Excavating Machines ~ these are one of the major items of builders plant and are

used primarily to excavate and load most types of soil. Excavating machines come
in a wide variety of designs and sizes but all of them can be placed within one of
three categories:1. Universal Excavators this category covers most forms of excavators all of which
have a common factor the power unit. The universal power unit is a tracked based
machine with a slewing capacity of 360 and by altering the boom arrangement and
bucket type different excavating functions can be obtained. These machines are
selected for high output requirements and are rope controlled.
2. Purpose Designed Excavators these are machines which have been designed
specifically to carry out one mode of excavation and they usually have smaller
bucket capacities than universal excavators; they are hydraulically controlled with a
shorter cycle time.
3. Multi-purpose Excavators these machines can perform several excavating
functions having both front and rear attachments. They are designed to carry out
small excavation operations of low output quickly and efficiently. Multi-purpose
excavators can be obtained with a wheeled or tracked base and are ideally suited
for a small building firm with low excavation plant utilisation requirements.
Skimmers ~ these excavators are rigged using a universal power unit for surface
stripping and shallow excavation work up to 300 mm deep where a high degree of
accuracy is required. They usually require attendant haulage vehicles to remove the
spoil and need to be transported between sites on a low-loader. Because of their
limitations and the alternative machines available they are seldom used today.

Face Shovels ~ the primary function of this piece of plant is to excavate above its
own track or wheel level. They are available as a universal power unit based
machine or as a hydraulic purpose designed unit. These machines can usually
excavate any type of soil except rock which needs to be loosened, usually by
blasting, prior to excavation. Face shovels generally require attendant haulage
vehicles for the removal of spoil and a low loader transport lorry for travel between
sites. Most of these machines have a limited capacity of between 300 and 400 mm
for excavation below their own track or wheel level.

Backacters ~ these machines are suitable for trench, foundation and basement
excavations and are available as a universal power unit base machine or as a
purpose designed hydraulic unit. They can be used with or without attendant
haulage vehicles since the spoil can be placed alongside the excavation for use in
backfilling. These machines will require a low loader transport vehicle for travel
between sites. Backacters used in trenching operations with a bucket width equal to
the trench width can be very accurate with a high output rating.

Draglines ~ these machines are based on the universal power unit with basic crane
rigging to which is attached a drag bucket. The machine is primarily designed for
bulk excavation in loose soils up to 3.000 below its own track level by swinging the
bucket out to the excavation position and hauling or dragging it back towards the
power unit. Dragline machines can also be fitted with a grab or clamshell bucket for
excavating in very loose soils.

Multi-purpose Excavators ~ these machines are usually based on the agricultural

tractor with 2 or 4 wheel drive and are intended mainly for use in conjunction with
small excavation works such as those encountered by the small to medium sized
building contractor. Most multi-purpose excavators are fitted with a
loading/excavating front bucket and a rear backacter bucket both being
hydraulically controlled. When in operation using the backacter bucket the machine
is raised off its axles by rear mounted hydraulic outriggers or jacks and in some
models by placing the front bucket on the ground. Most machines can be fitted with
a variety of bucket widths and various attachments such as bulldozer blades,
scarifiers, grab buckets and post hole auger borers.