca-.
(khaoya)
apnis)mTI brllrltrcnabli'-?
(prra)
achi.
viii m.atin ohrntadh
1b)sa)
n, jamataamilinbona.er rrrJtaamabhalo_
(laqa)
amarnekJkhechi.
amaderpraJonabhalo-.
{crral
xi uni barJla
blteparenna.
uni baqali-.
lnr-)
khnamadebafitebathrumhyeche.
ageamader
bathrum
(ach-) -.
sesnradin ndirdhebsache,tbu konomach
xiv apnarto su!4f upharamipE4a
(krra)g

xv bastaktrtasrm)y
(chara)

? amirpe&a kiteparina.h

"ln the shr,louls ap nahnstto,qthA', A stom i< @n,"e.

"s(.h a hE at ptl iat be dbte to p"k, \dhort thk tucet .
ddll o Rabidrwh s .o e.te.l
oarks.
"hds b.one, i.e. bB ber b"itt.
H. bas bar snns bt the iu
4tl d4y, bst h. hB not eot d,, fsr. rhr is
seonger rhn kinr or trb) and m s ndenb.les,
ec, Fol
"ou!?kd,t
to (sotue,anr) Ee Uir 23, pp, 168-9, Note rht there
is no Bmealj perfecr
.on.inuoDs ten* (ras ,c,' sr..ti's). Th presdr coninuous, or paiciple + ..r,
.onsrtudion (p. 132) is used.
46t14a An, n *pe.t.
'Vb nhe bll be bB ledueaI a"ht tuh

oo
o
:'

q) 5
l.i

0t o
5 qt
1+
II

o
II

Gonversation

FE{kE, rffi {Rc|

rFR {, cqFfi| cqfiaqTc<9RE

You are srayingrn Chinagong.and are rerunrng rhereby train

afte a fev dys in Dhka.You sra talkirq ro t5tudenr who is
travellingback ro Chinagonguniversityro-sran the new rerm.
You rellhrmabourwhatyou did andsawin Dhaka,andaskhrm
bout his studis and mbirions.

qt"tff Eb'ltst@ ?
\{r ,qHfits ?
q1-q &, qtfr qtq,uEoffisra[
qE

st&rq4fi s?E{

+.lre crq?
qPtfi af{k FRtQalq|{I qrs{ qt -{ qltR Ebq

rfEK| ,q{fr{ mqtrr$ . frraq,elt{st fiBF

q{{fi1

q
ql
qG

q'fi
Rrq

csr{fq{]'f6G {ff Cnrt

fiv frRRd'd ?
:{ , efC+clRlCrffqrq r
s - fi csq$ q$'f+ ! q6 q[ ,tVF
s 'tfiq(!6 q{4qcq ?

trcqv 49(ec5r{fun,qcqs rr 4 scr

l-d-rlsfi s9 caql rs]{Effi 4t3tffi tsR
qt ,{?F

'lR'{$lrE{ Frd

qac- sr{ q{. q"F q6

qetftsCcr,qnfficqrc I

q'fi
qE

q,ifi EIq- c4l?

q,|

vf<E ElSlffiqjara Ff.g DI6q?

um ffiqsLT $ 6{ft qft q - cfqqq6EoR
qk-srql ffi s-{,cq{ {|cqfics qF-d
?R
q{fi tffiFfis rlTR (51rqF! D"t-E,t
tDffiMF
ql'|ff fi{rw?
I caErql4tF +$qE cECrc{| stf ifid
(gv.d{Rfi rDFFI
ql {q RMccfrs{<fi frfu
ccr{ c{-{, q|{ $
c,f1{lll I
rle r!q.{z qsi fu tqt{fi-l cqcrlq
?

q|a

q,

Ef{

Gr

s({ 4r<fr{ Tlrqfira{ ?l<c<Rc{fuql

'teRr
qlE{C?
ql{{F
E{q{ csf4asl

fr[Ra44 ?

n+rztq fr{tr<: I-cFa<fim z

cl"rfr "FlturTlI{fu{ lqlknr,{q\e{R r{q fr{lr
1tr{fu{, ,!r qsfR.e l{l, q4r I-c{E
fi"l(g frLqk{ |

rE frrr6 6l6aa?
ct'R qlR { .l sr lqRtlF sfff w - "nrafilq

<tr,
qtr I{< 4r $ qq *9Q< ts< ntco
q< 5{qr
qqn qct+ {< s qr++ ct6
w qRElrq< c ,9rq-r.l
qsfdl4{ffi{
rqh \ffi is 519
ql< q+ lc
CF q qlfi ,Rl {h {rr{
\ctcqI
qq <rq {RFaqrE,fu
'@ frs
w{ q|{r<
qr++
qrr{ qff{-asri {1q|fr 46{
Ten

nr

qt"R & '1.cr ql4fi FtrF Dlq?

w< <q, qlfi qlI{Ro Frf,{FI, ql( 'Vr ffi(s I
!F
qq$ll RITRq fi frqq R]a qqlRlqtR L
q&r,{fi qb,!a Ts rr{l
qFfi qIRs ftr i,45 e "ptTlT a6ffi11mln

("|[E,qqfr F rrl laqlcc+r

qtl r l,4Rcq$ (e-fr< lsififr cFr] cfil

q
t 5Rrst{ q4 + <nF, qiF(l' 'lvlrztfi-:t
qir Rlql.l RTqFcqr"lfrK qlffi{ lq q$t rci
{cE c{+l:F - qE"t5FR<E SsF I
qHfi fifrs-cqftR Tc{rug
fre?
&,stcmftql lE<6 qL5qnF <s vRq?Rfuv
llq
vI-dG fir 4,Trfu q3-{DTR,flfi |

q,R qlsFtq F lEl l:s"lefrNs CslTqlirlwqEr<

atudnt
You

stF &l e|saq{<.ls ca-:q{.tqill

fi{, EOdtqrr cnF'fef|fi qmF q+frr _
Efq
q]Ilffi qadqt{r{{, qil qq6i_ilat
qJq't << |
qt'r q lq{fiq{ rqFrRq'F:r qvttqvrc sr:r
F{6, qr qaR| cqrcF't<qa{ qaqn yftd tq

ttudent
You

qtczF|

8tudrt

+.Tr{| cnrt
S-{ 65Bl
<r{I crIdRi'qI
q, c:ltRtfrq

8hrdent

ranslation and notes

Studnt Areyou gojng(to)Chittagong?
You
Ys.andyou?
Stud6nt Ys.I m a stud6nt. I m going to ChittagongUniversity.
Hveyou eve benlh6re?
I v b once. I havea Geman dend in Chittagong
clty. On day h took rto th ScienceFacuftVthre.o
stud6nt YOUwenl to meetsome proessor?
Yes,ProfessorHossain.
Studem Oh, he's my poessor!H6 teachsin the l\rathmacs
deDanment,
Are you studyingfor MathmaticsHonours?
Stdnt Al the beginningI wantedto 6tudythat, but with a marns
dgree,therelsnt any mploymentevailableaoat from
schooFteaching.c
So I've movdnow into Stati$cs _
but I will still heveto take an xamIn mathsas a
subsidiay(eublect).
A16you a Dhakaprson?
Studonl
Th6nwhy didn,t you want to entr DhakaUnivrsity?
Stdent Therbtoo much politics at DhakaUnivrsity consranr
loubl. I do't enggejn politics,so I hd no wish to go
thefe.aChitlagongts a bit quieterthan Dhaka Havevou
seenDhakUniverstty?
I ve s6nyour CurzonHallfrcm th djstrance.I dldn,t
go into the campus.Frommy riend'shousin DnaKa
students'demonstratlonscan some mes be sen,and
lot o noisecn b hed.

li

You
Student
Studen

:l 8tter*
t

You
thrdent

her was one last Tusday.Did you s6 (lt)?

No,ldidn't.Thatdaywe hdgoneon launt'oslde
Dhka.But th meetingws reportdin the newspaper
th next day - | read(aboutit).
Whatothr placesin Dhkahavyou beento? The
Museum?old Dhaka?ShahidMinar?Toth Smriti
Soudha?
I'vebento OldDhaklhavntyet bento the
musum.I wentto the Shahidinar,on 21st February
Yes,this time I went to seeth6 Smiti Soudha
How dld you gt (ther)?
In my fiend's c. lt's a vry bautifulplace- going thre
madea greatimprssionon me, Th grdensand
tountainsall aroundit ar very ne.
Duringthe IndependnceWar we lost manyhroesand
many(of our)linest young peopl.lt was built in memoy
of them.
I know.I havea good book about the Libatlonwar.
I was born in '72, aftt Liberation.tBut ve hearda lot
abo th war fom mYrelatives
What do you want to do ater (your)degr?
ll possibl,t shall go to Amorica,to do uther study.I
want to do somewolk on th populationexplosion This
is now a maior problemin thls country
lf you 9o to Amsica,get your Ph.Dand (then)a chnc
of a goodjob,willyourdtumto Bangldesh?
I hop (so).This country is poof, you know.I wet to do
it s6rvice.B you ae ight, many (people)go abrad or
study and do not retumto chei4 country Another
problemis e probl6mof unemployment- In this
country Ghre's)a great lack of jobs
EvenamongeducatdPeople?
Yes,amongthem too. wo yers ago my lder brothr
got good conomicsdeg.sHe gtill hasn"tgot

ln W6slemcountdestoo the problmot unemployment

is growing,but if you hav good dgreeyou don't
usullyhavemuchloubl,
9rdent Look, we'v anived at Chittagong Cometo the campus
on day - cometo ou hall (of sidnce),(you'10meet
the otherstudents.
I'd be vry happy(to).I hope your studisgo well, and
that after otumingfrcm Americyou will do good wo
In this country

Sludent
You

I sha try SeeyoutKhodaHafiz_f

KhodaHz

on the past participle, and the endings addd are identical to the
Dasto ach- (seUnit 15, p. 71). so the past perect of ktra

'People wi tnowledse of Ensish ift frly froh

i
nllr;i,;;"$"trulr*,*:J'ri,.'ftii,:*ffi

trnmh

i,lli

h r po_$s.ivr 'dreai,at, orm ot ol.n,$

]!1,

"....*,

in e C@m

*J' bilnnhr',.d h p,unounc.d

.bies.n.,s

'chrF l/" le,ct is hqmnity u sed. ne^dpai

ftoa,

:::'..;;:i:,
I#1,;:i;::,L,:;+:1:_
i1,;.
;:

'bFr ioyr n, mrher

lcompound

uvDAnhtorrverurhrrhr p.

*F,ei.,hento,^e

.iji,i:;;'.::irti;;:ji::;j;:

/o2l s, nu,b,(h
h urd h
.j.l\l".il: ::"#:T.r,,r
]or er;trbreeiru rnd.d.\*,be,1.,
'l[;11#:1;1X
o
Abic Erediction usedby BensiMulim: ur.
Ma, Godpo*t

3mnon

q r5+ ).ls pronounce'r

reI-YS.Y,lg'
memDrthr rheF6l
'n1in fi l\ silen (\ee Unir 7-'ttn , nd
o ..
--"
"
rneolnerneu coniuncts.
ourreesrty
recognizable,.
.

+=

FaDdwriting

g
+{=
q +T=

hift

4
F

There are two, however, that re not so predictable:

\f+E=

+=

Grammar
1 Past perfect tense
In."ngJrsh.
rhe pr.r perlecr(lso known s the pluperecq
rense

:: l:::itj,":,;y,,1:
; i:;;'-;. ;;.
i2::

pas,
l:,,nT:I.:i:,':,ff:ll:i
;"::u:JJr" oranv

'|
2 ln
3lR
2 & 3 lPl

ami krchilam
tumi krechil
se krechil(o krechilo)
apni/tini krechilen

The other verb types form the tense similarly. {Remember that
the pst participl of yaoya is giye.) The fist person forms re:
amidekhechilam
d*h.
miunechilam
Jona
amilikhechilam
lekha
amirekhechilam
rakha
amikheyechilam
khaoy
amidhuyechilam
dhoya
amihyechilam
htoya
amidiyechilam
doy
s with the perfect tense,there is no negative orm: instead, -ni
has to be aded to the present tense (this is the normal rule
although you will hear sompeople saying giyed|iltmm, etc,)l

gotbchr ml
Last year I went to Bangadesh.
glychllam.
blladJ
My uik d.d.ft'tgo,
amartitnnl.

2 v4Jrbalnoun + yaoya
h ,nglish 'active' sentencescan be convened into 'passive'
lobn droue the ca
The c uas &tuen by lohh.
Passive constuctions are possible in Bengali (see Unit 23,
pp. t67-8), but are nor usuallyvery idiomaric lnsread-events
t ttct peoplepassivelyare expressedby rmpersonalconstructions, many of which you know by now. Ther is, however,
very comlnon construchonusingrhe verbalnoun with yaoya.
whi is eovaientin mea ns torhe Enslishcr e construclion.
rcya can ein anl tense.bui i' alwayJn rhe d person:
The sutio/t ca?tbe seen
ekhn tht {et)n dakha
vaY.
lron herc.
oi-dkane4!m paoytabena, (you) won t be able to get
eggsin thdt slroq.

sr,irlxrrri{rthfi:rif.dn{;

taoya cn be used with itself in this way:

(yo ) carl go that way.
oi dike yaoya yay.
If the verbal noun has a personalobject,the object endng-k
should be used:
ok kotho khje
He couldn't be found anywberc.
paoytayni.

3 Adjectivalpostpositions

vowel i: pronoun.ed:stmr. tuddl lf rhe posse\sivecse

.ndins rsdded ro such wod\, the nherenlvowe r\ droppo:

yu4lDerPrre
rer khta

mdths ceftse-book

the
If the loctive case ending is added, you can either drop (see
or
dd
ir
and
-te
keep
-y
or
and add -e.
i.r.n'
'"*.t
94).The 6rsrmethodis pobrblvmorecommon:
Unit 17,p.
ol bakse

You are famar now wi the main types of postposition found

in Bengli:
a postpositions that ollow the possessivecase:

in that bot (suitcase)

or olbaEte/baEY
smudr
or 5mu4te/smutY

in fiont of the post off.e

5amne
PostaPi5er
b postpositionswhich do not follow the possessjve
case,some
of whiclr are verbal participles:
janafadiye
tbro gh (tbe)&ndo,
saikefkre
by biq,cle
rajniti Dmb)lqhe *
.oncemingpolittcs
pcta nagad
by fue o'clock

Exercises
I Prctrserhe pst prtecrren\eby 'aying er.ea of the
belowar you (or whoevers menl'onedlrttdrnecstarements
tio" i" qo""tio" y".t"tuv, last Tuesday,last year,etc Example:

q qq r$rq l6 {l<
q f'g-{l6t{rfr{l

"ln th word (t[KS) he b t derived fron snskrn rather rhd ,, bn evcr

so the conjuncttendsto be pronoDnced'mm'riher ihn 'mb .

q qq r Gfulr<|

c combinedparticipiVnon-participialpostpositions(seUnit20,
p. 133):

r _

t)hrer bhitr diye

amar kachthk

tbough the totun

fron te
It is very nattal in Bengalito createadjectivalphrsesby giving
type postposilions a possessivecase ending. Sometimes the
noun or ponoun to which the postposition applies is opped:
(amader)
pJer
They make a lot of noise in the
bfitora khub
house next doot (to rr.

golmalbr.
nehruparkersamner
holltabhalo.
prr din tini mra
gachn,Junchi.

Tbe hotel opposite Nehru Park s

good.
He/she ded tbe next day, (so I)

4 Wordsendingin coniuncts
You should be well aware by now that the ierent vowel is frequenrlynot pronourcedar the end oBengawords:gach. bon.
phul, etc. If word ends in a conjunct. however,the ierenr

6je qg-qtsa_

6ttuttsltcq I
tlvfr{-('3 -l
t qrfifuEb R{C4qFfl-Cq'
Ea<I
L
e sclfr ql-f+ ffi< cnr dsq cq'{cl lrc{ 1
|
8 iv ,rf{fr{s" q( {l qafir{d 1 {E I
rls<qads _

qlqr'quT(l
q{lK CqIEC{CS

ulsl*'{-rrs_s r$ C'v. c"rc{l

q Tlds's --

{fcl I

Seer you can conren th foUowingpairs o sentence"

For
single senrence\by usrng n adictivl postpotrron

qtld ! a-4lqrcFc:rcF
b fi :b8oiCCir\J'(S_

fl[ qt(--slrr4]-cq
b qt< 4l\3 19<qT _

Th lou'ers are beautiul.

phulguli,u!g.
me
amarsmnrphulguli5undr' The flowers in toflt of

F qt et{rq awQr
50 ClFn_

Theflouers (drc)ifl ront

phulguli
amar,mn.

lsrtcq _

|
vii 4ger bhtre tka.
brner bhtr P)th
takagulobideJ.
prtht khub rry!!kar.'
amar4e$er nicebag
viii
mndir''
pukureropa
ache. baEta niye
mnditaPurononrY.
i i i bar caridikejrlg|.
irnqlernek Pakhithak ix takr uPreuPharti
ach. uphartjamake
icip>re'chul hrbe
chutitbad Yab.
x dupureraglekcaf
amaderupre akta thtrr
chl. iekc{akhub
ghrre
tini
ach. s
khapchl.
brir p)re rod h)b.

"\o rc he .on ,r, + \ 5 = g.

'
blal crn meanyer,rd:r or]I'moo" .cordme,to e ren.r' bL, i, n !n*iblc
srrrumbrarou.t' 9titd
,,ozo',ou o, tEq )pq4l,),.
'o
ne
s
tbe
dir
tt
onatotu
o the dntr belelestu rd,! dependirs
''|tlq1
q1k;[

mes tt ld]. Note the conjEdq + { = l, prononnced s witreq'nn.EE

is sinple lan tens (seUnr 23, p!.166 7).

'rlejs ,, nud,A:n b+hpmqlq ,"d qfm

' VIiFI DTE' . r. qltrd *e P 205

:F'fa

-'

-d

Frr+ '.

b You are staying at a friend's house in suburb of Kolkata.

Below is wht you can see from window of your bedroom. Descrbethe view, using the verbal noun + lt construction(pp. 157-8). You can alsohearthings,so you might
wish to use the verb to l,eal C.tFt, s well as the verb to sr?
(fi{t). Exarnple:

caragulo$tej hrbe.d

'",it

'"*t'*

*n pt'*'

s,oot
-'li

'p

$t'j b

'rs'ous'

tYI ol 'ne's\'

ot these po*
Sonetimesin Beneali vou cn have whole sing
ollowmg
the
you
can
if
phses.
See
loln
ce\sive oostDositiona

usingis methodor couse

longsentence'
;;;,;ilai"i"
"'"
bt spokenor
nevernormallvwould
***ce
*i"i.tq*
don
t
rnow rn rne
"
',iii
wrinen Bengali!Look up anv wordsvot'
Bnsli-nglishGossay.
skullarPichnPukur.
Dukurdhaebtn.
btnr md1ry.Purnobai.
purnobdrParebttgach.
brtgchrblaY"Par'
path.enlcegrrto.
9!!er bhitorbaE.
bakte Prcusonarmohtr cnllo'

qfqF qf{l-qf (qFF1-gf m'{ ll I

"r.l.y, t rhc bonon of'Lcffis

ttl

in i6 pos6tive rrn'

Conversation
You re in England, in Birminghm, visiting community cent
a."" o,h., thngs,i 'commurutvcchool o Bengli
'rh.r".
ili'." rn* ." s"'*diy mornings.on rhe moming o vour
visit, Puru, a Bengalilady who ha. a talenr for enteaing
wiih storiis. has beentalking to rhe children
""r*.t'ltar*
bve. coffee,you talk ro her about her work end sk to look at
sroriessheha' beenshowingand relling
norn.o the pl.r*es
"nd storv mentioned in the conversation
ihe chlldreni {The second
cnbe ound in Unit 27, p.221.)

0il5
ct4fi
F"c

F+

o
III

clq

'lFs
c,i
lS6t

Gt

q ,rlI($ q< Cgl{{| 6tf< (slma c{-lfCaqt

rrG fi qq cr<,cqrtt({ie6tlr4 c"1zlI qglT<

q firs ,ftrs fi q ftr tl'c't wdl, qF Rl
6{rA W {rd fi
T{ q cn{m{ q1.g'tm
1ImfisrffiRflordsRTd{S '4F{
irfn <t1ll qR 'l'F c?rarc
qr{Ft
I e(E(' EIs +rFl
. . . c.l@
stfl
| ffi ...+urnG+*.4|t err<
'daq'Rl&-d...qd q<l
. . . | 'l'I{ s|l!Fvlr
ffi
'Iaefi Efr<
qft
Tdrd, ''j 6<vrs,Efr tl trCg'R a < C{o1.

o
F}

o
o
o

q q'i{rs
"l9-{ad vl{aE 'lR?
fr,5 T{ qtrrs eR<t@ srs I
qafi fr fi5 q ffft-<qaqt
n. qfr an qmms lR En qlds $ qllGEfu<R q.{Rt
q6 qffi qq'6 frwc<+l
a15163
q gcnsErr ffi 6 d|rE {qE - l&, T{, md,
ffi EF ffi {lE, ql q+ 6{94 - q{r{R | '4
c{ cq$,qffi fr szr{B 6 t fr aq<,sRa "
Erqr | 6rIFlqlsl 'l, q'|fi Eq fr {drqr ?
g.{h,4stnqR clq fr-d.lsrr*r+ rq <ard,qlfi

II
-

'Igq

13cffi wre aft r crraa<ro. . . t

cfi EqF et tcs fix s'{r4E@- gqcq<flv'

?
vl,<'f6rs1{n eF4d.{CFC<9lq
4l,T'fd | 6r9fdgsTrfi |

qPrfi qq, fu,d rel 'l ffi

qcvqr
emrcsVn r-+
sql+--+
<rcqr

61, El erricrvle,

You
Pnut
You
iutrrt

Fc
q"|fr eF "tc<q"fi frc4{?

ER', ,!+ rF1frcr 4,ql q {{ co.

cldl.{F4sll cq:l|dt| s ({M< ul&lE]qr"l
{c* sta qrffi
i
q'|fr ,i o4slslq<Fri,t ?
?Fq

4N

,6{

ql

{l l:1s4rIEcqfu q4F c.mc*c+;,el?

, ql qlr ,4Tle {{qn xq.'mftla

'gd
q,fi
9q

qF

tgq

:Fq

q Da{ tftTffi

{C l\r1,

CF[3iCq4?

anq+ tn< Q' c"rr+

o's;tre c.r,
*;nFq-*

CanI cllYouPutl?a
Certalnly.Everyonecalls me that'
Do vou cometo this Cntreregulady?
No,'t go ound variousplaces-But l've bn heretwo or

Whtdid vou do wth the chitdrentoday?

a dos
tutul iiJ r ioritn"- to c'a* tivpictures:a housea ball are
her
Look,
that
all
a
cat
thre childrndancing,and
some o thei pictures Verybeautiul'aren'tthey?
pantingth pictures?b
s-r."r wa oia vo"
youa
""v;fter
Purul I thenqavthema unnygame.l sid l shlltell that I
wods
lof
anv
pictufes
Jow vou wirrsnownese
sha bav; oljt. lfinishedthe storyleavingout wordsike
this.andthevheldupcthe picturesin allthe placeswhere
words were lft out, to indicatth (ight)word Th story

Qcqgt
E +r< rq"l<{l
Efr -,! | 6rlT {srGqT f{q |
cq{ <t{rn$ 'lrls-s{sr&q F ?
i{i | 5tq ({.f {ql<rqtr{C{

'On clayBaburamand Pupuywentto playat thirYiend

oralong
.TheYPlaYd
Potot"'houso
Pol!
to
n
the
house
t.m
ii". in" _dncd
_Tp
thrc
them.
with
ian arounC
arcund.Hafinglhe nothey we maKnga turnedup. Pupuyaclldit and said 'Pussyct can You
t ot' only go mew-mew" laughed
'-f n"
"iffv,
"inoi;

qrlfdfiF q Ef4lT "|t

q,t Fls "|.1qlrs ts{ elFqc"mn,,mt<n

qFFrqr crgs, q, T q<<R 1I cm I<RRi}1{
slqFasscVtEF< m$l, q(<qt ,s+ rrRq{r {cq
c.t1&{ q<nvte wq - q {fii t({
qtfrQttful,-"flRt
aRcqt c'ls q"FF c<trq* wqQqt< IEI<.p

Ftfi qt4fi { fi-cs 'tK{ |

q $lEi@ rqf'FR-+Fflfr? QF
"le c{s('<,
ql qleFrs c'l csq oflcc[{ r
rFa
mnnW d qm,!1 qFRq tq"1i
sto Erlz:t vffit :F qqq I
qt4R qq. qFsF c, EE c{ q'F< c.r cq'rl{E I
{Fa[ sfr C\9-vl({|
qt et ql{lfr | { qqR qfi qFlq ?lF| ,a?m
'&-i slqt
{fus erc qfi,it6 rqFt{ fi:r q.< qsf{ !
qt l ,5:iAqr{ |
q'l

fanslation and notes

Putrl
Putul
Putul
Putul

Verytunny.Th right words are;first house,the nxt one

(is)ball, ther cat hr?
No.doo.Catsdon\ rusharound'
thencat andthe lastone
i. ve.oog.fr'.n tt't e children.
ght?
is atsoct. ls that
right.
Absolutely
Thenwhatdld Youdo?
I thn sano hem a sonq, anclI showdthm all thesetoys
hoseandca'
liked-this
fromBeng;|.Thevparticuldy
l
supposel
(was)
in
Kol|.ata
made
It
N;, probablyin DhakaHaveyousenhow bautiuly
oaintect
{it is)?
is. Whenyou d shownthem lh toys you finishd did

rrcm
Putul \lo, I told thm anotherstory' The story is laken
book
fmous
'Iunlunir Ba
oenAratist'ore nayct'uuOhui's
Hre,havea look at the book
Whnwas the book written?

Putul
Pul

Pul
Yqu
Pul

Pul

In 1910. Th ahor was SatyajitRay'sgrandfather.

The amouslm-director SatyaiitRay?
Yes.he story is vry amusing.In storieso this kind there is
ndthe
a cleveranimalanda stupidanimal.Thetailor-bird
jackal,they're clever;nd the cat, the tiger and cocodie,
th6ye vey stupid. In this particularstory too the cat is very
stupid, but in anothd very popularstory thereis a very
intelligentcat - calledMajantaljSarkar.
CanI buythe book?
In thiscounlryyouwiltpehapsfindit ditficulttoietthe
book. Bul you can borrowthis copy.
l'm very grateful(to you).What'syour address?WhenI've
inishedradingth book,l'llpost it backtoyou.
There'sno hurry | don't ndths book ight now.You'll
enjoyth6book.Thelanguage
is veryeasy.
Wll,I wasvryluckyto meetyo.Andthechildrenare
I lovthe wolk. I slaveaway in an olice all week,lt's a relief
to escapeand come here.hSee you againone dayl
Certainly.

"rutul ieht b her d.k.n.m, or pet-nme.SeeUnt :14,p. 61.

b{otce the use o the postpositior
P)r aftr ihe vbl no in the pos*ssir
cse- chbigulokrP,
'Norice the compoud verb tl dhrh /to l ,p), here ed pniciplh
lprtrdi the possdsiv plural endins dded or to Potol imllies Potol\
anily.
"Soeiin6 h)oy in the lresent .oti nuous or sinpl ps tffe ke Gram.r
sedin bdow) is *d ined o th zo vb - specily you are er?ianins
someihing to someotr else. No.ice ai Putul uses hcrh in ihis war lter
whd sheis talks aboDi the T-,''t
stories.
Iti na? or tal n.ll? is comonly used as 'question tag' eqivalent to English
isl t ta, drcn't roll, did !or?, kt'! sbel, er..
8kFln- pron. 'kltgs' kee Unit 17, p. 92).
5lJi-Htrihg 6.a!ed b.re I lir". paliy is ihe
lasi priiciple of the er:tendedverb
palno Gee4 rhe Catmd saijon bdow), and btcl is the st peson of the
ptesen teaseo b6 lto ltue, s"tuite).

!.nsei story tlling{thou8hwritersoften slip inro rhe peenraaetJt27, p. 2231.ln the Converationabove.Putul usesii to
dcscribte ihinesshehasdonee;rlier in rhe morning.and al'o
tn the sron rharihe tells.For krra rbe ormr rre a. ollows:
1

2 IFt
3 IFI
2 &3 [P]

mi kdam
uimi kle
seklo
apfli^inl klen

For rhe rhird per'on lrl rhe spelLngkrl Fi3"lr is ofren found
commonwith rherouel srems hl.khl.
andi' oarricularly
etc. Th other verb_typestke the smeendings, so you cn easily derive them from the following tust person forrns:
dakha

tona

lekha
rakha
khaoy
dhoy
h:oya

amiJunlam
ami likhlam
amiakhlam

amidhulam
amihlam
amidilm
As with the perecrand par peecr ten<e'.laoya /ro 8ol uses
differenrroor tor Lhe'imple p5i ren. Noiice rhe vowel mui
ami gelam
tumi gele
5 gl
pni/tinigelen
dsa(to cone) h^s slghdy irregularorm: ami lam' tumi ele'
^
you will often hear ami slam,tum
etc..though in Bangladesh

2 Verbalnoun as adjective

Grammar
Simple past tense
The simple past tense in Bengai is generaly used for actions or
eventsoccuring in e very recent past- saywiin e sameday.
For ings that happenedas recentys yesterdaBthe past pedect
is preferred. The simple pst is also used as the main nrrative

You areadrkrou Benealiterbrl nount a' rhe orm' b1 which

Thev hve'eveal
and ll.red i dicrionarie'.
are
'.rmed
'erb'
grammatical
functions,one of which is to behave[ke diectivesl
kla bhqa cYr
amar ki chbi

a Pcture Painted by .he (Lit. tuY

akj)n nam bra kbi

a fanous (na,ned)?oet

Uke other adjectives,ese adjectival verbal nouns can be placed

as 'complements' to the subject o the sentence,with zero verb:
machgufoekhandh)ra ,

The fish (arc)caughthere,

o with the negtive of the zero vrb:

i payjamat chf n)y.

Thesepyjamas arc not torn.

If you wnt to put structures of this kind into a tenseothr thn

the present, h)oy can be used.This createssomeing very simiar to an LngJishpassiveconsrrucrion:

dthll lkhahl.

The letter was u.yitten.

Any tenseof hroy is possible.Rememberthe negativeis -ni for

bafF khnortq bra hryni. Theho sehasnot Wt been
ca satf.y deoya h)b.
Te urill be seruedat seuen.
i tbdla bad deoya h yeche, This uor has beeaeft out,
lf yott wzrt to ad by me, by you, etc. yo,a can sayamar dvar,
tom.r dv.a fqR), etc. With nours nd nams,rhis postposition
is sometimesusedwirhour e posses.ive
carr

3 Which, any
It isvery easyto confusekon (Whch?)withkono (an',)- specily
as the ltter wod can be spelt n three derent ways:

kon

CEF

crtFt
kon

6Fte
cFt

Sometimes.ritrs add the E{g ( . * seeUnir 18, pp. 105-6) to

kon mean]JJ9Whi.h?,-to indicare t rhe irent vov/el at the
end not pronounced:
kon

c{R

- but you cannot rely on this. The contexr wll generally rnake
clear which word is meant:

lon namlybhar krbo?

Wbich xame shall I use?
apnrkonahlmey
ache? Hau you any chidren?
o konkrthonn.
Helshe doesh't listen to

inteo}tive sense(the relative

kon only mens \X/hi.h? i
^n
dealt
wth in Unit 28) The delnite
will
be
ironovr which -e be
added:
can
nicle
Vhich oneshall I tdke
amikontaneb?
Whi.h one (s) yo rs!
kontitomar?
kono (kon-o, kon) in ngativeor inteogative sentencesis equlv
lent to English dry:
'here s 't any teleqbone
ei basykono teliphon nei.
Is tbere any car tberc?
okhnkono gad ache?
Vhen qantitis rc involved in questions,howeve\klchu (some)
is prefeed:
tomr hate kfchu srmry ach1 Do you hau ary time o1
Your hands?
lichu is used in affimative statementsrnhee in English sone is
used:
Yes,I haue som t1e nou\
hya akhnmarkichu

stmty ach.
Used on its own in negtive sentence,it mensa'yt'i'g:
There isn't aflythil'C i7'
oi almaritekichu nei.
it can mensoma therewas an examplot
I kono is reDeated,
this usagein the Corversationin Unit 17' (p. 89):
kono kono myes)Ige's)r], Somegt s 8e! mamcd
at on.e.
biv bre.

4 Compound verbs wilh deoYalneova

The Conversation above contahs severalextendedverbs such as
i*iano t" sh"*), bolh.no (to ex\laint- a^d Palano io fl?et
Fxtendedverbswili be'deahwirh properb in Unir 2s Norice
also the compoundorm bujhlye doya. Most extendedverbs
hauea causativemeaning{dakhano.ro r,sP fo seeibojhano.ro
causcto unerstandland ii i. narul to omhrne them wrin
*u" to.t".t" u ."*" of dortg sorflethng for so"eone elsel
;i akla rektr4unfye d eb67 ShaltI ptav vourcause,,
you lo heaf a f?(ofd

This usageo deoya, however, is trot limited to extended vebs:

I'I te hirrdber(for yo't).
.mi ok ble deb.

If you ae doirg something or yourselt use neoye,insted of

deoy. Compare:

ami likhneb.
ami likhdb.
ami k Jtkrlyeneb.

I'll wite t doun (for nyselfl.

I' ,rte t dau,n(for you).
I'll hauethe uork done
(fot nysetfl.
I'll hauethe uork done
(for yo).

amikaitklyedeb.

qFfr{ s 6r m{bo (qxsqd] cq.l{Er r{Fle FlE

sr ,4 qqrE c{lFd rs14{ql rqlst lqqisl |

Exercises
I a Fill in gps in tle ollong senrences
with 6of{
tvhich?),@iF'l tany)or ftq lsoze).Example:
F{ _
CqrE{[?C |

rF 6{trq(wr{ar6{ |
) -{F
Cfi?
\ cs, FlR" _

ft f ('tsstsi{ |rM6r { Fs qFrRsr<{ c'fcr(qI

T{[5nSfs{Cr{ C<atru|
d9-{ KA
cqlq.<(sr S
q r{d, c q-?r
'flq

DFF!fl(q?

e ql,qffid rlR_b|FtqkRl
s q'l cq cqF qrcaE?
1cq_
cR I
s _
CEFF
lvlx l -* |
c q4fi _bt
r<n?
U 6F
ffiT[q?
-

{,s_qffir
:o Grfil.tqFrtrFd_

"Notie this idiomti. u offiQ:

6{fr<vrF{,e1T<1
trqft.owR rsz{{R,arrwqR

rfl&fu-{l I
Hau. loa abt M"r

oi ,@?

b Now seeif you car readthe ollowirg simplestory from a

childb prner tPan 3 o the popdar tuaida PaTDseries.publied in Kolkr). lookrng up words in rhe B;ngli-En![sh
Glossary if necessary.Then r$ve the comprehnsiorquestions beeh it. You U notice rhi the spelins used hee
favoursthe inherenrvowe rarherthan o (6 1) in-verbforms.

er qrc rfuqrna{rT{cra{clsFfuqtI
F{c($*6T {q 4smnFlv<tl t.ttq<|<lxfu
,4frtTg lFI

| ,4rlqfi qlr{ |\e-R'ldd-sqEqE{| T{Fmetcl vtetr<

6zr rtl{
ft $ lI l+ r {* rd sn c{t Tr cfl slcr
| st"R c<f+qEr+{ ccr{.?Cq
fir Elfra ava I
fr-q
6<TrEESqql qv fiar fiaols] {q ql F4 6iRIqE
csi{ cs | s s vKq, qlfr c{t{qll cqo qq rqlF
fu"fl{ Eqt':tf{d Fw {Fg-(sn{ ql'Ft
N
I qQ(sr<a{lfr a-v4
q' 1ffi 6q q1t1a
cnf {Frqqfi, qqE qF q 'i6{ tF qdq rf
slglq& d q'F qlErd EqlR EqlLT {q rs|
1{T44,qFmTdfuq(d{:K<l Ffi T{61T6{lT|| qlEq-rdtCq{
rFrcql'cr*sI g {{CDITFt+t r4lxdF,q Frrfuc(
qffi {<('( c{ft 1 |nTd : {Ee "tfl {{r9
"{<
EAEI I
lt e sr,t,l,st

For the useofxr[a

se Unit 21, !. 144.

'tuhile walhds alohs.

oForhe etrnded verb
lcJ.
frEItr duaure.. reUn{.lJ.p.
"Hr, s otn Bdgli sroryelling, it is quite naurl t slip into the prset
teN somdies. C lnir 27. D.223.
rAnothr xtended Eb, neitrs to slep. Se Uni 25, p. 193. Noric roo rhr
e reeativ ;| hs bd seprted iotu the verb. Many wnes do tht Gee

P.123).
cstcortinuou rGeof ,il. se Uir 25, p. 192.
hEtenddyrb{-FI /'o ,r2,,) combinedwiih (E{1.
56 U ir 31. Noe5 .D ' .2 J 3 + .
,c . . . q{ . , , ' " ; ;
. th d n e d t.l t
Lrart pere.t !e@ ofEfi^ .. t ).
fto
\besznto lareh- No rhi,slery coImon E odtrfi.

r {<aanfr?
{ {cs <itr1frt cr?
e fu{{ [{<lTB cl$fu rs?
8 lT

lR cIT?

:Ksjc+St<g?
a fiqqtr cs\r 1lE

s Ei{rEc{t{ac{{{G( c<fis'ts<-rfur

q {<6rsqlcrlcscq[{r
t qE (wi rtql E\5
frrx fr o"tqr
b E{Esr t6 {r4 fr {-{?

ro C'f6{qlT el161<n ql-:rRfr ffi{ ?

2 As th simpe pst tens is the min 'story-telling' tnse in

Benga, it is what you would naturally use you ri/rote a
diary. Using the following verbs and phrases as hints, seeif
you can construct your diary for an odinary sot of 'day off
work'. Try to make full use of past prticiples to connect
phases(seeUnit 20, p. 131);
aj
ded krotha
brekphastkhetekheteekhrbrer kagjprF
rarp)r
dui-ktcithilkha
vi dolan/bjryoya
vii rstydudrtnab dekha
viii kjrn buro bb!!bk

lx aghat paoya

x pul
xi ambulyans'
xii parkebhitdiyPhireasa
xiii mne p)ta
xiv kalbhaiporjrnmdind
l'v lanc r Pre aba befiyeiaoya"
xvi b er dokaneiaoya
kta b kna
x'vii nam kta lrikelar tllqrlllle
xviii badphireete dkha
xix bathume5)mrst mejhetej)lr
r.-x mistrrkeeFliphon kfe qaka
)cxi bla
)di 'kalkeabarasbo'
xxiii srbjrl brndhkrrarjly rsubdhahroya
xxiv rag boyah
xr,:v telPhonkrrai

r\vi lyIr

dakhakrrarbybsthakrh
).'viisamnerJniba
chbdkha
bisslii
L{vii, elibhi)ne
rhis kind of mnins'
'uhik edt's. Note h^r ^ rcpeaied innniv catr hve
p,230,
Note
12.
cl
"Fot r\e spellis o Lnb'ldn.e sep

240, Note 2.

" compolnd verb neaniDs to s o,t tht us

the pr larticiple of the e'

Us past of a.h-, nd se pani oi ater insted of lrl if vou haYea Muslin

'oniext in nd Gap.291).
smkti is a S@erlter for a/tist here meas ptatubd.
'U . m p e r . n : l c o n . u 'r i o n
r '* U n l b .p p l 0 c l 0 )
suiabe
fiiend
nme
o
a
e
'lsert
r]9,,er, lsd wiih a.h-.

Conversation
You anend a lecture at the Bangla Academy in Dhaka, and dLrrins rhe receprionafterwardsyou meel young womn wfire
Slieshow*vu a uolurneof poem' shehapublished Shewould
le you ro hpher rranrlaesomeo heipoemsrnro Ingtish.
You dicussthi', her plans tor the fure. rhe role o poern in
Baagladesh,and other relted mtters.

qnfr q q'4 G3 @{Q?

cqrrs , qt{l{ rw fu?i
c'l frTr< c<fiLIql
6q!FF 4qF16{El

qnfi
{r

o
oo
t
II

t+
-

-T
=
-

GI
qt

q'
6CFFF

q1r1146?
lqfis R R- EGre,
ct ql{qrg {r<r+q,Er{ t cfi(4ql,!a

t{sF ('11-qk{- wv QTgqtqFl{crqt

E{q{ cs.g{. cffire-{?
rqg{ ('lGfur, \'tr{cf(4srrqqg| {srt
q<

'fitflE{

EtFr EF q 4el { l

fiN fr <rq*stql,et
cc$f ff{ {r{ | Cel({{rfrs,e|-Tsfu,ql
qaqqFI
m.RA{T{s, {tF frRqr sE,e
c"t q1fr A?r,4Froq'{ qE, q{t rRl qftr
c<ffi?
T{$F dqclqfr+ qfromqR+[TsFq-d]sttfF
yr rlt
eroFFqt q{ sstrlrE(<lrq5

q,

Eq"gcs'lCq ?qs<qc4,ql qtrd FRett

cq qd{q { F ERtql {fr-{ qcq.cq
ftr"tdF 6sfl qnq{, sRqlfiR clfuJ vim{
luRqqF (qts 1TI
qrr<l-r*cqFr4{ l {frq[eF 4r qnrp qt6n I
q'
(t{ -q*q qvt q{ 6{.lr* fr s1t{41"8'rfi{?
qlqFsrElq{ md{qsR ivr64 q{m qFF(EFlqFffi
sr{{l'de,<iqtclfuI qrd"RGvF I
qH
E(<qqnqc.t'I"ast $ q4r - frE TEl{
qflqt9-{.lsl

ffi lr-qq rdRt{F 'm{ 'qirlr{++:r I

sFEq{<qr'{rc Dca,fi-ffi crg { rql'ifi rs
sl 6a1r
qn qt r *vn,arr rq({qtwtd qR sfu Rt I
qll cqt.tsfu
'ts $sr rqric.ls srrfi
C6JFF

+vr*wq6nmtwc<
r

q"|fi qFR sfis q{flqrfi?

cnftq
zg qtz{ifl rqt'tfi qrt6s qRt{ {rd,
<{(sl 4lTCrd!tr{,{4l !|q9 qFrE, q{<t \{tc
efFt 'R s c{E - 6!TFrro( 'l< r< ?
cr{rF 6'$qersf<4 !n ?|qgFtTR,'tr qll 9"FIR
fcalcrqqm?
q4 ql ,4?FlFtr cfr - <R.{rE tqt"l
q$r$
"tE It4
,flr{ frrq, ql cqBtlrtF |
qc, q'jF
'tR, DFFI
Ir c{Fl(lrls sq q fir qlr{t E.TFqtrqlF
s 9|lRr
cs! 6't tqfi ?j{vB clstq |
qPt F v qg, q" qR orcrqr cqF'l r sFs r

c'fr {l{. {l{. ql-r tt

v1 es q{q T Iq c.F{d

ql9-q"Mto"fil

clf

cq frRfrgrq "fgd -sEcr{frEI

qHfi qt"fdF Er sR ?
6q{s fr.r-rrq* qc<rqqF qr*+ ftc?85 | ql sfs c
qd{R Er{ tqtctdfr c{cfi ?
en-:r,qt+<ctzat
cM {a$htq{fi a&fi c{f{ qfr q4{ ,sq(s
|
aEt|Erl+tsLq"191scD?{<t<
qr"m<
srfit "l't6<.s :
rqrr q'.n ofr
Translationand notes

5r{ I

qrs 4( rq1R\ qB st q9l Ss tqt t

Wlt6r

q{ tqr.rqsfu
f{sFtR-tI{,qfu$R
q|[r
s"r<c<
"1s1,
|
qt'tR ffi
sl rts{ I st-{.qqr RigQ(gq{<lr
*t(g nlrfl r
cfl&i rqq{+Rftq<

+rstqtqtqfrzg

'it;F |

q"t tfrE{tetcstffiffi(qr
cqtFF Aq .ctfirqdq$kfrstaEl?
qPtt{ sq q fiasrE<, sr{ cFrr {c <liErF
r(q Efit:wrq, ql"lfi cffcsr c{qFs fs
q1-RIq6-{ q{{ fi F rst q$tqsi |qt
qqgfi1,{s $rffisffiqd{tnqs
- dsFs
qH

6s, q<qfi{fu -

ls this you own book?'

Ys.my own book of Poems.
Whndid the book come out?
Abo a yearago.
Lots o copies havesold, I hop?b
I can't say tht, b whenthe book cameout I got a prizeandthatwas hlpin sellingthebook.c
Youmeanyou recivedplntyof praise?
Writ I got enoughpraise,but th praiseof critics and lhe
approvlo readeF ar not the samething
What kind ot ooemsar in th book?
Wrlte Lots of kinds, Love poms,poemsabout Nature,and
(poms)basedon love o (one's)cou.try - that is to s
some politicalpomstoo are n it.
Havethese bn pdntedfor the irst time in this book, or
hav6they come out beoreanywhreels?
W.iter A lew wee publishedfirst in monthlymagazinesand a few
in other paprc;most of th rst of ihe poemsare new.
Will you be ableto redthe book? lf possibl,I would like
to bring out my poemsin Englishtranslation.oOur problsm
is that hadlyany (peopl)abrcad know Bengali,so our
liteatur6mainsunknownto them,
Not totally unknownlLots of peopleknow Rabindranth's

GFFF

(q{-{

crr{rF qt{ 4q(4. q,Frt* vfctlearl r{q*rad r\51'3"fgl

Err+t"tryQl

You
Witer
Yo
Write
You
Writsr

Apartfrom Rbindranathca they nameother writas?

Astully(thele is) a grat lack of good iranslations.lf there

wee moe good anslations like nglishtrnsl4ions of

Russian,Bengalilileraturewould be better known.
You
I've heardthough (that)in Bangldeshpoety is vry
popular- but it's surelyvery had to trnsltpoetry
Wltr That's ight. Thosewho can do (t) are very fw in numbr.
lf (you)went to translatepoetry,you haveto be a pot
youl Do you writ poetrythe{?
You
M? | wrote {it) at one time. But I donl wdt postry any
morethsedays. In my country $hereare)very ew
readGof poetry (lt's)impossibleto hold po6trylunctions
thras in thb counw.
Witer Wouldyou like to translatmy poms?
I cant allon my own.l you helpme,perhapsl'll be able
to. lf (l) had daft li6t, the translationculd be done
btt - could lt be don in that way?
Witer Verywell. Let m then do a draft,r(and)lat meetyou
again,shalll?
You
l'm not stayingin Dhakanow - ('m) in Baisal. lf you snd
me th drfts, l'll look (at them)and keep (them).Lter,
whn I comto Dhka,I shall get in touch with you, bdng
the hanslation,and we cn discrj$ ()thnWrlter Fine.I shallbe very grateful.
You
Apan rom Bngalipoms,what else do you wdte?Shon
storis?ssays?
Wrtr I somtimeswrjte essys,tor journals.I us6dto writ
Englishpomstoo, but (thatwas)long ago.
You
Youusedlo wrts Engllshpomsl In that case you can do
your own translatlos!
Wrt Not at ell. A poet cannol t|anslateher own poems.
You
But Rabindranathusd to do s)himsl.
Urltr A|e Rabindranath'sow translationsgood?
You
His langu96ls Indda little o-of-date, b . . .
Wtlt lf you compare(them)with th6 origlnalBngll,you will
stht lhre ae lots of gaps. Oft6n he ha6n'ttrnslated
th6 whol6pom.And moreoverhe translatedonly on
kind of pom- mainlysong(s).
You
Maybe.I should sad morof his poems.l've onv red
ore or lwo,
Writor l you r6admor6,you'll like them. (And)you ought to rad
Nazrulbpo6ms,and Jasimuddin. . .
Yo!
Stop, stop,lhat's enough!Bngellis not an easylanguagel
I csn only readslowly.
Wlt lf you rad some Bengalieveryday it'lt com all rlght.
You
Youthink so?

Wrltr
You
Wtiler

Certsinly.You'veaheadyleamt a lot. ln fw months,you

won't hsve any ouble at all. Will you tak my book?
Thnkyou. l'll try to redone or two of lh posmsach
night beor6| go to bd.
I hope you will lik thm. Good niglls

tLit.

rout oua tutittd book: rbe vqbal no krh. is ud s an dietie. s*

23, pp.167-8).
.Unit
trbiqi bn mtu to sel4 tltsl ht<'y. rere to b soLL
cLit. Ia thdt i" sellifls the book hlq u6. 6 n prcm rcniiv t o thdt and
^
is cojfuoDr rsd to reer io a previos srtmdt.
He ir hs harive ase
endig -t. TIE phrue relly iope.soml construon, as m.r could be
db'r kr: to da oar. br is short for brhn or b.ir
/o,rsidzl which, rirh e
IGarve rnds. .n J$ b ed a porponon - b.ir b,n- outstd. th.
il,.rb6

(.(d!an) ar which pGms e rir4 lpeaig sivm nd songs a

sus re vdy popular i Bnsldeshand ttncr larse audien@.
ftct p.rsn i6peFtive, Let a l . , , Sfr Vtrb tabld pp. 21+15.
sBo\ hryb.d (rbk yu) ndJlbhdl Good ,tstt) ee Anslicisns, nor
rdlly natural Bnsli: but in convcsriors a foreisrer they can be
pprop,'e.rnd ous} wesru innMe rheyr b<onis moE lonuon
dons the yornger snetion. I ).ou frI tLe ne.d to ray T,Jdnk !or, don't he
,Jrid to @ the Enslish words.

Note e triple coniunctin the spellinsof ltfiF

=.

:I + t +

Grammar
1 Conditionalparticiple
In Unt 20 you learnt bout the Bengali pst participle. Thee is
nother vey impotant participle, the conditional participle,
which is used where Enslish would use a subordinate clause
headedby'if'or'when'. To orm it, simply take the infinitive
(seeUnit 18, p. 108) and chngethe -t endingto -le:
tr
krle
dak
delhle
on
Junle
lekha
likhle
rakha
rakhl
lhaoya
*hele
dhoy
dhule
nroya
hle
doy
dile

There re two exceptionsto theseforms: the conditional panici

ple ot asa (to cone) is ele (although n Bangadesha5eis common), and the conditional prticiple for yaoya /to go,)is gele.
watch out for compound verbs in the conditional fom: pathlye
dlle, for example, consistsof the paniciple of the 'extended' verb
palhano (seeUnit 25, pp. 192-5) and the conditionalparticipe

th tense in th main cluse. The habitual Dast tense is esily

formed by taking e simplepasrrenselami irlam. tumi rli,
etc.) and changing the I to t - with e exception ofyoy, whi
goesmi yetam, tuml tte, etc.,not 'ami getam'.The secondof
the two sentencesabove (rd possibly the fust) would therefore
be translated as:
5 el aml tam.

To construct complex conditionl sentencesi Bengali, the conjuncrionydi trf is used.and thrs wrll be erplarnedrn Unit 25.
Simpleconditionarntences male useo rhecondirionalparriciple. For present or future conditions, the present or ute tense
is usedn the 'main' clause.The subjectofthe two clausesneed
I shallgo if be/shecomes.
se efe ami yab,
If a flood occurs,tbe
brya hfe ghrFbad {ube
house(s)ae inundated.
tay.
If it ,s the same, it can be left ot o the conditional clause, or
even both clausesi the context is clea:
prbay pas krle (ami)
ntun saikel pab.

If (I) pa's tbe exam (I) sbll

get (be gtuen) a nelt bic.ycle.

Impersonal constructions cn be mde conditional by putting

e verb in its cordition forml
bagatir rsukh krl kothay Ifthe child s ill ubere
uill (yot!) get a do.tar?
4a!!ar pabe?
In all the above sentences,'when'$/ould be jst as good a translation of the prticiple as 'i'.
n English there are two rther types of condition:
If be cameI uo ld go.
If be had..omeI tuouldhare gone,
The first o ese can often be treated in Bengal *s a tuture condition {'I he comes I will go'); but if the meaning is truly 'hypothe habitual past tense (see nxt
thetical', then
section) which lso has a 'subjunctive' role. The habitual past
tense would have to be used Jo the second sentenceabov,
which s hypotheticl statement reerring to past. H}?oetical conditions in Beneali can erefore reer eier to th
past or to the future, depending on e context.
If a conditional DaniciDle is used rather an a clause headed
by ydi, 'h,"theticl' nature of e condition is indicated by

If e condition is negative, na comes belore the parriciple (cf.

the negative wi the past prticiple - Unit 20, p. 137):

pIhay pa5n krl,tumi If (you) d.on't pass tbe

!iklpbn.
exam, yol tLtll not get a
o rag na krleami ok
lichu takaditam.

biqtcle.
If helshehadn't got aflgry
I would have given himlher
sorfle tfiofiq|

2 Habitualpasttense
The oer tunction of the hbitual pst tnseis (as its name suggests)to xpresspast actions or eventsthat hppnedhabitually
or regularly. It is thus equivalent to English 1 rcel to lve . , , , She
sed to si:ng. . . , etc. ln English, however, the simple pst tense
is ofien usedfor pa.t habits:
When I lind n Pans I ate in restaadnts etery day.
In Bengali, you must use the habitual pst teme in such sentncs.Often it is used where ,sed ro woud not be appropriate
in English:
chefebafaymi iqrjk tha

bltprtmna.
amiiantmnal

Ico dnl speakEnglshas a

ch4.
I d.idnx knou (that)!

s indicated in the pevious section, the forms of the habitual

pst can be easily constructed rom the simple past, by changing
Itot:
lf,r

amiktam
tumi k
sekrto
apni/tnikrten

dkha
Jona
lekha
rakha
khaoy
dhoya
hroy

t
miJuntam
ami likhtam
ami akhtm
amikhtam
amidhutam
amihtam
amiditam

s with e simple past, spellings wi ierent vowel in the

third person (F) are common, especially with vowel: stems ht, kht, tc.

Midn
Plnstium
4 Jagu Babu's
Bazar
Ashuiosh
Collsge
I Kall Templo
7 Rabindra
Saobar
Golf Club

3 Ned
Need in Bngali can be expressedby an idiomtc use of laga:
na, amar rikja fagbna.

bilttte rnektaka
l9.

No, I lron't needa cLsha&,

To go to England yoa need a
lot ofmoney.

But the word rkar need, ne.essity) \s also conmonly used, in

an impersonal construction: possessive.f nour/verbal noun in
possessivec:$e + drrlar. Pst, futue and negative are achievd
i the samwy s vri ucit (seeUnit 19, p. 120):
amaderarc tkr df,rka.
qgi bekaf-srkaf
asar drrkar hf,be.
baDfad+ amader mota
poJakp)bar* d)rkar
chiln.

We needmore moray.
The taiciuill naedto cofte
ury early,
In Bangladeshwe didn't need
to ueat thick clotles.

In colloquial speechthe possessiveending is often dropped:

tomar akbar bhisa-apise

You'll haueto ,flakea usit

Yaoyadrrka..
.Note this vrint of the vrbal nou in the possessive@s: p.b..

i6led of

Exercises
1 a On page 183 ere is a map of central Kolkt, rvith the
metro railway and its stations clearly marked. Fill in e gaps
in the following sentencesby reding informtion off the map.
They are al about what you will seeor find if you get off t
pa4icular metro stops, so they all contin e conditional participe {t{fd.

Exmple:
9 {c (fd {l(q 'Efl |
_rrq,
qftr{(s f{rq, 9 t{ (ts Ffq"fr<{
| {aE, s-Afr-i ffi a61q1-qas
'fn I
qrl{lTr
r4,
q-cr srs 4Tc+lI
\ _
e _
sRFleE
lrE,
cFc{qtqrfi i
8 _
4lrc, q[s(r c{tu-'itGF|
r|{s FfF cqrs itmqI
a -16q,
s rFrcq,aE-{clcd rEq cR[r qffF "fllT{ |
q _
FtF, qryNl{ sFrsi cq'rfF({(s 1-(l4|
r _{lrF,
T{{Fnq 'lcr{ |

b Now pretend that you have made the shopping list below
Sayor write ir tullwharyou needro buy.You can sea varieq
of need or obligaton construoions: hints i English
s to which one to use are given longsid each item. It is
no ncessary_ro
keep repearingrhe rsr per.on pronoun
{[.{/ql.|{fil. lxmpre:

viii

h.
ER) 6 qtrtr<|

xii
xii
xiv

'?q
c45r

a-B?'FPrgfuB"
ft* a: qels
qq

rvi

T-fJ ?

.:FkR;ri

gr t

'.vni
xix
(ned)
(I .'ot"t needslue.)
(If I f.nd.' sone good
mangoes,I'll buy

?F

if
wq?
@!
";...p"'rg,,'ro-p(\glFffi ).
q{

to hd

is oftm u.d

in,td

o GFI ro ,y) in .omection with

.usrttrl.

dTo emlhsise lhe oblisarion onstruction, add the enphadc

!

to the

2 Bengali participles, nd especially the conditional pniciple,

make for extme concision, as does the useof ucit or drrkar.
Seeif you can translate the folowing three or four word sentencesinto nglish, You will oten have to supply pronouns,
and most of the sentenceswlll be ambiguous in terms o the
sex or number of people reerred to (helshe,I/we, etc.). \ol
will be surprised at how many English words you will need
compared to the Bengali:
i o le khabe?
ii ota dile Yab.

b$i hleesona.
rsukh hye mara gachn.
okhanegelepab.
beJi dam diy linbenn.
p)re krle bhalo h)b.
ota brla ucit.
agelhl bhaloht.
deri hychil,tai iaini.
Ibithakle nitam.
am mii hle khab.
rag bra ucit nry.
iji-ceyarbsekhab.
ota kine khuJihini.
d uthlechadeto.
drka hle asbo.
okhaneyaoyarki d)rkar?
takalagbena.
okhanegiye paini.

Conversation
Sooner or ater, people in Bngldeshnd \Fest Bngl will sk
you where and how and why you learnt Bengali. I you learn to
tpeak it well, you may even 6nd yourself being intervlewed by a
iournlist! Obviousy each learner will have a different story
and th Convsation below may not fit your caseat all. But if
you have worked through al the units so fag you should be
rcadv now to answer ouestions s wel as sk thm.

<F qT6F?

,frR(qtftc1l
asafla
ftnrcq ?

qfr aaE{ m rq Fllt .TeachyourselfBengali,

o
qt
I

=
II

GI

o
5

GI
gt
I
II

<KEtrSzrEF lrnq(m.qr{q{t cErqfi

,4"m
cTfiq{ Tr qr1frR r - E-c<
qfmqno fi:trs qcl
qt F.lR61.rle efcq
{,4 cr i rEcrslTq{-mfi E.s cq E|{"t
$ ql'il elccF
{< .lE - frcta qc<*. +, vl]r qqg i qK s, q<(s q-:rb-,s{[s adFF qlfr
qilrnvtq sr T{cs
'l{
qFK|
th'{d(\9I'Rfu
4i to${q:r<
Qinfi
'FFfl.]-d\3Y-{ r i

13,e'Frr vl@trq qt6R Iq'trcn[ {Rt

qcq,rq{c]q 6{.1 rql qr fiR r. {fi
rfrc.I+zrr
cr{tfi ql"lfi q1 Cq { rs {tFl 'qnoqtr*q?isorq
ql (qlel, qq q 1ri{ stq
q

ct

'sfuE4|

rnawsFtqqt qqcqsrrs
rqc{s qq
"1-{l
q
qqfts
fqr
fi cmT,6jF rr(9-F
q1
st qtd qf6s,eFql (vsr
E{ rEL<:l

v1ftr qr+r
ct({tfra qi'<"'sllfur'ir-sq?

q'l

R{tfu
\c,

c(tfu
wFr

ctt{lfu

qr4

rF s tqtfr 6ffir {rnr-{ll3r"l& rE"lqfi

-fit q<664q "sl.ocE Rl
qt"fdrr+rE eFlfe?
cqt <t&rest , el r<R qFflr+rF
qt{rsrfitqt ctq{lsF sR R I
,l@ riFR |
s+tr'6* cn ql vlzR rq-<
q{t g.FI YE CGfi$ GI Cqr

c{.rqrfia qarlalffi $+ fcE, q'Fl

q@qr fis{{t LclqlTd
'l6s E{ r
!qq{ rqls1t { +Ft rqtqll qrrsr c4{
"lG "l14r
qrnlF 1S1 tqt$* {r\5
q{n Q(9-{ 64{fd C5?

cEqcstqsF qr+ r+nr qfi Fm 6fi

'{ff{ - qtR qtv <R cvn6 Tlrq,srccsl
"1915c5R{ rfr* 'iVN 'm{F I
qqrc qltm a+f G fr{rv qn r{frqlF
,st 6{"te 'iRqt,ql"1fi cqc"I
ftcv
q:triF?

r
rqlfr t{ rtRq<rqq ++qtqc+q
q
q"t
ctg4rRftT I frqlfter664'cqqrt
qfi qf(q \fl slr4s.s'ttfifi i q{({
"m1rot"fruc"fr&,qq6t,a"tE qt'{at(q
-qBElfir
c({ff{ fr qt$ro 'fl,vt<q q 1frtclcn<tsr<
q.q rt[w ftqElFvt{t lr{-rtnl ?F
-]F
q[t rqD{,ql'l {ts fr(nt crr.Eq?
qtfi
cq
cqqfc{ fr \{ cqrtr{stprt csrtcqr
qr
{flr so<fr6.1e"icsrcfu cfr<E
r$t
c{E<qrc{ cffF{s errR c{{
"e1pcqt-:r'r
a q q FFIFq{q 6{|{.fu{ |
xt({tfu sRqlRre(<W$iF c,tTrsrr
qPt
?iaff qs$R6s k rqrrR-{Sqnl cq'lrs

ffi{

R.@ 'i'rfi tqE,{G fr{ vRlr {R-q'{R{

{irs q"lr q"4lR!s fr ?6TFfrs cclrsrqq ql
c+nft-+ccl(sT{?
q1
eFllr-IsrEsrflDtwd.RugqirlF 1rfi
ERsiITf{.t Ffi {T{ - fu '4 fur +r
qrqqo.reffqtqt.T{
qffi
ffi
stoFirlr{le rEr{ Kqttrsj irqm m
1R,lF -?rq qa.Fdrffilrx+cur{ Eqn
<E q"f4t R-lE.tqr+l r{fr qlq{ q+i q{
Rt{ q{| fiR, cT{qrqr q {R6s "fR{ qF6 s1q q*,
6"iq<.t{ft" |
"*
q({l{ c* rqrq
"Es cr4 ff tq.lr cstsr
qftR? El 4lRlq|GI ?

qFfi

q({t
qF

I{fu N

arq En(gl lrFls qrd-f?l T{|(9-'lTff I

qEq,Er{ n<KEtqttrf | ,qfir qllr 4R-{1T

Rrs freqEqlr| |E{''iFq{4 st,{ <trf

Rcr{r

fiLTqlT{ ql srq-{fiR cF{r

*1,sp<q 1qF fiffii Etsr
FtTli-cr<.ql -:sn
q"t{lR<r(qqrFlft{c I

Translationand notes
Do you know Bengali?
Yes,I have lerntsome Bengali.
Wheredid you larn(it)?
First I leamt by myself,using Teachyoutsdf Bengali.
Thenby comlngto this countryand mixingwith
various(sortsof people, I've impovda bit moreabut I've still got a lot moreto len,
Journllst You pronunciationis very good.
No, no not at all, Thereaie one or two consonats
which are vry difficultor me to pronouncespecially
rJ, pb,lo, etc.-also lstillcan't hrthe
differencewell betwndr and 4), tr and tr.
Journalist Wecnt saythe Engllsh'th'. And we make
grammticalmastakes,
too,
You
No, you know nglishvery wll.Youhavthe
advantage(that)you learnEnglishat school-| have
strtdto learnBengalialittlelat.
Joumlist
You
Joumalist
You

Jouneli3t Can you read Bflgalioasllyor wilh diiculhf now?

YesterdayI saw (that)you were readinga Bengal

Jounelist
Jounallst
You

Joumeliat

Journalist

Joumallst

Journelist

Jounallst

I can't rada newspaperesily.Thae lols of

complictedpoliticaland economicwords, Mich I
ind hardto Orasp.But when I hav knowledgeo the
subjct,I don haveso much dicufty.o
Haveyou ead Bengalilitraturo?
books.NowI
Verylittl.lsomtimsr6adchildrn's
am trying to ad Rabindranath'sletters. :
ls anyotachingyou?
The pantsof the fdend whose houseI'm styingin
hlp me a lot. I write a diary in Bengalievryday.At
brcakastI rdout the diryto thom. They corect
(fo m).
my language-mistakes
Good.One day pesps if you publishthe diary,we'll
becomeacquaintdwith your xpedencesanct
ideas.
And my
lmpossibletMy
Bongaliis verychildish.
handwtingis very bad.
(lt's)much clearerthan my handwiting.My
handwitlngis quite illegible.YestedsyI was writing a
lottor in Bengali:my seven-yea-olddaughtrcame up
and was trying to read il. Sho couldn't read
anhing!
I've got to writ a lttrtoday. l | makea rough
ve|sion,willyoub ablsto lookat it or me?s
l'll b delight6d.
Whenwillyoucome?
Certainly.
At about hatf-oastnve.hAnd in Eabidranath'sltt6rs
the one or two bits that I couldn't understand
wll. I'v ound th wods in the dictionry but the
moanngis stilt not clearto me.i
lf I cn undrstand{them),then l'll xplain(themto
you). B or us too Rabindanath'slanguageis
sometimsvey had. \ /ll now' haveyou seen(any)
Bngslifilms?
I havsnStyaiitRaybilms. I likedthem ver,
much.Th6 film that made a soecialimoessionon
6e w6 The Woldo Apu. Atr singthat film at
the age of 16 maybe| eft an agsrnssto lean
Bengalj.
Really!B could you undrstandthe film?
Theewere Englihsubtitls.Now | could see lhe
film again,prhpsI could understandquite a lot of
th Bngali,too.

Journlist

Yo!

Joumallst
you

O.courseyou could. OK, now that you have lernt

Bengali,what do you think aboutthe pros and cons of
the language?In what way (is it) easy,and in what way
is it ditrcult?
Whn(you)start to larn it is very dicult to
ponounc6nd wdt th6 languago.Th grInmris
not so hard- tho v6bs espcillygulrnd
easy,not like Englishor Grmanlrrgularverbs.B
the rulesor word-orderin Bengalisentencesare very
had - the completeoppositeof English.he hadest
matterof all is your vast vocabulary lf we lean
anotherEuropeanlanguage,we find we arefamilia
with manywods there- thereae only trivial
diffrences.in thk Dronunciationand formi
Thatb right.kLlke Hindlfor us. Do you havchild6n?
Doihey knowBengll?
I do have(children),but they donl know Bengali.One
day l'll come with my wholfamily.Peftaps then they
willleama littleBengali.
Do bfing(them).l'll teachthemfor you.
Good,that's a deal. (Iey)'ll neverbe {taught)by
me myself- perhapsin preference(they)'llleam fom

rNotice t klchu 6ole) .n tat adcle

-b - 6ldilly when'!n.otble'
quaties d. involved. rryr (a ftu), ).e* (a lot)
tlJ:ant\ (a lttle) .
^d ued wi djdiv ^lso
take 1. the satr way. khrni*tr is lso comonly
ro
mer '1\. nodffirely {e.s.,hnih. bn- [aib sood .
h . l t a n e n p h a u c o m o n . w n n e n w h F{t{* e p p .2 - l
2 ,. l r co u j d /l so
seepp. 105-6).
be writtn q[q (.e. wid, q + qtgthe - n idiomati. ue o e past pai.iple of e verb tt.L, whi.h basilly
@s to tor.h b h.rc nes ,o hsitate ot be " dlt@t r.
dNotice rhe very coMon pair of conjuctions
Lhn . - . E*6n (tuhen . . .
t r./. Th se is alw.ys e sane in both clu*s, like conditioml sdtetuei Whd h.oe,I tuiI tel,t would beyrrhn t. 8b., blhn hi ok
Notia this idiomaric useof oth /to 6el.
\5a (sntip.): .d fot n n4oes,ec. as wel s itr s sor of wy.
sNotie hde (and elwhqe in the Corvmation) .he use of doya to dlrss
sonething done for soheon lse (se Unit 23, pp. 16+70).
pd rk. U\e dike, )ou rrc."xpre$,narn Jppro!'Lit. n he dne.to" ol hol
prry if you @ giving thc approri@te iime. Lt. bal.? pEy
mt lpoinddt,
p'. 6vhat tie k i? Abdt f"..)
i.mtr kch
coa'
lPJtl hryni. Lii 'to he .leat it has "ot beMc (inlrsol
jFor c spelinc of lp
//om, dy, tuntul) seeNotl 29, p.272.
!.JoFF verycomo
e oj (h demonrau\ e p,onouq ro e\pe\\
'domr'<
s!emdt with wht snon hs jNt sid.

Grammar

If the unextended verb is intrnsitive (i.e. it cannot take an object), the extended form ll be transtive. Thus:

1 Past continuoustense
This is the last Bgali tensethat you have to leam. It is eqvafent ro fngfisb I was wtltflq, He L'ai t{/rif'"8. etc.. but it is no
of e tenas frequenin Bengal as h nglish.perhapsbecause
dency to slip into the present when describing Pst events. A
Benqali
esoeciallvwhen he or shewanrsro be vivid and
'oeake!.
imrn"ediaie,
wjll ofien prterthe prerentcontiruous to rhe prsr
.
continuous.
It is easyto om. simply tte the pesentcontinuous (seeUnit 21,
pp. 143-4,. and insredo lhe <hl/ch/che/chen endingsadd
:chilam/chile/chll/chilen- whicb is the sameas rhe past ten'e
o ch-. Thus e Dastcontinuous o bn would be:
1
2 IN
3 IR
2&3 Pl

amikrchilm
tumi krchil
5 krchll (or kchilo)
apni/tlnl krchilen

The other verb types can be formed ia the sameway. The vowel
sems wouJdgo anildugtrllm. ami dhulglilm. ami h![ilam.
a|t dlcdrihm (and dniF!lllam or Jarya).

2 Extendedves
Several'extended' verbs have occured in the Cotrversatiom in
this and pevious units, but so r all e vrbal Frdigms given
have been formed on monosyllbic stems. Many Bengali verbs
cn, howeve4 be extended, usually with the vowl -., thereby
acquidng a ceusative meaning. The verbl noun then ends in
-ano lor -an).Thus:
Jkha
prt

lo leam
to ead

tkhano
Pflano

to.atase lo leam
to edusto fead

(Both these verbs mea to teach, lkhano being vsed for a crat
or skill, p:tano or more academcthings.)
kra
boiha

to do
to andersuhd

k)mno
bolhano

to causeto do, haue

to causeto andersbhA,

bher
bhqhno
bh).a
bhrrno

to get uet, s j,a l,pIgulo bhieche (The lothes

ha e got uet,)
to uet, moisten, soa, s in ca-pata bhiychl
(I haue soaked the tea leaves.)
tofr up urth,as n anarpet bhrcheM]
stomach is full.J
to frl, as in ami gttla bhrlyechi (I ha flled
the hole.)

Extended participles are often contracted to thei uno.tended

form in colloquial Bengali, espcillywhen combined with other
veDsm compounos:
afotajyef deb?
ode p6chediye eso

Sha I tum onthe lightl

Seetlem (home),

jyefe should really bejyaliy, and pche, from pchano (to arriael should really be pchiye.
Someextended verbs only occur h an extended form and carry
no caustive mening. pchno is onet dFno (to stand., tait)
is another. Someextended verbs can be erctendedwi the vowel
-- (or -o insteadof -a-. Thus we havese ghumSgLe(hekhe
is sleeping) iste d of ghum.ggle; s dol6..he (helshe is
rurrnng) instead of doF!g!e. Dictionades, howeveq list
all extendedverbs with e -ano ending, not -no, in vrba
s the stem of extenddverbs is extendedwith a-. thev all coniuglelike khaoyaexceprfor e infiniive.pan'crplesand tenses
formed on the past partcple. Thus or k ano and all extended
verbs the forms re:
Verbal roun
Infnitiv
heselrt

1
2 [R
3 lFl
2&3 lPl

Present
coatinuos

1
2
3
2&3

k rate

to .!t*se to do

ami krrai
tumi krrao
se kray
apni/tini k5ran

I causeto d.o,et..

ami krraq[i

I an caasi?tgto d.o,
etc.

IFI tumi krralg[

Fl se Krralle
IP] apni/tini krrag[en

Frture

'1
2
3
2&3

IR
IB
tPl

ami krabo
tumi krabe

I shall c,ttse to d.o,

Ifl
IR
IPI

Hbitual psr 1
2 [F]
,.3
[
2&3 lPl

tumi krral
se krral
apni/tinibraln

Perfect

I usedto use to do,

tumi k)ate
te krrat
apni/tini krraten

kriy

bauing caused.to do

ami kiyechi

I havecausedto do,
etc.

2IA
tum kriyech
3 IFI s kriyeche
24 3 IP I apn/tini
kryechn

Pastprect 1
2 lF)
3IR
2 &3 [P ]

kriychilam
tum kriychile
s kiyechil
apni/tini
kryechilen

I causedto do,
etc.

1
Past
conrinuous 2 [Fl
3 IFI
2 &3 lPl

ami krragllam
tumi krralqlile
se krragbil
apni/tini
kr.acchilen

I uas .aasingto do,

et..

Vowel stem verbs add -oya rathe than -a-: ths khaoya becomes
khaoy^to (to auseto eat, to feed).'lhe p^s participles or all extended verbs end in -iy, but notce the vowel chnges in the

f,ano
dkhano
Joano
Iekhano
dfdno
khaoyano

kriye
dekhie
Juniye
Jkhiy
dtiy
khaiy

dhuyty
ll]e

o ydi

Conditional participle brale

Psrparticiple

*Extended form of th veb l.oya, which is a rather ormal and

achaic altentive for neoy.. Seenote 20 on p. 271
For extended verb imperativs, seep. 218.

apni/tini krraben

Simple past

1
2
3
2&3

dhoyano
boyano*

ln the last chapter you learnt about the conditional paticiple

i -le. lhis paticipers very convenienifor shon condition
clauses,bur or loneer.nore complexonesn is often clearerto
usee coniuncrio;Vdi trl). The tenseot e verb in the tdl
clausewiU be oresenior prsentor tururecondirions,and habit
ul Dastfor 'hrloericl' condirions.Ihe'rnain'ctauseis generalfr'hadedb bbe or tahl, which neai"tbel o in rcnse'
dence lthese vr'ods can lso b used in sentencesusng the
onditional paniciple, but they re not so necessy):
If the bus comesI don't walk.
ydi bas a5etahf ami

hteYalna.
tdi ie aset b .mlYab. lf he/shecomest shallgo
If helshehad telthoned I
tdi o teliphonlto
u,ould haue beenPleased.
khtti
htam.
thleami

or lf helsbeu,ere to telePhone
I wouV be Pleased.
Note that in Benqali the conditionl clausenormally comes
before e main clause, but occasionally the order can be reverseds in Enejish./ ,ro l rcnei['t ruLscouldbe misbon
ydl bri hty, but ydi brl hty thle ami asbonawould be
Fo nesative conditions usineydi, n. should go before the veb,
in the sameway thar ir goesbeorerhe past panicipleand con(seeUn'r 20. p. lJ7 nd Unir 24. p. l8l:
dftionlprticiple
If be/shehadnot cote
di ae na asto trbe ami
I uould bave staYed.
thattam.
di r/iththe Darticle tacked on to it means although - in
which caseob becomestbu (neuertheless),
ydio khub brllichil, tbu Althoagh t uas tuningbdrd'
Ltet)erthelessenttheeamf okhane-lyechilan.
-o cn be addedto the conditionat partciple, with e sameefect:

r tla n. thaklo,uni
khui.

Although helshe bas no

'orrey, helshes ha2qy.

If you now complete the er.ercisesin this lrnit, you will have covered the main elementsof Bengali gramrnar. There tmains one
mportant area exemplifed in severalplacesin e Convestior
bov: reltive cluses,usingy, ta, yta, erc. (r{/, o, uhich, eldc.).
Thesewl be dealt $r'ith n Prt Tb-

Exercises

reluctanceby suppyingrhe right verb Lnrhe ordinary form

and in its erend ( cusative')form. Rememberrhar n s
often ppopriate to combine e extetrddvb l1,ith (lg.
F-lample:

ct16rlFsls {srfF tlt

q{(F,sc{rDR[l

l= l
tl

tl\t

I a^ lhe folJowingcondirionalsenrences
are consLrlcredwith
iwi . . . s{aqfgf<. Conve eachone inro senrenceusing
thecondrional
pamciplseeUnit 24,pp. 179-8tt.Youc
lea'e our the sEfa^5r{. Exampe: ''

'No rhis slishily igular condirio@lpicipl for e veb D1f r. .a"r).

SeeVerbt bls!p. 211-12.

VIDS I

ql'ifi ft q1trqfql + mc+,c<qfr +rq ffiF

,ieF |
b Vfr f' bffi qr. Erdqfr r{| |
ro rfr lr4fi ,41Q fi s.-T{,st{6{qt4fi qr;l q
cqo sEfi |
You will have noticed that fi can come beore or ater the
subject of its clause.
b The picrureson rhe ner rhreepagesshow vanous kirds
oFch'ldisheucrance.
Compleree senrence'thar expLainrhe

t!4J

ql'l rfrElr,e1'<rd
q { |
qr"lDRreqt {R I

lfr gc, Er{ qa sf, ("ftuaa.<

|
qt
aft s 6 fr{ret, st<cq t<sl{{ |
Vfi Wtzllns,s(< qftq|{ "tt',tqrsr
a csrdfr c{ft q 1,ERfi q$ {({l
qqftq8({1
c {fryv@n<atro, stqcdooF<
qtrl-*fr blsqfslst,Er q qrcrR-+m
u(dcqsnr
lfr m sfuft.].qEF
sa,vf{(EER strf cR@
fil

lre7l

) {l-s1{Rr cre-{c.i1F6a -.-............

Fl"trs-

cq,

frq5fl&(s
<ie 6l

qF[g

"RCe-

qrlrql I

8 r -lFcr
firl cslg-

CTtrGF

s _l

2 You areeqppednow to write your first continuouspieceo

Bengaliprose.Seei you can tum the following words ard
phrases
irto a sequence
of grammarica
senrences.
by givirg
the verbstheir correctforms.and rbe nouns:nd pronouns
their corct cses.The words that haveto be adjustedare
givenbetweenbrackets.To helpyou, a transationofe passageis suppliedbelow.

anl (Itr dJ)I'olt'be lbanladr)g,rn (.mi) harplagena.

(ra4a) mi luropTypoak (pra) kntu badte mi balal
potak (p)i) (bhalobasa).
atnl roi khtb (bhor) (oth).ca
(pkhl)
q.k{tona)a sliltodry ldrkh).
khaoya)ami
lkhaoya
t lhn lami) mnc gbhir bhab (.iaga),tar pr.e aml bi
lp)() bcilhi (l*ha).
grtkal (aml)bndhun)rn (asa)([ekphalu age,(se)aJ
(brchr) (ma)J! (s)khub bhbna(hroy).uni (bat)
(rytha) khub bhoga)ar (hta) (para)na. tachaF nrren
.kta ntun (mali) gh) (brano). kajtan|Jtf,d6k lkrr)
jll s Frtheglsrm:y (paoya)na. byek dln age akta
kl-boIJkhr
ih)t {otha)- ntun (ghr4a) r4llet Iet bra
chd(batar)(jhapt)utc(taoya),a&hnlse)abarJuru(krr.)
hrb- khllkhall
)nekgulltakanid (hroya).

a <Flrlcsasm
ct
'v115

rF{|

mne(hroyalami)khn (5e)klchutakdhrdoyauclt.
tat (5)ktulahaw' (h:oya).n)ren (aml)jll 9rnk
lbra).
"{+=1

I am a cold-coantry p*son, bat I don't fn the bea,pf Bengath

too bad. I uear Euro,edn dresstu the street, i in tle house
t loueto weat Bengali.lothes.I get up ueryea y erery day. I
drinh tea and listen ro the bi sonp and watth the sunrise.
Deep eelings audpe ift ny t'tud then, Nert 1 rcad a book or
Yesterdayny nend Narcn cane before brcakfast. He r uety
uorkd. abot his 8j-year-old. mothr. Sbe suffe tenibly
fon theutatic pain, and cannot u'alk. b1 addtion, Naren is
haung a new mud-house but. He doesn't gi eno"gh time to
look after the aork, A feu, days ago a kl-biskhi storn"
blelt ap: the half lnisbed rcof o the neto hose as bloran
ol{ by rhelorce ofthe wrnd. He will now haueto stai agah lnts of money has been uasted for nothng.
I think I should lend hm solt1e,xo/'ey. That way he uill be
helped a bit. Naren has done a lot fot
ifl th tast,
'ne
Lrthosh
hd beconerhne of rionstar,rrditiomllyit
'Baoeladesh'
ne4 c wtol Bdgli{peaking a(.
"These are frek orm thr hlow u! in ihe nonth of Bdr, (p. 2oa).

tt o
0)
-

f o
t
II

oo

rl

Numbers,dats,etc.
The Arabic numerals that are now used the world over actually
originted in India. The exercisesin Units 13-25 have already
shownyou that the Bengalifrguresor 1,2, 3,4, 5,6,7,8,9 and
0 rre:

(FF

60+
q'E

70+
.FIE

qrtn

qrFr&

ak

ktlli

aka!r

kaJ

kan!qi

<ffi

<Rts ffi

barlli

bhtsr biraj

dui

)e8gqbbo

80+

90+

ffi
binbbi

For rhe handwrinenforms.reer ro rhe dragram\on pp. xii-xi

ar e ronr of e book.

6ssG

RE

ffi

tin

tt[i

tiya!

ffi

tirll

tianbbl

The words for the numbers from 1 to 100 are as follows:

Elr

(ffi

car

coti

nlE

Ffift

1qs

10+
rtI<.
agar

zl R
<1!ldul bar
tin
4 DR

(\5!t.
tr

20+
4t
ekuJ

30+
,fir,t
akqit

<t fi
bail

bqii

6*t
teu

E
t!!i

40+
50+
,ft5f
@fr
kc!!U aka!!

r'{ <r{tr
biy.llit

baha!!

F-stfu dts

tt!!t

tiPga!!

cfrq. Dfr{ cfr.t nfu r|q

cuya!!l
cuya!!

coqq cq! co!!i

s {tD ,r<. {G.

pc pn pc

6q{
6l-q. qlfu Rt
cnry lol
chalu chrq

7 cls rs.
5at

$ter

siq[

ch)y

chertti

ls

lEfr

clslE?

ctEtff

cffi

5at

st5tti

satatt

stJi

satan!!l

qF

\rr

qts

qBl

altlli
dcg

attsr
ffi

:a

qbFt*.
atan!!i

R'ET

1ff

chlya chiyaJ

ffi

chlyn!qi

Eldt{

r'{

T;i

qlft

{&

(F

d{

$tsr

all

nbbi

ak-F

stc!![

satlq

atg

9T{
n)y

atc!! ataq

Eqfr',tqu.t E'lst

{{tD
ungl unc!! unpr&tuntat

'/G'.t Ffut 'st

p.t
b/kuri lru
c!!

.Abo wnrd wi o.qtfc,<tr,

(R

(q5,

chcIi chppnn

qbfu qFT{ qT

32-7 r lronoced

E{

un$Sr unaJi

tha athal

picanbbi

nty

q<. q{

10 irt

{DTR

'FFtr
p)!!a!!

qE
a

unl

{6-s< 'fDfi
ffi
"tE
pc p5yrlli p5ctsr pScaJ

p5ytalli

tqt.t rip.t lsD.t rlEt{

sata

cuJ

at
4

d{i 4q{

pty!

cuya!r

etc.

wi a doubling o e t ! u,

sF

rit

ffi

V'FFF{
unnbbl nlrnbbi

100. 200. erc.are qiFil, ,

erc. Rememberar rhe words
or one-and-a-hat[ and tw-and-a-hatf a:e (9 and qI|VR, so
150 and 250 are Cks. ndq1vRl{.

1000,2000,erc.are(FFdR, Etqt<, etc.

In the wholeof SouthAsia.lakhsandcroresareusedraer than
millionsand bllions:
1 lkh ISF IN o ErF)= 100.000
I crore{qs c{lG or relg) = 10,000,000
When writing such numbersin 6gures,commasare put after
two noughtsinsteado three: 7 lakhs would be 7,00,000nd
20 croreswouldbe20,00,00,000.

For the numbers+ defnite rticle, and rulesfor thir use,see

Unir l. pp. 83-4. Thenicleis ofiendroppedfrom verylarge

numuersiJ.c.
E"'F Gq qlqrcan+rflntOtE rrrrerlo""-

sand people hane ded in the eartlrquake).

Percntsesae expressedbylF{t:

.s. 10 per cent would be

EFlr{.
for fracrions. useCoI.{for a quaner,qF or a hal tas in. for example.q{ C6l - aff-an-how.but a half on its own would be
q(i1. &{ Crft for rl'rcp quadcs, W fot on"anda-ha.
qt$Rf or two-and-a-half. "ro exqness
fue-and-a-quaner, six-anda-balf. seten-and+hree-qrdlfsrs. etc.. .,\e the words qr. tltF
andffin thatareused;nreltinge iine rseeLJnjrI e.pp. i 8-tci.
Thee is a Snskritic serieso ordinal numbers. but onlv the 6rst
thee re used commonlv irl sDeech:

dq

frq
Yq
5V{
qrot

!ilR
t+
q$qFq
C{s
{c
Ti{{
?Dq

To referro a ve.l"l .houd be used:so tz i'rer would be

Frffitrq.

There is a Bengaliera which should be usedi you are using

Bengalimonths,beginning
in 593;so 1993is 1399or 1400dependingon whetheryou are re{eringto a time beoreor ater
April.
Thedaysof the weekare:

frst

thrd

qr
*tq

<R{R
cc1{<l

ffth

WFFI!

rsr
eichth

Above t ird the-possssivecaseof the ordinary numbers can be

used-DtGi, tl5i, etc.

l{{R
q-4<<

Dates,etc.

aFl
rFFI]!

There are special words or the frst our dayq of the mon:

cFri[.(se.on. @{.1 rthtlt. 1 ou4!t,sen'tIy flsr);

(FRI gtR. etc.
ea
used$.|rh\5tRFt idari:
'o Etrt,
From th sth to 18th usethe ordinay numberswith - rt!
@, l@, etc Fromrhe I crh ro rheI lr usee ordina;ynumq - gFlf, Ff. etc.
brs
''rth

H:il:tr

youc simpry
saylsF sl1, qq,

Septenberoctobet
Ocrober-Nouenber
Nouember-Decembet
December-lanumy
lanuary-February
February-March
Mar.h-April

S""day
Monday
faesday
Thutsday
Friday
Saturd^1y

For ir pronnciation and usage, and for the times of day

((Elr C{d, Sfd 6{d erc.),seeUnit 18, p. 113.
As regards weights and measures,older books on Bengai give
all rhe traditiorul term. o weighl but nowadaysmnric rerms
are u.ed. Heighr rs measuredby eet t$tr bur or body-weir
Llos are usd.Tnreeing to money,aon. FF - l6 trnsro
the rupe)ar still sometimesused:seeUnit 16, p. 81.

The Bengalimons are asollor*s:

?'rR

Aprl-May

Verbtables

lune-luly
luly-Ausust
August--Sepurnbe

In the following verb tables, transliterated forms are given only

when the script does not indicate the correct ponunciation
of the vowel. For e use of the 'very amitiar' tul forms, se
Unit 27, Note 8 {p. 223).

?qj (The I s not pronounced.)

qf{tr
qFR
Ete

qsr<
!scffiq
y cR/sr<(q

Consonntstems
,I
Verbalnotr

cr

Infnitive

GICg

krte

Presetrt

qfi

kri
kris
krr/bro

Erfi

p qir-<l
c{ <'rd
q{/ r{
P."""nt

"ootiouous

qlfr
Efifu
vqq/q<re

M $.Cq

qt4/fi Trdcc{
Pstperfect

qfivGr<

qfr sr<E1r

k chilam

!? sclRldl

y Tr.q

ccsrfui$<4
qffi/F
kchi

Pstcontiuous

3'6RTr
q<l{

krchilam

9? +l?rcr

fislaq
q{/q+cq
Futul

krchi

Ftr<lq(n
cqq/T<cd
q1fi/&fiq.s

kb/krbo

9a 9r

9{rq
Simple past

C SIG
q1/rfi
qEIv?.s|q

krlam

Verblnoun

cql

dkha

Innitive

filr(g
q fiF

dekhte

Pesent

ftRq
V cq"l/cr.("t

Erq

6 rffi/q{4|

q1fi/frfi <-cq{
qfiGs1nyR+
Vq+re

C Cq[?I

dekhi
dekhis
dakh/dkho
dakhe
dkhn

Preset continuous

qrfi/& cr1il
ql cq"l

Futre

ql crR/cq"t(<

dekhb/dekhbo

Sifiple pst

qtcnem

dekhlam

'ln we Bds,J.. vrnmdine,-{q nd-9 * Equenl)herdor e

fi6l pson of the,impleps ndhrbiilpsr hs6 oall\\.

Habitual pst

qfi C1g1I

dekhtam

C,ontional participle Ttf(a

Past participle
TC

Conditional participle Cq{FI

Psrparticiple
cqrrl

Hbitual past

ktam

c T;re/ffi(e
st'/G e{N{

krle
ke

dekhchi

dekhle
dkhe

Perfect

q cqcq

dekhf,hi

Pastpfect

qficrcq@m

dekhechilam

Past cortinuos

i{

dkhchilam

fi"|s{

Verbal roun

CFII

Infnitive

td5

Prsent

qrt
!t$c

Presentcontrnous

F c.fl/erfin
c{ c.ttr
q{/fi c.trr{{
E"F

Future

qS<^fqr<

Presentcontiluous

Ff cs/c4(?fi
cq cq(:l
q'l/ 6{cs
q"1

Futue

q1</'1r<

Simplepast

q'r-4

Hbitul pst

q "f,'l{

Conditional paniciple

ftEE

Prt paiciple

zs

Perfect

E K"{

Pastpeect

qfu=ls{

Pastcontinuous

qfr{EF

Simple past

w5m

I{bitual pst

qt "Frstr

Verbal noun

<{

Infnitive

'F1s

Pesent

PresetrtcontEuous

dlts
E(|R
Rq
v f"l/<ft"l
ca<fcr
q1/frfi i(q{
q{

Futule

ql <FR/Flr

Simpl psr

q<nqn

Hbitual psr

q1s|{

Coaditional participle
Pstpticiple
Peec1

q"Itr

Pst perfect

q,Fi1

Past continuous

qt.Idq1

Vel tron
Intuitive
Prcseft

c4.tl
F

qR

Rc

Conditional participle
Psi prticiple
Pefect
Past perect

rfad
ccr
q 6<r{

Perect

c?tr
Efi caIT

Pstpeec't

q cz{-qt

Pstparticiple

q cic{l-q{

qt{tkd{

qrFlqF
etc.

qftrf hasthe following variant foms (theregrla forms arealso

herd,especiallyin Bangladesh):
qfi,4ql
Sinple pst

{\e{t goesli}e rtft but has differentroot for the foJowing:

Simplepast

,a

F{ crq
c crE/cEE

Yq lldl

ps16
fi q/q(d

q'/,erli
Condirionalpticiple qrd

Verbal nou
Infiditive
Presetrt

q4/c'trfi
Conditional participle

c51"

Pastparticiple

c*
qffi

Perect

Vowelstems

qcfeF

or (tR

:l{
crlcs
qfir,

9ftlfu

E {|{

ccmrq

or (d{

q3

Fture

q {</"trt

Simple past

q CqE

Habitual past

ql clsl

Conditional participle

c{r4

9al/9lo
9ernor garen
gre

9echi
gechis

yft-E/tTrqt
or C.WCUq

p {f,e
cq1
c"fi/fi ?il
Prcret cootniros

geram
gela
gle

ot fiflR.

gch

or (f(E{

gchen

qt lfi/fi ftc{cqq
Pastpeec1

gch/gcho

qtffi41
o' CiE{

gechilm

differ rom the normal pattem asollorvs:

EE
hesent coDtitruous qfi ERR
-81&
etc.

Dl and {ll
hfritive

qfi ER/Dr{I

Simple pst
Hbitual pasr

ql DRdl{
qDREF

Presentcontinuous

q&.

hgrli

Future

q s</Er{l

h)b/hrbo

Simplep3t

qlq.qFI

hlam

qfr

htam

Pst continous

ERrq
q DEEI

Verbl noun

c{

Habirulpast

Infnitive

{F

hle

Pesetrt

eF

Conditionalpaticiple <fE

xs

Pst pticiple
Perfecr

hye
hyechi

c cs

Past pefec,t

q{tc.

Past cord ruous

Coditionl piciple

orDl41

V c$
q4/ c{
Pr$ent continuous
Fulu
Siple pst
Habitual pst
Conditional participle
Pst pticipl

q cnn/cqr<*c.
ffia6etc.
ffi1o1retc.

Verbal noun
Iofnitive

{re
c{

Perfe1

qK

Pst pee-t

ql r-'tq

Preset

ql{dl
,
Veb noun
Infirritive

qe{
q(s
qR

qr

V qo
ccq{

qH/{{

EC{

q<r
qlcc-qr
qfi&-"1

hychilam
hcchilam

crt
frrg

qfr
9fr
En

Presentcontinuous

fi cqr
q"/ cc-{
qtfiR

Future

\{ fi</cqr<l

dy

fr-

V cc.
hte

hi
hs
hry

Simplepst

qfr-dq

Hbitual past

qtfulr

'Note the vowl.he hd. The lsr lersn fom is somctiDes promced
(but nar writtn) 'dbo'; likewi* 'tp' or e fs! pe$on tute of n oy..

Codditiona participe
Pastpaticiple

.E

Q)

Perfect

qft-{

(E4fi)
( cc)

Pastlrefct

q1fi(-q{

P3tcotinous

qlfi-{{

ft{

ell

(FO

<Pt

G)
Q)

(q"r)

TK
SlF

( 6)

TIF?F

(ql)
Q)
Q)
(qq)

(cc)
(qt)
(9{)

ccR
firt
Cnr|/
CqC{
CnrI{
Cq{$

"i

c'lF{

kri
krf

Futur impeadve

TfiT

<r
krun
kruk

dethi
dth
dkh/
dkho
dkhun
dkhuk

GT(<;I

c{Rc
Rql
fiC1
(q:|(n

kris
kr/
kro
krben

dkhis
dkh/
dkho
dekhbn

T{rfi

fr{/

(qt'tfi)

11

?,r{{

(q)

(r)

t{

(p<,
Q)

6EFIC

fuq

<F

ilR

r/

6{/

+tr<q

<r.{l

(q"tfi)

6rqt

<{'

(({)

e conactedforn qFF, is lso

'virh 'rb {|{, whi.h coe like t{t
comonly hd. Se Note 17, p.224.
q{, to a(4) h6 a sp4ial veryfamili p6@t mpeFtveq (se Unit 29,
Note9,!-238),ndilsfamiliarin!ativeb(F/(!Jl'inthepr
ndturrc.

(q)
(9c) "tR
1

{c

{13
Q)
(E"t) l{

c1\3
ilr<{

(cc)

rIFF

(qt)
()

C{I

Q) c{ts
(qqfi) c{{

s/

cErt
cd/
c4crtr

&)

In ddition to the imperative forms given in Unit 19, pp. 121-3,

the 6rst personimperativelLet lne , , . lMay I . .. , seNot 14,
p. 224) is given, the 'very familia' tui orms (seN ote I, p. 223),
and the third person inpeati,rc (Let hirrlher . . . , seeNote 17,
p. 224). For the polite psent impetive (consonnt stems),the
forms Gf{, ffifrf{, ettr{{, fdarf{ and t[*{
ae commonly
usedin Baneladesh.

aI
(ql)

t{s
ft

(ql)

hi peratives

Consonant Presentimlreative

6.fli
c.llc{
xFr{

(C)

{s

:t-r

9
{r<4

q <P-{Fi
Trr<
Yl
EGr<
cc<rdIc{
q'i/ sf.{{

)/

(ql)

hi

(vfr) q

q{

hs

hf,o

ho

(q"|) q

hrn

qr{{

hrben

()

(cc)

6clT

(q)

lr

{Y<.'
(E)
(qfi
(cc.)

Slmplepast

qqd

ma

cs

v+nra

fi

cqfdi$tr4
q{fi/Rrrfi

(Ft+{
Habitual past

qqd1.9-l
qtq

Extended vebs

Etrs

Sincee stem of most extendedverbs endsin -a, only one paradigm is needed. few verbs e*end (in colloquial speech)with
or -o rather than 'a, but the endngsare the same,and the past
paticiple nd tensesformed on the past paticipe re s norma
(seeUnit 25, pp. 192-5 ). The 'tust' vowel is usedin the stem{or all
orms and tensesoer n the past panicipl, pedect and past
pedct: i.e. krran/brano but kriye, dakhn/dakhano but
dkhiy,Jonn4onanobutuniye, etc.a/ verbs,however,use
the a vowel throughout: dFn/dFno - ddye, khaoyan/
khoyano- khaiye({Ral), etc.

qt'|fi/Rrrs
T;ro

Infiltitive

RI/F<16
fte

6 lE/tcq

Conditional
prticiple
Pstpticiple
Perfect

PfSIq

pl
c G

q'|f/Rl
Presentcontinuotrs

qrG{

Ele
pfi<rerct.q
C{ GTR

q'rfi/nrF

Pstontinos
krralgbi

kriye
kriyechi

Rc{{
ysftq/rffi
Pastperfect

qfir{

TRI
qn sBtz$q

M+r{[q
qtq/r.ms
q+ffie{

ytsffi
YffiTe

cqffiq/$Rr{rq
qrq/sffiq{
qtmqn
!R1R
VfiIRE
c{q{fu/Ts
q't/fr&s

kriyechilam

bracchilam

Presnt

(qi)rR
(){

(Vfrl<te
Futu impetive

($rt't){l
(c{) 1s
(EIq

GR)sRc-Tt

kriyo"

(qt4) F.<{

'Note tht hea too ihe t6ond' vowel G used, Tlus <t1h../dathno soes
dkriyo,Jon.n/ronano goesuniyo, c,

t+
='

-r

(o

Prsent
impeative

(qr)F
()Tr
Q) +<ts

(sil"i) l{

(cq)$<rs
Furureimperriv

(R)+-<n
(Vfr)rfil

kriyo'

(srt')l(<{
.Note that here too he tftond' vowel is used, Thus drhn/dakhno eoes
derhlyo, Jonan4nao so6 Juniyo, rc.

t+
DT F
o-

d
o

In rhrsand e emainingun'r\, you will be inrroducedro some

ofe nerpoirr' of Bengaligrmmrand rdromrhough series
of sho texts by auors from Wesr Bengaland BangladeshThe rexs have been reproducedin e published iorm: i.e.
spelng,ol verb forms. erc. have not been hered.50 be prepared panicularly or spelngswrth /o dierem rom thore
used in Parts One and Two o the book.
The frst text is {om the book that Putul mentioned in Unit 23:
Upendrakishorettrychaudhuri\ [$frt
& r rhe Tailorbttd\
Eook).Th'. charminBcollectionf able-hkeanrmalsroriebv
e grandatherof SatyaiitRay, publishedin Kotkara in 1910
and reprinted many times since, makes an excellent first eader
in Bengal, and my own translaton of the book lThe Stupid
Tiger and Other rales. Andr Deur.ch. le8t: Harpercolls.
Delhi. 2000t is. I hope.ccurareenoughro be a use;l id.The
first story in the book is shon enoughro br givencomplete.

st J

1+
Ir

CLo

1+
Ir
J

qr-

oo
I!
-

o
qt T
+

ct
II

CL
-

ldqrd Rgtr+*Fq1
5l{cq!w{ Aqn c<rgtlqqrq I c'R c<Errlr*t qM c}F

fta oraRr<"F{fi "tlRv'cr c{rm{

|

{tcF or ffi cRE-cs33

Rfd{fius t4$ cqlbE|{,elrt
ql 6 4a-<
qc\o_
16
'itr{ rI, cFFscrN'"fll { | ?l Fr,
qr?r'!dfr{
?t
rri{ I'
stfr r m
RI-d
<e* Mt
,a+fr-{6F I{ rfltqEaF q arE,?'fr {fus q F ?'
Fd!fi el {r qc F{ 'EF s[? , {4rd, 'c.l{
vffr R Ecsr.q c'qI
1 {cft I' El'6offi
,4rfi (c 6ls qtm, mq FrEaqr+ g"i 11 qn{q|-ft
F, q1 cqF qcl rre q r1o
qr F{fi q|{trls <-T.qE(Er{-d
'tFt<Tqtll Etr
qtrs
!{|{ crll rq1,
n | et crrrtldfi vnn<lrr<, '<tmt,ool*t
v[s' ?"3
s{l{qrq. ' 'flfi 1'
!{fi {dro,'vn cn'+ot cqR" ete riqtRvtcqfin
qls 'lRqfu f rs
Efm sl v fi EEft srcqrctE mH Fdlfi
c{cr4rE, 'qfi El91EsFIsfiR r'"

Nots
l{ can mean story, rzord, speech, erc., h c also act as a
postposition mening aort. So the title can be translated as
Tbe Story of e Tailotbird and the Cat or About the Tailo
bird and the Cat.
tCq-qR
{fd i" a participial pbrase, hang seun. Remember
that ktre (thid plson presenttense)and kre (pst prticiple)
re both spelt Ftr in Bn.gli scripr.
rA diminutve form of (A: uery small, tiny.
ahauebecome- .e.hauebeenbom.
sC{E meaning to open is mostly used with eyes.The norma
,verb for or?n is CqFt.
Sall in th sentenc(occurring twice) is present tense orm,

{frs zq'qE ,{rq{drE,'.frfr{qtdfi?1.

q1l4Fdfi q . srs Ef fil('u{qrE, '{r E r
I
t' Id", cr qF5 @'l1-a1-a
Eq' ffi
lFus
fltcel.
ct ilffcs
EEvls'|E ffi'(
'rfi {l,
q|{s c{csc'Ei 4 | ?tAe; Ft crAc:fcr+rn <l qcl

fuqr
h Story o th ailor-bird and th Ct
I the yard of a house there was a binial-plant. A tailor-bird
had sewn tq the leaves of the plant urith ber beak, m make a
Inside the nest there uere tbree tirly chkks, They uere so tiny
tbat tbey couldn't fly or open the, q,es, They could only open
tbeir mouths and .hee?.
The botseholer had a uery ucked cat. She kept tbinklq,
'I'd lheto eat that tailorbhd's chicks,'One d4, shecamem the
base o the brinal-plant and sad, 'Hello, ittle brd, what arc
'Ihe tailor-bird bou,ed bet bead tiII it touched tle brunch
beheatb tbe nest, and said, 'Humbb greetings, your Maiesty.'
This made tbe cat very pleaseddnd she utent auay. She cdme
lke this euery day, ahd euery dlty the tailor-bid bowed doun
before her and called her Your Maisty: aftd the cat uent away
'h;

tulot-bird's chicks grew big, axd tbey gew beautiful

ungs. Their eyesuerc open nout, so the tailorbi said to then,
'Children, do you tbnk you can ly?'
'tes- mother ue do,' said the cbicks.
'WelI,' sad tbe taiorbhd, 'et\ seefrst u'hether yo .an Co
and perch on a branch of that pdln tee.'
Tbe .hi.ks lew of at once and perched on a bran b of tbe
palm tree. 'hen the tailor-bid laughed aad said, 'lotu bt's see
what baottensuhen the ui.ked at arnes,'
In a litrle u,hite the cat camean sad, 'Hello, little brd, ntbat
Ths tine the talor-bird k.ked her bs at ber dnd sd, 'Go
audy, to good-for-nothing cat!' Theh ;he date hto the air
Baring her teeth, the c4t inped p iflto the plaftt; but she
coxldnl catcb the ucked talor-btd, or eat the .h.ks. Sheiust
seratched herself badly on the tbon' of the binill, an uent
home feelng uery slly,

TThe normal ird person simple past form would be

<qm
otlFlfl (helshesaid). Rut in the colloquil lngrage of West
Benglthe ending-fE (i.e.the sameendingas for the second
personfamitiarti* used.wirh anr commonuerb.
sAswelasrhepronounsFandl andrhe; torre.ponng
verb orms rr you ernrh Pan Two. Bengallhasa very fr
miliar'pronoun 9Q. This h. var;e' o u<e5,none ot $hich
are likely ro be neded by rhe foreign learner,lr can be used
when speakingaffectionately to children or animals, and young
chidren sometimesuse it to addresstheir mothers. It is also
used by schoolchildren or colege students whn ddressing
riends of the sameage.It is not normally usedby lovers or between husband and wife. It can be used in aneex.or in detiberarerudeness.
whena soeakerwanr.to do do'someone from
a lower social classthan hirself, but it would not be used to
compete strng The cat uses it ptronisingly to the tiorbrd! The verb forms or Q end ia -i or -is depending on the
tense, and are best leamt s they occur (they ae given in the
Verb tables in e Review of Part Two, pp. 205-18). The parti'
cle qt here gives the cat's qustion rustic ai: What arc you
doins, Any? TLusp nicle (or its variant form 6ql) also has a
'erninine' association: women use it when addressine ea
oer.
ePst prticiple o the extended verb
&;tr{t (thano) (see
Unit 25, pp. 192-5).
r0ilotice this shit into the present tense, as often happens in
Bngali story-telling.
This phrase is probably best construed as an irnpersonal constrrcnon: Of em beauti l rings it ha be.or\1e.Remember
that impersonal corstructions e often used or ings at
happen to you, rather an ings which you do deliberately.

l2cffF meaning ro close s used or e eyesor mouth, and hs

someother idmadc uses:e.s.lFf,i 16 't[E rlrepol,d ras
sit"d rDl. The usulverb or dose i'qSrF.{.
''the fuiu'e rense fotmo t|ll lto be able).
'aAn idromatjcphr'asemeanineTez let s ftJ ad sce.he iDertiveof (Frll is often usedto mean1ry, hauea 80. etc.Here
we haverheQ imperarive.ponounceddlkh. rhoughthe orcanbe speltrhesameway (seeUnir
drnarvfamiirimperaLive
not
the
first person of the present tense,
19,;. 121). fiRls
but a first person imper tlvet May L . .' Let me . . , C. Untt
1.t,p. 70 and Unit 20, p. 130,Unit 21, p. 143,U^it24,p.179;
and seethe Verb rables on p. 214.
1sft41, whetbet or rrot, is normally placed at the end of the
16s meaas tben, ar.d the emphatic form q{ means rigrr
then ot at once. It can also 6e spelt t5$. An even more
empharic l'orm EilFR $ lso found, e'pecially in children!
v;narion.
hs
l,t..ur,'.. qt trt?ri
'ilrlilar
"o,/,,
lTAnother idiomatic phrase,
this tim using e 'thid peson imoerarive form qFFF tLct het rcme). These forms - F!FF,
for
{+, cqliF, .,.. hve a uarietyof rdiomaricuse.. {i5.
e,.pfe, trom qFd, to Jtay, meansLet i bc, Neuerm'nd. ec.
though the abbreviated form qt|{ is more common ia this
meanins.SeeVerb tables,p. 214.
terz a sh whik. ql.ra manssome, a lixle, and<tf men. ,?
gap, interual. erc.'he empharic! sugge*sa,veryshon while
r"More enended verb pstpa,ciples, from tttrI /to rarrP 10
tse, i.e. to ,,rtl, and (r {a.l (to causeto se,.e, to shou).The
tailor-bld shows a kick, makes as if to kick the cat.
irnperative of Qerl lLi. Be distantl.^
':o
2
l ior e rheconjunctE + :l =
E in 4E[9 /8ood'fornothinet.
rn which e rs .ilenr {'lkkhlchfi), Ct. El (:[trll. a common expressionor a nice,well'bhavedgi.
/rP:st pamciplewirh rhe emphaticpanicleQ: Izmedately aftet
sa\inslthat)....
1?|r
to aet,rcrciue)canb usedinredot ql!l io bPabl")
with cetin vebs. with verbs of sensatonlike C.tF[ or (Q'{l
rhe meanmecn be ditterent ccordinqto whrch one is used:
rn eansl.canr.her what he svr. but
e< +rfl $@^otlt
cn mean I rcn t beat uhat he says. SomeA{|l rffi
'tlfd
$mes et<[cn be usedwnh verb' o sensarionwithout this
specilmenins(on the telephone,for example.onecn shour

siPlfr tt FlE "fti.

bur be carefu!

t ranr hearwhatyou'resavingt-

Exercise
Fill in the following table, by deturing the verb forms as indicated.All the verbshave beentaken from the story above,and
you shoud denethem according to their use there.

Tns
or prticiple
or ininitlv

c{csrcq

1,2,3
PoF
3F

d r<
qt{
qFt

rqe[
tFt c5d*

ra fi'
'1-fi

Irt(s

qn
f4f{

el[
lltcs

k{
'comlound vtrb (s* Unir 20, !!. 131-2).

Vbal
noun

:i{l

Mening
as in text

U,
q)

x
c
=

qt
I

gl

The text in this unit is fom pros version by Abanindranath

Tagore(1871-1951)of the clssicsrory,Saudla.The oldesr
verson of the story is in th Mahbhafttu, the gret epic o
India; but it was Kalidasa(in bout 400 D) who gaveit classic
statusby making it the subjectof the most celebratedo all
Sanskrtplays.banindranathTagore,rhe son of cousin of
Rabindranath Tgore, wrot his version or children, but rh
beautitulucidity of his proseappealsto all ages.banindranath
lvas primarily pintq and his version o Sa&lntala was rst
published
rn l8s5 wirh hir o\an illusrratron,.
Skuntala is the dug]ter of a heavenly nymph, Menaka, who
leaves her in a orest soon after her bnh. She is found and
brought up by the sage Kanva and his discipes, in the idylic
peaceand beauty of a orest hermitge.One day King Dushmanta
(Dushyanta in Kalidasa) is out hunting in the forest. He sees
Sakuntala watering plants with her companions nasuya and
Priyamvada, and irnmediately falls in love wi her. They meet,
and he plights his troth to her by giving her a ring. H leves,
saying he will come back to fetch her. The passagebelow begins
with Sakuntala pining or the absent kins.

,4+fi-{}|@ Tfi-kaa3rr(EEtvfr(T<r
M lcqI (51E
{6{' <q-:r
sq vFr( sKRq<,fit4,qrRcT{,'Str{
I
*lr<v qra{, -lTlsEtqFN\e4't;rerq,frTs ch?lrd5.t
qrr6Eq T{ q&{tft,? q+!F?:Ri RltEr,
c{+ct{ -cElcssvq 46 cTr4{,,ER'R "1T:W,4q;q- |CTg.t
mcq , <[e q|{{ fi-q{l, "t ({F < q-efirE i I
fir{x c !i'F Sq, fcn
'"r" {rdi E-f-{l
-'F
q
q{"'ts
'ff rq< sqa r *fr{'fr,
- { qrqi,j
q{l q"14 fr cTqt4
csrobgcs4{(g '||r i'
qF,'FF-{ fr E- @14
t{ ,4E,cTl:ttel'"
{ a cq?,'c{
,!F
scl,ssR Tt({ crtE+
{cld
TEmftrq'f.c| (R qq-lE q6 y6a66aa- 6q@
qlr-(
"lfi E,Tfr-Eslr\rlr|(rcr k ca
qd{ ?a r.q't{ T-{ Fs{, F6,rq fl 4R
E( "tg{ r+e" c{] ct{4to(, sv slT-fr-{sct, ss Et(e
effclra fur+ ]c mcq r
.1*,s,, qo - 'afRl q{ lTqatcs cT-qt6,0
"*
c[rLF c qt6 fi rrsi]rs crqisqr6E ]qf

.|.qrs {r<; sfi4,1 cq let qfre at

'lvcl svfi{
D
q {{ Ern clTr{{ f
f< q4" s 'JR< M T{ Wq 144 !{'ftc
cclqlrq q-i 1( qE l !

Dwbasa's curse has a further. unexpectedtwist to ir Sakuntala

losese ring while bathing, so at when sheconronts the king
he still doesn't remember or recoenize her. You will hve to rn
to Kalidasa's play to find out how the situation is fnally resolved.Meanwhile, here is banindranatht exquisitedescription of Sakuntala's loss of the ring:

Soon after the hiflgl rctan to his knsdom, and uhile

S,lku tala sat one ddy at tbe door of ber .ottage thh.king about
him itb her .beek restng against her hand - thinking and cry'
ing - the gre,zt sage Duasa had. come Oecting hospitnlty:
aid Sab""totn ha not xoticed him, had not euen tuned her
had.Durbasantasa proud and nuchy man, wbo lost his tem'
per at tntythings-bunt et?ryoneto ashesat th? slightestprouo'.
carrcn:and heie was Sakuntalatreatns hffi so rudely- sheha
not greeted him, had not asked him to sit doun, had not guert
hin uate for hk feet!
Blazing all ouer his body, trembling with fary Durbasa said,
'So! Insub to a g est, Yo sinful grl, I cutse you, so that fron
nou on whoe*t it s wbo is causixgyou to neglectme ill net)er
be able to recognize you.'
Alas, bad. Sahmtala a y thought for uho wds cottting or
poinpr Not one of D tbasas words enteredher ears.
rhe high and nightr sage Duasa delvned thr tenible
curseand then went on his wat - but Sahutkrlawas rcmpletely
undtudre of hin, she remaned.i$t as she was at the door of the
h t, uih her thoughts fdr dway.
Het .,o com,anions Anasxya dnd Pryarnuad"aurere pick'
ine flowets n a Eroue ?ay 'lhey came runnng and threw
rhimseluesat Durbasai fed. fhey apqealedto bm. they begged
him, they held his hands and eet drld rnplored him to rclent.
At last the curse &as nodirted: 'If Sakuntala can shou the
kng the ing that he gaue her uhm he left her, then the king wi
tergnizeher: lor as long as the rine not in the kngs hands
the kinl ull not rcnmberan'vthinpabout het'
tt uis becauseof Dwbasa'i a;e that the king ol the world
had forpotten ererythinq.
ihe-eoacn ch;iot iever ame back along the forcst'paths.

4fu q+q nqrqtfrcqr<{ 4 rq{m wr< t< -w+

,4rfu ft:e qq rfi $s crfqrriiElRqadtvF, ftd
qzq (5B416c'r"iT@l rq se6<qql
'tt& vra'* *
qca{
qfue
qca
Rrarqr
T(EIq
Tfi fr6.tc'le,cu-cm
q{
(
{rq
c'tqI
T< -t't qt ( qtffi "Fwf
'l&c
fiqFafi Ss Cst"fl:qrsqrfi{q-Cq'l& (:iq,.mq
qlrEe,4
"i(4 r El"tafuq ot4(s ffc< d, r'1r4t!q qr4l
K, {fi{rrl "F6d qui q< GIlq selslT(.9se .Iir
sb-Efi-crfsrumrcq (r|<,q$ Ta{c1r'lw t

The sageKanvahasbeenaway during this eprsode.rravellingrn

serchof a hulband or Sakuntala.When he rerurnsand hears
about her berothal to Dushmanta, he is delighted, and decides
to send her to e Ling. Tearfully, she takes her leave of the
hermtage, and her compnons Anasuya and Pryamvd, llho
carefully tie the king's ring into the comer of her sari. But

A sage\ carce is erer idle. On ber uny to th rcyal city,

Sakantala stopped onz day to bathe in a untering-place sacred
to SachL Floatng in tbe buoyant watcr, splashing and sndikg
oltt riqPles, Sdkuntala tuashedherself clean. She merrily let her
sali s'read out ouer the uatet the shimmering sai bleflded uith
the tuater like water, mo lded itself to the utdues. Beause of
Durbasa's curse, the king\ ing dipped from the comet of
Sah ntala's sar of sbinins silk, and fell nto tbe bottomless
uatet and shehrcw not a thins.
Then L,ith so,lking sai dnd her black bar bedragged,
Saktntala got out on to the bank, smiling. Sheuent on through
the forest u'ith het thotghts on the king. She apprcacbed tbe
rcyal ciy witb the end of bet sai mpE, b"t not once did she reNots
lThe repeated pst prticiple
<(5 a:l suggesrsa connuous
state or ctioq lile a prsent prticiple in Englisht Sitting uith
hand against het cheek,Sakuntala tuas thinking , . ,
,her
zNote the present contin]d]Js terce (it thinkttd n vivid narra_tive.whereEn$ishwould usee pasrconrinuou\lbas thinkingt.
'IId ftI{ dr s,, a a'tel. This phraseis comonl) usedin
Bengali to lnJ<simultaneous actions, vrhere Engtish would use
th coniunction'rrtls.

aThe repeated particle in qf{ag.

(n{[E
'ldfq d, fr(
d conveys neither tta she abb to knou, ot did she looh
s
@4 meansto rctan; the cornpound [

fi

m eI1sto look

6f,{r.pronouncedake, ni.eanin the

frrct plae- and goe. with
Sl4E'R. on toD o thal. later rn tJesenrence.
-qfuf
is a noioriouslyuntranslarableBengal,ernorron.Here
it just expresses pide, haughtiness, touchinessi but it is
commonly used for a feelng of being hutt by someone yo
torz. bsact nouns in Bengali often hve adjectivl foms
enomg1- l.
Bngli idioms often involve verbl dupliction - qFfFqF $F'Stf.F
- and are hard to translate [terally into English. He turned to dsheseveryone and anyone at any or euery
zorl . . . This is not iust metaohorical - Brahmins in Indin
mlthology hve the power literally to blast people to asheswth
eVerbalcompoundswith tp4l (to throu) ottenexpresssuddenor
aggressiveactions, or thoroughly completed actions. Ci otR
ClFft, which mensto eat ,/p. Note the coniunct in g : q +
perhaps
nasalizn =4.'n whichrhef ilsrlent.Iengheningand
rngrhec i bto r. Inat npnory) rhecon,uncr; pronounced
's'('s').
loThe thid personsimple past ending in + rather than /o, whi
ws noticed in the Tilor-bird story in Unit 27, lso occurs fre11ff(sriq - dr) ndq{ (r4g /,7, combine to form o!a4g
)
- *hole body. + : = a accordins to Sanskrit sazli rules.
Theserules, governing e way soundschangewhen words are
joined to form compounds, are not systematicin Bengali, but
suvive in mnv comDoundsderived from Sanskrit.
l2Rerrember that repeiition of the infinitive - ttttr3 ptp turns it into a present prticiple: *emblng uith oflger hesd,d.. . (cf.Unit 2J, p. 173).
qF. . . ra Thii is the 6rsr of reveralrelarive/corretarive
"sl{
constructioff in this passage.Bngali reltive clausesare dif6cult to tanslte literlly into Engish becauseEnglsh does
not make use of coneladves. Most Bensli relative clause
constructions use a corelative as well as a relative pronour but not all sometimes the correlative is left out. Here the
relative pronoun occurs in the possessivecasewi the postposition Wl and the correlative is the subject casepronoun Ct |
Lit. He beca*e of whom you insulted me may he not be able
to recoghize yo at all,

picks up e previoijis clarUtr'e,

I am cwsins you to tbis t
'46qtr
(R
r\itneb
.
.
.
czn
be
a
conjunction
meaningso that . . .,
e.t,
reerring to possibilities or probabilities in the tuture. It can
also meanas r/. and ir usedro expre.' a senseof :cemng: cf.
Ff{ qlF q earlierin the srenc.
FNote rhobt-ecr
ca.eo rhevery famitiarpronoung. r he possessiveis rsf.
tbLit. Alas, dd Saku tala haue kno
then tbat sbe wi see
'bdge
who came, who uent? Remember that gF is pronounced
'oan' seeUnit 17. D.92.)
rie principleo rhe'relrjvdcorreltive
sovernsmany k,nd' o
cluse nd phrse construction in Bengali. You alredy know
the pair*F. . . t5-:t{ ftzben, ,.thes) omP^rTwo /.p.L97).
Herewe ha,te.In the uay l(r4t that shpwas,absent-minded
at the rcttage-door,so tfgAl4t shercnained.
lng can meanso rzrr, suth a lot as well a, how nurhlnany.
te{r,orhersandh4 berween
fi
.rrupl nd qg {""d/. Bur rhe
conporllnd nea;nsmodfieation of the .wse here, :athe rhan
comoetereleasefrom it.
2oAnojherrelativdconelatveconstruction: fqt$...
CriQ
!{t:fr,That ins wh . . . that ina. . . .'lhe empharicpanrcle
B is ofrenanachedto the corelatrve.
)rAnother corstrucron^comparable
to G!
r5S
Nore
lot as nany d.'ys FMR1) . . . /or so uau)r d4ts fg\5lE:l)."!9'.,
the negatived is placed beore the verb, as in conditional construcions{seeUnit 25, p. 195).
22verbsarecomblnedwir[ {ll rro sra}, ro conveysusraired.rctio taill keep foryetting ewrythihg,<g,l (b rerain) .
^lso
be used with e sam menins: so in the next sntenc
w
haver< cd frrq.
,,mt on lorgening eueryrhing.
-/'Norice rhe eyteDdedp\r prriiciple. ro expess custiveor
transitive mening: .d,rsiflg ber body to tloat . . . cllusing the
z4Lit Sakxntala wasn't euen able to knou. The emphatic pticle expresses
e/?r.
)'The empharicpanicle!, anachedlo F inrens'fiesrhephrse:
The matter of the ing did not fall into (her) lnind at a .

Exercise
In the following sentences,either the relative pronoun or e
correlative has been let out. Fiil in the gaps, by choosng the
right word from the list blovr. Note that two min types of rela)named clauses,in which
ativcluseoccurn thesesentences:

a specific person or thing or place is mntiond to which th elative clause applies b) urr-named,in which the elative pronoun
ne ns the thing u'hih, the pla.e uhere, erc.
In type a, the relative pronoun is always (, wheeas the correl
ative cn be any o{ the third person pronouns or demonstrative
pronouns. In
m ryqe^o
type-! qrr
lor peopleand{ for things,but
f,t is used for
.ll ano
oln
polrtercn
tne
ive form
om {[
andthe
ne obiect
oolcr for:n
the poute
form [il.
the possessrve
llq, tne
tf; also occur f9r people, nd dmonsrrative fo." 1t, cs,

c<t$a andn{ irccurfor things.

cq{ Rl:l1{{l
Anyone ruho has no faubs is hot human.

r q'{s{ _

cs{tu- '1lr{ |

No one can do uhat is impossible.

qE 6Q 6c|6fr r qtz r

Hou,' can I lh,'ewhere ther s no uater?

complete and systematicexpositon of Bengali relative clauses

would be a complcated afar: it is simpler to pick up e vari
ous possibties grdualy. Bear in mind at relative clausesin
spoken Bengali can sound rther precious or pompous: short
sentences linked th demonstrative pronouns are generally

Fq1tr cqr<_

qtl+{a stlRrR'Fr

what you sit)e ne I sho keep by (he) a ny W.

)t. _

"lsR s.t<r{ct{4tRsrEt I

It s better not to use what is un ledft.

c{ 6ffi 'fn q&re qrrer-

qtq{ cqe

Thenun uho luedxext door hassddeftbdied.

cD-iGr
?lq'i4rs {rd{l 6t q |
This is the chai hich I told you about.

(gttFdlr{t _{sffr,

E-{qlrrErq[ctqqt I

Thoseofyou who are Bensalircme with me.

c{Elft,!effi

c"rEt{F
_

c+|qE?

Whercis the key .uhichopeasthis capboard.?

c qE i (qrTriqv fi{i {fr _

crs65
r i

I bant to lbe in a place ftorn u'hch mountains can be seefl.

-{cal Cq.try ,f6FS,

_

({r cs{F65tr{

{<TCFFS?
Of the stoes b! Rabhlranath that you haue read, uhich of
theseis yoLr faro litc?

@qlt-Telv ({1T_

c{'lt{Fr I

One calls a man uho u,'ashesclotbes d dtpa

cq,cJt{164,
d1fr1, qk, st, R, (cb,E, s,qr+, o, cstF

@
qt
t+

q)
br
II

D
q)

From writing or children we move to adult memories of chld'

hood. The following el'ct i\ fom Saryrlir Ray\ ch4rming
(qD {i
hook of remiri,cens, when I was
"-,, was
'q{one of the most
oublishedin Kolkata in 1982.Ravt familv
ialented in Kokata. His grandfather Upenrakishoe Raychaudhuri was a printer as well as writer or children, founding his
own printing companyin 1895.Upendrakishoreson Sukumar,
Satyajit's ather, has achieved lasting fame and popularity as a
writer of nonsenseverse,which he illustrated himself in nimitablestyle.
Satyjitwas only two when his father died in 1923, so his reminiscencesrevolve round hs mother, uncles, aunts and cousins,
the house t 100 crpr Road, Kolkata, where the family printing presswas housed,and the magazinefor chileu Sandesh,
that ws publshed there. The keen observation tht hs served
him so well as a 6lrn-maker was with him rom an early age,and
his reminiscencesare full of ascintingvignetteso life in Kolkata
in the 1920sand 1930s.Here, after describinga Europeanstge
magiciancalledSephalo,he recallsa Bengalimastermagrcian.

q'
qsq{ nqfrdi&-s
qRfrefr{
'1-q F l&]Ft
rf(* e]'t['t1E6<c$(q3{ffifr*{t
r
c{c?rfuFt
qFt<
qlr{
c& iftT {l4 {{'tr {<ct Er,
clstE<
cqnrnrcq*cslrtr+{tm{ Tr4q5r-Tq qrff

qlT
{{q qc { F,9 g&-GFF
$&'S Cn?tE4{
'1rsZ+*4
vfirr "F <c{,t EtfrsR(<5{ {r era{ {(si {ffi(q
fiGqd 'qqrElro,+ ' ,qr{ c{Etcrfucr(a{a
sqrdlrlsl{F, q|q,Elq{ {r c{F {{ P,{8qtE6f
qr{s
qr< qFi (qFrt(q{1 T[fulr IFdlTd'l{
'|(K
cntefu{sl@ft{qvqrd$,cw{c.ln'
cfirR
q{9
qF
q(r'
?l1
std*
{lq g]-s
ar
cq"faRLT{
t's I
'csf
ffem slr{ tGr&.,1 ,srcs{ !+[q Iqr|[FR cFr
qrE&adlFslq cffs o-crrq1,,!r{i*4bls,ql{
qrr-:rqrfi +q(Qtrsqr qts I dq$rs Fl4{ elE5frss
Ir{, q fiq$rrs firq clTC{rVFPRq(ffiET .Ff sr.<
qrqq, rll blsbrrs qtx r' sl qt6 &. crfqffi
Tf[q s't* {a qscE icq qe ssrcKr s|tq rqfrfil

qnG-rTqs EErqtrq qfreqs 9Bi$91 !frr* firq1s

qtr*Fqr Ets cclroq6 cl wr a@zxfirq E6q<{Qr+r
El{'r {{cfi, qlIu s'16ffi i 'r-(s
ccfrs{stq sr
q{
?Fqr1rlrr
tqt'fri ffil ca,a.cetdvrt{
:i'"tresrteI
qil&$ cnrf{Tz-T$fi {aq qtf-+rsqrq q'r,qrqt
'R

{{4{l5if4 qJr $tfi (ldF crlry Tfi 'l$.|-'lsf{,

'lfi {
Et.f, cqrlr{ rs {(< sqrqtffi qs stsi tql{td l&rfd
{.t
t slq q 1Ftq < cl wqlalsrs Trd \{
-f.,
tskslTFil|cgD | ffi
Ft+cq'rEEseeF
qr
Elc
c?rcr
{l'
sr
Rlvl
ft&Lq flm qFr$
"tc
'(
,q+?F{{ r's fiRrr firE.{ rEfi'k e< w64l1q q6q
cq-{q |qhq rtra 'Es <@1? '!t ffi|g
6,

qn6pr"16a1ft6srt frrqqs f+cmsr*+ rt&Fq]{{.

r. rftcffiszglq +r<Ftrrtfumsrqq q<$t[
c{qqr
Some t'me lat?L at a wedding-cnenony, I saw tbe rcn"nng
of a Bengali. ronpated ro whn the staie tichety ol Sephai'
was nothing. In suge hagic uaious deuicesare used- the play of
Iight and the pouer of patter - to conse people's e'Ies and
mnds. The nasician s uotk cohsequefltl\tb?.orrcs nuch etLsin
Thts genttenan showed b magic iinng'on a clotb on d panda!.
ttith the inuitedguestssrftingalloud wthin fow ot fve arms'
bngth of bim. In this position he peiormed tick after rick, such
that euentoday I feel amazedif I thtuk of them. Mrch later I used
this gehtlehah ift one of my shoft sto,r,es.He scatered, at.hstcks
an the clotb, and put an empry ,nlttchbox n ftont of bim.'Ihen as
non as he called out,'Come, one by one', the stickscane rcIling
touards him and entercdthe box. He askedfor a siluer rupeefron
a gentleman ue khetu, afld a ng from someoneelse. He placed
the lrst item abo t our arm{ length away, and the secon n
[ront o[ hw. Then h? said to the un4:'Go an ferch the on.'
The obedient ring ro ed off touards tbe rcn, aud the'l the two
of them camerolling back togethe toward, him. In ahother trick
be gate d gentlema a pack of cards to hold, took a stich rom
someoheeke, and pointed the tip of it at the pack. Then he sad,
'Come, Ace of Spades!' The Ace shot out of th pack and toas
caugbt on the end of the stick, Iutteins.

A feut days after seeng this dstlay, I sxd.deft.lymet the

t dgician at the crossing of Bokul Bagdn and. Shyamaunda
Road.He u'as ffty or ffty"frue ),earsof age,dressed.in a shbt an
dhoti: to seehim, who uould say he had sucb powers? I had a
passonfor ,nagk, and I picturcd nyself as bis disciple. I bA hm
I uanted ta leant rtagk from hin. 'Cettainly you can ledm,' he
eaid, took a pach of rards fton his pocket, a?tdstdnding n the
tteet ta ght ne a uery feeble tirk. I flever met hm dgdin after
that. Sudenly b nping nto hm like that, I hddn't taheft his
address.Later I bought books on magc and sandi1g i/t froht of
a mror tdught myself lots of seigbtsof hand, I had a ctaze for
mdgi. ntil I ultt to collcge.
{oto6
lAlthough-lrg
louses are sometimeshired for weddingceremoniei CS-|G reallyjusr meansthe ceremonyirqelf.rTherersa relativpronounhere-{l ittf[R, n?r/ (compredto)
&hotn - rd no coreltive. When is it necessaryto have a
coelativeand when is it noi? This is nor an easvquestioDto
nrwer. bt the logical disrinction benveen reitrictive and
'non-restrictive' relative clausesseemsto have some bearne on
the distjnctionby rethe matter.Englishpunciuarionrecognizes
quing commas for the secondsort o relative ofclause, but not
the fust. Compre:
Peoplewho lue n ghss hoasesshotan't throw stofles.
and
Suk nar Ray, uho u,rote good books fot chrcn, lued.i1
The first sentetrce,a restrictive relative clausein which peoplewho
live in glasshousesare distinguishedfrom thosewho don! would
rquire a relative/coelative construction. The second, which
merely adds more information about Sukumar Ray, can be expressedin Bengali by using a relative pronoun only:

dqs^{Fi Tf{R ta.fr cqraaw etint

Eq q rF[6wt I

However, this theory does not stand up corpletel6 because

you tum the sentencetound (to a rthe nglicized and artiiciI
word order in Bengali, but grammtically acceptable),a corela"

W{t{ f, cqFm<w EFrtEtrqtQF-{,

fi?<tpqtopar

3dtmlE ecozeronl,sedl;qrft

qq ErT qla Oecomes

m ch easer).Note how verbs can be combined with lt{ to

expressa senseof ecozizg.
aA 'pandal' is a marquee, often incorporating a raised platform
or musicians.maercians.
ecc.
'filafgs '.. ffii
lnutano4 meansnuited,.rnd i. here
given the plual personal ending to mean re ones rubo ure

is th subiect of the verb 6f{6n 60f641 (another colErq

loquial compound).The subjectcn sometimscome after the
verb in Beneati.for a oarricuarsnli'tic effect.
wirhout corative: whch when 1l) rhink
, anorher-rearjve
(aboutit) e1,efltoday . . .It reersto Crfqt in the main clause.
3Llt. I haue n be reduced to amazement ar oblisanon construcrion l.ee Unir I 9. pp. I I c-20) us'ngrhe verh<d!l.to bc rcdured
/o. t r. not a common verb. bur occur in
idiomatic expressons:e.e.qfi Cl <n Cd-artqI aas mae
a fool o).
"The plul o rhevery amiliar pronoung!, and a rpecial.very
amil41 ,mperativeoVfql to rone tseeVerb table*.p. 2l5).
ovl ffi
ps soon as hc ralled). The in6nirivewiih n em.
pbaric!:dded canhaverhi\ pnjcipiamening.
tThe past paniciple ofthe xtendedverb .NF[64.The meanins is
not causativehere (the repttion of the pticiple suggestsconiinuous- movemelt), but rfifd can be u\ed causarrvely:

..g.q Te1ffitm qr (t "t"a tt" aau1.

'Eg

canmeanro aslor well. to want.Combmed

wilh
^s a d get. Not\ce that the object
cq the meningis ask for
ollows the verb here(r@f !frrrl. tet)r Benealiword order
is reallyveryflexiblelFor the spllingofalt fsilre) seeNote
29.o.272.
13slt7!4 bbout
fout), Any numbercombinedwith m in this
i( 'ak
waybecomes
appo{mare.Wirhft rhepronuncirion

with othernumherit is'd('raNot the relative pronoun, but the very familiar mperative of
{.
15Li.hauiflg causedto holdlhauing
siuen to hold. Extended verb
pnicipecombinedwirl(E. as so often happens.Later in
we hare lgcl l[F. <19 me]ns /o s7o'r, and
rhe senrence
19ll:r mern. ro dss" to stou. extend.incftase.erc..and is
rhereoreusedfor poting a stick.
l6Vhere nglish has viv verbs (e.c. n
fluetl Bengali has vivid
adrerbs,oten reduplicarivein form (seeUnir J0. pp. 247-8).
| h partfciplett|<Grg rom qt<glr4 tro,e tal en bark. tose
ofte's bahn e), here contracted colloquially to qt<tg and

eornbinedwith{lrgIlt: Lit. Suddenlyin front harng fa en baulngbeei tahenaback. . . Seep.193.

ltl.it, eucntaking hs addresshad not beendonc. This is pas'
rive construction. The agenr conce:rl,ed(by re) can be underrtood ftom the conter..
Thc pssgecontins three 'same-etter' coniuncts tht hav not

l+ t = q
t+q=6
'rF+s=

Exercise
Sceif you cn traslate the ne).:ttwo pargaphs from Satyajit
Roy's reminiscences,looking up words in the BenSli-English
Glossav at the end of the book. They are about the circus nd
nnnual'canival' in pre-war Kolkata. Bewareof Englishwords
lnd nmes: one can spnd much time looking Jor a word in a
dictionary, only to rea[ze that it is a name, or an Enelish

l (91q1,q d qm,qfr E'{{{ . {F

ztl&
rtfi rq+ c"rqcq'fle,q qlqFt c<-*saR
qq I c.tqw{rq fi?lr|{ 4 d EEslffielt4tqF{
qi-.{, I!r< q <9rv rb tffistsl
mcqT{dlcq-drfq
cq R<Eg' q qqt EN$ qcE'rneqfr {{, Frsfr-+
4?R-qWfi{
sc?sfl e{ t qw 1{ e+F
ir|ffid
cs afiEJts t
-r qF ({A cr q-wFFrrt'{cqrdFrr(Ed
slfuq{
c{inr+ {qfr-q I crslr rt{ffiHf q+zd mc"lrefrq sfuiliF|{
rlrffi
qtr itE {E s4 & clt{ t rEE<ccl6s
qrdl 1,48{l5T(ls1
EM cle C-C'cqllGe rs{{
c5!lq|
s rl&Tqffift,
fise,,4rlErf6{d
Kfi c?rqR
qr|qq46{dur,ql qttTE | qr{ dfrrs @T
mn at+vql.fl{r ET1q r,avc{ldT q-{&fi tq|t{t
(rtr{ 6ls qlTqrqtfu els fifu
alse,4T{ frE Cqa

elsa.rEl::fdt{rF c<sRi+r< cq<qaqFEste.ta

cqrc
dfuirq c6|{r5ql-d riqdRbw c{t{q ,a g
cr@l
rNft

n po$esiv fom ofE$l

a t s.lzls). At he besinnins o e second pslh you hveqfg6fl-4rfl[
fltlzr)- c ihe poss$ive forns of

{lc *d q{tr{, q{|{s-< ,.d qt{sf<.

lEnglish words besiming wi atr e sound are somtimesspel with u intia

qJ, soetines with an jntialqt (s he).
:C{ i. nd Ie ld'k : ${ l lJ ,
, hr phk . e wuuldnur b ( . u b r l J r c e J .b J r s o u J
'r
lhe aru mrhr l. ( t lEl r c r . iFl: wr d . . . d . . .
aNt reliive pronouq bi th .onjdin tl,zt ollwins qg
6e.b)
^rrbehcidia 01 rh
'mrena.

r.ollJq.,l .*.ne orrhr..pp","a ,*u G6 r$e$, I re daaa.pa.k

ap,beabot6hed.9<W VA C|FnrensHe. sahebdu

m
:t

GI GI
qt o
5 o
-

o.

Now for something by the gretestBengali witer, Rabindranath

Tagore. ro.9 a linle-known early work o grea charm, hn
fr ients lrcn u,opet.]ia{ore rsrcame ro
T[R't+eff<
Englandwhen he was 18 yearsold, in 1878,accompaniedby his
ede brother Styndanath (who ws th tust Indian to qualify
for the Indian Civil Service).They stayed over a year, in lodgings
in London, Bdghton, Tunbridge Wells and Torrpay, and experi,
nced Victorin social life at various middle-class and upper
middle-class
levels.
The lftes that Rabindrana wrore home describing his stay
were 6rst printed in th journal Bhrufi, and,werepublished as a
book in 1881.LaterTgorebecameembarrassed
by someof the
things he sid in the lettn, and the book was cut down when t
appeared in his collected works. The complete rext ws not
reprinted til 1961, th centenaryo Tagore'sbirth.
The ollowng pssagedescribesa couple of Dickensian eccentricity in whose house Tagore lodged for a short while.

qlft.ffi' qllFfs
p
"tR<nr*{[q{lcn{r
qqs
et'{-:r
fr {c9
I Mr B{ss cql | Et{s tf {
qt64
vtc6ts
tR qEFtcrrs ffr - fi, | , q
q ,e+rtfr, Eq4 tE qF <t&-coeFN | M B
qq9 c41s,
EvN qlFFkr{,, fr-ts {s?F FEFb,s[r4,
fr(F{ s{{ trtq6{ dlc"iqrF eb-qlrlEt-{E4r{q<q
qitr{l-:xc;rcfl-(fi,qrs cvffiq. ccqrc<Q rmt r*cs
en6r etrs6qtt4l<1 qt
fr.+ 'RRt
'q1cqdt,'D1
qq-q,{
qtrR-T{
efst
4tr1
-$Etfu r'
@t L-d-H
ftfd r{l - T6 elF.{frd qT sc 5 {.gF E }s
qr Pqq Tl<E r study,
,4lr{ 'dEi{.{
'W
l$3B,qb$Wst4NR-d?ErE,
|
"iV14
({F cq-{14{
c'tcKs
ErgI 4r qlr cE;cTric=
qrs
N
cE,6 gF -s.s c vus E't-.q4|R
rls{s
cs
{s El'rs Nffi iIq?FEstr{ d '.r mft
ql'.v c[s cffi t ?F,qc{$ t4tfiN F cFlq
clretn, rfr <l c1rEq{ cr &"q{qeaav 'l|{ , qs-q
frsfdrit studycs qrc crfi &fi q{lT(q{cl +rqq
{rn -s Fcql, - qmqr cd$ c rfrE M'. e qH6E

ftn{S, rls*rfu tfr ar,fiQft+r*afru

tFiq l | fifi4 F 1{T sn-:tT!{-6 efsf.t+GFi- Tiny
f! q+f Fr q[RE] 'ldQ F s q@n,r cqqs

lwl-6v'rqqr+ qr{tccrllfiqRfr{ E srr{ q|frrl

lfirn qr{ {i+ rtc+q $r {ro cqRfi|6'{T4v@f,9cfuiq,ifu lEi 4fi lfi qs sfr{ 'flfr'rfr;
fi .orc[s ', a rfu R <EE1fi cqsEq
ftr{'{ qfu cfitNi I M B<qs slcqr V, qs 6lqas
n qqp qa c{,qs-.Tfr-{fi &ff crlF q{$l't cal{
4 !5-.f fr4 FefrEH 6q+g6 w<<'' at otR-o q

ldt rs cfllls{| qr{ q+qlTFtfu qcssfrRq-r ar t

Ms. BE slrE f$, q!q f ks r41T{4 | ,4srE c{

f EaqcqlF rq-{| s <!FisF or{ 6rco19t cqlt{,17
o[rt r.l '1T{- qlw.l]-cq<<w qv c& | firq {fts4,<lG<
iNr++(rq (cq[EFfrdc ip-{( stw'19 ({ff m) qltr+
qq 1.{F 6F {1-:lc{, M. & Mrs.B4t
$ {v N | {
t{t Fl vlF<r{l c tfts s +cq c{ [qF* wg "F
qt19{G q{ vl {,13fi::lrs qfrfd rrq {[q. Ms. Bs!f(i
Mr.Br $udy Cs{ 41,qr\t ftr;r< q$ 1trr q* qv Eqrfi
ca{tq cqll.I qn 4,r,{-{1 {c lqtr I'15't {( {nq,
c((s eliF ql qfi tfr Fn4, fru tsf,{ '-"ld tlr TG; t I
M. B qlE.dFrrF {ff" 1 (d Crrs {tr65 Ms. B 6'F
q'rFt:somepottoes!
(Plese
T{l{4rqtalfr-q cfq ctlE
il l) Ms. B{fd ffr: t wishyouwerea itdemorepolite.
M. B <FFt: I did say pleas.Mrs. BEF;I didn't har it.
Mr. B <q(4;l It was no ault o mine that you ddnlt crl

qtrgltEtr4i" c'tt{t('F{, qr,@o l "EF!' 1-

wlgqrfEF 'fts c{(s | ,!sfr-{
r!4{ | {trlR CQICS'qlfr
ql {rd c{N qs cqsrklr, fr[?IfiR Mrs.B Mr.Bcs
q'ldt[,r{a{ M. B((rd [{ 4+I 6{ft qE
qrFFl@{,
ffics-{ tqFrks ft'("\.rs.Brts{44, Mr.B{{ c"llT
d'c Fls-{ qc]t i'lrc q1ENqFrqrI lrrs' Bt<
frr+ q r'E Ffr ss cnqq I

I sr.ayedfot a lew days urth hy tutot's anly. t! is a u?a

strangehousehold.Mr B s a niddle-classnan. He nowsLatii
and Grceh uery well. He ba.no children. He and his uife, me
and a s?ruant-grl - n w^' iust the ow ol us n tbc house. Ur e
s middle-aged a d has o srcwlih7 expresxon: he t'ussesand
rcnpla'fts about th'ngs a day long. and spendshi; ine in a
datk rcoh on the goshd lloot n?xt to the ktc.h?n,uth one
small windou and the door tigbt sh t. 'Ihe sun's rays can't easily enter tbe root , but eun so he heepsa atuin &wn oter the
uifltlou; the ualls are .ouered with iarious formidableJooking
Gteek and Latin books - old, tom and dusty. \Yhm you go int
the roon yo* feel suftocated [rcn the Ia& o[ dit. ihis too'41is
hts sudy, where he does hr reading and tearhing, with a badte.ftperydexprcss'onot his face.Hetways loohs-bad-renpered:
f rt taheshi,n a long tine to put on tight bootsor shoesbe gets
funoks with then. If h? catchesh's po.het on a nal in rhe utal,
he s.rcus up his ?yebrcus and hts liDs trenbl?. He is such an
irusbb tndiudual tht therc seemsto be someth'np to intanat?
him at e1,crystep:he tips on the tbrcsholdwhenh soesin and
oat: he annot get a drawer open without a straggle:if he getsit
open be cannotfnd what he is lookr,'e[ot On; nonhs;hen
I went
his study I found him slting and ftou,1ins and
goantne'nto
or no appamt redson- trrere was no othet person in
the rcom. B t a.taally Mr B is xot a bad betson: h" i tuiabl"
b t is not uiolentj he .arps and cavils but he doesn't threote' ot ltt least hp docsn't behaueaggressiuelytouards people. He has
a dos a ed'hny. thoush, on hon hi works o" ati t i' 1"'1, i1
he so much as moues he thlearens him cofltihwlht dn ktl<s
him to a pulp day and ngbt. I hate never seen hiin smile. Hs
tlothesate raggedand dn\. He E thissolt of nan. At one trme
he was a piest! I am surc that ih his semons on Sundayhe
regaled his congegaton uith the tenors of Hell. Mt B k so
ouerutotked,he has to reachso nany people,that sone dayshe
has ao tirne lo eat his di,,,rcr. Sonel ;s he is b"sv ftom thi nonmt he g?ts up ti el?uehat nght. ln such a sit;aion it is not
uery suryrisiflg thdt he i iftitable.
Mrs 8 is a uet-ygood person - she neuer shows any anger She
tlust haue b?en quite atra.tiue onie. But she looks older than
her years antl wears speetacles- anl iloes not take mucb trouble
oter hq dress.She d.oesthe .ooking henelf, a'rd the housework
(there are no chidret so th?rc is iot uery mu to do) -and she
took good care of he. Withn a leu days t was apparpnt lhal
tberewasuery lttle loue lost bet
Mr and MrsB. But ths did
not ,nea,t thdt they qudrelled a 'en
lot. the hosehold funerioned

quite slently, Mrs B ne1lergoes nto Mr B's study, dnd throughotat the day thej see,tothing of ea.h othe a y more excz|t at
/ndbtes, uhen they sit qtietty, 1lkiflg to me bt not to each
athet If Mr B ,teeds more potdtoes, he says grxftb to Mrs B,
'Sotte potatoes!' (he neve sayspease,or dt least it is inaudble).
Mts B then says,'I ush you were d little nore polita.' 'I did sdy
Please: saysMt B. 'I didnl hear it,' sdts Mts B. 'It uas no fdalt
o mine thdt you didn't!' says Mt B. I d. not hear eteytbing
tlrey sdid - t this poit t both sides lapsedinto siknce. I felt very
lllat"edre betweeft the tuto of thetn. one day I dftiued d tle
lete for dinnzr, and fo rld Mrs B rcbuking Mt B: amoxg his
ather faubs, he had takett too ,nafly potatoes )ith hs ,teat. Mrs
B fell silent ahen she saw ,te, and Mr B seized his chhce to
haue his rcuengeby taking d double belping of potatoes, Mrs B
looked at him uith a heart-endngly heltless et pression.

Notes
!!ttt g<tftl qq wasrhe6rr Bengatibookro bewrittenentrely in the calit bba:a. as opposedro he terrysadhubha
that will be illustrated by the passagein Unit 33. Cdlit rrs, is
often ftanslated s 'colloquial language'. Its verb endings and
pronons do indeed conform to th Vest Bengal speech on
which Modern Stndard Spoken Beryali is based. But since it
rhe Iar,a'uageof iterature, it
haslargely replacedsa-dlrubh:d
^s as e older sddh bht.
is now iust as much a literary language
h^'J'ed by certain writers, can be
Moeoi! sidha bhl,
^s
nd
calt
bhdsa ca be highly Sanskritic.
nd
colloquial,
r.cy
Tagore'sstyle here shows how had it is to make a sharp distincsddhr. It is breezy and spodaneous in
ton between cdlit
^nd,
and hardly any paragraphing. But
ton, with loose punctuation
words iosrle wirh hiehb
is
eclectrc:
literart
ihe vocbuarv

formssuc}L
as{<{q. ffiffi, }6fi1fii.
colloqgi{redupticatne
{e+, etc.

(a fewL a more lierary orm thn iFtSF.

\@
inead of <F, { insteado 515t. erc.re WestBengali
'1.I
dnlectar ons. commonln rgoreswrronS.
can meanan ;mageor ste: heeir meansfgrle.
'S
ad*Fll
enteredBinsh Ind;an Es\sh in punhah-ua ah. chawallah i.e. the nan who operutesthe punkah- the,karl uho
selk-tea,etc.Hre u giles (qqfFlt an adiectivlreeence:

litealy
4{F (E|qt{Ftrfql fSt<q qFFFFtEGrmens

in a small-1aiftd.oueddoor-fastefled ddrk roor/1,

'l:-T.^T:a9Jy..f

rh$bookt hasnerrryarways
been
rF

*.nhom
rhe
pa+
Jiff+*;?ili;'l,Tl;5f,*,*
';;)::

::X;;;,::iiK:f.
r;
eYB;;;;;J
-*
is bereusedan adjetrive.wi

e /ero verbj,
nt oue,.t
(tou.61,,*. .,aor
h
c
w,
h
.frx# :i::i,: !,nu
ineins,rumen,ar
carecan
be
"#l+"ffilgg3oo&s
Ih: 1,.:lr loun

l"m{fryd/6q1p-4
qq can me,to ooh alet bke turc ofl
iimpy
sense
r.
rhat Mr and 4rsB drdn hear or .ee
e
hcre
cochother exceprat mea-tirnes.
r()nemphatjcv;rim oL.{?.. T,rgoresomerimesu.es We\r
Bcngali dialectal forms. C. Note 2 above.
rl fitr{ with the possessftecasefrom the mddle, from betureeft
thetn. -L-hisls an obsolete usage: it would be qt< Cqf+ in
present'dayBengai.
but the only nove
Thcreare plenty of conjunctsin the passage,

i;."fi
!;i!i;,!;;F"i"i?(:!i:":,xtx:i;?"r;tx
n +E =
S
wirhe rnani.p.^-r i,e.i."

:.::1:1..'.,*

iii,
:i,..i;i1nrf
,,#iH.+:r:ffi{}if
;,;ffii,

ro+ =

Notice lso the q + combintion in r.D(seN ote 31, p. 272).

It lsooccued on p. 239, to spel'whee'.

;mfil
"mn*:.ti':f,,:i,tj;
Exercise
#;H::r,,1"*!..:"i.,:"""11.:"tr
:rorrriw qE.but
herc
ir iusr

l:fi i:1#,;& #lar

,.,"T;:::#*,jntunire

r panicrph
girerrhemean-

;:H,#:1;,.:j'l"i1.rh:,.,.1*
j,,:Ii;lr.lr*
I
:!
Lrsh
period:
onFtr'rar"a.*,ii-f
iS,'*l,:'""

expre\\ion'.
onmaropeic
Bcngrlir' very nch rn redupic.rrve.
rm r5lr,ad'dcnotns wodst 1nd
Tngorecalled (hem qi{{
includeda lone list o them in his collection of essayson the
iabddtattua,leOqt.In rhe ollowing
aneuaie\B,.nta
fcnear
gress
which,srhe righrword from the
iiyoL,
rcntince.,Ge
'an
hstgivenar rhebonom.A brrot a lottery.perhap'.buran inrer
e\peimenr.
Are \oundvaluesin wordsunivenalChe.k
csrinB
your answersaginstthe Key to th execiseson p. 308, nd
decidefor vourself.

ffiiif:"i:?,iir#rdiiJ:Li
*...f;:;.rui:i,:ir
si"1,Vcql

'

*:,ifj#:j,s$#
l:

;x#

nu:!!ee. hehastthanlhat sheroo&Joil"/.

lowiuy
Et_iLs

Thele's d light faftr of rain.

\ <]sfrs{ c"lc-

F tad cdqI

The frog hopped.auy in tefto

.fl
iTx;;ffi..ffi
Wii:{ilF#it

e 1 tKl Crl-dlc
{<E _{c

({({ Gq |

He g"lped tbe u,hoe glass o sherbeft doun

w.l::;ffis'i,ffi##ffi
e fr -

qrdt e r'{ff Ent'l<ucqrq I

What a rcstlessboy! He neuet sits quietly,

iE FIf{ fiR qr

-w'iv,

Get up q"ickly, otheruise you'I be tate.

s EEr4lSdcai]' cqa{qclr
_

ra G{fr gr4 |

TheSrls Ciesledu'henthey s&u the clothesthe gehtlent

n
I

qq$t-{ {G qF cF(.tq{l
.-k
I
A dim lamp wasflckerxgh a cornerof the dark
roorn.

b frd--_

r{ - [+qsaot6rcqls @ |

A h ge desolatesandbank _ not a soul anyuhere.

cfi{q{'{|

-R(fr

AU that glters is ,rot gotd.

)o {c<iosa ko.nsvcr<rrfr<
_'pr

lF-onI

Outside I heard the tinkle of a rickshawallah,s tiny

bet.
): {[{ qE s -q]F.i_
|
Such qowds on the bas - irhfossibte pushing
and shoun|!

)\ Eg{
-tI{El
l:::Yteil
pfoa(htr2.

t+
Ir

q,

c{ ql'Rl

hon the incrins of her bangtesthat shewas ap-

ffi*,Rffiffihw-,F.FF,1"o,
rYou willofen ce wddr of,h s

wRn qrh e {g

js,, indi.Mc rhr

:ri.#:il
il :1i..*li.
i;ii.ll;lt,:i;sF,:

o
E
q)

GI
q,
I

o.
o
a
II

*,,**liil*+rsqitit.Hiiffi,ffi
#'ff.iT."1::i:Xf
eJ,",,:*J
'q.ttrF-{T(S({?'ro

'rF {s< )e fr ) 8 ,4dI Ft c+qlA{ fiaqo|svtfr

r, ET 4s-{ LccfrIqn ETKc rir dqql4l cET
frl{{{ 'tnq, afr Eqmi"r1(F*qt-qF|dd .c d I
flFfiQ bt ccfi4.[ flr{r \5 c{?l&qI "ir cqlq,'|{ qff
rtiqr t"ltrt T{ qF|fteqqlE'lq.<llsfu l q cqrsrcCq

,llpt:,,xrri*.;tl*icr#:J;n"T

'i,:'r#165;g;**rll'"t"rui
:::lx*fi
rmtfuv r'fizqlc{' "rr Rft qtt'ram{":!<t

r";h'i;'u'nutq:,."'trj
Jj:,.,r
r;
artjfj
*
n
w*'
p

,
t
*
iiT;r#i.
.',f
B#;1,*K:

"

qER
rIFf:q:

lii
lli

.!z(4szF
p

frr,revtQE
_T]qI
a"r9|*i
. jarcs
r
drcs,d
<raFa
rc fta cFa<|
'tT&n
fi 1'{lr<.6r- frr-dwr_rR< ({r jc
cfiErcrd
sctt.
q:.ir T{ c{ geq Cr
c&3]_cFc{
,fu.l
i,t
"i(gar
{|
q{{ F cFnrTEc
fircq u-qrd.aq o ]TrR qfr "I{{
;&
"rs
!lfnr cFssrtrce-t
Sa*rq_{furefrFs qca=TrcR o<r
rd
f ccirsq:n <rsnG cqzqr T{ qtrr|*
csry
firazqr
qg-srE
oE ({rj, 16 o"n
g_{
.Efu
t+s
ce
ftqqmra{ q(eJ{ra dtol
r<Ral ftqe cue?_e- vns_
clcq cuz"taq]\,gM frq { 1+tEq
tfi 1,
qqlRlF glEr qsc4{

a"lErfiffiR
_
sE
{dm< azr orn t, cnaaEfroe T|oRq{Im
T<Fq
I{{
GErqI
,id
| l

z <TGFIqll'it irR sr I >rc

E
vmr<-<
Sr
u,FB<tc-cfr.
vtTt cstcemrer-<funur+nfRo r{
_
yfo. 1$" frTrl <sr<
crce
r,c+n+ccr6i,
-- cir
-T-1'r*

"T 'tro"l-{
AAn,aru.ur
$ 1Eenn
sg w{ err-{rt{
"ru.ur,
rjR I st cc
a.t {q o(- cst tefi{jt
:R

EtiFRIrrs fi ('f(s wff{5dcq[flEI,

t"

ft'$q fic fr{ rqlR wR$ TqtqE,srq ql-T{r(s 13

Efls
sc[ EFI,]g-(E
lFe sFrqwce qlTdsl.tq|(\etN dri{{ |'

lr|c't1g|(d+ft?'
'nrntqid q{ E anqlqE qrl< tlE <n r< +fr
$fis Eirfq| ?tRqffd +ft F
iffrq Fft i
t lqt{R"i6sla*fr <fiq Erq'npm coqtrqfi, er{q
rl "l, 6<T(c,5lTi,q-e-4v {rl*ft 11'qm
{r'*{c ffi eE"tetEcqrcqre,sr qFIcF<drac^RIrl {c
qftai
urqstft < 5d,qrm N<Ritrcq crrl qcqt
ffi
v]qf er qtdqv E.<{4(a{, 'fut
{N qrf4116
le rqq T'ft ca6scogs't* +r< cfi-rtlql, t, li, fifr cvcrqR, rsr{s 3qrRql-q cclrsaF{R, (Furq
nr frEq.<{ rqq Tf ffmF{ Rrl ftc* firEi ccl115,
Eqr'36W l:qfi {fr-glfr {ts qr{{trfrTllq
nfur{ fitfq "i9ErI q qqr rccnca"tv* qa
qfrffi {ql 6s1r{{ qvrq, .llona c+rnatfr Bn
fr[I c*in rrcor<q+r< '
\nEt{ qqcr {crp' +r<ffi< fte coce tql{<
I
{frss"iv8, {l$1{1,Ec<({ qFFlr
qeRqfuq 9].1r{,
q4q
ffi
rdrq,
4rstsK
{fu
q+lfis
q(
tq<fi q
sr<q|{ea{ cFq'ffi-(Ed
{<$ E, slqE!m qfrq fiG qlffi a9a1r<Gs-sm
rdF ( f r3

Friday,
2d luly, 1971

ahhod wnh bayonets, or whose arms and legs had been bloun
nll, tuople also broasbt another ktud of patent to tbe hostitdl,
trhom I shall fleuer euerforyet,'
The doctor utLschohed fot uos: ue all watched and uaited
,llatly. ln a uoicethat was almostlike a groan he sad: 'Wonen
wha had beenraped. lron youns srls ro niddle-agedwonen,
ttolhcrs,grandnothers- none were spated.Many oldet ladres
Cld not leelron that hotscs. they thousht lhat nothnS would
hlppen to them- They stayed by themselues,hauing moued the
larng Eiis au,ay,bw tbe Paksrani brutesdd uot sparethem
illhet I heardfton one lady patekt that sh?u^' at her prayer".
Fy.n in that positon, sbe u'as puled away and raped. Another
woma uas reading the Holy Koran: they vatched t from her
ltd nted heL'
The doctor remained silent, looking .t the gound, hts face
utf-stri.km. tot a while w? wpr?stunned:we sarspeechless.
A little Iater,the dodor,nutnured to hnse(: ll AIlah exists
ahtn these Pakistaki follouers of the devil mtst sutey be
d.t toyed. And if thy ae flot desroyed, then I sball haue n
lhlnk aeain about the existenceof Allah.'

i#{iii###{,#r#i#i#:;!jl

#fj###%'t#{nW

irii

ffi'es[yi1;;$rii{r"*,{i

,,;t'i,:':;*fitf
fr;:;1,#ti#if:f
l[:!i#

ji#,i{{:#:/;lt:
ii:##";#lti#
rrXi
t ;;:;: n;!l:!r"m :; !n::;
l{ot s

tt'

,!":';:t:',:l,T::;"'
::!"iJ,,,-
lhc
:!:nrc.
! !,!i:l;,',"",1.,:

iThc doctor, a amily friend, s named elsewherein e book as

Dr A. K. Khan. The plura endins d r. addedro vlFF to in
dicttht he and his w both rrived(seUnit 17, pp. 94-5).
lContracredorm of e oertect renseoi rhe e..'rendedrerb

C{Etnt.rl. ruttrormw;uldbecftnrF. seep. lqJ.

rs
JahanaraImmam's diry is written in contemporary, converutional middle casrBengllsheuteslorsof Lnglishwords.So
(iF:F1. erc. ito
In rhjs exrcrwe hare gE 1, t(fd,
drive,tnnk-call, to check.erc.l.
ifibrft (or rt6) means,at, utaxon. reckomns.coununy. ttt.
The phra.ehe'" mean. rc.konnRon that l.e. so).
tThis is an rmoonant idiomaric u.e ol rrtrl, usedor evenrsor
rhine. rhar are assmed.rransedor expecred.Ir foUow. rhe
vcrblnoun rn rhe posse*ive.aie, and rhi pe^on or rhing that
li cxpected gos into the possessivecase,though in colloquial
.pccch the po\\essivendrng$ \omerimesdopped. There
rcro verbif rhe sentencerefersto the future

#fi##:ir#litinffiKr

ff#{#ftrii##H#if,w

,
*,,i:;
;i: i1':;i:i !:"i;i ,:!:t::"l,!,fJ::i:!,
'Gu thot uitims?,

""'iLi:;i'ii:,,ii;fi!:#{,#"*w":,:"::11

q isfd

qq

sQlt I

tnqr+<<qm t< c+<r-qg

c |

He's erpe.ted this aternoon.

Thebooksbouldcomeort
next Yeat

f an expedtion in the past is invoived,

qfrL '
q,frEErq

is addedl

;;;;::&:!u'E!,1":i:'
",.
a",,rt"a
; t.si-r"

money,

rertedo
thevebai
expression
i.rn
^ft"#:'Y,,i;rle

l/ltf meansspeerr,andthe verbdt Ito Joselis hereusedasan

cndingequivalentto nglsh'less.
ItNoticttre
usingffi ... gf,rl/Et{fE
conditional
cnstructions
rheverb
(rcrUnir,2( p. q5),wi!hrhenesarive
comingbeore
qfr.qt
qR
The
c.u.e
rR(q
.
.
clau.e,
t
theqfi
in
Q{.
'narn
ln the sentencecontainsan obligation construction(seeUnit
19,pp.119-20).
rher[ i\ sientrt?n ).
Norcrhrin fif{ t, t?nation-grcundt
(ripe' + E +
ho onlyoer newconjuncri\ the predtcrble

r-.
,i;;i"i'-',,r-iiglri*sihklHn..;i

$.;j
YF:j,l:i:iffi*:*:jr*[r,
!:r:..!e?:?,tct u,h,.htteyattnaa.iica"s" o1tr,ot...
"".fl,
"),

ixercise

ffi j"#j#.'lH::#',:;r,':"-"i;,,,-,':.::
r'"';:
fl#'"T;:'ifi

erlierin rhi' unir

in rhe passage
lcc if you can 6nd exampes
of the folo.,ng poinrs o Bensal,grammar.spellingand
PUllctuation.

ru;*:ql
*'* +*:

";rlli
'Fruktl*'klr'!,
r:t,;*k
=,,

L$raph t
I The emphricprticle addedto rhe rirneo day.
an dverbb) the additionofGr.
2 An adjeitiverrned
'nronot require the noun that it follows
S A postposition that does
to be ir the possessivecase.
I An extendedverb particplemet nghauing.a sedto stot,
, An impersonalconsrucrionexprersmgdee.

'm,,HCflid,:.ffiffi

pui,#trffi#f,*ffi
lar.graph 2

6 A word in whicht is pronounced like an Englsh 's', not 'sh'.

7 A postpositionusedelliptcally:i.e. the noun o pronoun to
r{hich it efers has ben left out.

because
of a residutfeensrhate coUo_
::i:l --.ll:,"_1",y

;jJi:li:.#J:il.Xm
jIi,"*.,::
:ltr1"?:,,,:;:"**
iscommon
f"

lil*;'r:'*,

rr used
in esense
or

Paagph3

8 C.FF - but dos it mean uhich or atry, a'J'dhow is it pmnouncd?(sUnit 23, pp, 168-9).
I The verbal noun in its altemative possessiveforn using -<{eUnit 24, p. 182).
l0 The useofgto representthe Englishlette'v'.

,.1::,#t.l:x:tr:;,::;i::::#;,i;;,butkrs,mck.
-m
la:ograph5

"$;t;5;##i+.:H#,ft
;;
i,ffi

l1 A compound verb mealJr9to ente (suddenly)

11 An example of an extended verb used in the past contnuoss

| ! An infinitive used to expresswhile doing someng.

,o

verbwhereborh members
1^:11,*
c-ome
rromrhesameverb_ i.e.rheverbis or e cornpound
cornpounde
wirh
15 A passive
construcrion.
Paragraph 9
16 Ar Englishword rharhasbecome,natr

i "si,.'*;;,h,i:;,'ff,1lli,;?,':?':;:

17 Thenegtjve
o hperfecrrense.
Paragraph O
r8 4word wirha sjlenr1.
17 rne parnd usedro meantoo,
aswell.:
tbe presenr
renseusedro narrtepst

U,
n
q)
Ir

rii
ii

s,
3
3
qt o
5 c
Ir
J

lii
lll

fts p

ii,ilffNn*'gffi,lo*fitr***'*
j;f
qq'tr{j

q qrs lfi4 otl"lr r

",

+is v

!r srir qi*{ ({Affq{td

'tts.rqrE-flfi-sutic['9-qst{.

:iillr

i##*rn,,,':iJ
it+i'llltr*i
*r,m
;,'* s;i**:*.i#9"1,;g;;1
rt$mv

d-qq{ q{ q-T{rrrq c{rryiq'{ 15

0sr

'iilj

vpff[{.+d"fi5tg cqMcE+r
qqyfi
F[.qdEc{q4{s r

trntrr+*fitrner*umrr;ffi
$n-isy

qtmnrq< qRqfi{ 3
Ov1-d
6s1Tq

qilg|y

D v*..rva
qft{Ey
qq rRs,qffi a I,
<RlFc_<,*
'ttShvtV
fi .s, {r+srIrEd< cqteFl
ct 'I*,Ic1 k,tqp
nehs y
tuq *"...q*tosqdErr
aflq F
aEFFI-ctE
a{Ffla_{l|{
tmrrrr fu I
!fr
"t{f4scl
+c.c
Tz-qr

htrwtci[s{ts.lR +praP
rtn-dstyfi
qre<
*s t
as 'ilsl cstqftd
c<w*

$lsty
nq Eqqrq sr s calldI
q we s-r{R

vthstv
1Rftd!q c"tqtsrq!-q,
qffi qfgrIr tr{ fic r1o
rtq-dsy
c.rq'drflTsdr&{c,
'
1fuwagaYra 'l|la" Fd c1-qt

c|nqyfr

{rfr{ {, ciFlrqs{rq,"

{mfr&ft,{s,

*+rvl v

cqm@ cE!t q]

c,<rFdt
E1rawrlgr< zrqi l:rrl? q<|{ {Nl |

ashq pfr

Ftrldom

E{ T{R R[ xqs Fs <q dq

cfi r

Youare RabThahur'sageless
Poe t, ndestactiblesorLgs,

Fsl !M I

You,,areKaz Nazrul, that gteat man utith long sbaggy

hair
swngng,
Trembling with pleasute at the
ioy o deatorr.

You arc fery rneetings noisy uth slogansa d briltiant

u,ith

You dre Khokd's co[oured shirt,

lou ate the play of sunlight
o Khuki'ss ch soft cheeks.
lreedon
Youare a garilen rcom, the koel'brd's song,
The old banyan *ee's gleaming leaws,
Mt otebookof poerxstt'ritt asIptease

You are a farner\ snne n the hatuestfretds

The secondpoem is touchingly personal and domestic Sone

Lines for a Cat.

yor"arc the rcdiant

necting on ffimofial F?bruary2Ist at tbe

banhds.

lrcedoh

|ou-are,au agegrl's un.onstminedswinmngoar

into a
pond n re sunhynoon.
_
yourc the kn.otty ,nus(les
of a young la.bouret.ssk ed ams
snrfitngrn the st4nshine.

vou^:::h:,cln@ o a f"edom fishtn\ eyeson the edge

of rhe
empryaafRness,
tltr,1 w""g p,apitin rheshadpot a banyantrce,
!iy,i,*
i spedking
I hc ,upty
of sharpda.zline wotds.
You,arc:tormy
M^tdahs.

conversdtion M tea-shops ol on pa*s ot

You arc the mad sla, of a kal-bar:akJtstorm

ftotu horizorl to
You are^e breast of the shorelessMeghna in the
month of
You are ny fatheri solt ptayet-mat\ wetcomns reatn.
1ou,::e the lu eflns o ny nothets white sattssptead
out ,n
You arc the colour of hen?a on my sstels soft pattg.
yo are a colowe.l postet
shinhs tike d star h the hanalof a
y^o arc a houselu[es thck
unbounbta,k batt,
Bloua about wildbt
the uhd.
'n

GvtrfiwqsF
,Irr0crgtdfus6 qffi{Fl

l$r{ qq,1ams qF fi6 fiI

aGfu 6{ffT{ffi,ffisrm

cqlft1qT-{1,s Af'{ {riFSfir,

fl,6$r{t qr{' firqd E[rf 1R
!Ic'{rqrMdrlq|,q{fi-{
qrl+Tl c, cc c{gtq (sF[|{ $ qrqt,
qc{ cl,'? \4fr
tEF cis qt q|{1," (W
!irF 'vl qq.i ffi'l s( T{,

c{q'{EfffrtsE5t{fu mfiEFl,

"fiE rrs qnRc[{ 4q qll,"

!
c{{ 6r9Raqtqsftqls{{
ff n c<t+Rstr+ r 9tqt q<1st<q qfi1'
q{ir F{6nt
Er{ cq'{'{r4fifu' 6s cfffi
,sEfrQ
Drd1r 'I{ {irsl
$$\, 60l
e1
qqm,.
c[
cnttq 4l sqrn|
fic
SomeLinesor a Cat
We hed a cat for a feu yea6 in on house,
Aluays seekitlgattenion, my youngest aughtet espedallv
was deuoted to i, rcplorly
Lookiry oftet it. looking out or it eueryday,
\Yashins it. keeDtnsher oun sharc
OffLsh-or;t was ler daily task.O e day
txiiiho so nuch as a wonl. that cat uanishedsomeu:here,

Not,a trc,." o hex ue sparchcdel,eryuhet,

.
hy ttflte daughter wts uery dorrh.ast,
^ia
tayonh bedwthouttatk,n+.
1::.1.1::,:::
l.l*?d"ys.
ne
wo tdnt eue4
tatkto me.
As if the dsatpearanc of the cat uere my
fault!
Hou t:..cpla'n to het? Ir wasiusr Ie someone
saytng,
v^, t m ol now, seeyou aRansomelime,
And thfl going off, ae',er t be seenagain,
Leavng as a present a Ercat efl,ptitess.
Notes
Ve,are dealingnow wr rhe tanguageot poetry:
word. cn be
.omomeo.morectanngtythan ir pro:e, and tireral
meaninssbe_
come nrder ro prn dob,r.The rrn.lationsrbove
are rher"e"..
reerlhanlhetranrarions
ar hvebeengrvenrn prevrous
(hap_

eir
tii,l""i* li,1,: lril#iii:,i'ossaryexr
'i:;J:il-.[.-ve*on

ottr< 'Rbiisanarrecrion-

- i ne great'rebtpoer'Kzi Nazrul t\lam (

tSqq_te76)wsf_
mous ror ihe tmboyanceot his ha.clorhes
and personatirv.

TE.?lrPrLLsrherrteo a poem
byN-;;i. b;;-d;
crnbeormed
veryedsiry
iHjf
::.TYr,-*r'o,,olr
j'1,.T8..uo.
or .Mrqr. Dry..isa very..por_
'i:!1- jn.rh
tanrtre
Banglddeshi
clenda.
Theredre

Mi",. .Mdrryr\.
Memorir.r
in Dhk,
and;h;_
L.-:!:!'1,

wne.e rn the courry to cormemorarerho

wbo were rhor
oeao or prore\nng.rgainsr
rhe pkisrngovemmenr.\
nri
po[cy.
_D"engjILqguage
-S l - rn expre\sronof e kird rhat was discussed
rn Unir
lonelines..emprlnersand a|so hear:
:h i:::::il:i::i".n'

H"';r::,1fi
i't:il:Jfi.y:
lili::,ili:::
.lJ:i;
^

{t

s a prrk.lrke reaof opengrr.\ in d row,,where

oeo_

orhod
pubric
mee,inss.
asonthe
ijllil ilj,il,! i"ii,lr
;sffi

r?$a):seeunir2\, p.2u0.

p204,
rhe
,iJ:::i:
#:iJlJ#l:-lk:
.ffiif
'e.?l - comptexadieclive
herec-onveying
warm_heanedness.
wecome,
seneros,ry.
in,imrcy.qfri rsa ri,nr
spa(ct. the ,ro wordsrogerher
"r6ir-;t;.
conveyrhe whole
woild or

prayer e:.tending beyond the prayer-mat, ll the wy to the

K'abaMosquein Mecca.
bc Hindu and Muslim, tend to wear
women, both
Older
'volderBegalii women,
border they ar not widows.
with
a
coloued
white sria,
t/idows traditionally dress completely in white - i n
tcchnicallv a white dhoti not a sari.
A woman's har allowed to hang loose after baing, blowinc
in the wind, s requentty a syrnbl of freedom and etotic allue
in BeneliDoetrv.
.Khuki' meanslnle girl rsee
'r,Khok. meansi*r/e boy, iur as
used
at
a pa name or the youngest
Note 6, p,.254), and is often

,,1f".*':11"i

IlModem Doetslike Rhman wll freelv mix literary with colloouial woids. Persianwords with Sanskit words. You alreadv
fnow the word (tQ lsznsinz); C is the Sanskrit form o it
A distinction can be made betvtee tdtsdlho words: words that
havebeenlifted dire6 into Bengalifrom Sanskrit; and utbhaua
words: words at are derived from Sanskrit but have been
modified or simplied over trme. Bengli writers often have a
choice baween the two: Rahman uses6{tF earlie in the poem
(1.15rwith a sLir drferenceof nuance.The Sanskrittorm
irereis eanderaid moreintenserhan rhecolloquial
rr(|ffi i" often rran'larcdas cuckoo-Bur e loplird. wirh
call risrngup rhe scale.is quite fferent ftom the
iis passionate
Euiopean cuckoo, though it belongs to e samefamlp
laTheneuageof the secondpoem i. sponraneou\'nlLaand
coloqu1.;nd rhe eammar is often qule ooselflglq qA-
\Lir. hau,1ppi(ked up lole) suggeststhat rhe cat ws lwavs
seekineaffection.
riThe liikine o rheserwo veb. meaningro sreal (e second
beine dialictal,archaic o poetic in flavou) adds an infoma,
e cat
casualrone.and humorouslvpersonifies
InThe word order has been switched round, and the tense is
Dast.but this is none other than the verbal noun + {{ con*rctiot Not at all .ould (anything) be knoun SeeUnit 22,
Dp. 157-8.
l-he reduoljcaredfom of rhe verb Crit ro searh, looh
rror sueeeitssearchilrehish and ow. d means Psse"ertri e-ence, rhe be-all and end all o
U*,..
i"*.t'in
verltnlng.
r' classic-use
here of the wod !4{Fl for a eelingof being
hurt or let down bv someone voulorc: Moreouet she did not
sbdk to me be.a se of her hwt feelihgs Notlce the hee-wod

;;el
ffi;;,;;;
e.ose'wrdoer woutdbe:qnF
qff zr q <ra[q.

leffi
is_therst person lmpe|ve (Let me , , ., May I . . .); and
remembeqir r. nomdl ro <peakot contry tagin)whnone
oe\ eaveof pgr.onin Benga{seeUnir Zt. p. t4J).
,^take<
F0 {emphaI|cform lQli) LrerrUymensrpd,p,ry, bui used
herea. a kndo panicle.convey
ingan easy.pleasing.
rebxed.
casLLrL
mannrot deDa(ue,
zllnvened word-order gain;
beRk frf* is t".
sequence.
""rmar

Exercise
You have now been ntroduced to most of the conmon Bensli
coniunc
chdracer.Any unfamiIaronesrsucha.E andC irihe
brst poem rhi\ uni (hould be readrll recognizabie.
81 *ay ot
revision and consolidation, however,seeif you can cornftete e
'equtions' or the following coniuncts, all of which occur in the
poemsin Unit 32. When pronouncingconiuncts,remember:
a Double consonants- 6, q, etc. - should be properly double
b ff
- attached to a letter is generally silent, but lengthens
e con(onnrro whichir is anachedrexcepr
whe,el occur.
dt rhe beginning
of a wordr.The excephonro rhis,ule is
whrchcn be ponounced'mb, in Enssh word< such,
nrmb., nd in words derivedfrom Sanskrit-z- raer than
-n1t-. I{oweae, {qt bbout, conceming) is oten pro
nouncd'srmm)ndh'.
St
- I - lso lengthens the sound to which it is anached
(exrept r rhe beginningot a wordr. and ohen chnge\
folowng ro_.Occrsionalyir i\ foowedb) e rpronounced
a) or o (unafected). A exception to e normal effect of
qFJt is the conjunct q + =
in th middle of word, as
q'q.q (unbearable), which is pronounced.rsii'.
.t nd q n sone con,uncts are pronounced ,s, nor .sh' (se
Dt'.286-7\.

g=
)o l=

q=
d

)> B :
5 c 19 g=
)8 q =

:c q=
b

)s s:

)q

)u
lh
o q . =
l

\ st=
\eq*=
8 q=

a =

,& cd.ul: herc is t vowel hre, wll d tw coso@6

'!

ll the Beneah
vou bve encounreredso far has been in the so-bhs
gtq) or colloquiallanguage.This is e
..lled caht
lffi
in speechand writing rodv.Bur in
borh
normalform o Beogali
part o the twentieth century' a
early
and
cenniry
nineteenth
thc
nore formal, literary form of Bngli,the sdhu bh\ fri|
nor
lmn)was usedwhen writingBengal. Thrswascharacrized
by
longer
vocabularv'
bur
Sanskriric
elaborate,
nly by a more
vrrb endinesand pronours.Someo theseorms- more archaic
rhan e lloquial forms - survivg in lengah rur-aldialecrs.

Thw thesdhubrr.form or s{tq {lq

o
{

'.+

J-r

F+ $,

'q

i
A.

o
o

is - lrFl {I{FIE,

which you will ftequently hear in Bangladesh(pronouncd

the
'th.ftcd'). The tull ;nse of e sadhu bhaa.esbevond
rcooeof is booki but to give you a tasteol lt. treesthe en(lo
oniof Rabindranarhtgorehsho srorieso e | 8e0s.Tgore
waga pioneerin writing n alit bh,^nd swichedro usingit
h his ter orosecnonibut his sroriesofthe 1890sae all wrilEn in sdhabhap.
(G'.et lc oassasebelow is raken 6om his story qR
a handp.
tt3
bout
see
292).
not'rtithi':
omnuncedotlttti'
ro
his
family
has
left
who
boy.
TaraPada,
young
Brahmin
iome
lced a roving life working for trou pts -o[ gymnasts'players'singers
rnd the like. Matilal Babu and his famiJy befriend him' and he
livcs ir.ith em for some time. Matilal ares for him to hv
Enclish lessons.and he and his wife begin to see him as a
ppective bridegroomfor ei only dauter. Bur iusr-beore
ihc ieddine. Tpad disappears.to return to the unfettered
life that su him best. The last three paragraphsof the story are
written in Tqorehsandestnnner,and ee wondeuly evocative o Eastlienqalt rjverinelandxape. The translaionis taken
from my Pengu book. Sele.ted Shod Stoies oTgore

qR.nrq R{11{+:Ffia d rfu'? ffi1s1'F { l

qRmrqtfrcg
vfqtqlfirg fts |
'ttk4j vF'lqr.F
{fu{
{61r t9{{lqj rt{ frrd El' TRrd 's\
&R{a@ a {tRflJ frcqqI
qlrrera<c{ cqqdrotcffiqfi,esfi 1$cF6q,
{lR [r (clq qF*sst Fr<r*qq {R'{ {lfrq d (q
dl c qkc qrq csFtr{l q< 1 rqrol cut|mutt&- ql{ wn q$fi
rqtrffi iiq{' F4{ ctfrsffi
Ftvq<slas 4{fr{ {N1,' 6siQlltcsr.Frflftr' sEffi

Tlq]-qslT{1,0s{w-{cs ql$ q{rE -q - 4q

<qmA+m qc qa 6s?1-lsJ TRcgqt-a,qys
qrq4firq{d1firtfifl'rqfo
c{qtfi rt {RrE
elE,Tffifr\tRltE{,|Rfu ffirs
cqRRwtl
el{qfi1tr
dr(r<
si
6
csFF
{s
qrfi-dl5 'I$
ql$
cfi6tq'6
ar{.Tq cs.lR.,*cg c{Rfl" l
wqls-li dslq[cs 4na -qn RFrwtr+ct"ft
q,r qfts mfivfrtq rtLi sl.l'{sc" qt{rR"
q$1ffifr-lt"F FRN qr+,
fiFe c+tllq'nr5ut*slfr
+{< ${<lRnr3qe,'iRs "l?"sl"fqrP" ?Rfi.
q-a.clE&tq d1]f|rl sqcsqrq;qrFqriFqffi
qfrrcnrfrSwrq{sl-ElqrTss16tl,cr@cFd
lqtatq6 ?q<l ci fr's{ cq?.1
{ 1{ Fn
qlF|llDlfirqlpf6q61fisafia|964
+Effi4qfi
P'
q cr TgrsF{4rt{|{cq,sqffi{R'{lsRcffi-dcrd
e?.<| cqisrt-wlvlt"thr1rt cqR-q,
csla d-s
{Ftftqq,6llFtcfi-$tel rq, cr4tc+t 't t-qr fu eRe
{ 6E|CE
W{ FEtq(5icrs-q{c?r.'Dcer+lvlr
fiT rd Rltrftq sltq {ffi E& fi$zE,W{ Fd
.tri 6srl-:t
alq1<crq 5i1rrlRcsqqri {ff{ s1-(qRtqq:
rg[E,'tFb{[qft d-slr $st{rqt (ffiq'{qFq q<(
rtD{r qtTH 4.
fivlE frfl {E sl-E'+qifr\9=
-Ie
srerq- sff,ffq{R
| 6qFtgcqFus.tfrrfs(s si
(IrtF ef+lsrtcE F fi qtR"l n4?,.4
6{t
"flq
"&q,
rlr qR E - 'X<tEIq,4r<a<(gr Etftq, cr({d 'FE[F
clr gfrn u0,aR-*va "to"rsqrry v 3 [e EfiFqflffi
qn-qle<arqq $ qRt
'qye { -d,
qKs
vlRN
cgs
TR-{,Rfrsfi cTd,'slEfu qfsRtr
6rs qtFfarst"tcEdrw" ql-q 6q{q|rs qjtM rq{-qElsl$Re Rq frIsE, "J|{ftFtrsla, cq{&lzE,48t{
flr {ze cqRF (qaE
Efufte fr <{l.a,c-{t
'rE,
ts f*.trq ccqet 6,Fs qlrFm ofi oF
1qfi -d,{E qmt ao-q+f wq{{ff 1
't

sN otr' '
q<'
$frrs qff{ r cd {ftr '44n 'fir{ 'b{
Er[g 4fi-4|
r;ffi* <nfiq ffq {F fl t..T{'?s
q{ERq
qfl
'
sffam orce s1s5iq
'i't5lft$
"*""
cfist
.4."". *t" *4"-t *t frf<qflfi1' fiF{ <lvtqfu
<3'Rfr-d are
#; G* "fi",fr srqfr<ErF4fi6
ffifl
rr"t;t*
fuf*".loo 4t 'lsn cbp{fue slsl
qrtn"n qtfifl tr- fi.s4 - ftE "i{fr
i"*
6G
"m*"
* c* t *-e:o<smd g{Fqa "tqtrs
#,*
'
ft",{rQ'o Ts cr<Ii?rh" 5
# S,
qfef{F
"-*"'"
<triuia srtrq<rq<'
eir<
;i.;
^*-.t fr$ 5{ fitcRP'?
ffiq wft Rt'l{
nonth of
MdtildlBabufxed theweddinsfor the,

'tnnand

w:izr'f*ri:i!:i,'#-Y:*:;'{:,*,li:';::;
'i^i"t'a-ar:,-

bind, and.he orderedevenrhins else that

-Y,i,"l:#!"!::i!:t"i*;'.,::!:.*I#;,:,,,f:;':':i

i*i"!':Hi',n'-,:":,r:;i{i,,:,*tn"*r:irn
"f"
;
lt,;. *;a'7,,,1'""
i!,
!:i:;
:,:;
J:
ffi,!;,!,1
"i,
'i'iir""a"l::
uittase:
th.e
o
afls
t" tt
-naked''huat"'
" "-ptJ

irY;::r;t""i;.tr::;';!:i:;t:i!l'::r,:!kffii"
lilii i,;;t*" ** t:"ro,,f
!:+:;|;f"u:,;
'
tHniltill;::!"'i!:
f,:i':,;ii;t:

eueninss'|he
-,he

ffni:,*,;i'"t;;"!i:#:":ri!"r":::
! ";;;:'i:; :;;;-c; *:

i"d;
r:i! ;"rr;:;1,
"'
".-,
;:iil,::";#::,i,n':r,:#iLl;,i:"{\n:;,
cities
u"^e norc a.diue:the bustle of distdttt
ugi"t1' dnd the whote,skl.tdng'ak,
-" io tt
a fatlou.s
"t""py
on.the-Naql4t'
Kurulkata'
at
Med whle

',i'ii,i"s

*:i!:!"lr!##ii:"\:h7#;"{r;::;:r,Y,:'iifr
m;*i';i"Vn:tY':;:;;:'&:::32:#!;iil

Ioudly.as,'tpass?d:the
J^r._rrcupcuas s,ng,ig ro t

,t*,g;r;;,,,r;
y
;rgi ;qiyiii::

llEquivalenr
ro rheposrposition
C{tGFin .rrr rr,ifr.
tttwiftlymoung anorherSanskritcornpound.
Noticethtr +
l+ E = e .
lI{+f< (rz,rrl anothesadh bhwod.Nonce tlut it does
nrlike rhecait bhds, ft/:ftrq.
c
.not takee possessive
lrlauivalentto 5IS.
^se,
trfiuivatentrorin frm fr61: rhereperiton
orthepa'rpanicrple

o::i., ".
rh.e
re,we,erunbksf rn;,ij;"l!::.
i ii ili,rla

ltauiratenrro rntf<m gdr << Zft qq. Noricerh.rrwhere

th; cahtbhsh;. rwo vowet"together- << - rhedrr
Dbalrtoftenas Q betwe* *.* - tfu.
ItThrskrndo compoundis a. characterrsric
of a poetic
o
a" such:a hqe I'fe-wave. "rye
wtirins ot sdhtLbhaa
^. ro cF{m{ cqro c<t+hsrl.
ItEouiv;lent

ioina.rctl-

i;F/i;iriiTiixi:,:r;t,_;::{;!::";!i
'"
;;,:r:;.::;i
:";
lj,
i ;":ti
ii;
;;
;::;,:
;ti
t
'!iitii;.-,,ij","1!,il!.r;,Iir i ii;,E;; ;';;'
"i.

!# :ij

Sivesit a more 'conriruos' menlr,$ iupnginto thP watc

'tr.t!F/:1,,t"i,#i:nfti,::r:zte:,,hs:5hc
,, ;: "|''i:i; :f,:,':X'ifh,;,::iy ; #:::",t* bio,he.,a,

,;nxni:*:xi;*x',;ii:i##;::i,:;r.

frali ycar - lil @ in .aht hhs. Norice rhe (now drch,c)

way of speinetbe soundch.
l\CI"FR iun.i,'
o"": oua, a' here. tle ba.ic meanrngo rhe
Ls
opr. not lolr
wordgll4
root
mWq
ured^insredor 6{em in sadhu bhas..,'o&qI
's ro 'rR.
n a compoundmadeup o 4.!
.q.r'lenr
'f(dfr{fi
(merchandtse)
and Gf{t (sl. ln sanslnr. wrd' chrnse
vrhenthey are joined togethe in compounds according to raz-

:,iei':":i:"r:;:i,r;:::;*,::t:l:ti;".r:::!
oa tatapada was not to be seen.
In a ctou,

fr;:,':r*-;*r*:;iiii#{#;ffirih
Nots

va.
li::',:'.'l;J,j.i:.fl fllJ:j;fi : J:# bhaaeeui
nTr;;U::fg':1"J.-

warrneet
so
tobeused
':r'lends

ffi:i:li [ffi91##:

]incatt
'|ed
bhs.

jjr.
#ir"
it'fftilr:#;t:r'"niHru*

; ::n'#i{].J,.
1.".u*:
ru:
#gJii:
"ffi

When
dirules: + u = o,sopny+ uphar= p4yophr.
Benea.sazdFi
sazdfi rules
rules generally
Sanskritcomoounds
compounds occur-ln
occur-in Bengal,
eenerallv
Sanskrit
not necssarily
necssarily
consciousy arir're
thoush sneakers
speakersar
ar not
agdl, though
apply,

No;e ar Tagorewrnesg-fa rnd 9 insreadot \5f'aand

ten.e.
I or rherhrrdperson.rmili.rrof e presenr

,,*i:'."'.1:11
A legthy postposition typlca'l

llEqu$atent ro frt.f{F
an idiom meaningwnedntely.
uEast uid. noticeh, in rhi\ extrcrrherdltt r"-r, fom tF is
usedas well ,. e ddr, bhaiornr.al. A ufter li-keTalore
can ser w) wirh nxinl sadhs bh: wnh calit bha some'
tims.
ItEquivaenr." iQp. f'en in ,alit bhs,rhe verb <l (io
blow, flowt like Elsl {ro /4rr. l]rli insensanQ into many
the Verb tbles on
o its forms (see Unit 25, p. 196,
^nd
pD.211-12).
f iememberrhe useof (q{.r. a panicle givrnga senseoscerzir{ lseeNote 14, p. 231).
27ouz- seeNote 19 above.
llHere we h?ve
-(as often n Sanskritized Bngali) a wod
containinsq (3- seReview of Part one, p. 53). [ it dos
here is lenethen the sound of the consonant that follows

dr.'#Li:;:1f'i"r'i:$;ii::'f;,'
".ffi
"#"r'tr'ffi

itt?:;,f"f
,ii"rr::;::;,;:u;r;

':i#:,Kff::',,i;,,."!i;i.l;i.,*^*cenrurycermn

sddhu bhasat the ph^se is

.qv;le;t to c;lb bhtcrc frrs lffiq.

qfr{sfrR

jt: e,le is no spition.Sos,tq is ponound.n!rl)bd..

rn couoqurl Engali. rhe only comrnon words contane
Flt re !F{ so"opr. pronounced.durmro. rnJ <i
72,. pronouncedwith vigorous6nl asprarion.
)ep.
$tr {rup' |\ oiten equivalenrro {rFt or gtFl rn,alit bhas.
--Noncethat+E=1.
"Equivalenr ro qft in cari rd-r.
"{q theant is comonly prnounced.ridry.rther rhan
me more correcr-hfdty; hidry is also heard. Remember
rn In good rperces appearsas and ppes
s 6.
e
E
?
rpecrrconsonanr I vowet combinationsas-wlj as
all re

qfr4sfr

q$rcq1ffi
r' gfr_-t

irhuivalentto
'tlR+{ rtq Dr{ crtrR

l$N'RR
Ifr $fts ,tlR?

wfrr{

E1Efi{

frercqm

qfi{rrsCn{ffi

Themore lirerarythe Bengali.rhe more conjuncisoccur:

three
You nvenot met tefore:

E+ =
<+{=
{ +<=

Q (pron.'nn'- soffq-slsz .cinn')

$ pronounced

rR

bhasto;mlis sivenin theRev;ew

o

col bhAt

tdhu bb

sit

vfqR

VGF
qF

g'e

s
t-d
qaEt

q'rfi{fu{
vffi
y {c?
q fi-r

-Els

lliqrfifu-{(qz

)o q"i _--

fi'lr{fuq

vr{R1FlQ4

rIfr g|sfi

The ertraci_in this unir introduced you to a number

o s,idhu
onas.a\,etb-tor)s
pronouns.Seeif you can predicr correcr
^nd
saanu ohasa..torm.
lrom e hjnrs gjven below. They are not
reauy very dfrcuu, rf your
Sraspof the.r7/|' bha5aforms are

;i*J

!t{s frGzq

a c{{sfft

di tERcE

Exercise

gi;3,

Ci{stan
rrfi c"rd
t'ff cqF
1?qfn?
lfr qlrfit

ctzq
a

qtEF{ T 4

frhrcF

!\ fis

FI TFTEFFIT<

FlqT.REFRr{
cq
:.r 6 -q{l FRrs <9
cq
:s -

f0 Fr+ncqqtqn
q{F c51-T
<9

s crcaceF
{Fq
C'IFI
GI-{l{1r
(|{F qr*
(|llFtq[

t{- {ld
:c -:11

tt<- "tr<
>v -

qlc

rTh6e forns of the vbl noDn for o/u nd /l vrbs r used in di.tiuries'

zs *a th. N** * .h" hsiinsof thBeliEshshGIG'von

". v*l"l *"* r".
verhtvp6 rethesamesot 4!it bh4a'
'L "iier
".iz.

ii.

by rhefinesror'e-modi[.-,J#
Finalv.two poems
,l?.j

l,li,i:liilil:.i"'.:"Ji',1H',,"*..1,0"","""o"
eaver,eq""i'Jffi"J'b:l
Dasrhrsnamebecomes
1i'1'flii"",li'aJ."i
iJofi8";'li
"r"*",.a"v
wh
school-Daster
rad."h, rhe ."" or u

["t*illr;*il',nt:i"il"Jli.ir'.,;:'
ro'r'"'.'"r,'1v.9"',"ti';;;;d.Jilii'*f;
i.ii''i.r-r.,o
tcheoEnglishHe diedm.
t university
and
bv expressive
n p*mr arecharaoerized
;,'n
i ii[."
"

{::*iY,.ll
*;.4J::*5:ln
*ru:ru:"I
ti:!
",'lJ:;J:i,l;ll*:i
*;f"','.yl't;llli"';.lf
Dluty.
Cinron B Seelvin his
Thc 6rst poern opposrre.rr'rnslaredbv

E,L
o ct
v, qr
II

q,
5
qt
=

CL
gt

wxj,rlY:l;i;i:';;?,.Wi;I':7::{;r;:
i{:nm:stlnnt*:Jix':t"j';r:r*:"T::n

swmps
rhemnsrove
iii "ii.. *-ia .r thsudrbns'

E F{f{
(sFr

worF<s rn*&re fir{rro cslqE:

tlRfrrs crfdl c{l 5lsfr-{efl'qrTcsc1q I
fi sFt,4{r{l qlTfci cscqcErIn1-nfi c{(frnFi!
'tM5R<|fffr{fi
cemcl vm* fta:nr<

n<rn'rr* lt{A "ru**u

cffinq c<rlq

lt

qs
{qT{ {q-F K qlr5i lGt cg -'
N ,{$fi sF s.Flcqdrqq"lr{l P
alrrcg
n<flF R sr' FaK ar c'c'll-ftd
ErI{ Cqrerq({lrrTrq-{aEF{tqqTI;
q?|ciq4 E4(qqtln;4
{r{ q{?'E El@

r{ qmravtl s $E[qrrs cd q]t.

Et cfRc'trqqrr-rfuEaR:Es r

Or that pea from he bosom the Egtptan diwed ito ny

Nle-blue uine-glass
t)k?
sone thousatldsofyears ago "Eht
in
the
sky shinesa singl star.
so,
htst
To uarm tbei bodies though tbe cod night, up'country
menials he1t a frre goitlg
In the field - red fre lihe a cockscomb blossom,
\t l b"mhA rcntorti,lP dn aivanht eaues
Its@tot in"he lisht of etn s no lo eft that o[ saffton
Ilut has becomelihe uan desiresof a sick\ lik bird's heart.
Ift the momins\ ligbt both sky ahd stuftoundihg deu,v forest
spa&le like iftdes.ent peacock uitlgs.

{slT{ qffi dT{FIrll-EtfrRr{{ qtoFq-{rn

{Ffiq str't Ft Afr{{FI

clv ffifr{v
ccrT+
rer{rr*+tor-r.
qq<tr*
qq?{
ilffifu,, c{<rfl[gt
{.rft<fi cetr+
Frr{ W

{.fi {flSq.t,e cElrfi q{I qc{+ q{E I

q[qlq c{ cerl.:tqI@{c{{!

6 <tvt-cct*
[gt {q .fff qtcfu p
"fR'
qfrdqF frss cEE,n {Tq F{ ssrq, .tfr{btriF6EF:rN

All night long a sleah broun buch, boundng ftom slndari

throush ariffi forcsts
!n starless,nahosany darkne*, auods the chcetah\gasp.
He has been waitiflg fot this daL'n.
Doun he aime h ts glow,
Ri'|r inS, muncbing frasd1t $ass, green ds gteefl p.ometo.
Doun he came to the iuer\ stinging, tiftglng ripples'
To instill his sleepless,u'eary beurilderedbody wtb the
.uneflt's driue,
'l feeldth U like that of da 'nb tsting tbwqh tbe cold and
wzercd uomb of darkness,
beneaththis sky of blueazd
h wakeltheeold sun-spears
Dazztedoe alter doe uth beautT,boldness-destre.

qr qlr mF q-{t
qq-fir{d R Tfuv qRry' 6*,-|1T{
rfi@ {rg
,4t 'Sq
'i wr,
qflq q'1o.lo6r*
cfl{]r {'' r(g Gzi cRfi
q|ffr cE{Fqar t,r
c1i{ cqFqk
'n Rftrs 6:m
,!sl qqsfi |

qfr qErslra{

cotEqr

"t't&r
qrF sqdr qFl - '{o
sls cRi.t* $q ? {a qE I

A stranse sotlnd.
The ruir's water red as mac k llouer Petals
Alain the lv .ra&led - red uentsoq"ert ed warm
liany an old dew-danpenedyam, uhb sPatedon d b?d o[
grax beneath the suts.
Cgarettesmoke.
Seeral hrman beads,hair neatly pafied
Gans hete and there. Icy, caln, guiltbss sleep.

aqr fro Rr{s tr', qffs ri fiff'{FqT

'l';
fir*< c{mtr
ffitFT+ rnrs] !l
,crdtrqrEl
rar{ ct+ - fu - ffr9T fir'tdsy{ ',
ho Huft

Now huntingly pessimistic and ionic shot poem, bitter

words to utter wheniver the world.seems especially benighted.

Dafl:

Sky,the soft blueof a gasshopper'sbelly.

Guauaad custardaryle teesall arcund,greenospaffot
A sirtlc star lirgeEin the sky
Lke the,rrlostttalight-into.atedgirl in someuillagebtidal

qwqcj q4
qqs q{ qr ,s(TcE
4-'jfrft.Eqlq,
! q\ {{6(

c{ft qq (F|c!{qlt(rlt v1r'

r1{rqq c+tc{l
ce- fr - *.l qrEgrd
qqsnr*,'t+m."
,JRfrwe
qgi r
aqr$ar ql-! qlsqlq,' 111c<<
a
,{tr {([ slqlEl'{ 4q T({ Er
rq rs1 s. fr<<lr{qq13 ct{{l
.f4 C.lflrq1fir qtq vlrq.{qI{ |
A StrangeDaknoss
A srange dalhness elme upoft the uotu bda!.
Those wbo de most blnd now see.
Those who hearts lack hue, lack aaffith, Iaek pitt\ stinngs,
witbout tjleir frfte aduice,the uorld today dae not make a moue,
Those who yet today possessan abidng faith h man,
To whot t still ro.uhgh trutls or age-ow aastons
Or ifi.lust4r or asure puctice dll seemfldturdl,
Their beatts are l)i.tuals for the ualt re d?td.the ackdl.
Notes
1C{ and
CEfi from a relative coffelative pair he that palrl
which...likethdt.,.
2Clinton Seely writes about these lines: 'The twilight intoxicated girl warrants expatration. In many Hindu Bengli weddiags, the ceremony takes place at the bride's home. Friends
and relaoves of the bride traditionally keep the newly maried
couple awake most of that fust night, teasing the bride-groom
and chatting with the bride . . . One maiden, undoubtedly excited by the whole affa managed ro stay awake the ntire
night. Juxtposed to this thorouly Bengali miss are e exotic Egntin lady and her pearl pendad, drawn from
Jibananandat stock of Middle Eastern imagery.' ( Pot
Abatt, p. l3o.l
t{Pesi word meninswantth.
aNoricethe invened woid order:gfta goeswith qf?F lretl
pronoun at the end of senrel. To pur Bengatipossessive
trceis not uncommon in colloqal speech:this not necessarJAnoer inversion: normallyqk meaaing an, mole would go
beforethe verb:9|? 6&.
"sduing itsel ftom the (lus of th-echeeah:til'l m?ansto liue,
szrzrTe, end the ertended verb itDftr{[ meansro causeto liue,
save.Dleseue.ec.
starleis,rhe suJfivftq mensutbout, -tess.Cl.The word for
t'rendlessl:r,Ur:Lt18, p.103.

xThereoetitonof the pasrparricipleot rhe veb Cfu (ro ie'l)

/rprn rbis compoundmkesir more like r presenrpartrcrple:
hs
it'
Seelv
bfte-mun.hinP as Cltr.ron

/il:; i;:

on te
;i ir"i-,r'.'r."*. careending

rtt{|d
o-".*.ed erher'biuvrl' o 'bibhrl cf
'dn",d
contuno'
e
'awan"
Nore
p,""""nced
'.
t. ii-t.1,
i"." to feetatarn andwotld beusedimpeF
*."ti
"i'qr*
sonallv.fle 4tf*t measto sbrtle' to alannrn trnsrtrve
often usesapostrophesin pst Participles(se
',ifrii""'na"
Nor12.p. 254).
phrases
in is lbe: rhefragmenred
*,tg,r..ar
''"i.-ir''L
echothe soundof gushots.
,,ffti" rpiff * CCq*cus sometims:to indicateat is
.
hereDrooounced
cosuctron' po
trl t6";qhdowardrelrivdcorrelrive
g,Ip'l
rthosewho aue'
' thos?
;:'"";';'
{uE
'
sentence'
next
in
rhe
rePeted
.s
iirr"i. . .r. rl. i"""-dion
,"i '.n" c.;.-'
e.od. sort{ means3oodaduire'
p'anicle
cnbespetin thrswy:?ue toaay' ,,
s
rhe
'7ul rhlthucarry
and.iff<l borhme.rnor: the-variauon
's
'*ft(<|
to<I'
be
bbrevitd
can
qad"nghere.eothwords
s + ql = q Bur.rfvou
Lin?ll of TheHunl hstheconiuncr:
you
use morecotroqural
cD
sated'
rooetitefor conjunctsis
whichoccurs
ree:q'lel'
fig
{peepul)
r.,
t"aian
':
"i,i. '",j

Exercise
poems D)
lf vou bave worked vour way through lhe rwo
now ro
posron

be
in
should
libnanandaDas above, vou
'\rruggre
I
as
niov a rhird poernbv him a\ poem ther thn
so' i", voo' 6nr exrc's'reverin
;i;;;';;
*pl' p"'t'' cwl-(aq(tou'
;"brl'
i"ii*i"" -."i"g".
"
'xa
'i"
'-"''it"'
j bv lisreningto e recorng
of ir' trvLngro
;f;;;ta;;;,t
rchieverhe besi possiblepronunciarjoo'nd even- sometnrng
; ;;; o easirv rhesedavs bur. which *irr
ii;\;';;;;
recomesnanllv ro Beogtrs- Ierningit bv hert l heere
Bengari
medievar
or
amo's
mo"t
o
rh.
;".
;;;;;;; ;;
known '
Doms.the Manosd Mangal. wrinen in a gene
or
exprorrs
rhe
na"pal haby" - nanarivepoemdescribrng
deitison eanh.

Chand, a merchant, is punished in vaious ways by the snake

goddessManasa for his efusal to worship her. Six of his sons
are killed by her.
en the seventh, Lkindar, is killed by
snakebite on his wedding night, his bride Behula reftrsesto give
him up for dead, places him on a raft, and loats downstream
th the body. She meets Mansat assistant, Neto, who takes
her to tunara, the abode of e gods. Behula's beautiful dancing
so impressesInda and e other gods, that they bing he husband back to life. The whole of Bengal,too, comes to life in the
beauty of jbanananda's poem. It is written n sonnt fom, one
of many unttled sonnetsthat were publishld posthuaously in a

book tirat the poecsbrothercatldaft I<qI @""st tl,"

Bedutf l).

Nol:ice that it mtxes sdhu bbt a\4 cdlit bhaa [orms: e,g,
c.r./ in l. 2. In Bengai
fiftgt
6...) in line 1, bur 6qtr
p/ose e convention is thzt s.b. and c.b. forms should not be
mixed, In poetry, howevx)there is ro such restriction, Cinton
Seely'strnsltion is given n the Key ro e exerciseson p. 309.
Note th conjunct + { = lF, used to wite 'KrishDa', which in
the poem here meansdarl. You may have to go to a dictiory
for some of the words, especiallynameso plants and birds.

<I(R ql('ffi, vR utfr-1< ma

Ct r-6rs{q
qRa qR, q$<5a
c5r g' vTr{ 5lrE
(Ffi fiR qgl s{ {ryl'flsft fr6{'r wR
cEt',rR
trtrd'lR -Flfrrs cwr ccR'qrfi E'l
q$s{btrq-Rqrq q'.farl-?r
s?{ qftqF lt
+frrt" R.{ 1{{stEft S 'l&rER
{c* s cqlcsqlfi cq+rq r-i{ <FfR
qiq qq,-Etrff ffs q-{lRq'|fi' *'l
fic{frEtt cqls qfr"{ rlg.qdqrE FE firT
- T'SSFftb(qltsr{{] lRrl c5ftRAr91cn {ran rrrq qq$l q{!I s cncqrq,
e1,
r8lt{ Tr rlr rn, qs&4qr{lr frr3
k "lflR {as{1 c{ c{6k R@dcvtr

tir {fr rt} FT.d

lqrr {s sr r 'r 1
" cctuslik plnt ss@itedwith Ma6a ritualc.
bThtdfth dy of the 'drk'
harf o the luar non.
StFo

rtq) o
f o
-

II

1+
Ir
J

rf

o o
o

g+S:5

Coniunctconsonants
The following lists of Bengali coniunct consonantsare bsedorr
('Ruls of Bengli
the .ble given in B"1 bnner
''lyarn Prakashid, Dhaka,
spelling') by Mahabubul Haq (Jatiya Sahitya
1991),p.107, Conjunctstht can only be witten by usingthe
EqS (.- seeUnit 18, pp. 105-6) have beenomitted.Pronunciations are given fo coniuncts whos pronunciatotr is not easily
predictable rom their constituents or from the effect ofy or q
(seeUnit 7, pp. 29-30). Remmberth1double soundsin Bengal
must b tully doubd.
Fist lelter

2 lefiers

3 letters

+s:s

' i q + { :si

rF +;:b
+s:
s+r:
s+T :{J

{,+{+ .t :?l.kkhn
S ++= E.kkh,
++T= sI' kkh'

9+ r :gq
g+ :V

q+ :q
4 (p . 5 3 )

r+{:4'k k h'(pp.37-8 }

t+:{

'5++ { : ii
i+r+ :
dl

+{:$

rt+ =a
t+E :

4+ 5:q
4+ E:q
qe+ q= q
$+l=q

+:O
+s:
b+<:
+:
v+s:w

{+:31

5l +{:

D +E +{:B
t+E:6
t+q+{:q.'c c h'
5 +E= R
t+,!6:F
E+ { = 5I
q+ { = R
q+q+{:ql i '
q+ q= q
q+ { :q
q+ S= @ 'SS'( p.92)
q+ = qI
q + r :E

++:4

s+{+:s'D kh'
++{=qt
g+r+:
g+{+{:Wi

\t+:E

tf

g+{=\9]

v + t:9
t+ :5I

q +{=!
q +=g

s+:Rt

.t

+:
"t+:5

.l ++{:
+s+{= l
.l +s+:E

4+{+={

+{+ =s
{+4+{:{l
4
E +9:E

s +4=9

s + s +{ :EI
s + s +:

"l +:6
{+s:q
4 +{:

E ++:S' tt'

s+r+{=g

'l ++{=At

'$

s +=s l
E +R:q
9+:9.tt'

r+s+{:

rF+:}]
T+:4
T +s:*
<+q:q

+ E+ = *t

+ q + : t

{+<+= 5' dd'

+{:<
l+ :

+:{
+s=

{+s:g

V+:EJ

{+r:q

s+:S

+'+=q
{+E +r:E
+ : r ' mb /m m ' ( p .2 6 4 )
{+s:g

{+4=tR'ddh'
{

4 +E :g
i +e l :q

4+s + T : q
{+9+ { : q
+9+ < = U
+{+l: E

+{=-{
{+{=ct
\+:s
{

+ 4 =
{ + :l

{+}+:

+r+1.:
+.1+{:
r+s+{:

+ a l+ { :
+ q + =
+ q + :

+ r + { :
+ + { :
+ { + < :
+ + " i

++{:sJ
{ + { = q'$'

+:{r
| (pron.'sh'
0xcePtwhn
indicated)

:*

+ { r - :q l

c +b + : t
+ + : 8
+9+{:SI" r t,
q+ E:v 's t'
q+s +" =ql tr '
q + ql: p.r th, q+{+r =g.s tth,

q + 4 : r.5 n '
+ r l + { :- l
+:*'l
c+:F:s
( p .2 3 0 )
+r:*{
+:rI
{+:E
+q:
+=t
E + " { :q .n h /n n ,
R + {: Q,nh/nn'
q+:qT.mh/mm'
qj'
{+{:

R+:q
R+E:R
q+= q( p.279)

indicted)

8pcialconaonant+ vowlcomblnatlons
t+g:E

+{::{lJ'

s+ + :4
+ s+ :E
+ g :

r + E= r

'+<:{J'
{ (pon. th')

+t=T

{+T+ R:q;

+:

+ b+ : E

+ :ts
{ + G:q
t+ x:R

il

ril

II

2 dhu bhs or|',,s

distinctions
0 Muslim/Hindu

Unit 33 introduced you to rhe adhu bht,theliterary orm o

Bengali which has now allen rnto drsusebut which you need to
know to read classicBengaliliteratu. For the liteary pronouns,
sepp. 272-3. s regardsverbs,the presenttenselld pesent impertive re the same as ir colloquial Bengai ibut seNote 21,
p. 271). In the other tenses,e endingsare the sames the colloqal forms, but e stems and paniciples are longer. It is ony
necessaryto give thrce paradigms: a consonant stem verb ({),
vowel sten ({f3t) nd n o.tended verb (iFttrl), and or ea
tensee 6rst personorly. Note that or an e/i verb like ffill the
literary verbal'noun is r, and for an o/u verb like et the literarl verbalnouni" gt tandrhere4e rhe orm\ rhard'e lied
rn crronarrert.The negariveruftu 1. usedfor rhe negar;veof
rhe pertea and pa'r peecr en'ec{'ee unir q. p. | 2 , is {R in
nt. i.
irera.y Bengal'.*"nen ar a separareword. .rnd qh.
used {or the negativeof ach-.

The following Jstconsists mainly of the different kinship terms

that ar used by Hindus nd Musljms in Bengal. ew additiona words are added. ln the caseofqffi e difference is more
gogphical than regious. There are plenty of Muslims in West
BengI,nd szeableHindu minodty in Bangladesh.Where no
Muslim kinship term is given, you can assumethe smetem is
usdbv both Muslims nd Hindus.

Verbalnoun

s<

{ls{t

stfc{

lninitivo

TcE

?,e

f{F

11=?f5

lffi

Present continuous oKls-se

Future

</sRc ?r{/rRr{t q{<

Simple past
Habitualpast

sR-qi

Conditional
pticiple

TRr{

Past paticiple

sRt
rffi
+ffiFr
s@{

Peect
Past p6rfoct
Past continuous

FRq{

3m
",e{

?rttr{

Patealgdndfather

Mslim/
Bangladesh

WestBengl

rfit

tsr

dda

thluda

Patemalgrdtldftothr EIq

tst

dadl

thaku.m

,hdtental gdndfdther

f4
nan

rqFn{

father

{4t

nn
qFF

!!.
qrI

drd.mJy

fifiq

didlmr

<FII

.!!!!.

biba
I
nra

9 ER

WiT

brf bhi

dida

ftfr

q{st{

didi

{{rE

vR
bh.i

Furureimpav (F?)R

",{
",ffi
1tttq
{Fk|{

{E
{{ffi
fiRrfur
{Refu{

FR.

fiF

(F)Tfr {R<(E'i)sRr<{{Rr<{

R.Rr<

'Note that th tut t is w4 rgthq tbna spclinpr.ivfor. iFlltFl

would alsobe n ltmatiyforlil.

6/sft

bon/bhr9g
Wherethereare a numberofelder or vounserbroers or sisrers.

<9 id .tr(niddtero' c@ r"-attr + /ft/ElQ/c<n *" be

used: e.g. (fif, zidlle eldet brother, @tr1f,, youngest elder
listsr, (EFEI yoffiAst yosngel bother,et .

cqrq

ch1.
daughtet

C{r{

ay
<qt

ooa

daaghtel\ h sband

{qrrc1(<l

qlF

khlto bon

jamai

<slh

cldet brother's uife

boudi

nati

<Tt

yotger brother's wife

Eff

natnT
CqJI
iytha

fatber's elder brcther

cqq

DOUm

qrqK
dadbabu

c<tq/sftq

younget sisterb

boni/bhrgnlpti

s.Rc"n-

telhlma

s]i.9r

ED'

kaka/khu(o

Erff

sl/offirl

ccI

bhlpo

eRfi

btother's daughter

bhalihi

kakl/kaklmt

DDtrsl
vR
ccatobhai

Elsl(stC{1{
cacato bon

etin

w9slEE
khuuto bhai
wgcar{Fr

bhagn

v-tft

bh.9g

{t

khuttutobon

ff/fir

sF
phuphu

vru

.tl-s-

Pis/pisha

TF

phuph

{fNER
phuphato

ri
1"i
tala^
qrd
tlI

pise/pi5emJay
bhai

r<n
{Tl(g
phuphto

ton

Fp-.seR
pistuto bhai

rro
mn
pistuto

s{{

bon

lc

mma

{rft

bh.u.

mamato bhi

rfls
khalu

ilFtLv sR

khalatobhi

mamato bon

utith

"fifi
Pnl

mail/maslma

cqaq/c{c{lk

nso/mesomy
mastutobhai

k{

tath

{ffifi{r

qnFrgvR

deor/debr
fih
ntnd
CflFFG
9o5l*rr

maml

Ffl-(qr1

cc/&-+r

husbatd's younget
btother

q|{ftI ER

qF
khala

rl.cv-re
c<F

God

fsl
thakurihi

rFrs"t

,nan t()aa
{(q
s!9
q-4
lrl

E<ct
nun
Irbe
qtntq/qtst/ceflq ,s/vt<m
a!!ah/.!!/t<hodatr/bh)9 b.n

t*.
IJ
1+
gt

4 Vowl hamony
Many aspectsof Bngali pronunciation tht semmysrerous ar
fust become less so once one is we o its subtle s'.stem of
'vowel harmony'. As in German (i.h mula b:ot ir rssen),
Bengali vowels are often modfied through e rnluence of anoth vowel in e following syllable. A highly technical analysis
of vowel harmony can be ound in Chaoter IV of S. K. Chtterj's book (seep. 294). sirnpler formulation is givn on p. 23
o The Bexgal Languageby E. M. Bikova (tr. by M. E. Feldman,
V. M. Breskrovny and V. D. Mazo, Nauka Publishing House,
Moscow.1981):
lf the ollowing slabl has I or u: l the ollowing syllabl h3

You can easlyseehow ths works wi the verbs (Jona becomes

Juni, dlha becomesdekhi,krra becomesk etc.)and you will
6nd it often accountsfor the pronunciation of the nherent vowel
{e.9. bi or bu not bl or blu) or the chsnge from to a
(khn/ekhuni,mn/emni. ec.)The Dronunciationof words
iil. q& * qT<t r*e Glossaryt.or i colloq rendenryro
ponouncelsfff
i!rll', can be sirnilarly expained. There are
mny exceptions, but some usersof this book may like to notice
furer examoles.

x
IT
=

Scca'useTeach YourselfBe"aali has ben dsignedto met

variety o Ieeds,your choice o diection or urther study
will vary ccording to your interests.For those with a grammtical bent, the coursesand gramrnan below wll be useful,
and the note on Bengli linguistics will be relevnt to those
who may abeady have studied other languges.Fo those
who want to impove thei listening comprehension and
.poko command, many Bengali 61ms{iacluding those by
thc geat directo Satyajit Ray) ae available on D\rD wi
English subtides. With the profusion today of digital and
retellit TV chainels, you no longer have to be in Bengal to
watch Bensali TV. Bensali rado broadcastsfrom the BBC
!orld Serviceare also now digitally available. Also recommtded s storehouse of practical language material are
thc pst GCSE nd A Level Bengali papers rom AQ
Assessmentand Qualifictions llince (!4aqa.org.ub.
Tese exams cover all four skills - listening, speaking, eading and writrng - and include recordings that you can listen
to, For those with n interest in Bengali liteatue nd
culture, the reading list below is a start. New translations
o Bengl novels nd stories e coming out all the time cepeciallyfiom PenguinIndia. Readnga Bengali text with a
Bood uanslation alongside is a pleasaat way of ncreasing
your vocabulary. Another good way is to read news reports
whose gist you have already got from oer sources. The
Anafidabaz& Pat ka iLKolkata {http://www-anandabazsr.
s$i[ and the Daly Ittefaa in Dhak (SplzlMdnghq,
!gm) have excellent on-line editions.
For well-establishedwebsitescovering all aspc1sof Bengali
culture, literature a.ndsociety,explore:
httr,://n.wikipedi.orglwiki/Bnglpedi

GI
II

1+
{

tr
]

Ir

o
-

ili

ilili

Llteratureand culture

htto://w.bangladeshinovels-co/
http8dpar!-ba.qd
hft p:/ rww.prbs.com./trnstion-/
All learners o Bengali, whtver their interests, ned dictionaries. In [ndi, the best modern Bengali-English dictionary is the
Samsadd:ctiorLaty, ptblished in a full-size and stdent-sizeformt by Sahitya Smsd,Kolkata. In Bangladesh,the bst is the
Bangla Academy Bengali-Engtish Dictionry BecuseEnglishBngli dictionaris have tnded not to be very usetul to the
foreign leamer (they give descriptive detuitions of English
words rather than direct eqvalents), a breakthroug! has come
wi Hanne-Ru Thompson's Hippocene Concise Dictionary
Bensol-Enslsh, E slish-Bensali \New ork,2008). Amed at
practicalusage,thi' rs definirelyrhe drcuonaryto pur inro your
hand-luggagewhen you visit BengI.
For accurate pronuncition o Bengali words cos:u.ltthe B1.
ucrat,1 abhidhn {'Bengali pronuncition dictionary'), edited
by Nren Bisws and published by the Bangla Academy n
Dhaka.

Coursesand grammars
libha Dakshi, Leatning Ber'gali: A Self-tutor on a Phoneti.
Bri (Kolkat,Submrck,1995)
Clrrojr R. Seely,Intetmediate Bangla \Mr.h,

Lincom Europ,

2002J

\. L. Smith, Benga Refetence Grummdl (University of Stockholm, OrientalTextbookSeries,1997)

Hanne-Ruth Thompson, Essertral E eryday Bengali (Dhk,.
Bangacadmy,1999, rv.2001)

Bengalilinguistics
For a summary article, seeHarure"Ruth Thompson, 'Bengali' n
Encyclopedia of Language and Lnguisti.s (Oxford, lsevier,
2nd edition, 2005). For those w a philological bent, Suniti
Kumar Chatterj's monumentl The Origift arrd. Deuelopnent
of the Bengali Laftgxage lcalcnta, L926t Lodo, 1970) is
indrspensable, For funher bibliographn see Maniuzzaman,
'Linguistic Studies o Ragla' lchitugong Unbersity Studies
No. 2, pp. 55-94, 1986), and Udya Narayana Singh, A Bibliagruphy of Bengdli Litgusrt6 (Mysore, Central Institute of Indian
Languages,1986).

CarolineAdams, aoss Seuefi Se^' and Thirteen Riuers lLo]J'do,

T[{AP Books,1987)
RafinddinAlrmed, The BetugalM sli,'ts 1871-1906: A Quest
or Identity lDel\\i, Oxford University Press,1981)
Salahuddin Ahmed, Bazgadesh:Past and Present (Delh! PH
Publishing,2004)
Bibhutibhusan Banerji, patuito (Tbe Unvanqushed.)
, tr. Gopa
Majumdar (Delhi,HarperColins,1999)
Kalpana Bardhan, O/ lVome'r, Outc.istes, Peasatltsand Rebels:
A Collectiox of Bengali Stor, Stoli?s iuniversity of Calornia
Press,1990)
Baimcandra Chatterji, nandamalh, or The Sa.rcd Botber
ood, tr. with an introduction and citicl ppratus by JuJius
J. Lipner (Nw Yok, OxJord University Press,2005)
SukantaChaudhuri,ed., CaLutta, the Liui'tg Cttt (Delhi, OUP

1990)
Um Das Gupta, Rabift&anath Tagorc: A Biogaphy \De]j,
Oxford University Press,2004)
Krishra Du.tta.,Cal"ttta: A Cubural and Literary Htstory (New
York, Intelink Books, 2003)
Katy G:rd'e, Sonssat the Riuels Edse llr.don, Vso, 1991)
Richard Maxrwell Eaton,The Riseo Iskth and the Bgal Fontier,120+1760 lBerkeley,
Universityof Califomia Press,1993)
Chulam Mrshid, The Heart of d Rebel Poet: Letterc of
Mhhael Madhrcudan Dutt (Delhi., Oxford Univesity Press,

2004)
GhulamMurshd,Lwed lry Hope:A Bosraphyof Mchael

Mddhusuan Dutt, t. Gopa Majumdar (Delhi, Oxord University Press,2003)

Tslima Nasren,ldl.rd (Shme),tr. Tutul Gupt (Delhi, Penguin
ndie,1994)
Satyjit Ry, Childhood Days, tr. Bijoya Ray (Delhi, Pengn
lndi,2003)
Tapan Raychaudhuri, E'cope Reconsdered:Perceptions of tle
Westin Ninetee th Ce/'tuty Beftgal lDelhi, OW 1988)
Andew Robinson, S/,aiit Rat: The Inner Eje: The Biogapby
of o Mastar Filn-MaPer (London, I. B. Tuis, ner d. 2003)

g
x
o

Begum Rokey, Sultand's Drcah ahd Seectons from Tbe

Sechded Ones, ed. and tr. Roushan Jahan, ateniord by Hanna
Papanek(New York, FeministPress,1988)
Clinton B. Seely, Poet A!t: A Litedry Biogrdphy of tbe Bengo Poet Jibaraxaidd Das (1899-1954) (New^*, University of
Dlaware Press, 1990i Kolkat, Rabindra Bharati University,
1999)
Maie Seton, Potrat of a Director: Satt'ait Ray {rev, ed., oreword by Sndip Ray, preface by Pamela Cullen, fterword by
Indrani Majumdar (Delhi, Penguin India, 2003)
Tony K. Stev,rrt,Iarrlous Femalesand PeerlessPrs: Tales of
Mad Adteftture in Old Bengal lNe.vr York Odord Univesiry
Press.2004
Rabindranath Tagore, / Won't Let Yoa Go: Selected.Poemt, n.
Ketki KushariDyson (Newcstle,Bloodxe,1991)
Rabindrana Tzsore, The Home and the Worl4 tr Surendranath Tgoe, Introduction by Anita Desai, Prefce by
Willim Rdice (London, Penguin, 2005)
Rabindanth Tagoe, Pffticles, Ioftings, Sparks:The Collected
Brief Poetns, tr. !illim Rdice (Delhi, r perco ins,2000;
l,ondon, Angel Books, 2001)
Rabirdranath Tagore, Selected Poerrs, tr. llilliam Radice
(Lordon, Penguin,1985,rev. 1987, new ed.2005)
Rabindrnth Tgore, Ssle.ted Short Stories,tt William Radice
(London,Pengn, 1991,rev. 1994, new ed.2005)

1+
Unh, Ex,2
qll. 1.1. Ir. 5.q'{:r.sR. tl. qfr. {n. . .
'l.
.{rq, fta, qfa,{q, qt efi, q sdr4{, q{dl R, ql
frt4t,ql{ q{{, {{ FR?{ rt, fi q{R , fi q {,
c$r { 4, qR Frq fi{, rR <<t?n,F <
!d

Unlt2. x.2
s, s<1,s<,[.t, {{, dn, fr, fin, qqd, ct8r,.*{ !, q$,
m,qffi qfi, fi<R ql{d,s q,sfu,
fiffid
qq(i ?qTl ir<, riF4ls< ?< <q,qlTl <a
e141na4,ffi qg
Cq,qr q e,qtfi .fiR q664141,
q{
?s fifi< Tal, fi qR 6l |
{R, sr{
Unit3. Ex.2
m,qq,q6, q, crcn,fi-cr,!, rn:*,*rc<,{gt-qerl, ffR,
{, q{, +, r, 1?,{Fk, ql 1R,q ',ffil, q4
w{ qE{, qlr3 cqlTff,s srq 1r?rm frc '{cl, s{trq
{fi {, qT{fi ?, q m n 6m? ,4rlFqd, cclar
rI{ rfr, ql c<,,es]{,(c qsrq{<ql:tc+l|
Unit4. Ex.2
Rrt m r es, err, qlus,TIR?csr{ ?c, c,:r ?&,
('l-{,lq, {sd, {fd, {d, qR,fu, crE,q T,ff
{rd, qK fi, cs tsl ?sr l fr ?q"l( cr?F4
{ctFfi,q
It{'rt Rr q1{ c[<r ar sqrs <rEfi,c cfm rnqtrs
s wft r.[m,:rrFr
{ cr1a,

o
+
Ir
J

o
o
x
o
o
o
o
-I I

Unit 5, Ex.2
drF,d{, d[q, d, rs, , r3, , cqra,6, er,q,q q"
e{rr, c{kr, q{ (qlfuI{, c qH(a,q {arful, \fl
d& sqn n, ,fto qrn {RrN, & {lq qcqq, c4qra*q
{qrs{ \rs{q(<? { 't T(Rrq, 1{ q{{
cq? ,ao
rrfu, {l s$ qq15, Em6fi , .T {4 qTr,gac,
dr
q{r\q fr rlffi |
Unlt 6, Ex.2
E, (9-1t,cs{r{, eti, Efo,m,.r, bn',Fq<t, cqF,ctnq,
,{d, [, ffi, ,sbt,sbt,an?'{{,,qd, (sl{dtq1 cqR{crn,
vqqmcsr qlT cr,trfi{, E (g{|{ stq ctnts, NTr
stEitd r ,qra?6k r, t r. Fs,cvlT rtFp mq
6? fi,sra lr+ rerrEt, q Tst+t cq?qt$ F, fruh r

q( fr{, C9{q< "<,q wa

q"ifi rl|
'
"g clEF,
cqrq.{r csqi< "ivr.l-{rFT{qlrlq? 4t]<&-(g<'In,tr(caq?
{n qE4 Efi, d,r dF r, q|{rR-fii fr(g . ?(St tr"i
!tl'tN,<[ ot<f nrs omr+,49[.ldr Grcq,{AT1 ',t
lfIg 'l-<r<|
Unlt10,Ex,2
1,
-4,
D,cqDt,strqt,va, q Er4 cr,ee,F <q ?
d, cD"t,
[l q{ rsr4s,E i, Fq{, F qn,:rocl <9,s eR-s 6fr-d,
ttr, cigtre{, st ftzR,&-[4rs D, slE 4t c{c{G
rl,T DFE6 cr ?k 516fir, qt"fds crra e1lq?slr{t
q[e,erffir+
cua?utffit adal]-{
Fr?q?sFRsFrs vzs e{
rG,{& sra ftE EE K, <r< qdl qi rF EtTdEr, cEt|t
Etq fi{(g 'fi44 |

Unlt ?, E)(,2
{, c,qfiq, qipt, qdr,&frq, atft, qqrsr slq, q15t,
F, c,
qt{l-{q{, ! l, qqt Tnq{, ,s{q 6E|{,fit,
'i, {M,
s{qR, {qt|4,sN qle e41,qe rqlr trfi{, qlrd fr
@r cF{?qlrdrlt{ frrRqrt. {d rs ,grFa lq ?t s' frr{d
qit srrE, (sI1 wr qrse?qnFnfrrx r<qmmqmce"a e
dil :1q'rq+|
{q ,{rqa,dT

Unlt11.Ex.2
4, {i, o, c <r{,
c{q,{F, ,nv, |F, $, -srd,
et'J4, sq,RF<q,cfip<q,se T, cr{{ ftR, qfi
'tF
(qXRh,4 c{l<tq,sis !|r, -$qirE qt"tEr{lnfi,
qt{F {l{d t+ffir, ffit
"flr , crirrs n s ts Fq
{s rsr t, r9 E cfi ?l-(F cntcrfr +[aqmcq?qErv

Unit8, Ex,2
qn,Fet,q c,,V alr, gq, F, qlq, s+ V <G.,sts
qR w{, (rr r&,,rR if&, cfi !r* qgre q{l.o qa, 6sq
?
ffil ('iaE,Vfi mqr qto?,q+\'$F, R{frr .{rqt,{ v1-$rq
rEt ([ G{ ?c & {l{, qtq <& c{r3|'cRat,s 6TrEfi,
fiftT st{, q{, aln- ut&qt lsr {kc riMrd, vFr{&
vn fr-{ frlT crrrivVqG <r<,
cOel?*a1 w c<tnc+rrq?
r& 4IFqrt lz<,E13l
rv d rrtet ?

Unlt2, x,2
R,!{, st, qd,(qM,{&, !, c{",{aq,cqqls c{tr,q16 Fr
Kt q, <qlrr. sF *y, crR qr{T {q,l {@, filTtd q,
qT| ,f.{e, t' ql9 (c ql, q{ cTit{ .fi, ct{s
c1fiTflTrF- a[ {l<, sR& (ers c{lsi{q!
"JfrT(T8,
(qT" {{&Tq !tr{{l fr qq t ({F1?c<{E{ {, ,!eg| lrG
qtr llsf qr ?R oBclrF {aE,,F {?Iqr qtr{ rqfq t
cn<r< 1+ curo,m 111& 'L<,fiV { erS. FRr
Unit4. la
) tt,fiqdrr \ , qlq cqere ,sEa{r
s t,,qlqttrFi&
a ,,et qq< rq{ v ,stq<
i,
r;{a c
<Ef r , E(q.dEffi r ,e
d | )" , qsl

UnftI, Ex.2
l, 'l{, "fn, cc'tW, c4, qnfi iql {re "lr{ ?qlfi r+T{
qBE?it{i-"f{ct, E'FR'Ezs *re ql, t "ts.,FF
fu cdrp,,!t EtrR clt (igs, {,t ,flR! s T 11c'frqq,
cfR F, 'tFsR{, qM 1 ssq{ q+.rR, q"H a&lco

lR \3aqc\9
aft fr +r<mr<r{as?v 'Jr,
q{r |

lb
: elcRr t st+qrs e ctr:nnre bcqt a sh
c"Ffr4| s A "blr
2
) re:l|r4: fr ?qrrk T {t{F | q| st rq1F fr{q ?
e fifrftrR?,fivtr 8 !std?s q{F, a q4ff
({?! Fqs r v st-{? | 1 ss cr?4t,st,ffi rsDl
r E fr Rt? 1,q Rl | b si srr |& ?tt, s.rr & |
>" cqt[cfirt c+zrttrFERF'ffd <' I
UnitlS,la
) s< <Frt;tt&4it r shsfrT4 | e sEtrB.rr I
8 sr:flffifuT c4r c efiI{r[n- fiirF dQr s v
{IFCE
l 1qERCW4r t q'r+<t<etfi *+ r t 9i
fras | )o &fi vRFq16frttrt I
b

) tmrrtrr \ eq6vldcrrltrs Sr{St<Fr!

|
s 6{REF sis | ( sqtfi "Fn | v slSlR

2
) qq-{Rrdft fi81E? i (vER<l fsF{r? e vfrfr
sffiR(4? 8 @Stq{Fir a va rfi ql(Er sff
nqnr
{ft*q | 1sq'lqFq{qralr
r drc6s qrqrrqrqr )o qqrr6SEF qqoqrLq/,{{r{
q{taFfud qlE :: ,{qffind r ) qll<Fnfr
qfrq*r
Unit16.a
: ffi ccr {lFFt I e q{ T4DEr 8 {FttF| a t
fut s qlvR-l dlr{FF t
'tb
: trq*"rs r \ 6rqr qfrr+ e 'nqBrrqr s Ra
:lfrrsI a r<qtdvFfrrr s rddfior

2
I q:rt4Fiq q];r a.r{F lqR qR <<krFt<
e l,ql.{lER-C{Fquqr 8 rFsRqd,9s cd | c 'tc*r, rq
s , q1,{F <|eff<Tqtlqt1tt,{r]zq
!td{
t 4l,q
t a,aa ttGrfut :o ;r9 5i& Ed!
'fl& Rr
!) t, { 6{frl{c<r ) <fs :\e t,,fi csF'tF|
)8 qlc'fqlqqcqt)d ffi
)', 4 qzE,-s,tr+E(
tr lRq.6 r )r 1,c{rl } Eq | ) c-t<gr o {,

E strqr
Unit17,1a
t 1,,sr,93'lFq c?tssfcTd . s <is q61q6q I
e , {q oF {,: 'EEr Ft Emtr{ | s 4t,sqFF s
qqfiqtql-ii (cncn+n I a n,\i.tE {d c3r4{ vn,
t ctE{ l-TdtI q {, &d st-{{t r , W
cil".l
b , s< e{Tsll-T@Q<r{{tr{
:o {, T{
lKlfi +q<rfiqt r
b
! DBdtr{| t wIF
| \" <wtta\9_
| s Dt<st{ c Fr{ |
r
I
I d'{ r Rlqt(\r r b Ddtr| )o rFal
'! dn

2
r1&qBqr qntoro 1 {tuw vtvt<
! sffi
qq,:
e
l&r.,- FrF]{ c ?,e Etr marr< w* a< R I
c Asfftj F\e-tv1s1qr{| v qfit <lrlfr fr {rq rttqqlq?
r Rslrq|r E qifiri tt? &frdlT.T{? :o qR
oFs E unqc<r)) qrqr {s-riTk '(<qtd {4 $E
:\ pfiffi
c{a? )s sr* {{ q cq(-lr )8 qFqfis6
ftR :c vm< 31aa1 x6 o6saI
Unlt18,1a
: qqFs fr <kcsrnq? fi\3 (dtl rcl r< ?
e csFdrcqIqrq'{frqt{(<? s Flr$sFffiF{.?
a sli 4i fr F :rffi ? s pFle ,q{t.{+T q51(<
?
I Vfi -lr? L. e'ffi{tfl fr trIg crT
ffi({{?
cs1ER ElR{t{r<? )o qs frfrR1tffi?

tb
) 1${fr!t" ql{GFr| \ sn T{ i e .fi<tc{ | 8 D1-{{I
c d<l<fs slfcq I s r 311R4
| 1 f4tc I r rctcatI
bfr<R:d(l
b f ce{I {lC-{{ :o
fuq I
2
) lF-{R Tstraq aG qst<Rrrt | \ 1fr<Rrsr4sfr
cql+{fficrr s .fuirsi c{4t q .n ccat<r
s <{Ri qfi F fin | a q$tqfr FtSq< |
.e dcl{qiGfffr{r{|
| 1 ERr q rRr{rq
lp<t I r qrrsffi qq{qfr {r < r fr{(t c{dE
qfu cr-]r {{ | )o cql{d diDfFqfi q:r'lv rlEr{ |
)) m ffi1q 'vlrtFwr< | ) q4<lttcqFqFFr
ce,.ffuai I :e frtd qfi v@rr cq'{FR ) 8 q(
c{q q q{ffi< :c rs qtR r q rg { |
>s g{-&sr qfi GrsqnwRr csFerlr | ) 1 Frlr q
iF Cgrbr{|| )r q d{ qR tsR ffiai r : rEsk
{

qI

Ti srrIcr { | o qwt q( {I\, dq 1F c

Untt19,1a
s cq@t(q| 8 cfrrr
) cT|{rc I I ffi(i[q&r
qt <taqI a,45fl (qr s lw q<Rqr

!trqs? r c'tFF .f(firlql

b F(m sfc:i+vql
cqFrcqr{qtq?
:o s fr<s+*z :) qs ${-n|
r Q'Irq rEam| )e cst{Bt{ R irr qq[<l{?
rs \rtaRF{ qri? )c Efi
$ls "t ?
'fl
!v fr-qFDlll | )l qeFflq1R{q{n?:r (gNrs
e'|fr<ft s:I-fi crm< | ) q"' qlq' Tl@{+ 4
{o cgffi s qlfi?
Unit20,a
I amidekhesechi.ii se roj phutbrl khal. iii amra
nokokre iab. iv meyeti sundr kre cithi lekhe. v uni
Jnek&4dhre bse achn. vi mi sut p. yab. dttr
poreasun. ii s saradintelibh)n dkh, ix cheleti khub
prtaJonakrr. x ora ei bati thekecle gach.
b

! n.Frs 'strfr.-zq r sqrqtGfi c4$sKrq I

qd cqcrq I rtqitc(rtar d q.ls
e cqrq
sr crf4l'c
l'n-rre v G{ c6fi cqcvftftq
2

lb
) qfi'IF
s{ sst qt4q<mcfi fiGs I
q'F
rBrDl16v
e
| 8 EliF M q4 rte{TFs n |
d q'4 rhT6sI s q']k { {Gs | 1 q'Fr
rqfuT
I r q'Fl|rrs {Ge4{ | q'Fk
vlsrs cqiltrn
6e I
l:F4-emFs | )o qle1-<

r qf qE c1t{qF|r.IR| E m qzr cfi,ftqlE{?

! 9fr i:fu 'it{ rrn mq c{csl+cl | 8 qi <ER$a-<
<|&
,Kqrc'fftr c Gfi g| ftc{ qqz.qrt v lq|AI{frlT
lFr 1 ifr<rfuq$.t F,{fur{(Trqr r !EfsFrl1{&
b p{vat fcl c,rcsqtqrs r<;n i :o {
{fisrql1
tttGfrr{ <vrqls Er{ crtqr )) F Dr4fiI qfi E{{
(trnqr ) m 'lJrt<ff<sBq< {Frcqt :'e ql frc-
qF+ qcnqQr :B < l:{ft ciftrcq6{fiq(.Tq
ra d(1-drrfr{
cm rq Ft q c< I:r{t r<
c{ q csrd Dq rits co =ta*r< tvts 1 "rc<q-rvt
F{ 11 ( qE { c.k Ss ftT glvlg& 6{ ft qFl(q sfi
iot ft{ r1q F F 1" I

2
: 9 mr r fiq$q1 e srttn sbfr? 8 q{tfi d cw1
qluqr a qhir ci6<l& s | v rlFlr4lird | 1 cvFrt<Flf{

Unlt2. a
t q ra+frs rdeF<cD.crir I e ffcaFsQcqcF<cDl-T
tt e ql @rdFsQcsrd{cDrrcrFt| 8,!RcqffisqrEsfi

) E6t cil '(qr | 'lDc{ffi*& | e ,c+qlq{ r

s s c(q {g1fur ( q5ldltcq I v El c{(qFl

cEcqrcrrI a dQcdtr s cs$fir c5r{{6.(d I s,{

s
'i+t 'ffi-{ 61TRt|

t
f .ds({ 'R ( qffi | \ ,I{aT{,tcrFi<lt ,tr( |
o <l<ut<frcqqqrqqr++"flFqrn r e l'fi "nEfuE<G

tb
) ,9 ffiq: sEqstilq | r @ gq-dErqdnt r
e Effm&.Tqm- rlq-GEtoi I 8 ittF cl-csqtdqllg
EtadFfrq d rFrIqR ?lqsEt c4c-cqt
I <Fl4{ql-{R
c<'ftsnq4rF r I q1-{q clFqt- c{ffElrqEFr<4
|
r gt c.FqlrR qrt s'tcql s \51qFtEtGit
cEpiaqr). lfue ct {l qtt q$p q6 Ersla l

qFt qtrfi< "fc<q+iT a1GFs 3E"n ((!

cl13rRiFClEEr< 1 irR&ELtr'I@dffil
r q Fr<fira*at$l-mqqr<r s et-r< 'l(T "FRF
ql | :o E It.T{s('l r.T<1
{< ?,F'l |
fqbRFqri "lfc,r< rd fir tl {d l'|d+'ttq4t
eF fiF c{ai t I
{nrnrE'f fu< t34o

2
) qFFtrc! qrrqt4g qqlq | qirql1&i9fr&N
{Frn, qlil }tcl qmc<?e ,48{V tfl& qst{ !418 'l3tGF
|
s q sfs 1qrFEl tgt Frtf(ln | a fi{fr qc[qrf@t
GVF{flr crrq@r s qfr 6fiq.i Tt' n 3 | I q4Ts
<ffi
"irgrqr E qtT{ q r< {c{ qt b at,st
qffi ql fr(<li r,q{r qrFrsrqEfot{ )o Etnk
lgt|lFr qGnftq1qTdqrffi ft.l | )) q<qce
4trtrqtrfi <stffrq r )t qq;rqFtcq<l&clirqcrql
qt{ qa[d tqr fut r >s cqqlfr4{ft{ {|r{ <1s{tE,q
rsr{llq" | :e qof{tdqv {fd qqtdq avr{ |
qv{? q qr"tTtqre
)c <*dR
"ttfratr
Unit22,1a
) ql is akqc s.s 6 lkl{ r r fi rie F<tT ffiff
fficq* t s rm{{qtrl sttq: (s1t{a | I nE
41d\gEen cclr cTf{rr{q I c 5js< 16FFq{ffa

Unit23.1a
r cfiq<t{ fi{? i cslT|stqfrgt|sq]q? ., \flrld(q
lEtsqlql s q'fi 6sFcq cetro,{zftFr c eltrlfrg c
$ rsl-Gt
a$l-Fr
csTM{ q {{ q qcfi rsfsfurfl?
v 6t frE [qwcq?r *, e frg +r ) o <K{tcrrql'{rftr
G{ri a& {d |

rte$<crsqEsrffi
l& ccrfurs qR cErcrtr

1 'tarss ql (ebEr clrl | r fi )so qtrEsp

cmqR-.ttrr qFn firf Xs <q1qa{fr{F un ffi
r
)o TtrAtF
ns
|
'vr

b
bi cc"q r-[ cr{ {r I rlFcq] tfuF Effir fi.{t 1rI
qmr't rEcqqqa I
"tr "fi,rtt{ | cq1 | .a$l
'ttcw
qR
S+1CrgfAr(.{lT l T$ sf-{ C.lq
tT rFfqs1qt(T
T{
ca{sl Fqi sl crlflr I c,ils<l-scq$alII

lb
flPbrI
) n., .qlr l. 5 qr s ililr s :ll{rqffi
q+!s
L.
r{r r l
mqqs {Ffl
[q cR r s stvlst
q5Fqf44 ) o s< t( {'qrE q't4 |
2
rflqq cqsL<t{tr GFFli c"lsc1rorf{( 'tq 's-ql{|
q'R q| t-qT 6 '.ld l fiFFGc{re cT(glvl T6d
6[!FrSrFw{trtrElrfl qr{\,-['Efr r{F{sqf{ryFI,{A
I
q{t{
qa{
{trfr s< fti Fir<,erq
{{ lvF, sFl sRcdt
<C|
qqr-,{< qF< <RcFcri-g cqlTt c,'mlran e*t nbtl
"lc
qqrt qt fuaF r<&frr-<sn fi-{ql. rtqr(T{ TE crcics
q r$e cfuTF Tr-<sFFdl| m f{, ?d[r qRRqt[< |
{ w4<6lR Fdl q{fi{ {a rq { {4 rs-drfLTl-a
f4l ts {g 4 - qlT{| :tc*I '{ [fl qr <r{{i {l |
.r{ffiER cq"FrI
Unlt24.1
) r'tff! Fq,slffrfrr ffi T(-aqa6e "16aI 1 q'1ft16s
iirrE, q1<E tql c15'i,:ra{{| e ftqF{lTad slleE
rcrqlTcrq
I L{rrq,qtETc* (]lE 't-T{ a b'(q

dr4, 51fi Ft< r{1oelGqI s rqIK{ 4Nr4, E1Kl<6r

qre c<Rcqcro
1
'lrs r {Q irddrrE,qftM{oraq

cq{cqc{Is 'ltr4 r fi16 4E,{qF TcfflE{{ |

'tb

) rnq'f(<| ({sfircc crcacrs sl qsffir FF

q1a6cq6<
r e fifi qdi'R'dfu-eqr{ | a Fl.fdRcr{drv{
ffisn furs {a<r v Etc"lDtrFrF<{ | r lns5r<l
u qh air++r E1rqq{({Fifucr )o qsful{(< r
2
i Will he/she have something to et when he/shecomesl I
(you) give (m) t (I) sh[ go. i Don't come iJ it ains.
iv He/she fll ill and died. v If (you) go there (you) wil get (it).
Don pay too mch (or it). v It ll be better (you) do
(it)later vi (You) ougl to sythr. ix Itwould have beenbetter if (we) had eaten earlier. x (I) got delayed, so (I) ddnt go.
n IJ there had been a taxi (I) would have taken (it). x If
e mango is sweet ()'ll eat (it). xiii (On) shouldn't set ngy.
v (I)'ll sit in n esy chir nd eat {it). xv (I) wasn happy
vrhen (I) bought that. xri Go up otr to the roof when the moon
rises. xi necessy (I) shall come. xviii What is the point of
going there? xix (You) won need (any) money. t(r. l|ho (I)
v/ent there (I) couldnl find (t).
Uit 25. a

) lBqr<,wwr-*vr< rEesr{ i q E 6 F,tqqF 'l

Gs r e vfi r9a.l{T.r4,fts* 'l {{ 8 c{ftqr
ftr cqr6tq$ q(<| a EEr{{ 4rq (eFRq{Fq {f,{ 1
s a el|{aqq qnfur ECEcs1| r so-rat
v+< wa
sRfrElr$ cqtr mstGv I r q'Fqqtd<Ka4qfi
sqF'tRglm I b vs|ftrEq{sr{l | )o (*U
e{m \4qFEms lEt cqn <tr+qI
lb
: rR{R crnFrTcqs c.l.EecDR[q, $q fu{Cs
R(q| | cfiG[9a6mt[g
6cq,frq s {c(q r
e d n crrrF ql5||(Db[q, q qt rql | 8
cqrqm{rs {a c* cls ot<zq, s e c{ c{[v ERrst r

a <.t a{qf6r{ c<qlytF cr rcF, g s qq(s Dmr v

qi or<rco
cER-c+
corqre. frq e .h5ro|rvEI{{l r
2
cff [s-i fir.tn cq,s< td(rffR

qh< rlllrq e]I F r

'Rr qt
rvl qrft c'Fs4frq <r&rv
<tq ci,trc,rrs
qr{l<lrqff (rq cgr ra erc c3rcqr+fti
W.I
"F

!F d{

mRtv"{dqt{R:t' x qR qt('t tvlR,frE q&

6R

rlvFlsqri q{Ka ,!&1 6.F{q['t IsR qff 4 .|c

ualvk w<atqq tfi <trs:r<RF rla cort w* &s 4rtr{dlI
qqgtLTd,9{V{ d {d nffaq E! firq \rns
{ w
6q.q iFl 'l(q{ Frr{ fi qc{,qi {lq<tfin <rVdk _
9 qz+ clTql e Mrr-d 3rhEtrF ffnfu I (rF str{
srt-.i1-
r wF qr{ - q:l cr{sl tn aBq(iC r
ca {i ElR ,{{{ qrs frRsl { cqGsIsN vR a+
fi{ <r{ r;rrq q{R w qarlqc++mcql
Unlt2?

fr{lR

t r
vl6r
qK

futu16

cS<a

paiclple

ETIC6F

simplepast

D {]T

ws

{E

3F
3F

clfi

]F

N{
'TE

sv
4!fl

4f,r

infinitiv
pertrcipl6

'ptP
qfrm

s'lhple pst
patlcjpl

{trcq

intinltlvo

{3t

nsrl

smp6 past 3F

cmr

qF

3F

havingbowed

ECe

3F
1

rnp

sFr
rns

rs eert

infnitive

'IBR

rts

3F

'Ft1

slT6t

goesatyay

toW

Unit 28
: ( r4T 4r.<<&rcer+[g|ccq crE { cDc.{
el qpFmrrdg 6gl q? r s csttqrr:{+sA,slr|
qqKqf(q,4fi | e c Dlfirr & qE c{t{i c* rrlcl?
d ({ Ei'l ce[s'lRg c{ l cfi[n qu\,-DRI s ft{el< cs
lq{ v {es, cq rs csnft (q{ T<Grl ? 1 cqqmsl'v c{tvT c{'<rqI r R ccl c cc{t${{ | rq{<
g| r{dg
qwr<t
'tirdr )o cr{t6qq cft crr[{ fr m
:: Eqmr{t cqzrEqqhfrfislqRFE<t | ) |
R$F{ E<lT{Rt st6t I
Unit 29
The cbcus sll contes euery yeax but in those days in the
Hatnstonz Cirats Etropeans used a perfotm, and ,towddays
they're,fiatlJt Madtasi c cases. The thing tht an't be seen
nouadajs is the C,arntual In out chidhood there uere large
open spaceseth* sid.eof Centdl tu)enue. Kolkat's fira 'highrise' terl-storci toet blocks had not yet been bult; the Electri.
Supply\ Victoria Ho se badrrot been bult.In one ofthese o,ert
spaces, ght next to the ehcts, the Canival uas held.
It t had to conue! to today's children j*t hou much fun
the Camival uas. Eteryone has seenbig oheels at ots, bat
the Camiual's uheel - its'Gidnt Wheel' - as as high as a fruestorey bldng. The reuolviftg uJheel'slights cotld be seenfrom
fat away. Besidesthe uheel, there tuee tnerry-go-tounds,
uhirling aeroplanes,dadgem-cars,a suitchback Alpine railuay, and much else, Vaous kinds of gambliflg sall uere scatted rc ftd all of this. Sch enticing things uere arranged on
thesestalls that t tuas diffarb to strpprcssthe desire to gamble.
Eventually, becausethe Gorern nent nade publ. gambling llegal, the Carfliual disappearcdfrom Kolkatd. Its actul eambtgs
were probably from tbs gambling.

Unlt 3(t
) F{F{sr{18.g(q
tts v{ c'lc{el'leT'(E(dcraI
e c{ 'rl crFtc{<<raunosr f{m canI s fficqrqr
{cq eltfl | d t bdi v,ra renn cqar<|
srFro
''t't clE] mc c'tcfi]sF]sI amtaI q ETm
v ser"F[{
qR ,r (Tl.q ffi c{fu r ffi lnD< +qs
co|(nrEFFRr b E{FsFi m cn r :" <Rc<q+w

fr+$rtftd!F fit-fr(.t{ tiritI )) <t qs v -tiFt

(KR| ) I&-{FRfi.IFrrql cqqtzql
Unlt3l
r {|R
kqsk

cst( .?rfi s {lfra{ c {re (q1t)rF

g <t!t t tirlf u. slifts ccrc+t.R(kon. . .

kon=any...dr|y) 'l{ir :o Er' { Yo,ce))) Irs 4Ed

) cqq{ )e Fptcqnrc >e Rfr{ )a qlctF x<Rr+

Vrt{4 )v {c'llvF )l qn )r )b c! o ('l{r{
lrntt 32
) = q+ ,t
B= { + ,s f=<+,8 q = q+q +<,
c =+ q,v
{ = 4+ q, 1 E=r +, =s +,
ts = + s.) o e=+ q,) ) E;=+s , ) s d=+t
le ts= s + \' , ) 8 q={ + ar, ) C E=q+1) s $ =q+},
!1 q= r +, ) t 6= + Ei, ) q=+, \o q=D +q
9i= \' +( ) ,s E= + E+,
{ ) V= { + t,t\
{
=
s
+t.c
\8
{ =+ ql
Unlt33
: \4q,s r qnF e {k 8 t{tcr a Fsfr{
v ff
lm* r sRrqr r V$[gaffircq? vt{RAeff[R
) qqFCtrscq{fllq? )) qRtFffRl ){ s 'rfi
i )e ErE mqfrr< )8 {RERN (qF )a fit lr

)s frqrdqrt

Unit34
I haue looked upon the fare of Benpal - tbe world\ beaun
I need no longet seek:in the a*n;ss I awake a d slinp;e
In a fg nee. sttnng beneath unbrelhJike foliage, Theea y.moming ttagpe-robn- I seeall aroinl.piles of tat es
9f iaun.banyan, iackfruit, .asheu, a<vth^, Iyitlg still
Shadefa s upon the .actus .lump, trpo,t the satgoue.
I know xot whm, neat Chanpa, chnd. {ronhs Ooatthe
Had seei Bengal\ exquisite bedtty, the salrreblue shsdoas
Of c.ashar,banyan, tanL Behuh once ox a ralt apon the river lVhen the moon\ siuer died away behind sont sandy shoal Had seennany an aivznha and banyan besde the goidzn paddy.

Had bea.d.the ymbbd's sot son!, o ce had Sone to Amaru

Shedanced tike a clfu-winged u)agtaI bid at lfldra's coat,
Bensal's
xjuer{frelds, l blossons uept like ankle bells upon he feet.
The recording accompanyig this book ends with a recording of
raeore s sonqlI erjK <IsE. Here are e words o the com'
pleesone (refirsr rwo uesesre sungas the Narional Anrhem
f Banslesh),wirh n Englishtranslation:

tr

qiR mR<<tF,q cgtlslr4m|

Sfi catrFq|{t{, F1fd<Mq,ql<dr"t<ql{R
, :flTN (sF qfr{ TTEC"i4'F {G,

{{,cl, (n t, q81({Nl,rrv. CsNq fiI{Rr{ Cl||

ff c{M, ff fl (i,ff c{ ff l (t dF4 fiar{q< ltq, n< fzd {cs I
t, (qlr w"l <ftq1 t6 E('t1s lt'
{R El{,< C{|, caRq{qlq q4,s {|,qRTdqrs q[
fftslE s14c<'
F1{1iqc"|4lsrd
csN {-4|F c{ R w qfi rfi t
p fi4 T{tr4 ffiffirq ff ff qfc{rn,
a, ql.{c v{d c{dnq@ crr4, s l, cst{Rcstragq I
cq. cElf {t, 'ml <nl c*{,
lfr-{ "R-\rF Sl-oF (qlR 'ffi,
csl {ttr sd q&lt fr{I< ft{ 4'

q{,ar r-

s nr,qffi c{ eE<t {{, s , FF{-rr!Fl

Fmnd

, csEdl.tFcs,9F c"fte_
cqc'o1ilrffi {4t, cqr{ qlF {ERlfrs qr<
s {|, rtR[i T{ t qRER { E{.tEls,
R T, s1 q
't !r frq-{l qr, , (ql !{. <t4 riqt flfr ||
NIr soldei Beryal,I loue yo'.
You skes,your breezes,play an eueidsting f,tasong in ny beflt,
O othet the s.ents it yorl nmgo-srcues n Phl}i\ sed ne mad,
Ab! Ecstasyl
O notha tuhdt eftchastiss snles I seein yow , fetds ift
g!ahyt,
Vbat beirty, ehat shade, hat loue a"d tesdems Hoa yoa sprcad.yot t ilt at the basyai\ foot, oi the terbk,
Mothet yost Mssage n n! earc s like rcctat
Ab! Ecstasy!
Mothel yow a.c tus ansry. I slrih n tearc.
I spent my chiahood in this Msty of yots -Io snea 'y linbs uth yoal earth
slorifes tuy Ie.
Whd day ends, bhat a lamp yo" li4ht i" the tuenint,
Ah! E stdsy!
Ve thrctu 6i. o toys thei, O t"othe4 and Mh to ro hp.
bl yorl feds ,herc @ttb gaze, dt yor ghats aheie fefries .ross,
Ii yol shadedui asesherc bid' sif,s d diy
Ii tot yards pled uitb haruestedpaddy, we passoxr days,
Ah! Ecstasy!
Yo"r hed-boys afld fher' o nothet, ae a ffy brothers.
O nroth.,r I place my head at yoar fea Give ,,'z the d6t ol yoal feet as eeb for ny head.
O notha I sha pla.e uhaterel hrnble tle,xs.rcsI hate at yow et,
Ah! Ecstasy!
,Ievet asdft sha l by in d srranser's horse a rcpe fot yo" ne.k as
yow oftanteat..
'An lluion ro colonildominriotr,cj@red fron now on.

FA
TJ

E -- EsrBengal{Murim):W = WestBengl(Hindu)
q
q
qs 6{ts
q'rlff

q{s
qr

GI
qt
-I T

m
=

GI
-I !

o
Ir
J

GI

o
@
I

qt
-

It tkes time to lem to us Bengali dictonry so do not

be disheartened it initilly takes you long time to ocate
wod - even in glossrylike this. The order o letters follows the tble on p.53, readacross(i.e.9comes before9,
the vowesand
{, etc t- ( 3 'come berwe-en
comer beore
consonanrs:.oalwords brgjnningw]Jh.il. say.are gtoupd
aner<lq bur beiore<l + 4, < + i, + {. et. <rF6
in rhe speltingof o/ (see
Be preparedro 6nd inconsrsrency
D. i0i. [ Pan T*o o rhe book, speltrngo rhe furure 6ror
oeAon endine tor lerbs (consonnrsrem\), fo example.
was consisrenygiven a. -bo, and rhe word tor gool was
lwavs sDelt bhalo. Th texts Prt Three re tken from
different auors, so spellings vary. The Glossary gives both
spellings if they occur commooly in curnt Beryti usage.
Some Benealiwods re idioslncraic in rheir pronuncislstemusedin rhisbook w'll nor
rion,ande transcription
indicretully how they are pronounced The'e pronuncia
tions are explained in the notes to the Converstions
and texts in Part Two and Three, and e Glossary will refer
you to these exprations.
The Bengali-English Glossy aims to nclude all the Bengi
words used in is book, except for pronouns, rticles,
demonstratives,numbers, the words in the onomatopeic exercisein Unit 30, some namesof plants and birds, and verb
forms other than the verbal noun. The verba noun forms ate
rhe colloouial torms lou bve learnt, bur in dictionaries
you wiJl 6rd e more lireraryformsfuI or 6q{t andtd
are usuallygiven).Sorne
or e{qt (oug}r cross-reference.
Englishwords,so naruazedinto Bengaliarthey arehard
to recognize,have beenncluded.

q|
qq
q{d/q{4
q5-{
qsr-{

)r'
) neoy
)karqe
)kl
)gadn

]!!
{l

shoreless,litnitless

lgul/!9ul

f ger

rjr
)t
titithi

guest

cgJg
qqt

ttrp!
tq!!
rth&

yet, still

q{F

trthba

![w

rq!!ut
{!yap,k

qs
q-

cR
qYs

q$'1"{

wq {
qffi
q$r

q-ry
q{sF

qr*r
CT+FF{

qd
c!
qtrlfl
q[fi

cil

wm

qqqff
qr,fqr {t
C'RF

)nadr
)nimit
nubad
nu')d
,nullan

nzglect, slight

rnek$r
4!rdhan

49!
{!hka
ryep4

ry

lyary
:pman
)pman bra
rptradh

bt d
datk

q'tRsK
q'ftq
q'fs
ql:'st +l
qNF
q{SF
q<$ii.t*t

q<R

rpe!aktrra
rPI$ut
rbkat
rbtrre bra
rbtohait
rbdhi

qfi/q{.

)t/rmIyi

qfilE

q{st
w{
qffi
qsR
qsst
q{{

q1r
qffi
q{F

qfu"l

)b$!a
rbadh
)binal
)bhab
bhta
bhidhan
bh:man
&himan
bhimukhe

q{i[
qq

rmr

qEi
qcffi
qtiG
qanq
qis

4cn
{!!ni
]!Unotik
)4!a!
)41!ek

qq

)lp
1p&brysr
{a!9
rrth/rqb

qJ${I

rsr!:ry

rsl!

q,I!|

)sukh
rsubidha/rsubidhe

atbearcble1p.264)

$isp

ct
sb'ce, iI \p.246]'

c$/qsF
{rl
Fq

q{R
Iack
expeence.p.92)
htn pride \p. 230,2631
poud. ha"ghty
inthe d ecto of
(+ poss.)

itust lke that, at once

d lile

CFF
qf{Ft
qGFt
qtc
CFF
qF[s
qd-:r

younS

aqti/Jti
ka
cl

at
dhar
kar
akal

atso
a9e
a9un
aghat

cRr
qat

ag!]!!
ala
qF
chajlajke
clq/qlqr{
qqTF
ajkal
cF{1/q{r{tatkan/atkno
aga
ctw
a6qb
clv
aral
c19R
qlfrs-w
alAy-qrjn
qlfrsl
a!!!yota
q[
adr
qm{t
adtkr.a
q{
dh

r{{{t

)lpkichu

qq<{
q"fi
q'[eiq{!l

r$mbhb

q{s

q{R{/s{ft{
q\w

bhap

q-s $:n bhis]mpatk5r

qvJ{
!ryas
qr{
Jmn
qfi
mni

qr-R

qtsr

)pr8ar
rprQ
)pe&a

qFq

q4qr{

qr{

adhbuto
n!!!

ring
Iooseendof a sat
tcht
dark
sy
before(+ poss.l
fe
blora,hit
pichle
ffle, uell, OK
to bepreseflt(p.701
toddy

coterielp. 1.301
fdmly crclelp. 1561

half
t liddle-dged

to birrg, by
(p. 184)

qr{
qlr{ls
qI'FI
q1c
qf{r
qf({r
qf{
qF
\{1T
qt{
q!
q:lq{

qltr
qFq;I T;I

q;t
qRFt
qFs
qlffq
\{IEIR
qqml
qrq'
qF ,l
etfit
qTE

qF
q-@5;$

q1r49
qFF*I
q.8
qRl-T
ql
qF{
qtqq

anha lp. 81.1

a!!lolt
apn
ap|5
aDeg
a9sa

amsrlv
a4!!a
ay
aytn
ayna
ayoFnkrra

office

iuopry
Wrilffr
irrei
Q(-rq
trft7<r<ff i,'t,i1ri,'r,er
tA/i:R
tqtlrq.t

fdthet lE)
mangolutce presetue
morher lBl

iurrir

tt'g

i{ap)n

i;",

to begin
grodning

qE

htO:ro
wwtt

alada
alap

srfC

alitq)n bra
alu

qt

n
ffi

fr"F|

licht

cR.r't
g5s

Ed

iicu
u9a

udasn
uggm
udd-rpna
uqqeJba

uqg!t

frd
w

a&4
aSarn

ffi'

u!!i9!
udhao
u!!ti

!E

ulnrsg

{rq{

upjela
upbrn
up&/upe
up,q!u
upShit
uhar
upay
ulrlq

*F

qFrct

realb

q
qN-qtcg

a:!e-$e

slawly, gently

aha

S'rd/"tr
g,-rE
qRo
g'cR
ft
{

height

uohry)r
uii!?l
uthn/uthan
u[eyaoy
ultah

alocnabra
alopn
alakJ'a
Beflgal nonth
(p. 204)

spadesIn cas

to;r*
a'Eq! bn
a4nad
almari

Englsh
Englsh hnguage

iccha/icch
iatcher:ra
-

as4i
asn
asl
sle

qfs

yatd

to fly off
encoqagement, Zest

btciterneit, mpets
b&h altd ,flightt

srb-distri.'t Ip.92)

n additiott, besdes

crft

s4(D

tc
g{e

{61
ltg

i,tfr
qrq
qsl{4s
qTFFKCN
qs3
4FI
qFq

,ssfr{

ulto
u!!as
uIq

rt
Itu
ri

ektu
ektuo
kdrm

s4clzcl
,4slff
,4rFn

akakini

,s1fi

<t
qE
qECF

qfr.s
q{C
!st(

qw

firs
to turn nto a mass
a little
ata \p.148)

'F/E'TC
41"

-srq

dt such a time lp. 229)

otha
othan/othano
o[a
odik
opr/ope
opare
-oya|a

to flv
(see"F)
on that sidelshore
r,allab lp. 245)

sr

o'brdh

r
togethe lW)

rs
!F

togetht lE)
atone (eIJ:lte)

r'
khn
khn-/khni
khn-o/khno

amn srm)y

qr{
t
Fr/ld
9r

kda
kdin
knkm
aksf,lge

qR/q{R
q1;t/,4{rq
,41rr

debt

ei mat

SF<R
,$F*pl
qr'{ffi
4F'F

q?FI

deIght

qfi+I{
qdtrl
qr!F{
qrdlrqFt

'{qe/T:11

sF

qts,ls{d

s{
still, yet

ls

bkhn
krkhn-o/bkhno
kci
|ola
krt4pat krr
kthin
krt

to speak (archa.ic)
when \withr' a day)

ho, marry b, 83)

d.iffcub
(p.83)

ekhuni

tuku
t
tA
t&in
edike

this little bit

F
Fq

l(rtk
krtha

so lo'g {wiin &y)

refl{{

krtha brla
bthaba4a
knigla
klya
klyakal
kbi

qr

frr

qn
ebrrJ
amn

Fl'FFfE

utord, story, statetueftt;

dbout (+poss.)

yoahgest lda|ughteJ
daughter, b de

sEt
T:[
TTFF

rGKfr

kbita
kryek
byekdin

rlTF/F{I
tl3.1
rffi
TF/slELT

krrtal

to-{..fls/^

krl
karsji
kal/klke

*t

vn
<
fits
GF

wl
sl{
F{'{I'
sFq
rFM
{
El
IDI

+tf{
ii
{tK
{tl"l

{'t"i
{@-R

TFFRtF

{rt/sFr

lrFr

krur
kru\a
blm

fr(

krlalap
blj
k5ur
kca
kta
kthal
kda
kdh
kpn
kpa
kku'minti

T'fq
{E
T|q (etFF

l(sE

TISR
Tt[q
{1s
r1q

kachai

l(aca
kchthek

tte
college

sl
SF

'19
'ts.-6149

kai
kjrrg!
fata
kathi
kp
kpf
kapf<opt

fftq

frc
ftl
fu.r

ki!!ts

fr<1
lsee

Tss
T{s
cf

kn

ttD

keMl
lblrnall
kmn
kokil
kot

rll
ss

lepedted gleddiflC
to udsh Iclothes)

snall stick, chip

clothng

fu

rfir

rhat lp. 61)

a lttle
but

kir4
kilo
kkan/k\ano
kockan/kckano
kukur
kuq[um
kulgit
kut
kumir
krtj@
krtrk

ir.{filtrqn
TlF

shodder
tTenbling

black

kl!!u

frq
tW{/wr

t poss.)

sFr

fts
frEL

krlhary

kalboJakh/
kalboJekhi
kalo/kal
kaj
ki
kitlba
ldchu
kichut

tomotolyesterday
(p. 160)
san"'et stom |p.200)

kilo
to sh uellp.2461
dog

srdteful (p. 92)

6{
Rt'

(F
qq
cFqq
G'T{
ilfiq

cq.l
(qlq

u'hy

CTFCT
CFF

kothay

cTl{/rt|F[
CTFTT
c+ll.fffT

kon/kono
komJl
koranriph
ko4/ku4a
kuI

co7.C1
cfT4r
srnrnt
ST'9M

fr'i
ss
SF

ryaEPs
!iapd
klaot
klas

&q
!pmta

Tqel

ugt

{
{rqF

rffi
rFEI
iFTGctEFlq
1Et1
19|
{q I
{I{
{itsl-q\3
rll\gl/{le{F

rl1
r]Dl
11g

{E

1r
{1fi{F.

&4

&',t

.1fr

.llfril
Rbfib

Indaft shrt

FTq

{M "i"rl
'{c{c,

t{/{r

tied

pur7 skll
sta , rfltng
smallaess,meanress

odit

kh)cm)c
kbna
kh)br
khrbrr kagj
kh)l khrl
kh)t
kh kh

CF|rd
{t'

"oft
Holy Korart

ryIne

scsl
ts
Ts

cslfu

uhere l]frreogative)
u)hhh (interoaatve
aq \p.1681

oag-ail lfemalel
= bubblng

SR
{{/s
r

khabar
kharap
khali
khalikhali
khitkhit
khide
khjepaoya
khilkht
khuk/khuku
khun ktrra
khub/khub-i

c{rF/c{Ftfi

khuJ
khcan/khcano

C{H C+"I
qrF
CrW
Ntfql
C{r4/crF.n
(rltlK Ct
(.[tl
C{ltl/c?|5rd
c{ts

kheyphala
khlna
khta
lhladhula
khatan/khtano
khlarmath
khca
kh.ran/khcano
khja

c{lq&
C{T
crlfitEtq

khjakhji
khoka
khodahaphiz

qEt

khola

!!!itan

khaoyadaoya
khaoyan/khaoyano
bed
lhat
khata
khata
khaE
d ltth, a u'hile
khnik
a lifth while
khanikqa

tlg

rlvsls

grt
grtkal

t[[

sr!q!

rM

nv

gbhlr
9rt
grra

Vlr/ry|.4
q9r{${

s)tn/grFno
grriyeiaoya

bad
emoty barc, merely

t" f"d
little s

g. 254J

haPpy

sport,gdme;to play

ptarins eM
prick, iab
to pi.k, iab
to seek,searchfot
looking and searching
little boy |p.263)
'May God protea yoa'
(P.156)
Cbrbtiarr

rI

gDrm

R{

9db
9tu
gin

F
q

.i6
5{

5FI
qq
siir qt

.tfT
rtq

'fl&/flq
rl,E
1F

qnqt
.at

utr
tq

ul{t{

{c
'jft
CFf{

?rRs
c{ {t
cfll
criFFtFt
(lt4'l
c6FlqCAn

oeE
qFl

aFr
di{t

sr4
, gr&
g)|a

g,!po
gjlp b.a
ga
9oya
gch
9at/gtt'
gath
9an
gan |()ftl
. gal:

guruguru
grli
guli,khaoya

9rh
g$
gfhit
ge|a5

ghrn
gnJr
gh)rk]!la
hole
plide

gnam
.ghama
ghas
ghasphIiJ

thlot, uotce

story
. t chat

gf4ts

gasshWer
ghee,chrfud bunet
anklz-bells
sleep
tumtng,spinnnq
to Eo out for a stroll
uJhrlpool,tuhirling
n.be destroyed

b"4

shi

sod, dceq
sonS
to ting
cheek
= nmbling
bbllet, pi

ghum
ghu'!]
gnureasa
ShrIi
gnoca
gnoF
ghomno
. . .tosleep|p.193)
ghoman/ghomanorosleqt

' .to strg\p. 21L)

hotseholdet
houseuife
ghts
to get tw

9o'r-rik
90 9
qhodhdi
golmal

dl1sk
iose, distt tbdnce

9orP
gos!krra
g!qil

to hate a bath \El

knot

9!am
9!am
qlaEy

ho seheeping

steps,rnooirlg+lice
tht
/qf{916{l thabFn/ghabGno n be uken abach

crmk
crm!kar

cfla
. c)lctl
cleasa
. cl.iaoya
crJma

aldrrn, arnazement

to coe, tufn ap

ca-khana
q
q$I

!G'

Ip.211)

Dff

Els/Drff
5F T{I
5Iq

cakri/cakri
to bdve a bdth (W')

Ffi

capa
cabi
camc

'FID
5rfrasi.5.lftr

cardik/caddike

5l
D'F

rtsT

kev
plarrt, sedling

to introdrce, start up
ca$ kir

G,Iq
ssl,frs*t
ffift

cI c lora
cikn

cthi
cithip)g
cilkar/cilkar
citabaqhini

6gt{Rl
gl-s|{{l

cintdhaa
ciqla-bhbnbra

Eq
El

ci
CUP

Ils'i

cuPcaP
curi bra

f e, glnssy

6;t
c-{til

&t

csrEFftE
({{ct
cs64[Tr{

cnap
chpphla

to hflow \a WtsoJ
cyar

chuti
chutochuti krra
churi
chfa

holday
knife

bov
chAhood

(su

chot/choto
oF
chot

ti?tylp.223l

v
w{:

Fkhm

eF/csi

jrs!
F!9l

i""st"

qfr{

Fnnr
.irngiy
Fns'rkhya
j'!!!o
jru!tuin

bbth
birthday

WK
qF
qq

joil

to ask for somethb'g

wfr

cl
cE! krr

disci?lc

w{{n

col!

Bengalrnottth lp. 205J

wr/q'ff

jry/j,furye

cokath

daotframe,threshold

qfiq{

j,&t|rma

,o rry

to spnkle, scatter

chlpile
chelebla

(dl

6F

ffi

(female/
flol' of tho&ght

cul
ccameci

or* oe
6{
CEE
6Rt
6q'
6q{Fr

w
ffim

(q69(qfl
CE'q

sst' (p.272)

pup

rt'{

sho"ting

l F._{t

lTt*r
F4
cre$

chrfan/chrtano
chbi
chata
chata
cha!

chitan/chitno
FtFTrumt
chinn
E

'FGi
fiff

6 {

lrdl
q,t
q' CF

cal
calak

Eql

w|/w.{t
6
av
as
rq

qar
qq

{+ pos.)

qn
qffi
q4

qq
ql

q{Rt
qFII
qFil/q'5llFl

qlq
qET{
qFl

qFrpt
qpt
qF[
qF +HV
qp
qq

&
&frc

&ficq-q
dl

ECs
Esl

(F(r l

cqr
ffiM
cqit
BF
cqtTq
qd
qq(4
q.l
EF14/Elstr4l

jmidar
jmidad
jmin
jrnyu
jrl
.irldhar
jasa

zmnhdat hxdouter

jasan/jasano
jadubr
jadugh)r
jana
janala
jm

to uake someoneup

Jama
jam-l(ap,I
Fy9a
JElan
J'
jinis
jinisp!!
TQ
JUtO
Juya
jge oth
Joa
Jo[
Jor
ilan

ivoqla

i?,
I?l.iple
l!?!g
ilalan/ilalano

land.,sPaa |p.262)

t ql/<lq n jhrlsan/jhrlsano
jhri5ani
qqlfi
jhrrsir
qs

vdter \WJ

*1sv
tlqrr4l

{b cne{r
tlot fi

t'tt
tfq

fit

to knou) la thlng)

ftR

tqfr4
fi14

shitt, d.resslp. 39)

Rfr

lJ6<flvt
6{rFt
yes {)
thitte
tlbtgs

ganblitg

c{'t
CIIF
f$
T

tatra

bhzing, spatkling

[I{

to kixd.le, set dlight

bf{Ftfi
ftrR
15T

rt9
{t9FrE
19

jhrgt
jbgrajhti
jhrr

quarrelling

lr
t.ut
crrs
asl

cast, fap
hot, spicl

= spa*ling
mild flash
s|arklhg, glitteling
cticket, gtasshopper
baska

trk

EIETFI

b1cn$

shagg!, chatterng
uery bot, p ngent

lnoro
jhop
jhol

ls-nTfl

-qrq
lT

rm

k rowledge lp.92l
noonght lp.264)

.ihjh
jhilmil
jhirik
jhilimili
j!!fli
jhuti/jhota

Fka
trelo
ttlm)l
tak
[aKa
tala-prysa

'tr
to gatheL dtsemble

jhka

jh.ihalo
jht deoya
jhp deoya
jhapta
jhl
jhi

lan doya
tan
tanatani
rcar
tiva
tukro
tuntuni
teko
teLka

bald patch

to Pa
= Pulhrrg, t"geihg

Piece,bt

d
CEEFFIEI

ctfrcqn
'F

irlR

tebil
terikta
tliphon
tlibh)n
!!i

table
hdfu-Parting

sr

osF/6dr{

thkan/thkano

@E

tht
thokthuki

* qtcq

+Fr

ffift
on
vrl
VFF CN{I

slT"1
sls
glEF
g.FI

vFn
vtig
vFt

&/&4

fr{

v{d

csF[

g!

V,IFTR
\s0

wfi{
sctr{'R
dffrcaltylp.191J

\uFl

lp, bedk

v*Ft
ruf.

htitg, harnne ng

qafta

qaLtar
4n

qana
qayed
qa'
4Ja/4'qga
4im
qumur
40ba

(E

4haka
4hil
dheu

v{

t)kai
tru4
bl

s
vnl
stsr
vR'ttfrr
1
pet narnelp. 61J

EFF
lrqgl

vM
qqq&'
gl'iieF

trtad
tl

dal,lentLst
brurch
bodt, ditugh!
e88

vtdl
\uRlss
vlfi!

fs

std/stqrlq
vF
vtq(

clod lump

st
so much, so many

YqrrE
YflI'

to ,nafidge, look after

stll flenertheless
vegetables
young, ftesh
f.oor, storey
at the foot of (+ poss.l

tai naki!
tiibu
tak
tach[a
tab
taF

-{

tight \opp. o letl

utg

bkhn
bkhn-o/bkhno
trkhnkar
bt
btdin

bdak bra
!)pha!/bphat
t)b
tbu

q{q//g-{ls

tholg

4)ga
4akdeoya
qa|(-nam

lad.y'sfnger, okra

t)q

right, conect, exdet

OK, a right

sf{{/Cslrrl 4oban/4obano
ElSl
E

qlr"

srFr/srlFr
thatfa
tha!!La
thik
thikache
lhikana
thka

e
r

4hok

ts-{

(FFFI

qckly

tarpr/tar p)re
tram{!p
tarikh
taVtalgach
tahle

d.ate(p, 204)
?hyirlg caTd'
so, ifl tbdt cdse(p,1951

r'El
tir
ri@
tltul
tuln krra

Plaa of Pilgtitftag
= daghtul softness

Yrq cq,t
PrE.R
csY?
c\544
csfi

ffi/r
s/b

tuledoya
tuldhrra
tamn
temni
toiri/toi krra

Fll
tbmthme
thrrtbr krra
thaka

= ghlmness,gloom
to ternbleliolently

tor, {nol + poss.)

di

d&

shitful

drrja/rja
*ar
dn

fteed (p. 1821

Philosophy

dt

rA

dacf

eldcr btot)er, grand"

father (p. 289)
sanhlother lp.289]'

qr"
F

fi{
firs
fifi

dasl
dik
dig)I]
ddi

({G

{8
trgr/EVm

{t
@
rfi

rt
{{

rF
(q{l

didma
din
dinYapbr
di!y'
d,y
dp
dudhare
dupur
dumFn/dumfano
ouyar
dulgb)tna
du!Pl
duu
diir

fiFF1{
fiFFl-{ftI

dokanbra

mF/Cnn
cnf
mfi
cq,fl
CM'Ffr

doyel
cfirn
c{tqF/fiFtnt dolan/dolno
s
tut

eder sistet\p.289)

wflfr
Il

heaveftIy pleatdntlp.2641
by,ith lot + poss.l
oon lp- 113)
to fold, twist

mischieuous,
na*ghty

to giue

s{

6'{F/ cn"{fral
c$ril
m{zrt{R
fig
(ftItsi

grondmotler(p,2891
day

dtth

dakha
dkhan/dakhano
dkhna
dkhajona bra
det
deral
deri/dri
dri klra
dJ
deJlai
dF
doyali
deh

qR CI

TlEi/l9.11r dfan/dFno
drr

qFd

frm
fr4

CA$E
fiq

a
lcF
M
q{s-?
q

qt
tFr
fi14 {
IF{I

m bemade,prepared
('adversativ'
paticle,p. 105)
tu ft, ake l^ phol

esfl

CE

q
3Ee|C
qqr R
EFF
qc
cqr{t

r " W"p

to look after

dclay,latercss
to delay
land

courymdn, rust
body
shop
magpie-robin

{utgamin

doot,gau

s1r
{.

gyara
qyis'r(
qyit'y

by |p.168)

v1E9t

qw

$1?t
{

rFet
slFlIT
tn/<T{lli
{iFr
{{l
Itdt/ {itFII

{rd
{

{fu1
{{F/i{61
{F

{Br
{BI Cq

dhrkd
dhrybd
dhrmkan/dhtrmkano
dhrrn
b hod
dhrran/dh)rno
dh,e
for (a spanof time,
p. 135)
dh{E
rcligort
dhita
dhdhan/dhdhano
pa.d.y
edge,sde
dhar deoya

{ cnl

frr*Sn
$
s'|q
{E
c{l{l
({t't
({l!t
Rt
R

tRfiE
Rsi

dhire-dhire
dhuti
dhmpanbr
dhlo
clhya
onopa

sloutly
dhoti, bincloth

q
qR

*nr

nrraci[a
ntun
ndi

nrm:tar
nrn!r
nrrk

t Rl

r14/tqrn
t{1s
iFfdoFrt

nagrdola

{F![

nr$:q
mbbrEa
nbln

bgaheel

lt
nca

tDrrF{
dqdr{
q{k

rM
qff
tPls
rFI
lnlq 'iYt

frfl"q
"'q

flag, bdnner

{verb'not to be', p. 73)

-{<{

to bespoib, &asted
?to;nttplease\p. 7221;
ot |p.87)

nagad
nata

y,rp to irot + poss.)

to str, mote, shake

nanl
nap|t

grandnothet\p.2891
batber

l{

Trl

bell

soft
n{ll bra
nr$ boya

Fr
lErJs
lhyni
!!!nit
db?ia

(Hinduseeting,p. 105)

N4I

n?Fl
*

ftorement, strolling

fr+!

R6/fr6
Fr'/firsr
frqllq
ftc
ffYv

tutu

namajprta
nibrEL
nihlp]!!l
nikrt

to get dottn, descfld

to say (M$lim) pruyers

tuithout pulse,Ifeless
fied \+ poss.l
belolt' l+ poss,)

ni.ie/nijer

b. e5)
niqkal
niden
nibht
nimntrt

inuited

ffi

frc{
fi E{t
fi-crllne
fi-j,tdt{
*,ttr
fiq
nri8

firs.{T

fi,rr/frs

niymit
nrye

regular
with, by o. + poss.)
to brrrg, fetch

nyeYaoya
niDpradh
n|rupy
n'1'rb
nirdi
nitdh krra
nicry/nicv i
nilqbdh

guiltless
helpless
lifeless
fixed, dzfned
a ford

nil

blue

F
Frqr

ntn
nrty krra

c{.1

neja

fiIE

not

't
'FF
'f(F

"IRE
q
'lwc
"V

'tv

'lv.ll{rl
'igi/'lvL{
'I'IIJFIT

'l[qt'RR
'IEFF

'tst
4e

saby
no/no0ko

P!$
Ph
potlil
ri$i
p)chndkrra
P]ta
prta
prfaJonakrra
p)fan/prfano
plydrly
plyophar
prtaka
poqika

"rrqi"lq1

'l{fr{
'IiF

,t.ttq

'1lI

"lRGv
qr{
'ctrl
'r'$1
"lsl
'fiFl

C\3{

c{{l
ffis|idr$

'fsq
rK

':t"K

fi-{z<
$

rtf
tri4{

aing, lank, side

"fffcr
'r:t
"f6
'ttrI
".
o5le,

'|ft{
to fa

'l
'
'F{t

ffi/rft
"iFi&
qqat

merchandise,taares
gft of merchandise
(p.271)
flag, banner

"ls

"ttn
"lttF/"ll'ftr
qrq cnext
"Mrl
.lE

Prd
prd!,m
P)y|a
pJr
prrda/p4!a
p)di
p)|6n
pudin

p:rQpr
Prra
pricit
pribar
p,ri$rlyan
piar
pd8arb
p'i&a
pn-hatrra
Prr
P4$
P1!b
Pqu
PIS!
p&!m
pa
paoya
pkha
pal6i/pakhr
p9tl
pagl
pat-bhaDa
Path
pathk
pathan/pathano
pathiyedoy
pafag
pa

foot, pace,positiolt
after(+ poss.)

ueafthg. puttng ort

day beforeyested.ay/
eftetomoro,
(p. 160)
rccpro.al,n"tual

fa^'lv

(see'RJ;later
dr7 (not + poss.)

behi d I+ poss.)
foot, Ieg
bird

ctisplyfolded,pressed

baf, page

'IE
'Flii

,1ffi
'Tqrl
'F
4'

"rd
"ils
,FF
'll-{lvelffir4r

"r.l
qt6.
9IF51EJ
"llqe
qt
'pt

pathr
papiysi
payjama
para

paE
pa4
pal
palk
plan/palano
pal!bra

p4
P{e

pa&aty
pa!4

snful Ierr,.le\
pa&
sidz,flank, edge
sail

cfiqvcfrEll
C's
olfiteq
lFFo
lFtrfd

pchanlpchanotoaftue
pos
Beflgdlifl'onth Ip.Z0Sl
pya$lel
pandal (p.238)
prk$l
ht ge
plokr

{t{ l
lFFlffE

ploka bm

sfrr

LkrtJe

to flee
to polsh
sde,fldnk,ed4e
next to l+ poss.)

pichn
pichne
beh,rdl+ poss.)
Erq
pichtan/pichtano
toslip
latWta/tWtct
pita
sr
fathel
pitrgh
Frylc
el:iK

,tr$t

puiibht
PUbe-batas
pur8ar

,FR-{/'Ifl

ca*{

tr<r
1F_.'
'i?
"I.l

"jFA
cotE

frize
oId
all, whole

p&
pIle
prthibl
pet

full, whob, complete

befoe \+ poss,)

c+rq
c't'fl

c'(*+
c,t{

Peyara
nail, spike
peF

!|rl
.|R

afra
qffi
q&{{t
qFt

avtFls
qs,t'd

purut
pul
pq

Te
qF{

rq

,{q.lye
{({<tv|{

poFn/poFno
poa
poJak/po5ak
poEapis

crwt{/(rnvm
(qFI
C'|'lS/'fflT
CqFm

q[st:F
qMTT
AtF

etol

rfr
{
q{FS

q{Ffi
q
!f.Ft
qr'tq fi
fltfi

ls
q

P!kaJt

Post-office

to p*blsh, exprcss
published
pubcly, openly

P!*fti

,.ur
ploIam
L'6tipltidin
pltibeF
PItihiqsa
plt'-Sa
pIEeg)t
LE4A
LiStek
pIEk
p!thm
pothme

pr,turn
pdhan
p!dhant
pdhanmntnpIb)!!!!
PIb)l
gbeJ bra

LFls
pFr
ptt
p!y

obesance\p. 39)
eaeh,euery \prefrx)
neghbour
relenge, rcul4tiarr
waiting, ex?ectatior

each one, eueryone

fst
at frst
chiefly,ranly

ue4tstrorrg,mighty

W-breath, uitaliy

cIR

ffi
fi
EC
(fi-E

cF
CS

t!

Lray-l
p!ry
pliysrlgini
pi-rti
Plen
pm
plotha
plet

(female)
dffecrion, ?leasre

rEg

lgrlq

4
TI
T1
T'F

{t{
frrdqlct

frr{t
frEl
rEs

*r

frs stt
T{
T{$Fi/Iffifr
GEqC{
ctl

CF
(TTG{g
JF

phto
pnf,s
phr@
phrl
phrrl
phl
phare
asa
phirtoya
philm
phtuk
phuphu
phuriyyaoya
phul
phulkpi/phulkphi
phet deoy
pnera
pn|a
pheledoya
pqn

{
TFl

b(ii
bka

sEEr

bErtu

bts

brchr

b)gq!

photo
floot-coveting, due

gn

b&!!
b!g! bra
b$!!n
M$hu
b.!!!lubhin

bindhg, tie

bmi
bry66
byi
b|6l
b!!

to go back
flm
= suden flying away
aunt \p.290)

tr
Tt!
{q
{ql
q

brIakal
brl
bJl
ble

{l({l
lvrFF[

b)ha
bhu
bhldin
bairc
bajla
bar!ldeJ

{:

bh

irF/ffi

b.a
bcn/bcno

rtfiq
f4/t

caaght
fastened,

b,nduk

b!C!"qa
bryu

to retft, ge bd.k

bic

brn/bn
bnp)th

mddle-aged
mile-aqed lem le\
plE

+t
t{

bt/brtgach
brte
b/brto
blok

Rr

book

t
ttr

ftendkss
imdshp

flood
ace
aged
ldthet in prcftutce
alory lettet of the
dlpbabet
ball
to speak,say,tell

to bloa flau lp,271)

outsdzl+ poss.l
Bengdli(l^nggel
Banglaesh;
Bengal
b.200)
Brc@! lp-92)

W
to lue,suruiue\p.166)

nffit7<t<t+ft
qFI

1
<FA
<rc
FI{

<s
sff
FVEr{S
tW

to bind, tie
bdhakpi/bdhakphi
cabbage
bak-hara
bakr
ret taning,the rcst
baE
baE
Dagn
Dagn
riger
boal
Bengal lt
llatioti)
basra/balqla/bacha cbld, kid ^ce,
bajna
bdha

4fq

{1q1r
<tqa
<t9
{9n/wrql

<l&N
ls

slRi
lvt-6s-{
stq

to ng, strike lp, 119)

bajarktrra
to do the shwtug
bata
baFn/bafano
bafi/baf
bat
batabi/batabi-lebu

<tqtfr

btas
bathrum
bad deoya
bad
badaml

{Iqi

baE

q:w
{s cqe
<[q

<{
{,

<ffi

<IF
{,r *fi

{rt
{lrq
{fi{sl
{pr

badha

baqry
babri
baba
Dayn
br krra
baElar
bralga
balk
balika

broun, nut-coloured
to stick, be obsttucted
obedient, ampelled
fathet IWJ

FiR
rPi:FFI
<Fi

<fr
"da
lR{
rle

fun,&s
frr
Rfrsaq
lns
Gq
q/Rqr4i
Er{l
fiql

v4
ffi

&

Rft"*r
m.
R(q'ft
Rr$
Rqs
R'{t
,F
fr{d.cq,s{t

tu

"{r{
{
t{s9

stt

R&{
qfr$t
Rcs

bov

c"l
d.uellng; garment; bas

Rc*qt
({ e$
R{F

to durell, re
ba5r9hrr
'basnl
bahin
bhir
bahu
bikUbikel
bi&i krra
bi!! hroya
bi!:!yat
biciq
bichan/bichano
bichana
bicchid
biian
bifal
biFln
biti
bidq krra
bideJ
bideJ
bi!Vu!
bidhw
bipul
bib)rt deoya
bibl!
bibah
bibidh
biEt
bibh9
bibhi!!
bibhlika
b'ye
biye trra
biye htroya
binkt

rcsding \emalel

tfternoolt 1p.113)

bedding
gly, ?tzstylp. 77)
science(p.92)

ta split
foregn land, abroad.
lightnbtg, elecfticity

huge

mqrriage, ttedding

diusoh, depairrlent

mdrige, wed.d.btg
to get maned lp.110l

fr'q
frEs
.tE

frfi{

fu.mn
-r,{s

RT
ffirymr
{|{

bibq!
bilt
bijal
biE
bE kre
be5rt
olllr
bi!
bi!,bigyalry
b!&at

frq|

biEam

Rqlr Gt/6\s

bam br/noya
ba5
bipy
bipyk
bilphoQ
bi!'-'I0
bi!pl
bir
buk
buti

FFT

{tr
Ts
crl.i

-q.
{d

A
{{

1Yr

3I5|^
1l6sr

$i
1$fl:t

rrqt
fl

1B
1q q ^
3ei\6
dffiRfl

c<
c+m
c51

sPe.iatb
spee;o r
|p.77)
'asly
belie txst

de/tong, rclating tn
spredd out, et tensfue
beuIdered lp.279)

DU[O

bu!!!imti
buq!!imn
budhbar
buno

fltellCeftt (emz,le)
ntelligent lm lel
Wehesday lp. 1131
ltil.d, sdvdge

bha

br.lli
brh{
brhTptibar
bin
bte

c{-f/6r,rrrn
cRrtret
CSI
6q.

c<ff/c{ft
c{fr{El
6{qan
6{1S
6{tEi
({Flt

({R
c{lr1/
c{r1.{t
c{{Gr
cfi qn

Fr

{qfi
tel
I{El

T{El
<K{f{
T{qR

<]v

<lvvl
huge, hge
Thwsddy lp. 1131
illegal

I'FF'I

lnr

nr
ltelld

<trq

beg

Deral

brinial, aubetgine
to Ltkt, go ou,
see9fq

veda(s)
to take okt, bring out

C{q
6{fl
6{{l/6{dlr

Etq<t

begun
crrF
R91ry6{9rr bfan/btano
RgIE

Exglind

q
E

EmRq
lsSrqFF

bern/befno
beriyeiaoya
bJ
b/beJ
bJrbha9
bhla
boka
boja
bojha
bojhai
bojhan/bojhano
bodh bra
bodh h)y
bon
b4ti
!nbrI1

to go o"t (p. 193)

to Co ott lp.173l
trneof d.ay|p.113)
fiaty, ,r\tch lp.148J
the most Part, majority
st"pd
to shut leyes,p. 2241

peap' probably
sisterlp,289J
,eson lp. 30\

b4h
b&$!u
lyb9uakrra
rybhar
q1bharkrra

E!!
D!ta
!y?krr
!ys

bag

!!I!

Upar
!ymo
Ealer
bh!9i
bhtrqmhila
bhtrdrok

Brahmin \p. 100)

Iady

E-{
E-{FFF
E,l{
E{
q{t/sfo
g.{F

bhry
bhrynk
bh)yabh
bhra
bhtran/bhrano
bhrlE krra

vR
sR[ it

vFt

bhai
brctl'e/ lp.289t
bhaipo
nephetuIp.291l
ona9
bhagI
baoa/balqa
bharjan/bharjano to brcdk something,
change \a bank.nue)
bhafa
bhat
bhab
in o ulty lp,7321
-bhbe
bhbna
bhata
to thtk, deute

s14/EF
EFIFII{

bhal/bhalo
bhalobasa

vt{.t

tna:t

Ell

bhata
bhasan/bhsano
bhe
bhit
bhitr/bhite
bhit& diye
bhisa
bhISrn

s51
El6ll

vls/E{
EtgF//Es6t
sM
sls
EF

-sr.r
VFFTI

dleadfu[frghtful

deadfur,
frshfut
a fl[; fu

vft

:l1/slcr[{l
srq
Cs/sr
vdfrcn
Gt
q.{
Ys
E-{

Y{*r

Y'ESI

wlf4
Es
(sT

bhul
bhul bra
bhultaoy
bhgol
bht
bhk

cgcg {\9
69ffi{l
cgqt
CEsd/cEsl

good

(E6II
cgl-?t
EFI

qrs

{fr
{
{!FFI
TEfl

nsR
nEl

!E

s/Va\e=t
Tg
{q

{fr
{fir

hnguage

bherletaoya
bhelge<ure
bheja
bhetr/bhetr
bhla
bho9a
bhor
bhola

to brcak up, collapse

to forset, be .harmed

llFta

lEkuti
mJlglbar
|qa
rDjar
mojur

Taesday(p. 113)

mrt/mrtn/mrto

ke, smilar to \+ poss.)

m8
m,Mir
mdhuktrr

{{iRs
nt
c{l

m,&!ybig

m)n/mn

mqry

bee
ntd.d.Ie

mqlye
(+ poss.)

n, itlsde (+ poss.)
thrcrgh

tertible, auful

to foryet
geography
thost
fioc

Cr{ICS' Cq,G{ mrnoiog doya

nrnoYoga
cr{trstft
m'
mldir
mrydan
T{qI

fr

!fr
T{{

myr

c{q

mrrmbhedl
m){0
m)ht

{n
ffi
c

open alea, mataat

|p.262)

big, great

{cK

m)hI!]

cct/4{-d

gfeat sltge
gfeat

{{tfr

{ctft
{Rq
r<F
Rq
Ilg

rF{

rs

qq mat

rq

{F{
F -ltrq
ER{cl
l

rtn
rF|-(r
iIrl-CTR
!t5

Rcqr

)harani
mhila

{
ma-baba
mal
ma!5
makha

ttothe lV)
Paentslw)
daub,smear,hnead

qfi/fic
r-c.t$er|
FInI
:lfi

frs
F
1
{.l

r, the niddle l+ poss.)

$'
{{d{1fl

TrR

in, sde l+ poss.l

qE4
{s
{4

-{q-s

edh, sol, grourd

feld, cultuated hnd

{lgr
mqr

(l{
C{GII

cwtfr

m,!ry.
mrr/misrr
mieiaoya
millli

tct {

mathadh)m

rlq
sl
{t{
{t{

madl

headachetn haue a
headachelp, 120\

magrym

(rS'ti

mamul

{f{
{q

m!!a

pt
msik

Egtpt

b.2sa)
.ulta
musi
mukhr
muldharab[i
muJkil
muslman
m4i
ml
-mlk

freedom,deliwrunce
torrehtially raining
trouble,dfficuhy

megh
medhab

merephta

CNI
c{?
Cqq.lql

uncle\p.290)

c1l

c{Gt cmfl

c{ta{:

manuS
manuSl

Flt

aurltlp,29O)
lly, detfiotlstraton

.i{

ctcl

TA[

lfr$

mali
michil

i1

fr"b
machrjhol
mJ
majh
majhkhane
majhamajhi
majhi
majhe
maihe-majh
majhe-sajhe
maI
math

tfr
k

melameJa
mdmeJakrra
mehgn

inte igent,gifted
ghl, daughter,uoman
to ki
fai, fte
,nixr|q,social contutct

c{rcfr
C{ER
C{IB
C{F
(rEI{rE
(l9
C{I'I

moktar
motf
mota

motamuta
mo[
morJg

thick, fat
more-ot-Iess,so-so
streetcor14 crossing

cqrrEq
6C<n
c

norgphul

rg

mon

T'T
ISI

ra9l
rarja
raj ti
rajnoitik
rajpur

q
{q;t

qs
Efi{
Y fi
{cl

fr

{sl

i)khn
Ft
Ftdin
tr!! trra
Ytrthe

{!t

F!]Ipti
Yahok
yaoyd
tatyatkrra
vaqa

lq

,!C!o

{{

iuba
Yan
tamn
iogatog ktrra

S RFF

1S
{v$se*

cs
C$F
(lrlf{ R

uhen lp. rell

tei6

as ,ndny days \p. 2371

to tdke arc of
suffeent, abundant

tqq

ifIp.les)

mc{qt

qi

tools and implerrlehts

Oh aell
to go
ioanett staEe-sbou)

as if, seemingly(p.2311
dr, lihe, i*'t as 1p.231)

slt

to Mtutin lp,231'l

fi{l
{

t{t<lg
<Ffi
Tr

rkh
ag

rat
rllilralli bla
raq
!!a k)
rallagnrr
ra!!a
rika
riti
rugl

llcl
<I
'I
lsq
i5t
s.fi

r^ft
FIFi
ftl

c{rf
6{R
ctrt
CIq

crtwt{
amqr <<t

rJ/Dr)
rnJ kr|a
'Jkm
rJin/'6rjrn
oqgbhre
rjth
Dthtaqa
biba.
rdha
rdh-bF

ls

r{
to stott ottt, depart

( *IT
*0:[
/{
,FG
st
IFTEI

.aN

fir't

qrt/
cn

"ai'a
q hroya

tEiI

IE

rt/s

aqat
aoa+

cflq

rp
-rpe
r0po
rurell
ro9a
roj
rojSar
rojgar krra
rod

poli.s
poltical
royal city, capul
king, miah
to beuilling

ight, night time

dt nght

ill, sck
fotm, fgwe, beauty
n a uay lp. 2721
etenption,acqtittal
thn

(tqd

playf"lly

cfl't
GfTTi

SundayIp. 113)

ropa
o9lI

lTt

ookng ond seruit g

'sq

l!!-chat

to put, keep

TGfr

lr$Lni

(p.26s)
sunshine

to take\p.271)
good.-for-nothing
(female)
Sylhetiresidentit
Lot dorl(p.91,

qrfl
E{
EFI
4nt
EIR
EI15
IFFFFITIl3

DEqA
lain
laga
lthi
lathi
lanc
laphan/laphano

lo/tg, ull

to stike (p.145,82)
stich
kick

6t*"tvt

cErFs-rt
cE:{
cqt
c{1s
6E1E

(qIgar

lutan/lutano
lutiye prfa
lkca
lekha

to rcll on the gottd

lobh
lobhniy

gteed
allaring

.tfr{1r

oaze, hobby
Saa4rd.af
b. 113)

'tfrv
.s
t'
l'ls

lwrq
ts
F

TF T:T
1$
Fkh
Jniba

re/ffi

iltl
'
Jit
ttr'
Jukno

Ju&bar
Jutioy
tubh

FE

-lRs

t{r{
F<lr

Jhita
Jsgh
J]P
.,lE

,udhu

had, dfficub

'f{

fiF{

I.srTt

kun

'tfrq
1fr

Frfr
fis
fisE

,l-{
rL

.fqrlF
TEF

Ftt

fr{t

srE

srv@rzl

fftut
frrtft

Flq
r!{kot
,rytun
iph
Iil

,ocdbuldry,glossary
Satan,deuil
l,oly (to Muslims)
body,heaW

Fhr
Jhid

fi
rflft

t'!ra--

fffrs

JEt

c.F{t

c{rt
flr
C"FIR

c.|{'is
cIl6{

ctFr
rd
ef{1rycF
els

latial

ta't
ta4
Jp
Japa4
t'!Pk

st
ws

shatpened
peaceful
liftlte of d anse (p. 231)

CIIT
FIF

-BI
qFF{

6qft
cq
cqs

ubhaqi

educatedlenale)

&y
Friday\p. 113)
to go to bed
only
well-being; benefcal
Good night |p.179)

Ju!L
Juru
Jurukrm
JUS

beginning
dry, uitheted

Jr{v
Jlyt
Jekha
Jyal
Jt
Jrkrra
Jerporil!
Je

fxalb

Jona
to causeto heax ploy
Jobhit
Joya

Itrtan
Iym
[bn

.Ea'
["!
_Eota

lie dowx, go to bed

(p. 255)
Bengali month
(p.2M)


91$

cq1s
cqq

:)fyintr

a*ilfr"
C$fri
$K
+
riFrdt

srmkhy./r)nkhy

'','ifrsrat-,:$rDtap

'FF|al
firfq-T$1-d
fr

s)Ylsar
5)kl
s)kte
srkal
srkal-srkal
5khl

rft

s:!9 hn

({
{r{:rl.{

elge
54ge-s)0ge

CFq
q'li

$cl
ejag

'rfr{
'i.F
ryS

{[ss[
st

'F

wotld, famrly
all lpeoplel

s)tj

sE
chld, ofspring
eveniflC
\p,113)

sfb

'J'[
qrE

$m)y

S[3
lFn

s)m)*
$|ya

time;dt the trfieof

(+ poss.,p. 106)
all, uhole

s)opnj

5)mb)t!r

$mbodh)nk)ra

s)4q!b

cTdr
B1/imFl

srran/srrano

n front o l+ poss.t
moue,shift,remoue

mrFr
:f

ffqR
. {4
,W
'' {{{tGr

than all \p. 1441

thandll lp.273J
all the tme,always

'Fn
{R
CF
Wt

$qqr$!he

I' cff+rt

srbceye/ebtheke
ebcait
Dbscmry
srbai
s,bui
$bha
srm

T<}.{/c.en
Cffs

crm

,.cI{

sothik
5)F!

s!!lua/s!!llye

smut

(ot + poss.,p. 158)

,
?.t/,r,(+ poss.,W)

{s _
c-1.
tFl(Ft
{rqlrF r-{
{TF

moming(p. 113)

5)b

C{'I

l&q

arired, assemblcd

TIFI

c
i{n/qn

srmag)t
emaj

Cqq

'

cqcq

. cRss

sru
sgLi
sollli-kaj
elqdai
s)&a!9
s{t
$hk
srhj
srhje
5aikel

'

qqiq

star
eisoj

qlql4/qfqFqf

sajan/sjano

c|/qq

rad/5al
5ath
sadh
sadhn
sadhDq '
sadhaDrt
saqlysadhna
saphai
s.mrgl-

T[!{
{

qFFI
CKK

q{:rs
n{{l{{
ctqR
tcfl

all mbs,body
cheap
th l+ poss.l
eds'b
to gtiq

dII

d|gr

cold,fu

play a la
seeS
rrit, (+ poss.,E)

elearstg,
rindicatiart
thngs,dttcles

cFrcq

in front of \! poss.')

FeFi/]F-dt{ samlan/samlano

to mdnage, estrdtn

cF[d]
Et
IRfi
CRKIS
f{T

crqr<l
lsJ

Fcit
fks
q
T'r
l1R

samaly

odinary, tuifl.ins

saradin

all day
all night

sahs
sahaiy
sahiE

help

sim4!

uofldn's hair-Pttrting

'1'
{^K
tlr
tqqx

sryoy

q<ti

w*

q
w'{
'l

tsrs'
ET

sukh
sugIgli
sutkes
sutoral
sud
su!!!r
suldri
suP
suprramr4
subidha/subhidhe
suYog

srsc

rl.lfl

Rr+r

rFR
c{qfi{
-l
s

to haued bdth lv.,/

!!h krra
!p)
!p!t
llqrti

6qE
?

ol
5v)r

rqhs
rlqRs
{rfl

!dhnta
lvbhabik
IlamI

r{"

beattifuI lemale)

!!ur-malla
!!it
$p
lgi
sthkbra

q
qIFl

s.
qft

ry)rb{t

nofll

hrtha!

{q

qqcs
Eqq

h)l
hld
hlud

q51

CftiFdI

{,lvt4a

ht
hpan/hpano

c{rfrn
cT{l
cst
CT{RF

Ef
{l&-* qeal
qe
qv cq
qtcs.itcE:
q1c
clfi
qff$
<M'llslE
qMt

hajh boya
hat
hat deoya
hate.lekha
hasa
hasi
hasimukh
hspatal
h!y

Ifr

st{i
thdf,sgbt (p. 191)

c{{

CqTEiI
CqFfl:I

seruice,utaitt lg upon
selibra
soja

cq{ffi
m1T{R
ffifi
-d

so!CI

saight
goAerl
goAerl
Mondat lp,113)

husbsftdlp, 30)

hryto
hrirt

qltq

ruryo

nemory@.2301

hall, st dentrcsidence
yellau, tarmec lVl
yetloq tarme. (El
to tualk

hos?tal
Iaugh,smile

ql

hay

qrF/ql.:ra

.*

lqi |
tQn(

hi
hm

R6lE

hi!!ol
hisab/hiseb
hisab/hisebe

tu

nl/Rr<
rB/Rrc[r
{FI
D {f

aq
cE
c{{t
l

t-J

Hit'di
Hin&'

m
5

GI

ls (nor+ poss.,p.253)

hcJt khoya
hrdry
ht hroya
hteiaoya

to trp
heaIp.272)

rya

yes

I
II

This Glossary is not a mirror-image of the Bengli-English

Glossslt omits the more literary words used in the passagesin Pan
Three, and instead inddes words o common uie that do
not occurin e book but which you mrghrwanr ro took up.
It does nor include pronouns,anicles, demonstratjvesr
numbers (seeGramrnaticsl hdex to find ese in e book).
For kinship terms beyondpaents.brothersand sisters,see
e list of kinship rermson pp. 289-91.

o
It

o
:'

A
able to: be -

'l3r

ccs
ftr{

qllRE
absoluuly

4Fpt

s{t+.l

sr{{

{rrFt

n6s

actaalb

qFcE

{Fr
c,ttos
$q,$cs
cqdqn
'R, {r..

pam
srqq)!!!
bideJ
rnupsthit
akd)m
Erhr bra
Lrob
durgFtna
hisb
pricit
sle
thikana
tobhit
subidh.
rubidh
!!eh adr

GI
q,
II
-

GI

o
-

q)

p)r,prr

frsfd,R.Tq
q.TPK

qf{Fr
age
aged

<{i

birudlh
bryos
bryst

qT,<sI{

rajl
haoy4 batas

$rt

&

cfr,(fu

bik|,bikel
trp)r

frs
fifr
ff

mrq,lv

d day
althoryh

+,c+q
:rg
qllfir
d]r

{fr
Kt

m!!ye

ahgry

ft

<5qfl

'q

lE

Er
tr cqs
f"tw
d

csftr
6s

n9
ra9
ragkrra
pJu
birJkt
u!r
u$r deoya
ppre

'!q'91

6E1T

Yaihok

csq
q&r q

hajir hroya

(6q.:I
qtqq

apel

<t{

^CETFIIN
<f{El

drdnSeTnent

'{ql

senabahin
bybsthakrra
bybitha

mi
Jrlpl
iamn, mrt

c$l

y"n

&cqq,&st{

jijes,jijara

cffi'q,,es.
acE
(Et

motei,eKuo
prthm

r{tr{tf

m)noYo9t
mnobhb
begun
F!kal
h'!!kal

Cr{IgR

piay

srm
ffi
!{il, , q<(
{.

dt frtst

srb,$kl
srmr!!

Ydo
srb $mly
markin

,E

*n

4t 4ll

all

pucha,puchano

aabergine

6{13

daturrl?t (ea y)

{|qe5'l4

l:*"**'
baby

6sw't

L
'; bad

{l6t
ltr4

l, back
1i boc
'i
bald
I ball

r
re

{t
:

Bangladesh
bdnk(of a riuer)
bak (irl"tttutio )
banner
batber
basket
bathe
b.tza&
be,become
beats

beaufu|

{(4fts'
ll9
4tlq
nsll

lR
4tpts
{

Crtt'{dt,
F,
EF T
qqn
q{l
fi,-F{

ces

baga
(narap
pith
bvao
teko
brl
h[
baladeJ
Pat

ry"!!
Prtaka
brtgach
napit
jhuti
gor1,
snn,
canbr
bajar
hroy
,m, bti
5undr

bed, beddq
bedsvad

ffifi
{c, TI+
R1
c-tlTl$
rl

(ffi

'FF
q(rl

I({

soundrY
.
Mle, karL
bichana
Joyarsh)r
khat
momachi
grur maJs
a9e
bhila bra
nurodh krra

beg(askfor alms)

F1I

begin

qEg i
'l+.
fl-:r R
.{ld, qFr.

uru,armbhbra
bybharbra
bybhar,actrrrt

lRr{
R{F
ftE

pichne

qT(l{ 1

Bengali(language) .EFAI

b'!*
Dajn

Bengali (?eople,

lsfr
bety

qt
qgl

best

cq

bicycle

u{I
qR[sE

'll{

bie
bind (fasten)
bitd
bith
bbthday
black
bhnket
blind
btou (ht)

9, T
{1{l

'rR

q[

q*{fr4

s
+t[tT
Fri
qq
tq
qFflg

ffir$

banaf
jam
cnara
eth
pan
ndhye
saikl
b, m)$
bdha
pakhi
Fq!
jrq!din
b'$ut
kr4!l

{g!
!!auj
aghat
nrl
noo

majhi

{t, ffi<, crq

h, (rr
Ew

ga,rtr,deh
siddhOphota
hat

OOI

R (\3{l

dhar neoya

boL,(bend)
boul

(S<
|t
<C

hthroya
bati
ba&

boy

q(E,T
lrY

chle,balk
cutl

<Fn l
s-q
{F8
sg
TS
ql

EalEr

qtfl, firn q{

ana,ni asa

body
boiled
book

Brahnr|
brarch
btead
break
brcast
oeeze
tutng
bing olrt
brother
brotherkuer)
brusblrl
brrsh lvbl
btcPet
baffalo
bull
bullet
burn (setalight)
b m (g[ow)
btst
bas
bush
btat!
bt

qal
pauruti
bharja

ti q

dP,r19.

jht.jharu

EF{
qlq

bhai
dda
badami

tqffr
{F, 1q
clq,

R{
{v
't
6{Ft
C'llsj{
yq
Tt
l{
c4
<j\g

fru,vr<
{l$

jh4,jharu
maJa
balti
mhit

tr
gul
bojha
porno

t!?r

phata

Jnop

E:!

kintu, bb
makhn

b tledly
b"t

?fqt'l
c{spl
c<r4
q

Ejap,tj
botam

child
childhood
.hlli
chip (peceof

c
cabbage

't{ffi|
rH

tt,rm

fu1,Rrc<
.aII

{lF
'lE

SFFI
VE

FJItsi
cap (hat)

'll-:t
Fq

rl&

bdhakpi
khc
ptha, kek
hisab,hisb
tachur
Ja!!
claKa

Christian
ciSarette

city

lt
'l.

clcave

rtq:t
cgfd

catch(hold)

fts
ffi
(Frfil
E'I

wrr
4fu
Dlq

1q*
qs
5E

{s

qlsR

r)!g

r|

kathi

bifi, sigrq

In
q1

darcini

{d

Jrhr

cqft
'lRst
-'
(-<

{s
clnth

Deral
phulkpi
paln krra
nusthan
ni&it

stetg
sf't9-('19,
qFr{'tg
crq
4r
!r4
ccRsl
cqqr,ll-{

niEy-

dti(+d
bhagI

.offee

sutos

coa (lh)

pribrrtn
critr
s{g k ra
$a
gal
almari

q!!t""

G,a'f|rt

qG
{rfi

tR

-ds
'lFf{
q1

(opportuflry)

m
9ajr

ElF

IET

!45

ll"ni
prirkar
3{o

5FIFF

,4t

fr

c@[T4l

murgi
Da!a
chotbela

SP

ut
lqymera
para
t'rpi
sad

{rF

+fr

hgr,fie
tst,cff
qlrd
i, <{

ft
ffi

q, -r{ qlqt
qm
qB[(T

Shtl
br!!h Irra
br4h
kpof
kpot-cop,f,
jama-kr
megh
lrJ
morog
tlapoka
na*el
kphi

tha!4a.fr
thda,rsli
1.b)

roin
ciuni

sa,clasa
aam

q1&,1
F4n
8F

q-t
,4GFm
qfiq
TGI.{oI q{

.rcqrm
qr6s
colrdition(state)

q{E

(r$-{s
IS
rIqd
c{lrrmrl
firF<t

mrnoios
s)llqrryDe
5algna
byffjnb)n

"F
stfi
'IF
qJK{I
cq.

s1
EFFI

rBF,rR5iT
campt
TS
q'R{
qt@t5;
{
SFF

khat
ka
gona

STDI

cllq

roj

D
daily
da .e \i
dance (vbl

{l5l
q!FFI3{

)nlhkar
tadkh
khejur

date (day)

s.{

date(fuit)

ETE

da*ghtcr

cstr

day

fiq

din

deat (beloued)

TFI
{

Plv

r$J!u
de
lahs
qhak
gru,gaigru

!!or
jhol
tap, bhap
prrd
niym, rTti
kata

r,A

toSaYoS
ktrra
nilll

TF
eoLgh

di

RIF
'tl,q.t'l
"Rq

dh4 nna ktrra

dhne,dhJniya
kon
srthik thik
s)rodhn

!a

qIEIR

cwds (yoghxn)

cas

{l,mR
{r{, {fil
qG$

CSRE

Psa
kokil

)b)stha

1R{/1R{
qFl,t, {efl<

CSF

{m

bhit
kda

DFGII

,i

jtil
mrnoiog deoYa

subidha/subidhe
alp,bthabarta

s,s

ad{
tun
krua
srT!Il

nt
debt

91

mEu

{.1

I
thrkano
sig4!a4 neoya,
sthir krra
5i!!ha!!
saJano
gbhi.
gath

+|r{l
hfs c{fl,

sIi
lrta
)pradh

frRl
deep

dami

hq
qql

5fl-t

delayg\
delay{vbl

goft)
delcate
delisht

demand
dertocrocy
depatt (sa out)
departueht
deqattwe
d.es.ed.(setd.oun)

sq

nonn

fiq, fiR
fiR {i
U.
fi

bib4, dei
clriba
mfdu
ut|a5
dabi

5l.jvq
tE (q\s
vl.
\3t
.I1ql
fi-{q {Tl,

dhoti (oircloth)

btaJa,nir

ftft{
$

q{

diffc,4tt
diffaity
dig"ity

bhidhan

m)ra,maataoya

't{t, ETls

parthky,trphat
rthin
muJkil
m{lada
khabargh)r
dik
picalk

s6{

Ti_FE
q

fis

d.ish
dsheuelled

q!9ls
u!!t
Dyta
bhEi
ffi
dhuti

:|dt,fdltsl

qRF r

discple
discQlne

door
doubt(sltspiciorl)

W.it, fiF

vlv
.!vFr
s

'lR4{
{{,.1
F{t

,l\nr

qlsr
qrqlFlt
qtt
qrdfqrdl

doU

bibhag

'{
qK, SFFI

R(r

delril

9rtr

bibrrndeoya.
bnna bra
bibrr
5adh,kamna

{rG

(depdrrnent)
do (nahe)
doz

s{qnJ
fi5v

tD!!rl
bi$r
alocna
thala

E
lR
E Eqi
rlstrF
CrldFIF,

t)4
dr
upjla
golm|,grl4gol

fivt
qt
<tisit

bibhag

'Igs

F{qt
{t{{
EE

'g dmu'et
! drcadful
(ftshtc?rins)
$

d,y
dack

duty
zell (lie)

putul
drlja

sryleh
gnugnu

qsl
cq<Iq

cvl

kh)rfa
ka
drj

s{Fr+

bhJyank

('iFIFF
IrrE,stl
T{24

PoSaK
mad|,bbla

<l

ry

TWtl
{{fi

hs
dhulo
ktrrtby
basbra

E
drs}F, g
SFI
{SFI-*FIE
clEirIl fd
qFt, cl[qrR

fs

earth(groand,soil) .ffi

Y _.-

a,"F

{{q,c{cs
cr
(fi ftqr

EEdr p!ti
srkal-srkal
mJgarKrra
ay,rcigal
makd
mati
bhmibmp
p, pub
srhj. srhj
khaoya
kheyephla

qofu$
{K

r4!nolk .
r4!niti
dhar

RFI

J&it
,!F

qan
edge (sde)

frs
e88

exeept (besides)

Englsh (language)
Englith (?eople,

ehlarge(iltcredse)
eftoagh(stffcierrt)

udahtrrrt
.rmtkar, Jrell!
cnara

(?t?

qim

effi
qfu

p'oi

?
eq

qEJF

biqu!

EY

qs,fug

hat
lijit bibr,t

Eqi
q1fi
qqR
ccl

biia
aliog)n
uFah
Je

firrl.

sadhna

E-s

&c

CDEI

Eid

nqaq
5ssl, cd
RM

Crn
cqi
cch
e(rsi

qqv
c{lt|Fl
eFFr*
gslg
6Ff

srykrra
motr
i!rcji

(
*f{l

'lR-d, mlR
dlT, fulis

11{
Klt,?
q{

kham
hiJs4 rla
bhul

eFl,+Jl
Er[qs8t

?FIq
R
qrF

EbrEh

fur
utfr,T+

r,car
c.F4fr

!ndhy4 endhye

IF

frt

cokh
bhuru

prta
ribar, srfJsar
namkrra,bikhyat

g.r{{ l
CEF5I,

tr<,q+rq

)Ent

-$c

19161
\lq,

upbhog
batano
Yrthe{
4hoka,pbebra

bkhno

bojhano
bisphorrt
p4kal ktrra

phrrsa
bvas

'Fttt

pityepr,ti
pr,tidin,roj
$bai.srkl
thik
po.'qa

bhiiFta

lrr

iJ.el

te5poC!!

dmi

lq

T{6f
Cfsts,d
Cfr, Cfq

!!iq

fdith

f"
f*"ty

,l9I

q9r

pakha,phyn
f,mtkar
bhaF
bidy
ctL ktu[

farmng
fo"t

Dl-{
6q1L?,vlglsl jore,taratari
bdhano
KE{t

fdt (ldrd)
fdt (tbik)

D'

ci

ccFl
{R, qFF, lsl
4rFf
qiT
g

mota
bab4abba,pira
up.kar
jrnpdy
bhry

fut
f*t'"e
afeu (people):
feld

fs
frcht

fr

fri4 v
fu1d
f"en
fngerflail

f'e

f*-flv
fsh
fshbo@

frt (corrrbne)
frx (decde)
frt (epdir)
fred (defned)

f"s
fat

fue
floot
flood
floor
flow (refned)
float (whobmeal)
floaer
flitv
flv \nl

rl\glfd
C<{*tt
q-{91

khaoyano
bodhbra
nubhti

iv)

?F:t
+aSFsF
11}
X{d
ll
sd
r{r{, q{fr'fr{

krm
kryekFn
math
4umur
mmari
bh)ra
tee,rb,Je5e

q!

r*!

{6q
qqE"ilt
4{
!4W^
({$FIF+
qqc
Iq
SIET

khjepaoya
aqul
n)kh
gun
jonak
Ethm
kta

m
Rd*t
mlnE{dl

fifitu
'tsls
F'I
'lFlal
sFt
{{t
cqn
I{

qr
F
tlfi

flvI'b)

9t

f"od
foot (les)

{FIR, {TII

'|r

sthh bra

foot (pace)
f<n
forbidden

P!!t

plano
blya
mejhe
mlyd

at
phul

bJ
mehi
o|a
khabar.khad)
P

s8, qdt

ffas{
CqF
{q

f"*'s,l

ffi
Rm.

forset

CEII,
Y4ltr

f.,k

Ftench

frnh
Fnday
fie dship
frightenic

fr"c

4rtt
SE

frl
fryi1q-pan
ftU

f'ttile

niedh
jor
krpal
bidq
bideJ
brn, bn

bhol,bhulYaoya

E).u
kata

rap
iblla
tyal
muEisvadhrnta
ph
ttl
uqbar

?5

hndhu

qC
ErFRt
<IK

b'!!huq
bbyank
lyl

TIq CAr{
frost

p
.l!yo,jlye

m't
ff
ftT1q
{, rta-d\5
qtft
FO
1SI

CcffS

n'E
prtaka

'i

fit{
FI
sEi

w
'1.

sql
:Iq{
lei

G
gdn
gambling

q{t

gaP

Srs

c{Et

theke
kachtheke

lttt
phrl
bhaja
k tui

pq!

m]Ja
mrjar
bih

<FFI
Sarlc

rT{

bagan
rsun

cqrr

Jota

snsaphy

vsr4fs
YrrtlE

get-together
gbee

'it3{
lql
qlw
F

bh)dr
bbdnlok
bhtigol
paoya

qr
Eentl (?olite)

Ee
ItnSef

qq

cil

mrs,l{t

giue

glass(a.mblq)
gldssesgpectacle,
8o

8o4r
Cod (Hindu)
God (Mslin)
8c/l
goAerl
good
good night

:rtu,'tr
(516{
Eli
lts
F Stl

c{dri, i;l;r(i
EFFI
ETFF
qfl, qg{,

c{rt
ccFil
Crlft, Cmn

sng

wr

cr|,?r
iF{.i
gfape
sasshopper
grdteful
geat

qqr

lFI
FITT(
TSB

qqa
shi
bhft
ada
my,balika
l?'9 ks
geas
c)Jma
taot,a
cletaoya
chagl
bhrgban
!!,a!!ah,
khod.

sonar
'ontr,
bhalo

{ITE

,SFqq
1

akbla
d)l

{19

8ur1

"lFr
('iI,?t
qll-qR
q&R
<FF

bara
palk
pyra
!!!aj br
tthi
bonduk

H
hdbt
hdr
hdf
half past

haxdttritiag
hdppei
happinzss

hop?v
hard (diffcab)

haue(be)

ubhmtri
lyaktrA
aDur
gha9
ghaidr,

kti$

c{

ground loor
grouq (f4.tion)
grou

lobh
sbuj
matl

qEtJt
Iq
ql{, ql{1, qa{'$

try
{v
+cls

qltrqt 6s!r
q5

haterlekha
th)ta
sukh
khuj

Jr4
gti
phtrsl

I'
Tll

tupl
gna

ql*
Ffl
nFll rr{l
C|F
qI

Efr
E,6sl
*FF
qTEru
q{ta
{ t

hide

'hat

'F

q"

heght
hell
help

!!yas
cul
adh,adhazq!k
5are

{sr6t

matha
mathadhrra

Jon
hfdry
lplg
bha

cu,u<ta
nrrk
5aha'y
ekhane
bIr
lukano

htsh
hiI
Hit'di

Hirdu
history
hit (beat)
hobby (ctaze)

ug

'Rrv
ffi

pahaf
hilgr
hEqu

(qrnq

qr

itihs

qn
ffi

rkh
dh)ra

rl, st, s.

majhe,m!!I, bhitre

Efrifll
clTc{

majhamajhi

q${l/q$fi

q|-src{
M

{,fr

)subidhab$bidhe
batano
Dara
b)te,biki

dfust,lfu
qntft

lYdhinta,mukti
rbinal

s1,39

bhat
kali

sE
<rG
cirq

hope lnl
bope\vt l

{
q{F
qq
q.lR

hospital

cqlvl
EC'IgE

fis
6IF

hot (spcy)

q{:
q{g{

{EIT
${l

holday

fq
q5

AFJ
rJRI

^ m
cE,Fn

s9

E{q, elE

ftrq
stg

rfl

914
chut
bao
5)rl
mdhu
$!!!an

4a
bra
digD!!,
ghof
haspatal

hnid

Y:!q

<tqi{l
q'lFr

rpman

ntelligence
'tellge

3F

buqoi

nte isent (sifud)

th{a
ba5a,g

frT?'(f)
1lhnvl

dhaa

tsdi

ElflFtl

lva|ano

q q _
GqR
qtl

cqq

neJa
nim!g

loha

qffis

rnimit

ts
'ls

rfq{l,tiT{t

fyal
kthal
phna,gyna

'1TR
EFt, Ei

tama4mrja

su$!
bainl
)5Ukh
mti

buqlliman ( ),
buqllimt (/)
mdhabr

rs!t

CqR

{ET'I

Dalna

q{s
ewl

!m

fi

pribr4

"fu
{

9rrm
jhal

9hirtl
kmn, ki kre
ktrr
biJal,pkad
khide
taF

rfr

c"lFFt

tgntte
i
llegal

kJna
srllge-$09
rmr
r5J4q!b
chap
unnti

i"b

i
{qI
tot

ubgle
ust (only)

qFt{

5t{
dt t cqs,
qFFtr{
q44
c{q
qff
{]I{

,tF

K
keep(put)
kettle
kev

kick
kitl
kid (son)

ptrika

vaS
an!g
bi(ar
jhp deoy4
F!ql
kebol

qi
ryeY
pt

trFt
6+
E

qlR cs,ert

|akha
ketli
cabi
lathideoya

ktdle (setdlight)
kndness
ktug

Ir.

kflow (a thng)
knolr (opersorl)

ktowledge
Korcrr
L
labour, toil ()
hbot /, tol lvb)

IFK
{F{

gt
qFI

rallaghrr
makha
htu
churi
jana

CFt

ql

csRlfi:F
'tRd

{F

Ed
qsR
l4dder

vrcd{
'If{

bh)!|lmhila
pukur

lafld.(Pto?rty)
hnd[ord.

qq{

l4ngudge

EFIT
rF
cqR
qt
CF
"ilgl

jmFma
jmidar
Dna'a
9t

Iate
hryh \J
hush (vbl

{. ffr
qfrqR

rn

qv

6T13I
CFI
{.<f, *W, eFdit dhrn.km,prkar
jvalano
qFf4
ya
{-{1
raja
lq

k"'fe

lady
lake

{!I

jhan
korantph

pt
khta
rjur
rbhab

bft (hatd.)
leg

Fi fi*t
qI
'

c{{

Ietils
leopard

q cqE{
gF

Ms

bati, dip

deti
hasa
pata

tkha
chaF
bd deoya
b
pa
dhar doya
4al
citabagh

+rl
letter

le (fakehood)

w(ase)
lift
Ieht(nl
Iisht la.di\
Iike\v:)

6S
EFFI

ficsr,frql
cnn
fr{, E.t
cs1-{

loya
ji6n, prat

stFrtsFfi

alo
halk
bhalolaga
m)tai.
mftn

qFfi
qFT

lke (ds)

g,lql

lit lb

q{

linit

cq.
ffr

lip

cith
qhaka
mithye, millya

ffq
ctl6

qrfut

{g
5ima

sirlh

tht

5hrg

little (fer)
Iittle: a ue(duell)

mR

c
qq,.{l,

frRRR
<f{ +-l
{Et

bca

cqft

l""dly
loue lvbl
lote l)
hrck (fort'ane)

lychee

{ts

\5Fl
,SFl.{Sl
4
Chr
(q1C'F*t
gFFttr
qItr{l
'lq
FtCl
EaqFl-q
Ca, EFRIC
sF8

*,
&*

tl
aka-k.a
bltba
dta
dakh4onakrr
takano
harano
pq!!
jore

cF{t
s

sF
"I

slP
slrq

bhalobasa

middle
midd.le-aged
mightf
milk

prm,bhatobasa
bhgy

fltiftd lv)l

4hil

-,* ii"rer

EA
fiI

cF
d{l

dx (blznd)

fr
qlrd
Iq
Yd

m{
m{ftffi {-d

'5F
SE
qlF

Jadu

d{FI
a{Fs
:Efi

pndhan
prdhant
bm

{e, 'lrfc

purut

lfrs
sFr

W
ttr{
CFE
q:l
<E

rs,tq
r*
ceR

bhu
biye,bibah
biye krra
dIai

khoya-daoya
m!r
otuon
mdhym
dkhakrra
trn'.rj
!!!tl
dhatu
kayd
oupur
mdhy
Eoth
p!b)l
dudh .

EFII

pagl
jhi

jatukrr

U"Pu,

;t

khabar,
Ianc

,ndgk
magkian
?nar' (chief)
nainb
maRe
n'ar' (humdn being)
,"an (mdle)
,r'4nage(restrar')
,/tango
,naftj

TTF{
{{{
{

r
d.r

{.i
hck
lonely
lats
lok

1{r

)h, ektu,
kchukichu

1,{s
Monay

mlql
du;lu
bhul
mea
melam bra

gur
fomuho4

cq:K-d
Ft

{stq
pt
lq
qF, q3|\g

Cc{F
*FFI

I&T

aka, p)ysa
bnr
brtkal
rnasik
bhab
cd
krmbeJ
s)kal
msjid

6+t
s, t'

bet
raragi

panar
dur

{9FI

Flq
oupur

s3

mukh

I{FI'I

radhaDrt

{Cr
qtT{

khunbra
jdugh)r
sr!9lt
muslman
er

{
1, qq
rt9

mrja
ma,ahma
gtrF

'fl-E19
?1

nice (fne)
flight

Fqt
q6FF

Mxslim

(rcciprocal)

ffs
{lS14
JB-GT
'fi-'l

s-{

uEr

{FF
CIET
'f{Il{
,4rFI
qq:flE

nak
ldrata
upnyat
khn
ajkl
srtLhla. n)mb,r
seb6k(rn), sebika(f)
badam
jayphrl

cR{n, rd
cFrs/td, cq'slfl
lR1

prrspr

q]FF,

c'lcrr

naturul(odih4rt)

tc
cF

.qffi

erf

r
sl(E,ffi

need.lvb)

qBl
q9
{td
EFFK
Etrl

n2Slect

{r
q{lTqt
affi
st'n
r:tnqt
4Y
1Td
fiGrd Trfq

qnfi, tqtr;d

prk
ub!9

o
obedient
obstflr.t

{t{I
<t{l fis{

sru
s1r'bhabik
EKFi
du{u
kache,nibt

of course
office
offsprng

fr,.r

vav

oI<

9nal
mala
drrkar
|ag
sui
rbhla
protibF
bhaipo
lokhno n
ntun
kh)br
khrbrr kagj

agami,
samner

ol

qtFt
gFI

cI
csq
qtEl,+ws

okra
EJIE-{
oA @fthbtss) 'gal
old (ofpeople)1ry nl,1G //
old-fashioned
.F,wd
ot tit
on (dbote)
on e

only
o?en
opt lto/L
o?Po"nty
Woste

badhy
badhadeoya
b,iki,niJcy-i
ap|s
5Cqtan

PIav-i
tel

a!g!4 thik ache

!Urot

purno
buto(tt),bui $)

lA Cq'e{
rt-?t
,4{<Bl

baddoy
upr

mfq
{]-{,11Ceat

ptva
mag.Judhu,keb,l
khola
m)t
sutog
ulto

C{Fl
cv
.{tt
46t

{, qqtr
T:FI
T{:F{
oiginal

{{

ba, )thba
sadhar
ml

ry

ol,ercast (clo'dy)

Rrr
Fc
qq{

oto" (self)

q, qq

tacnra
bair
cula
A!gDE
nij, apn

qqg

P
paddy
paif
04le

{19

{f{
q, CF{

dhan
byth4 bedn

6SM
Rl
gF

'P
dqFl
F'iq
{I<FII

firr "lR
q
EFi

'lFt
qt6a

tiya pakhi
,ls
ona9
pJkrra
abeg

sF[
('fdfrq
nD
C{<{,Efgl
q-$
cqiT, rE{,l]
cq{
r

bodhb, hryto
numti
lolmnur bykti
tel
dr4bn

w
{61

philasophy

talgach
hpano
kaSj

Prth
Ja!!
my
mukta
krlm
pensil
mric

'lcl
tg

pepper
perhaps

jora
bibre

pickle

p'c

phto

chbi

qIFK

{L<

{s

ptgeo
Pi ou
Pin

{lfr{

place

ql.I

qER

qFlEPT

sq
slss
pldnt
rfdl
qfq
pldte
4ls
Ploy{nl
ptay \"al
{t
phyirrg .drd.s
sFt
pledsurc(hd?Pness).T

sst
s
{

poltical

"t.

{l*-r

rrd
"l{
rfr

PoP dr
possble
pot

5k.
kbutr
bal

qISFF
CI4IFi

poet

tur(ro

F{rr$Il
{Fl

{&

qIE
:lvl

fi(ql

6Glq
<tat,gR*t
ql{lF r

golapl
jayga
qt'h
tramrL4l
c.aa
thla
natk
khala

kbita
kbi
b5
pul
rjnoltik
rajnlti

pukur
gb
i,nEiy
jrn5)[!ya
s,!!!!b
had
lpmta
og
p.,F)s
cinti mach
bnno,toi bra
ayoFnbra

Present(anued)

P,d"

qRv

uPlit

ERe
DI'I
qF[

hajh h)o)
caPA
dam

fi

sr!

4K

bf)

\q

bhimani

?FrFt*t
eFFFt
*{
$sls

'r9r

Ftl,l c{l

pmar krra
EkaJt ra
gokrt
tana,tan deoy

T9
.tt cnet
Efq,ffr

rumra
tagidoya
chat,Jry

liT*II

puptl

@[

Put (keep)

prdhanmntri
chapano

fi-Fl

csF[

tolb
.

purskar
khub$mbhb

frr{
s5
R-d.t

"F
drlF el*l
'lfs

s,aw
reality
rcolb

'rlgI
manF9Ias

,flqiF

PaJama

rtvt
c'lsl

jhrgta
poya

regret
regular
religion

c'r6
lFn

pone
ran

RE

Eoln
qut
taratd

ql-cq
l\FSr

S{FTTE

Ftq
sl*
1

r1

slglqG
['i, ['t-Et"t

fiR

multil,srmUa

quick (stuift)
quickl,

uilgl

dhypk
labh
Prcur
u!art
rh krra

F.Rq

pabsh
pubshed
pull

kh)rghot
alna

?[

q{
TSR
rFg{

Tlfr-d, 4
q$l'fs
ptofrt
4s
prcfase(ptenfut) Fg
prcud (ha shty)

rl-?frtH
qq4l
q-d

bhla
brSti
tola
michil
km
dur

SFIfr
q4r{l

PrcbablJ
pblen

R
rdbbit
rack (for clothes)
raant(bright)

kc
klrrt
nagalpao!.a
p)ta
pathk
told. Estut
a5l
ba{brt
aele
pichn
kar

tu$i

't1Tl

Paoya

uTl!ti

ffi
Irq
t3{

mima|)sa
al
duhkh
niymit
a!Er-y-!!]jn
dbE!

ffi

qffa-qqq
{

en
<f
q rnl,
Yrqc{*r
sM
\f{l{

bakl
tule deoy
bhap
nuodh

respot'sibility
rcst (pd,.$e)
rcstaufant
rctum
rcturn (cone back)
rcturn (so bak)

<f{

basa

lsfi
nfiF
q{
cis
ct
fuaq,t\i
fu{{t

!q!!a

?FFFI*I

dGRcl,
ar.ttq
E'5I

dayiq
bm
re{urqI
phra

slE

bhat

dat,ng-q
ri.e (pdddy)

{F
Rq.d

ide
sht(Wleft)

DVI
vF

sht (conect)
isht (pri"ilese)

T
qR{l

tt1C \)

n rg l,rbJ
ise (set xP)
ns

rclI
roon (buiding)

qsfi
<ti

tl9
4

"19
IvI
1
5l-sa-{
Sq

phhiaoya
prkalkrra
prtihi!sa,
prtodh
ulto

<ls
rice (caked)

mmir1g
r*sh,hurry(nl
rush,hmy (vb)

dhan
rikt
c]ta
qan
thik
dhikar
arjti
baja
otha
jhki
ndi

{s

bJsta

+3Ft

q:{

funs{
rR
salary

'IF

cr\'n,{r{

sdntat tuooal

Dn.t

sdndal(slipper)

5F

c]!!Ln
ati

'fiG

ar

.M

jhol
bcano

Satuay

lEF
{R
(rttq
<E
ql

wl.{
rE

ra$
gDrjn

sco6 (te off)

sl
{+l
cFR,ClS
c{lq

gnrr

{{
CITEI'I

gO|aP

crleF{

Jrenr
rbbdr
nym
dotano

cq
q,G

cqft

fir
M

ttl
pal
btn, maine
nun, bbr

T{L4<.1
,S+Q
{1

!-rt

qvT

krue
duhkh
nirprEa

salt
sate
saftd

par

9rtano

ffi
E9
RDl

Pnurano,
PhuYYaoYa
chutochuti
[a
chota

Tdr{l,
TR[r{sx

{q

bali

Fytan
Jnibar

orna
chrrano
:!u'
btn
brka
sagr,rmut
khqa
u
90pn
dakha
bij, bici

seedlng

'R
fiq

nij

sell

{bi
sentence
<lq
sentinent (emotofl) E4

bi&i krra
pathano
baU

didi(Hi du)'
ftfr @i"aq,
q{l Muslin)
aPa(Muslm)
st

bhab

csr

l9l
EFIs'{
sFfl-a{
-IF
CEE
shelf

EFM
EIT
qq{

shtt
shin

q<lq
qlct,c

shoP
shot stoty
should (o'asht)

sho tng

sign

EF
CCFFI{
c{(5,ft51
CEF'q
gIE

K
(sRfi
ffi
cqrfr{l
'lFt
l

<

Jn
J'l5l'1,ft{
['|, r'i
{qq

stflg

brsa

TC-?t
:[

brsarghrr
rbrlta
khrsta
drl
camF
akal
tnum
ghumano,ghumno
pichlano
dhire-dhir
a$e-aI
chot
samany

q{E
r|cg

qF qt

cc-4RGt
q

TJ

skitfuI
chaya
nata
bhag ktr|a
lal
ona[a
cadr
tak

alj)v

skbl
sky
slee?lt)
slep\vbl
dip 6lde)
slotub
slaub @ently)

r19t

sma (ir1quafltv

\qI4t

jahaj
Jama,5
juto
dokan
bt, khato
chotpE
ucit
kdh
citkar krra
ccameci
dakhano
pal
chkni

F
r{tr{,rqz{l
FEdM

Ar+ftR

qt-cg-qrs
c{
F{

rF[

snile l\l
snile \,b)
smoke(LJ
s'ohe lvh)

Er

c{lt
sl{f{r

fu

cE!
cup-cp,nirrb
rpo,rpa
srhj
pp

qFfl

nft
softty (eefttb)
soil

err.d!
hasi

dhEa
dhmpan
bra

him

s
f6 lo.dft
qv,qs,EE
(q?EFF{
IFtl

tai
kajei,sutrrl
at, rt, bt
kr)km
saban

srmal
moF

cqqt
-qr, c+{E
q6t-qrcg
u!

a!!e-a$e
nati

qr'{
qd

rb,dhi

l+?

kichu

rfl, 11{Sl
csR

gaoya,ganrrra
4oba

{f(t-Ftl

majhe-mjhe

<F

q:I{FI

(s
csr4

song
sort (kind)

rl

mfi,"|{
s

9an
Ilgqn
dhrn
a!!!a
glyni,r&!
trk

frs

phk

Fqfrc

krthabrla

Rr.f{
Rfis
qs
c<
rIE
{r{
{l{.gc.|
{ls

b":
berrt
b!tu
beg
kbrckrra
khatano
makFa
ak

fii
siF
qIE
qt

spAce(gap)
speah
sqecii y

spdcr
splt

Et
*T
5FIE

c{dt{4

sl({t
s?tt tg

Jg

ftlql

stg

re
ilgl{t
sEt

"tR'{r$|{

stdtue
suy (remar')

$
qFFl

stil (q et)
st (yet)
still(neuert]reless)
stt (ntoue)
stornach

ET'

,4{6t
g{
{1v
C"

9IIQEI

Fq,T"W
q:

bla

119
{t@
4

d!t,r

n)II kra
khladhula
bichano
b)3nt
chitano
kathbitali
rtr
dtano
tara
peYlkhyan
m4i
thak
lathi
nlrJb
khno
tbu
nata

pt

pthr
t|,Piti
thama

straightau,

mfql
wq-Jttt

qw

cqs

qq{'
l\t
stre gth
stike l)

std! ('rb)

"tyI"

Joql
hJrtal

EFFI

Ebrl
q

crsr4
sq
'grlFll
'91rFlGl
s
6FFI

Efr
r

csTt
suffet

jhrr
jhofo
9rD
soja
sBe-srnge
r!!but
:pr
Fldhara
rasta

cbu'
(v-n

sufieht (enough) {aq

prtajona
prtna krra
!!!it
boka
bhrlE
brpy
tamn
h)that
ono9

Yth!l
dna

Sunday

qrt

akh

<l,$rsc
rf{TslE,
frcttE
T

ba!:, sutks

I
I{lqr. q{

Flv
ct{
c

9)rmkal,
gn-5mkal

,atiUu.
sYoy,udry
sqist
rod
srln)rthn

fifts

nitcit
atc

ft

bca
jhs
Fprth krra
gham
ghama
jht deoya
mi$
phuleotha
rtar kata

qF

sueat ln)
sueat (vb)

Islq
|l'tetr{
llr
EFII

l c{
fi
q[E e
dtslTFt
s

theft (at that tme)

Nhen(in that cdse)
then (aftetuads)

th;ch (fai
thin

rn(frne)
thtng

plrt

thought(uotry)
throuch (by)

Rq
c{{l
s6t csF

frr*ltt
YS
qq ci\s{

dvq

FII
EIS
l

6.1{trt,

rvm

teat l.fb)
teasbrs (nocki'1)

RF, fE
cwl
t

zr1

te

{-a
rq<lrq,
s, nq+,
r6q,1wr(
cqt
,tlEE,cn
+
ffc

tai, sejny,
kaji sutmnj
mota
patla,roga
cikn
jinr

IOI

kt

sl

ciLta
g)l
dvara
phala
pheldeoya
megher4ak
bhrsptibar
Dagn

rj-dl

T
table

s:r'ld

t'khn
tahle
tarprr

v
\'ad

cffi
t , tE c{ts

nR
1

'iffs1
6F
$tFt

tbil

sl
6FI

cFFt m{

phtotola
nay
toya
frtn krra
)qs noya
ttu1
pot

cvrnsFr
Thusday
tger

lPl4R
F
{5BI

ti"y
tired

5Vd

qa|'5.
tkhano,
prrano
i&rt ticar
chta
lhalIa
teliphon
[eibhi)n
b)14b,ledoya
mndir
Utbu
prEa

bela
cho[

ss

!!a4

SFIFF

tmak
jk
Payerarlul
ksrlg
ponlm
khata
paykhana,ttrylet

cs

todat

qqrs
qlrm qt9q

togeer
tot (labout) l'rl
toil (Labour)l,rb)
tolet

.!FF'IT{

,IfrE
qI5I

,tt{rf{l,rr@
lTats
SF,+FF,
Erfl{fq

,ool

tu
s

,e!!I

tu

chinn

c{fi

dhnybd

tmeto
kal, lalke,
agamikal
jibh

b.1
dr

-t{

puro
chq/a,hatdeoya
toyale,gamcha
Fhr

CF

tlen

'Ir

0F,EIg fi\r{
CqnrE,trq

toy

c{qa't

q$r
rttR
tttfltng
trp (stunbte)

tnb

r,{

'm

PYII

sI
qJ
<FC

qsr

CS]E

try
Tuesday

c5t
NIFRE

<q' {4.q

tun aroxnd (n ove) F@

q&i esl
lqq

U
aslv

R,
t{5t

unbeardble
uncle
ut*lean
undet underneath

nubad

{ r$ert

ITFI

c,t{+fu
sst,s

qri{t
lt
q'fiS6
fr6

c{Ft
csFl-:t
ffiqq
qss
+tF

qfr

awsaal
up,aboue,upon

qC{3t

q*

rce(n)
lse (vb)

{r"t
T{:.le

{qt
q
vegetabls
uehicb

lldge

nana,bibhiE
sbji,trt(ari

&iyapd
khub
gelji

dlr
Rvl

9!am
hilIta

&c

chata,chati

]slt

rprstut
kca

m!
biciq

sad
baranda

uqqam
bhala

surt

Jetpod$

bry,biryaby

upr
uprttrlay
jruri
bybhar
bybhar
bra
brtha
sadhar)n
sdharert

f{,a
{{,s'trsl
"t1&
<t-ima
frrt'Fr
"F
(rtR
q{
CqF

bicchid.biJr
c]rm

rpdtfr
nice
bojha
bekr

print

sE

'gta
cetalor
m49lbr
hlu4 hlde
ghoa
hajir hroya
khtlgFp

<f{{-
<K{Eq{

59
ba&
!$a

'rF

g, sdF

khalna

9acn
kpa
samany
hc)t loya

r4

antI

bhis
btano

c911"
il-qrs-{
:Fi

Flqkot

<F

bmi

{q

kun

w
uait (delay)

wdlh

komr

CSFK
q['l
qt'{
q1flr{t

laga
Jagano

qFt, ci {l\3*t

hata,hteraoya

trpesa

(nI

deoyal

wt lg

Yuq!!

wipe

DNT

ua,
tlash
tuash (bauea bath)
uashetnan
waste \n)
udste lvb)

lh

q&'
qd

udter-buffalo
dter-pitcher

{
sq

tadve
trdy

(E
{1.4

u?4h

T<E

ueat (Put orr)

wednesday
ueek
rest
*et
u'hdrf
uhat
ahat for
whatkindof
uheel

'F

1{{1r
lqtl{
,lF6r
rq, qt
qF
fr
frq1
fr *rq*
dT

hen
11
uhel' (ttthifl a d.ry) qfr
where
6SctT

ciFFlcelcs
CSF
ci
(T
urhy
ue

onoya
go5lr
rnan,

C{n
C5l6i,al4,
5FIf{t
C{rl

t<r,tr

CF
ET,<g

ai!d.(sa1,ase)

qr+

rotLt

q\'pt

n]
n)fk)r
ghti
Fl
mhis
klsi
qneu
upay
dulql
pJra
buclhbar
srP!ah

noftim

krb
bkhn
kothay
kothatheke
radil
k
puro,Pura
tn

E, Su
buno
batat
janata

4ana
tkal

1S

buq!!i
budlliman n'l
bulllimtr fl
E!!a
srlge, sath

$r/',/
rn
-@ 1frr
wi
uitht

i(!t, qlcl
a{1, llf<,qA

tu,q9
R-dt
F

wo(fua)
uorh

mdhye,majhe,bhitore
bin4 chata
mhila
kath

Jrlq
ssf
Ffq,T1qs

1Rfr,vtsl

El-

l()tha
kaj,kajbq!
prthibr, jrg!. b!v6
bhabn
ci4a krr,
ci4a-bhbna kJr

uon1 \,tbl

s,

&ofshp

bhsi

cEr{r

1
6sl-E1-{{

bh'je, bhja
that
ki
kiser
kidh)rner

s1
fiEstq
c{lEl

u,rongdang

yellow
ves
,et (sti )
yet (neueftheless)
,ogh t
yoans (in ase)
yoang (fresh)

c4ft

lekha
lekhk

c{t{

{YY

<q
qan, qqq

brr
hld,hlud

gl
'F, SFrS,
51Wt

IY

kal, kalke,

,4!|fi
\'{.
t
qqT

9rtkal
akhno
tbu
di
dp-btrysr

E+.

trurt

Jqv
cidyakhana

::

F9

xepq pcpaururuo

i
;
tgr;ei;
Ei
ifi
*i
e
I ii*:t*
1i
I
ii
iin
lis
1
g
i

FF" "

isi*illre;3:

rg:g'
nairy*
r:
*:ssi

xopu! leclteluruejotE