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dGB Earth Sciences
Copyright 2002-2012 by dGB Beheer B.V.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction
1.1. Basic manipulation
1.2. Start a New Project
1.3. Import data
1.3.1. Import Seismic
1.3.2. Import Horizons
1.3.3. Import Wells
1.3.4. Import Faults
1.3.5. Import FaultStickSets
2. Attributes
2.1. Evaluate attributes
2.2. Dip-steering - Background vs Detailed
2.3. Spectral Decomposition
3. Filters
3.1. Dip-steered diffusion
3.2. Dip-steered median filter
3.3. Fault enhancement filter
3.4. Ridge enhancement filter
3.5. Spectral Blueing
4. Inversion and Rock Property Prediction
4.1. Colored Inversion
4.2. MPSI Stochastic Inversion
4.2.1. Variogram Analysis
4.3. Neural Network Rock Property Prediction
5. Object detection
5.1. Common Contour Binning
5.2. Chimney Cube
5.3. Fault Cube
5.4. Fingerprint
5.5. UVQ waveform segmentation
6. Sequence Stratigraphy
6.1. Chrono-stratigraphy
6.2. Wheeler Transformation
6.3. Stratal Slicing
6.4. Systems Tracts Interpretation
7. Processing
7.1. Time-depth conversion of 2D data
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Chapter 1. Introduction
Table of Contents
1.1. Basic manipulation
1.2. Start a New Project
1.3. Import data
This document describes various work flows in OpendTect + plugins. We describe the purpose, what software is needed
(OpendTect only or commercial plugins), and how to do it. The workflows are given in the form of a bullet list describing
the sequential steps to be taken. Where possible, links to the User doc and the OpendTect and dGB websites are given
with further information. For the latter links to work, you need access to the Internet.
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9. If "No" is chosen, a modification in the Inline/Crossline and/or X/Y-coordinate byte locations can be done.
Further, you can overrule the coordinate scaling, start time and the sampling rate (this can also be achieved using
the previously described Manipulate option).
10. If "Almost" is chosen, you have the possibility to overrule only the coordinate scaling, start time and the sampling
rate.
11. Optionally, a pre-scan of the SEG-Y file using a limited number of traces can also be done at this point, to QC the
modifications made here.
12. After having finished with the revision (or in case the file was already in a correct SEG-Y Rev.1 format without
any revision requirement and the "Yes" option was chosen) press OK. This will automatically fill the "Survey
ranges" and the "Coordinate settings" field alongside providing a full survey scan report. If the survey is in the
Depth domain, manually change the "Z range" to meter.
13. This scan report could be analyzed to check if the range of Inlines/Crosslines and X/Y-coordinates is sensible and
whether there are any gaps in inlines or crosslines. Further, an amplitude value range of the raw data along-with
various clipping ranges is provided. This information can be used to clip the seismic amplitudes in order to reduce
the file size (e.g. a 5% clipping range means that after clipping all the samples having an amplitude count of less
than 5% will be given the amplitude of the samples exactly at 5% count, thus changing the overall amplitude
range of the seismic data). This clipping range is applied by scaling the amplitude values of the seismic data. You
can use the two scalars to store seismic data in either "16" or "8" bit format while importing from SEG-Y files.
(Optional)
14. In the end, to leave the "Survey selection" window, press OK. After pressing 'OK' the software will ask you if you
want to import the SEG-Y file (i.e. the file used for setting up the survey) now or later.
Tips:
1. If you have a license for Workstation Access you can get the survey settings for a new OpendTect project directly
from a seismic volume in a Seisworks/OpenWorks or Geoframe-IESX project. After setting up the project you
import seismic (horizons, wells) from these data stores with Workstation Access.
For more info, see this Tutorial video:
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Import data
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that loading a Z-slice becomes faster. Toggle Adjust Z range to survey range to "Yes" if the Z-range in SEG-Y
file is different from the survey.(Optional)
9. In the end, give a name to the output cube and press OK to finish the SEG-Y import. Optionally, check the Depth
option if the survey is in depth domain.
1. For importing 3D horizons go to (Survey - Import - Horizons - Ascii - Geometry 3D ) and select an input ASCII
file containing the horizon data.
2. If you want to view/inspect the file, do so by pressing Examine. Select the attributes you want to import (if
already defined) or define new attribute names by pressing Add new. Afterwards, specify if the file contains any
header (Fixed size or variable) information or not.
3. Press Define format to link the X/Y-coordinates (or Inline/Crossline), Z and the above selected attributes with
their respective columns in the input ASCII file.
4. Additionally, you can press Scan Input File to verify the Inline/Crossline, X/Y-coordinate and the Time ranges.
You could also check if there are any gaps in the inlines/crosslines or if duplicate positions are present.(Optional)
5. If you decide to fill the gaps in the horizon, toggle Fill undefined parts to "Yes" and choose amongst the various
methods available for interpolation.(Optional)
(LINK)
6. Finally, provide an output horizon name and choose the Base colour. If you want you could also tie it to any
previously loaded level/horizon. Press Go to begin the import.
Attributes 3D
1. If you want to load additional attributes on an already existing 3D horizon go to (Survey - Import - Horizons Ascii - Attributes 3D ). Follow steps (2-4) as described above.
2. Choose an existing 3D horizon in Add to Horizon and press Go. In addition, you can also make an area subselection to load the attributes only in a particular area for the 3D horizon.
Geometry 2D
1. For importing 2D horizons go to (Survey - Import - Horizons - Ascii - Geometry 2D ).
2. Select the Input ASCII File containing 2D horizons and a 2D line set. You may also Examine the file.
3. Next, choose the horizon names (if already defined) to import by pressing Select Horizons to import or create new
horizon names by pressing Add new.
4. Provide the File header information followed by Define format to link the selected horizons with their respective
columns in the input ASCII file.
5. Finally, press Go to begin the import.
8. If well data is available in VSP (SEG-Y) format, first select and Examine the input SEG-Y file in the SEG-Y tool
window. Then, specify if the data is in time or depth. In the second section, select to which well the VSP data
should be added and specify a name for the new log. The output interval can be optionally limited.
9. The Simple Multi-Well import option allows creation of several horizontal wells at once either manually or by
reading data from a file (click Read file.. in the bottom left corner of the Simple Multi-Well Creation window,
specify the file and format in the popup dialog).
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Attributes
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Chapter 2. Attributes
Table of Contents
2.1. Evaluate attributes
2.2. Dip-steering - Background vs Detailed
2.3. Spectral Decomposition
Attribute analysis is one of the key functionalities in OpendTect. Attributes are used for two purposes:
1. Visualization: you create a new view of the data that may lead to new geologic insight.
2. Integration of information: combine attributes, e.g. using neural networks (neural networks plugin needed).
To use attributes, you must define an attribute set (Processing menu - Attributes, or press the Attributes icon). To start:
either create your own attribute set, or select one of the default sets. It is possible to calculate attributes from attributes and
to use mathematics and logics (if .. then .. else ..) to create your own attributes. The sky is the limit! The attributes defined
in this window are the recipees for making the calculations. You can either use these recipees to create new attribute
volumes (Processing menu - Create seismic output), or for quick on-the-fly calculations (right mouse click on the element
in the tree). The system only calculates what is needed for creating a display. For an optimal use of the system you are
advised to limit on-the-fly calculation of attributes and evaluation of parameter settings to small areas (part of an) inline,
crossline, time-slice, 3D sub-volume, random line, or 2D line). Inline calculations are in general the fastest. Processing of
large volumes needs time and is best done in batch mode so you can retrieve from stored data afterward.
Attributes are an integral part of OpendTect. If you also have Dip-Steering plugin you can improve multi-trace attributes
by extracting the information along a virtual horizon. This is called dip-steering and is supported for 2D and 3D seismic.
In addition you will have a number of extra attributes: dip, azimuth, curvatures.
Theory: Use visual inspection, common sense, experience, and seismic knowledge to evaluate attributes that are
appropriate for what you are studying.
Software: OpendTect
Workflow:
1. Add an element to the tree, resize and position it to where you want to do the evaluation.
2. Open the Attribute Set window.
3. Add an Attribute to the list (e.g. Energy).
4. Press the Evaluate Attribute icon.
5. Specify the parameter to evaluate (Energy only has one: Timegate).
6. Specify initial value, increment and number of slices (e.g. [0,0],[-4,4] and 10, results in 10 energy calculations
with time-gates: [0,0], [-4,4], [-8,8] ...[-36,36]).
7. Press Calculate. Note that the calculation will be done on the active element in the tree!
8. Use the slider to movie-style inspect the results and select the one you like best.
Tips:
1. To reduce calculation times reduce the size of the element. Inlines are generally faster than cross-lines, which are
faster than time-slices.
2. When you add the element in the tree Add a second attribute to the element. Put the seismic in the first container
and use the second container for the attribute evaluation. You can now switch element 2 (the top one) on/off to
compare the attribute response with the seismic display.
For more info, see this Tutorial video:
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Dip-steering - Background vs Detailed
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Spectral Decomposition
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Filters
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Chapter 3. Filters
Table of Contents
3.1. Dip-steered diffusion
3.2. Dip-steered median filter
3.3. Fault enhancement filter
3.4. Ridge enhancement filter
3.5. Spectral Blueing
Filters in OpendTect are implemented as Attributes that need to be defined in the attribute set window. Filters with a user
interface are grouped under Filters. This group includes convolution, frequency filters, gap decon, and velocity fan filters.
Filters without a user interface are filters that are constructed from (chains of) attributes. For example, using Reference
Shift, Volume Statistics, and Mathematics, you can extract and manipulate data to construct your own filters. This group
of filters contains, among others: dip-steered median filter, dip-steered diffusion filter, fault enhancement filter, and ridgeenhancement filter. A number of these filters are delivered with the system as default attribute sets.
2. Use Evaluate attribute and evaluate the "Stepout" (radius) of the Position attribute on a (small) test element, e.g.
part of an inline.
3. Apply the Diffusion filter to the seismic data in batch: Processing - Create seismic output, or on-the-fly: rightclick on the element in the tree.
Tips:
1. Dip-steered filtering works best when you use a heavily smoothed steering cube (background steering).
Smoothing of the steering cube is done in Processing - Steering - Filter. Use e.g. a median filter 4x4x4 to create
the background steering cube.
2. Calculate Similarity (or Coherency) on dip-steered diffusion filtered seismic data if you need to see sharp faults.
3. Dip-steered diffusion filtering produces unwanted circular patterns in amplitude horizon slices. To reduce this
effect, combine dip-steered diffusion filtering with dip-steered median filtering. This is explained in the Fault
enhancement filtering work flow.
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Spectral Decomposition
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Dip-steered median filter
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Fault enhancement filter
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Dip-steered median filter
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Ridge enhancement filter
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Fault enhancement filter
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Spectral Blueing
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Inversion and Rock Property
Prediction
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OpendTect offers various plugins for quantitative seismic interpretation. Seismic Colored Inversion (by Ark cls) is a fast
way to convert seismic data to band-limited acoustic impedance. Full-bandwidth Deterministic and Stochastic inversion is
offered in plugins with the same names by Earthworks and Ark cls. Using Neural Networks, it is possible to convert
seismic information (e.g. acoustic and/or elastic impedance) to rock properties (e.g. Porosity, Vshale etc). The supervised
network is trained along well tracks to find the (non-linear) relationship between seismic and well logs.
3. Select Input Seismic and Well data, select well logs (right-click on the well) and time windows for seismic and
wells. To load, press Load seismic and Reload wells, respectively.
4. Select Design controls and play with the parameters (increase the smoothing operator, toggle range and try
reducing the max. frequency, toggle Auto Calc. and change low-cut and high-cut). Notice how the curves change
interactively. Choose parameters that yield a smooth spectrum over the seismic frequency band.
5. Apply the Colored Inversion attribute to the seismic data in batch: Processing - Create seismic output, or on-thefly: right-click on the element in the tree (e.g. part of an inline).
Tips:
1. Use the Chart Controller and Zoom options (View menu) to see all graphs simultaneously.
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Spectral Blueing
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MPSI Stochastic Inversion
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1. The implementation as attributes allows on-the-fly calculation and inspection of each step in the workflow. For
example use the "Redisplay" icon to inspect the 3D model, the error grid, the deterministic inversion result, or any
of the post-processing results from the stochastic realizations on the current element (say an inline) in the scene.
2. Only the stochastic realizations cannot be inspected with the "Redisplay" icon. As explained above use the
"Evaluate attributes" icon to movie-style inspect different realizations.
3. The version of MPSI in OpendTect v3.2 does not support wavelet estimation functionality. Use "Manage
wavelets" to either import a wavelet, or to create a synthetic (Ricker, Sinc) one.
For more info, see this Tutorial video:
1. Load saved horizon data on an horizon. Ideally you would like to use relative impedance data, such as an average
map from a coloured inverted volume (can be computed from Processing --> Create Horizon output --> Stratal
amplitude). Alternatively you may use energy or spectral decomposition attributes.
2. Right-click on the horizon data --> Tools --> Variogram.
3. You may want to increase the maximum number of pairs for the final run a larger number (by powers of 10) to
increase the output quality. Press OK.
4. Fit the variogram model (green) to your data (blue) by moving the still and range sliders or typing values.
5. Do not try to do a global fit, but instead concentrate on the fit for the small lags. Also do not try to force the sill to
be at 1 (total variance of the attribute), the horizontal variogram on measured data always keeps on increasing.
6. Check if the variogram model you deducted fits equally well in the three directions defined by the grid. You may
want to keep the same sill and model, but change the range.
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Inversion and Rock Property Prediction
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Neural Network Rock Property
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Object detection
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Seismic attributes are used to visualize data such that relevant information becomes easier to interpret. However,
calculating many attributes leads to a data explosion and confusion: which view is best and how can I combine interesting
attributes into one output representing the optimal view? We have introduced the term meta-attrbute for attributes that are
combined in an intelligent way. In OpendTect you can create meta-attributes using math and logic (Mathematics attribute
in OpendTect), neural networks (commercial plugin), and using the fingerprint attribute (OpendTect).
Workflow:
1. Create a new polygon over the prospect by right clicking on Pickset. Close the Polygon and Save it (right-click).
In general: restrict the polygon to one fault block per analysis.
2. Launch the CCB plugin by clicking on the CCB icon or selecting it from the Processing menu.
3. Specify the horizon, the seismic and the volume sub-selection (the polygon). The horizon inside the polygon area
determines the Contour Z division (you probably don't want to change this). The step determines the contour binsize (all traces within this contour interval are stacked). Optionally change the Z range (this is the vertical slice
around the horizon that will be stacked. Press Go.
4. The traces inside the polygon are retrieved and sorted. A histogram is shown. For QC purposes you can display
traces that will be stacked at each contour bin (single Z option). To produce the CCB stack (Normal or RMS)
press GO. To produce the CCB volume toggle write output to on before pressing Go.
5. The CCB volume can now be used for further analysis. For example: display the amplitude at the horizon (add
attribute and select CCB volume from stored data), or create new attributes from the CCB volume (energy, max,
min amplitude) and display these on the horizon.
Tips:
1. To determine the spill point you can add a Timeslice element (preferably depth) and move this down over the
displayed horizon map (with CCB amplitude display) until you see the contour line that determines the spill point.
A spill-point coinciding with a step-change in amplitudes can be explained by a contact and supports the
hydrocarbon fill hypothesis.
2. To avoid stacking in traces of bad quality and to ensure that you are not stacking over multiple fault blocks
(which may have different fluid-fills and/or contacts) display the similarity attribute on the horizon. Use this
display to guide the polygon picking.
For more info, see this Tutorial video:
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Chimney Cube
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1. The default attribute set can be tuned to your data set by changing parameters, and adding or removing attributes.
2. The colors in the neural network indicate the relative weight attached to each attribute (ranging from white to
red). White nodes indicate low weights meaning the attributes are not contributing much and can be removed to
speed up processing time.
3. Display the Mis-classified points (Pickset tree) to evaluate why these are mis-classified. If you agree with the
network you may want to remove some of these points from the input sets and retrain the network. This will
improve the classification results but the process is dangerous as you are working towards a solution.
For more info, see this Tutorial video:
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Fault Cube
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3. Display the Mis-classified points (Pickset tree) to evaluate why these are mis-classified. If you agree with the
network you may want to remove some of these points from the input sets and retrain the network. This will
improve the classification results but the process is dangerous as you are working towards a solution.
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Chimney Cube
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Fingerprint
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5.4. Fingerprint
Purpose: Create a Fingerprint "probability" Cube, i.e. a cube that shows how similar each position is to the position(s)
where you created the fingerprint.
Theory: The fingerprint attribute has the same objective as the neural network object detection method (e.g. Chimney
Cube, Fault Cube): To detect similar seismic responses as the target response (e.g. HC bearing). The advantage of the
fingerprint is that you only need to give examples of the object class itself (one point is sufficient). You don't have to pick
counter examples (non-objects) as is the case in the neural network workflow. A fingerprint is created from selected
attributes at the given input location(s). The ouput is a "probability" cube with values ranging between 0 (completely
dissimilar) to 1 (identical to the fingerprint response).
Software: OpendTect
Workflow:
1. Create a New Picksets, e.g. to capture the response at a hydrocarbon anomaly.
2. Pick one or more examples of the object under study.
3. Open the attribute set window and create a new attribute set with attributes on which your fingerprint should be
based. Use Evaluate attributes to select attributes that show the object most clearly. To create a fingerprint for
hydrocarbons investigate: energy, frequencies, AVO attributes etc.
4. Add the Fingerprint attribute, select the Pickset file, add the attributes that were defined above and Calculate the
parameters (this means the attributes at the picked locations are extracted (and averaged) to calculate the
fingerprint.
5. Apply the Fingerprint attribute to the seismic data in batch: Processing - Create seismic output, or on-the-fly:
right-click on the element in the tree (e.g. part of an inline).
Tips:
1. The Fingerprint attribute assigns equal weights to each input attribute (this is where the fingerprint loses from the
(non-linear) neural network seismic object detection technique). Therefore, try to limit the number of input
attributes and do not add attributes that have virtually similar information.
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Fault Cube
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UVQ waveform segmentation
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visualize patterns pertaining to a reservoir interval of approx. 30ms 2WT thickness on a mapped top reservoir
horizon select a window length of approx. -12 to 42ms. This captures the interval plus the bulk of convolutional
side effects on zero-phase data.
4. Train the UVQ network. The Average match (%) should reach approx. 90. If it does not reach 90 reduce the
number of clusters and/or the time-window.
5. Store the Neural Network and Display the cluster centers by pressing Info ... followed by Display ...
6. Apply the Neural Network Segment (or Match) to the horizon in batch: Processing - Create output using Horizon,
or on-the-fly: right-click on the horizon in the tree.
Tips:
1. If you apply the network on-the-fly you probably want to save the result as Surface data with the horizon for later
retrieval.
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Fingerprint
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Sequence Stratigraphy
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Seismic sequence stratigraphic interpretation contains two primary goals: (1) unraveling the depositional environment
and (2) predicting potential stratigraphic traps. The OpendTect SSIS plugin offers unique interpretation capabilities in
this domain. In SSIS all possible horizons are tracked (data-driven mode) or modeled (interpolated between mapped
horizons, or shifted parallel to upper or lower bounding surface). Each horizon is a chrono-stratigraphic event that can be
used to reconstruct the depositional history (chrono-strat slider), to flatten seismic data and attributes (Wheeler transform),
and to interpret system tracts (relating units to the relative sea level curve).
6.1. Chrono-stratigraphy
Purpose: Track or model all possible horizons within a given interval.
Theory: Map the major bounding surfaces (horizons) in a conventional way (minimum is two horizons: top and bottom).
Specify per interval how SSIS should create chrono-stratigaphic horizons (data-driven or model-driven). In data-driven
mode the seismic events are followed. This mode requires a Steering cube (dip- azimuth information at every sample
position computed with the Dip-Steering plugin). In model-driven mode, you can choose to interpolate between horizons
(a.k.a. stratal slicing, or proportional slicing), or shift parallel to the upper horizon (emulating onlap situations), or shifting
parallel to the lower horizon (emulating unconformable settings). All modes work for 2D and 3D seismic data. In practice,
the data-driven mode is used for 2D (or on 2D sections from a 3D cube) while the model-driven mode is used for 3D
seismic data.
Software: OpendTect + Dip-Steering + SSIS
Workflow:
1. Use Data Preparation to prepare the horizons: horizons cannot cross and they should be continuous.
2. For the data-driven mode ensure that you have a Steering Cube (Processing - Steering). Filter the steering cube if
you observe that the tracked chrono-stratigraphic horizons do not follow the seismic events correctly (Data
Preparation - Filter Steering Cube).
3. Create a New Chrono-stratigraphy. Read the horizons and specify per interval and per horizon whether the
horizon is isochronous (parallel layering) or diachronous (on- / off-lapping settings). For data-driven mode (both
horizons are diachronous) select the steering cube and the minimum spacing (when to stop) and maximum
spacing (when to insert a new chrono-stratigrahic horizon).
4. Proceed to calculate the chrono-stratigraphy. When the batch processing is finished: Select the chronostratigraphy.
5. Display the chrono-stratigraphy (right-click on the element in the tree).
6. To study the depositional history use the chrono-strat slider (right-click on chrono-stratigraphy) and add / remove
geologic time from the sequence.
7. Add a Wheeler scene and use the chrono-stratigraphy to flatten the seismic (or attribute).
Tips:
1. To highlight unconformities with 2D (data-driven) chrono-stratigraphy use the Fill between lines option (Options
menu) and play with colors.
2. To improve results add more horizons (map unconformities)
For more info, see this Tutorial video:
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Wheeler Transformation
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Sequence Stratigraphy
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Stratal Slicing
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Wheeler Transformation
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Systems Tracts Interpretation
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Processing
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Chapter 7. Processing
Table of Contents
7.1. Time-depth conversion of 2D data
Thus an example for converting 2D seismic from time to depth would be:
sftime2depth velocity=velocity_dip3.rsf dz=5 z0=0 intime=y slow=n twoway=y eps=0.01
This will generate a seismic section in depth starting at z0=0m with a constant sampling rate of 5m.
4- Export the depth converted seismic to SEG-Y.
5- Setup the depth survey by copying the survey definition from the time survey and adjusting the survey domain and
range.
6- Import the depth converted seismic from the SEG-Y files. Since the lines were created in the time survey the stored
sampling rate will be wrong and will need to be overruled.
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Systems Tracts Interpretation
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