Microbiology Topics:

Gram positive vs gram negative

Peptidoglycan
Penicillin antibiotics
Extracellular structures
Capsule resists phagocytosis
Fimbriae/pili attachment
Flagella motility
Gene exchange
Transformation
Conjugation
Transduction bacteriophage
Anaerobes/aerobes
Super-oxide dismutase/catalase
hydrogen peroxide and superoxide
radical
Quantitative virulence
Lethal dose 50
Infectious dose 50
Pharyngitis
Quinsy
o Unilateral pharyngeal pain
o Dysphagia
o Deviated uvula
o Tonsillar exudate
Otitis media
Pneumonia, haemophilus, Moraxella
Which ones can be vaccinated
against?
Complications: hearing loss,
mastoiditis cerebral
abscess/cavernous sinus thrombosis
Sinusitis
Pathogenesis (blowing nose)
Comp: meningitis, brain abscess,
subdural empyema, cavernous sinus
thrombosis, orbital cellulitis, potts
puffy tumour
Epiglottitis
Presentation (drooling, fever, irritable,
dysphagia)
High mortality
Ceftriaxone
Intubate
Pneumonia
ETEC
LT and ST
Activates adenylate cyclase
chloride
Similar to cholera
EHEC
Shiga toxin
Salmonella
Pro-inflammatory cytokines activate
innate immune system
inflammation
Shigella

Invasion, intracellular multiplication

and adjacent spread
Comp: dehydration, septicaemia,
keratoconjunctivitis, HUS
Drainage
Triple therapy
Treatment for anaerobic infections
(augmentin, piptaz, clindamycin,
carbapenam)
C. diff
Antibiotics predispose (which one
most?)
C.diff toxin cell cytotoxicity assay
Rx: stop antibiotic, fluid replacement,
surgery if needed, oral or IV metro,
oral vanc (why?)
C. botulinum
Tetanospasmin retrograde axonal
transport
Pre-synaptic inhibitory synapses
Metro, debride, tetanus Ig, ICU
Urine collection
Low level, high contamination, sterile
Protein, blood, nitrate reductase,
leukocyte esterase
Hospital vs community
Ecoli for both
Pseudomas more in hospital
Skin and soft tissue
When in doubt guess pyogenes or
aureus
Hot tub folliculitis (pseudomonas)
Impetigo (bullous staph)
Paronychia s aureus
Cellulitis (spontaneous/wound staph or
pyogenes fluclox)
Fresh water aeromonas hydrophila/salt
water vibro vulnifcus
Dog/cat pasteurella multocida
Nec fasc pyogenes, staph, perfringens
debridement
Mastitis - GBS
Opportunistic pathogens (Cryptococcus
neoformans) vs prmary pathogens
(Cryptococcus gattii)
Structural differences between
basidiomycetes, ascomycetes and
zygomycetes
Dermatophytes?
Meningitis
Acute vs chronic
Presentation
Neisseria, pneumonia, influenza,
listeria, ecoli, GBS
LP, IV ceftriaxone, dexamethasone if
pneumococcal
Vaccine prevention which capsular
types? (BC)