1.

B
[1]

2.

D
[1]

3.

C
[1]

4.

(a)

(i)

2Mg(NO3)2 2MgO + 4NO2 + O2

Correct formulae (1)
Balancing (1)
ALLOW multiples or equation divided by 2 Second mark on correct
species only Ignore state symbols even if incorrect
ALLOW
N2O4
Extra oxygen molecules on both sides in a balanced equation

(ii)

Stand alone marks

2+
Mg / Magnesium ion smaller or fewer electron shells / greater
charge density (1)
OR
Magnesium ion has same charge (as calcium ion) but is smaller (1)
Causes more polarisation /distortion of nitrate / anion (electron clouds)
/ NO (bond)(1)
OR
MgO produced has stronger lattice (1)
OR
production of MgO is more exothermic (1)
OR reverse argument based on Ca

2+

Magnesium / calcium / atoms / molecules

(b)

2NaNO3 2NaNO2 + O2
ALLOW multiples or equation divided by 2 Ignore state symbols even if
incorrect
ALLOW
Extra oxygen molecules on both sides in a balanced equation

Al khor International School

(c)

No as.
double bond would be shorter (than single bond) / shorter than dative
(covalent) bond.
ALLOW
Structure has double and single bonds (between N and O)
Double and single bonds have different lengths

Implication that the single covalent and dative covalent bonds

have different lengths
(d)

(i)

Mark independently Goes darker (brown) (1)

ALLOW
Goes browner
Ignore comments on mixture first becoming paler if volume increases
Equilibrium moves in the endothermic direction (1)
OR
Equilibrium moves left as forward reaction is exothermic (1)
For second mark ALLOW
Equilibrium moves left to counteract addition of heat / increase in
temperature(1)
OR
Reaction removes added heat by moving left (1)

Brown (gas evolved)

(ii)

Equilibrium moves right (ALLOW forwards) (so NO2 concentration

decreases) (1)
OR
Reaction reduces pressure (1)
As fewer moles / molecules(ALLOW particles) (of gas) on RHS (1)
Stand alone marks

(e)

At T2 more molecules/collisions have energy greater than (or equal to) EA (1)
This can be shown on the diagram by indicating areas to right of vertical line
Energy must be at least EA for successful collision / for reaction (1)
OR So more collisions have sufficient energy to react (1)
Ignore references to the average energy and speed of the molecules

2
[12]

5.

(a)

(i)

Use of heat (1)

To break down (a reactant)/one reactant into more than one product (1)

Al khor International School

(ii)

(iii)

CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)

Allow correct multiples

Group 2 carbonates are more (thermally) stable as you go down the

group (1)
as the cations get bigger/charge density gets less/cation has more shells (1)
So have less of a polarising effect/distortion on the carbonate
(ion)/less of a weakening effect on CO (1)
2nd and 3rd marks cq on first

Metal gets bigger/element gets bigger

Carbonate molecule
(b)

(i)

orange

Yellow
Any colour in conjunction with orange

(ii)

(18.0/1000 0.100) = 1.8 10 /0.0018/2 10 /0.002

IGNORE sf and units even if incorrect

(iii)

(50/1000 0.100) = 5 10 (1)

[If candidate fails to divide by 1000 in both (b)(ii) and b(iii) penalise
only once]
3

Moles HCl reacted = 3.2 10 (can get first mark here if 5 10

not shown above)
3
So moles CaO = 1.6 10 (1)

IGNORE sf
Allow TE from b (ii)

Al khor International School

(iv)

Mass CaO = (1.6 10 56.1) = 0.0898 g (1)

% purity = 0.0898/0.121 100 = 74.2% (1)
OR
Allow % calculated in terms of moles e.g moles of CaO should
be 0.121 56.1 = 0.0021568 (mol) (1)
% purity = 0.0016/0.0021568 = 74.2% (1)
Accept
3
= (1.6 x 10 56)
= 0.0896 g (1)
% purity = 0.0896/0.121 100 = 74.0% (1)
Allow TE of incorrect moles of CaO from (b)(iii)
Allow TE from incorrect mass of CaO if answer is 100%
0.09 g and 74.4% is 1 out of 2 (rounding too soon)

Any % purity without 3 sf for second mark

(c)

(i)

(Clean) nichrome/platinum wire/ceramic rod/silica/nickel/chrome rod (1)

(In conc.) HCl/HCl(aq)/dilute HCl (1)
Heat/place in (blue Bunsen) flame (1)

Metal loop/inoculating loop/glass rod/silver/spatula

Place in yellow Bunsen flame/burn

(ii)

Barium/Ba/Ba

2+

1
[16]

6.

A
[1]

7.

B
[1]

8.

B
[1]

Al khor International School

9.

C
[1]

10.

D
[1]

11.

(a)

(i)

(pale) green

Accept apple green

Accept yellow(y) green
Reject blue green
(ii)

Crimson

Accept red
Accept scarlet
Accept carmine
Accept depth of red colour e.g.
Dark red
Deep red
Pale red
Light red
Bright red
Reject red with any other colour e.g.
Brick-red
Orange-red
Yellow-red
Magenta
(b)

Ba
81.1
137
= 0.592
1

O
18.9
16
= 1.18
2

(1)

Accept dividing by 32 scores (0) unless their table is headed by

O2, then answer BaO2 scores (1)
Correct working leading to answer BaO2 (1)
but if this is the case BaO scores (0)
Working must be shown and final formula given for 2 marks
BaO2 without working 1 mark

Reject any answer dividing by atomic number (0)

This leads to Ba2O

Al khor International School

(c)

(i)

Ba + 2H2O Ba(OH)2 + H2
Ignore state symbols even if they are wrong

Accept multiples
Reject equations based on BaO
(ii)

Gets warm
Accept heat produced
Effervescence/fizzing/ bubbles/mist
Accept bubbles of hydrogen
Ba sinks/moves up and down /Does not float
Give one mark for observation from each bullet point to max of 2
3 answers given, one wrong scores (1)
3 answers given, two wrong scores zero
Ignore mention of Steam/steamy fumes
Ba gets smaller
Ba disappears
Goes cloudy / precipitate
Gas/hydrogen evolved is not an observation

Reject reference to flame

Reject melts
Dashes about on surface are wrong answers
(iii)

Red litmus (goes) blue/ () blue

and
blue litmus unchanged/stays blue/no effect/nothing

1
[8]

12.

(a)

(i)

4LiNO3 2Li2O + 4NO2 + O2

Species (1)
Balance (1)
Not stand alone conditional on correct species

Accept or fractions/ multiples

(ii)

2CsNO3 2CsNO2 + O2
Correct balanced equation

Accept or fractions/ multiples

Al khor International School

(b)

(i)

There must be a comment about both barium and

calcium to score both marks
Barium would react to produce a (colourless)/(clear)
solution does not give a ppt./ clear (1)
Allow Ba and Ca in argument
Accept barium hydroxide dissolves
Reject goes colourless
Calcium would go cloudy /give (white) ppt. (1)
E.g. Calcium would go cloudy but barium (goes) clear (2)

Reject other colours

(ii)

Insoluble/ solid/layer / coating of barium sulphate

formed (1) allow equn with BaSO4(s)
Must say what the coating is since question says use
information in table
Which prevents acid getting to surface (of barium) (1)
nd
2 mark conditional on 1st need some idea that a
substance is formed that generates a barrier to further reaction

If candidate uses word ppt must be clear that this is on the

surface of the barium or causes interference
Reject BaSO4 unreactive
Reject barium disappears
Any reference that implies barium all used up or was a very
small piece or acid not in excess or reaction over scores zero
Reject references to other layers such as oxide/hydroxide
(c)

Insoluble (1)

(d)

Ca(s) + 2H (aq) Ca (aq) + H2(g)

1 mark for equation
1 mark for state symbols

1
2+

Accept state symbol mark for correct molecular equation

Ca(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2 (g) scores (1)
[10]

13.

(a)

(i)

Ba + 2H2O Ba(OH)2 + H2
IGNORE state symbols

Accept multiples
Reject Ba + H2O BaO + H2

Al khor International School

(ii)

NaCl + H2SO4 NaHSO4 + HCl

OR
2NaCl + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2HCl
IGNORE state symbols

Accept multiples
Reject HNaSO4
(b)

(i)

Green/pale green/apple green

Accept yellow-green
Reject any mention of blue e.g. blue green OR any other colour
(ii)

Red

1
Accept deep/dark red / carmine/crimson /scarlet
Reject lilac
Reject any mention of lilac e.g. lilac-red OR any other colour

(c)

Electrons (absorb heat/energy) and are promoted to higher energy

levels (1)
as they drop back/down (1)
Emit radiation (of characteristic colour)
OR emit light (1)

Accept excited/go instead of promoted

Accept orbitals/shells instead of energy levels
Reject if any reference to absorption spectra
e.g. light absorbed (0)
Reject (produce) colours (0)

Al khor International School

(d)

Percentage oxygen (= 45.1)

Ar (1)
Empirical formula = KO2

(1)
(1)

e.g.
Percentage of oxygen = 45.1 (1)
K
54.9
39
1.41

O
45.1
16
2.82

(1)

KO2 (1)

3
Accept use of atomic numbers 2 max
Accept use of O2 Mr ~ 32 but only if give formula KO2 (for 3
marks)
Reject mole calculation then inverted, no consequential
marking on formula
[10]

14.

O + H2O 2OH
IGNORE state symbols
2+
ALLOW if Mg shown on both sides

1
[1]

15.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(i)

Ca brick red or orange red, Ba (apple) green (1) each

(ii)

electrons excited / promoted (1)

fall to lower energy level / orbital (1)
give out energy in the visible region / in form of light (1)

2Ba(NO3)2 2BaO + 4NO2 + O2 (2)

species (1) balance (1)
(i)

(ii)

ability (of a cation) to distort / change shape of (1)

the electron cloud around an anion (1)

Size /radius /ionic radius (1) charge (1)

Al khor International School

(iii)

2+

2+

Mg / magnesium ion smaller than Ba / barium ion

or
2+
Mg has higher change density (1)
2+
Polarising power increases/ Mg able to polarise the nitrate
2+
ion more effectively than Ba (1)
this weakens the bonds in the nitrate / bonds in nitrate more
easily broken (1)

3
[14]

16.

(a)

B (1)

(b)

Limewater turns milky CO2 (1)

MgCO3 decomposes on heating to CO2 label correct / equation (1)

Substance on wire in flame (1) not burn or heat (in test tube)
(Pale) green flame for barium (1)
No colour for magnesium (1)
or
add dilute sulphuric acid (1)
barium hydroxide does not dissolve (1)
magnesium hydroxide dissolves / forms colourless solution (1)
or
Valid chemical test

(brown gas is) nitrogen dioxide (1)

(gas relights a glowing splint) oxygen (1)
2Mg(NO3)2 2MgO + 4NO2 + O2
species (1) balance (1)

(c)

(d)

[10]

17.

(a)

formal charge

an atom would have in a compound if ionic

OR
number of electrons lost or gained

control of / used for bonding

Al khor International School

10

(b)

(i)

0 +1 1 (ignore everything else)

(ii)

One of the chlorines in each molecule (0 to +1) has lost

an electron / been oxidised

The other chlorine in the chlorine molecule has

gained an electron / been reduced to 1

a simple statement / definition of disproportionation

(c)

reacts / changes / dissociates / ionises /

HCl donates a proton to the water
+

(d)

max 1

H (aq) or H3O (aq) ions

white precipitate (1) soluble in ammonia. (1) chloride cream ppte (1)
slightly soluble in ammonia (1) bromide yellow ppte (1)
insoluble in ammonia (1) iodide

if only 3 colours without any mention of ppte max 1 out of 3

[13]

18.

(a)

(i)

2Ca(NO3)2 2CaO + 4NO2 + O2

formulae correct (1) balance (1). Ignore any state symbols.
The balance mark is not standalone.

(ii)

steam / fizzing sound / crumbles (1)

solid swells up / milky liquid produced / comment about sparingly soluble
substance (1)
CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2 (1) ignore any state symbols

(iii)

less (1)

(iv)

(Cat)ion size increases down the Group / charge density decreases (1)
(not atom size)
The polarizing power of the cation decreases down the Group (1).
The less polarized the anion is by the cation the more difficult the nitrate is to
decompose (1).
Polarisation mark could come from the less the electron cloud is distorted
or
trend in cation size (1)
comparison of the lattice energies of the nitrate and the oxide (1)
balance in favour of oxide at top of group
and the nitrate at the bottom (1)
3

Al khor International School

11

(b)

(i)

same number of particles in a smaller volume / gas density increased (1) 1

(ii)

comment related to the number of molecules on each side to explain a shift to

l.h.s. (1) (not just due to Le Chatelier)
so at higher pressure equilibrium moves to favour N 2O4 (1)
2

(iii)

Kp = p(NO2)
p(N2O4)

There must be some symbolism for pressure, and no [ ]

(iv)

(Kp = p(NO2) = 48)

p(N2O4)
2

p(NO2) = 48 0.15 = 7.2 (1)

p(NO2) = 2.7 (1) atm (1) accept 2.683 / 2.68 / 2.7
Answer and units conditional on (iii).

3
[16]

Al khor International School

12