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Mechanical Properties
of Metals (1)
Learning Objectives
Reading
Chapter 6: Mechanical Properties of Metals (6.16.5)
Multimedia
Lecture 9 - 1
Lecture 9 - 2
Type of Loading
Lecture 9 - 3
extensometer
Typical tensile
specimen
specimen
Fig. 6.2,
Callister &
Rethwisch 9e.
gauge
length
Lecture 9 - 4
Strain [dimensionless]
By convention, a compressive
force (thus, stress and strain) is
taken to be negative
MSE 3300 / 5300 UTA Spring 2015
Lecture 9 - 5
= tan
Lecture 9 - 6
Engineering Stress
Tensile stress, :
Ft
Ft
Area, Ao
Area, Ao
Ft
Ft
lb f
N
= 2 or
=
2
in
m
Ao
original cross-sectional area
before loading
MSE 3300 / 5300 UTA Spring 2015
Shear stress, :
F
Fs
Fs
Fs
=
Ao
Ft
Engineering Strain
Tensile strain:
Lateral strain:
/2
e=
Lo
wo
Shear strain:
Lo
- L
eL =
wo
L /2
= x/y = tan
x
90 -
y
90
MSE 3300 / 5300 UTA Spring 2015
Strain is always
dimensionless.
Adapted from Fig. 6.1 (a) and (c), Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
Lecture 9 - 8
A o = cross-sectional
area (when unloaded)
F
=
Ao
Ac
M
2R
Fs
Ao
Fs
=
Ao
Ski lift
(photo courtesy
P.M. Anderson)
Ao
F
=
Ao
Note: compressive
structure member
( < 0 here).
Lecture 9 - 10
Pressurized tank
(photo courtesy
P.M. Anderson)
> 0
z > 0
Hydrostatic compression:
(photo courtesy
P.M. Anderson)
h < 0
Lecture 9 - 11
2. Elastic Deformation
Lecture 9 - 12
Elastic Deformation
1. Initial
2. Small load
3. Unload
bonds
stretch
return to
initial
F
Elastic means reversible!
Linearelastic
Non-Linearelastic
Lecture 9 - 13
Mechanical Properties
Slope of stress strain plot (which is proportional to the
elastic modulus) depends on bond strength of metal
Attraction
r0
Repulsion
MSE 3300 / 5300 UTA Spring 2015
Lecture 9 - 14
Elastic Deformation:
Shear Stress and Strain
= x/y = tan
90 -
= tan
90
Lecture 9 - 15
Poisson's ratio,
Lecture 9 - 16
Poisson's ratio,
Poisson's ratio, :
eL
eL
=e
metals: ~ 0.33
ceramics: ~ 0.25
polymers: ~ 0.40
Units:
E: [GPa] or [psi]
: dimensionless
MSE 3300 / 5300 UTA Spring 2015
e
-
Lecture 9 - 17
Lecture 9 - 18
E(GPa)
200
10 0
80
60
40
109 Pa
Graphite
Composites
Ceramics Polymers
/fibers
Semicond
Diamond
Tungsten
Molybdenum
Steel, Ni
Tantalum
Platinum
Cu alloys
Zinc, Ti
Silver, Gold
Aluminum
Magnesium,
Tin
Si carbide
Al oxide
Si nitride
C FRE(|| fibers)*
<111>
Si crystal
<100>
A FRE(|| fibers)*
Glass -soda
G FRE(|| fibers)*
Concrete
GFRE*
20
10
8
6
4
2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
MSE 3300 / 5300 UTA Spring 2015
CFRE *
G FRE( fibers)*
G raphite
Polyester
PET
PS
PC
C FRE( fibers) *
AFRE( fibers) *
Epoxy only
PP
HDP E
PTF E
LDPE
Wood(
grain)
Lecture 9 - 19
Lecture 9 - 20
Summary
1. Concept of stress and strain
2. Mechanical testing: tensile, compression, shear and
torsional tests
3. Elastic deformation: Modulus of elasticity
4. Poissons ratio
Lecture 9 - 21
Hooke's Law:
=Ee
F
E
Linearelastic
e
F
simple
tension
test
Lecture 9 - 22
=G
Elastic Bulk
modulus, K:
V
P = -K
Vo
P
K
V P
Vo
E
K=
3(1 - 2)
simple
torsion
test
P
P
pressure
test: Init.
vol =Vo.
Vol chg.
= V
Lecture 9 - 23
Simple tension:
= FL o L = - Fw o
EA o
EA o
F
/2
Ao
wo
Lo
Simple torsion:
2ML o
r o4 G
M = moment
= angle of twist
Lo
2ro
L /2
Material, geometric, and loading parameters all
contribute to deflection.
Larger elastic moduli minimize elastic deflection.
MSE 3300 / 5300 UTA Spring 2015
Lecture 9 - 24