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Was the revolution of 1911 a failure or a success.
Or
Analyse the role of various classes in the chinese revolution of 1911.
Or
Analyse the political background of the 1911 revolution. What were
the reasons for the mergence of Sun Yat sen as the leader of the
revolution.
Or
Assess the role of gentry and bourgeoise in the chinese revolution of
1911.
Or
Evaluate the strength and limitation of the 1911 revolution
Or
Evaluate Xinhai revolution
Revolution is defined as a forcible overthrow of a government or
social order, in favour of a new system.
The Chinese Revolution of 1911 was a major landmark in the history
of modern world. The 1911 revolution is known for the overthrow of
the Qing dynasty, establishment of a republican form of government
and the introduction of a new socioeconomic system. While the first
goal was achieved, the second and third developments have had a
troubled beginning and history. However, the greater importance
and lasting impact were the commitments, efforts, and
developments in the creation of a new path towards political and
economic modernization, including constitutional democracy. ( this
para can be written in achievements also ) It is also known as the Xinhai
Revolution, for the Chinese calendar year in which it occurred.
In this answer we propose to study the background to the causes of
the origin and development of the revolutionary movement as well
as evaluate its consequences.
Political background
In the Nineteenth Century, the Qing Empire faced a number of challenges to its rule,
including a number of foreign incursions into Chinese territory. The two Opium Wars
against Western powers led by Great Britain resulted in the loss of Hong Kong, forced
opening of treaty ports for international trade, and large foreign concessions in major
cities privileged with extraterritorial rule. After its loss in the Sino-Japanese War (1894
95), Imperial China was forced to relinquish control over still more of its territory, losing
Taiwan and parts of Manchuria and ending its suzerainty over Korea. The RussoJapanese War (190405) firmly established Japanese claims to the Northeast and further
weakened Qing rule. The combination of increasing imperialist demands (from both
Japan and the West), frustration with the foreign Manchu Government embodied by the
Qing court, and the desire to see a unified China less parochial in outlook fed a growing
nationalism that spurred on revolutionary ideas.
Overseas Chinese[edit]
Main article: Chinese revolutionary activities in Malaya
Assistance from overseas Chinese was important in the Xinhai Revolution. In 1894, the first
year of the Revive China Society, the first meeting ever held by the group was held in the
home of Ho Fon, an overseas Chinese who was the leader of the first Chinese Church of
Christ.[29] Overseas Chinese supported and actively participated in the funding of revolutionary
activities, especially the Southeast Asia Chinese of Malaya (Singapore and Malaysia).[30] Many
of these groups were reorganized by Sun, who was referred to as the "mother of the Chinese
revolution".[30]
importance. By contrast, organizations like Sanhehui were able to sow widely the ideas of
resisting the Qing and restoring the Ming."[33]
Foreigners[edit]
Besides Chinese and overseas Chinese, some of the supporters and participants of the
Xinhai Revolution were foreigners; among them, the Japanese were the most active group.
Some Japanese even became members of Tongmenghui. Miyazaki Touten was the closest
Japanese supporter; others included Heiyama Shu andRyhei Uchida. British soldier
Rowland J. Mulkern also took part in the revolution.[36] Some foreigners, such as English
explorer Arthur de Carle Sowerby, led expeditions to rescue foreign missionaries in 1911 and
1912.[37]
International reaction
International reaction to the revolution was guarded. Foreign nations with
investments in China remained neutral throughout the upheaval, though
they were anxious to protect the treaty rights they gained from the Qing
through the first and second opium wars. Still, the United States was
largely supportive of the republican project, and in 1913, the United States
was among the first countries to establish full diplomatic relations with the
new Republic. Britain, Japan, and Russia soon followed.
The Reasons of the Its Failing
1. Poor economic conditions of the government
2. It didn't have a good leader.
3. The person in charge would choose the wrong type of person to lead, and when the
people of China were taxed, they would steal the money.
4. Long years of peace in the early and mid Qing period contributed to a quick rise in
China's population.
5. The limited amount of land/money/food.
6. Businesses were closing down (lack of employment).
The 1911 revolution was only the first steps in a process that would
require the 1949 revolution to complete. Though the new government
created the Republic of China and established the seat of government in
Nanjing, it failed to unify the country under its control. The Qing
withdrawal led to a power vacuum in certain regions, resulting in the rise
of warlords. These warlords often controlled their territories without
acknowledging the nationalist government. Additionally, the reforms set in
place by the news government were not nearly as sweeping as the
revolutionary rhetoric had intended; unifying the country took precedent
over fundamental changes.
The Immediate Effects and Long Lasting Effects
1. End of Dynasties in China
2. Culture of Fear in China caused by Red Guard
3. Failing Economy because the Red Guard put so many workers out of work.
4. Destruction of Schools in pursuit of stamping out any reminder of the past.
5. Large amount of uneducated workers due to the destruction of education- they play
into many countries economies today.
6. Destroyed their art and anything that symbolized the old world- we dont have it today
7. Current tensions between China and Tibet
Historiography
The schools of thought on the 1911 Revolution have evolved and
developed from the early years of the Republic. The Marxist view
saw the events of 1911 as a "Bourgeois Revolution" [4] In the 1920s,
theNationalist Party issued a theory of three political stages based
on Sun Yatsen's writings: