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IBPhysicsNotes1.2Measurementanduncertainties
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1Physicsandphysical
measurement
The realm of physics
Measurement & uncertainties
Vectors & scalars
2Mechanics
Kinematics
Forces & dynamics
Work, energy & power
Uniform circular motion
NaturalSciences
Mathematics
TheArts
More
4Oscillationsandwaves
Kinematics of simple harmonic motion
SHM
Energy changes during simple harmonic
motion SHM
Forced oscillations & resonance
Wave characteristics
Wave properties
SocialSciences
mass
kilogram
kg
time
second
length
meter
temperature
kelvin
Electric current
ampere
mol
Luminous intensity
cd
candela
Notethatthelastunit,candela,isnotusedintheIBdiplomaprogram.
1.2.2 Distinguish between fundamental and derived units and give examples of derived units.
InordertoexpresscertainquantitieswecombinetheSIbaseunitstoformnewones.Forexample,ifwewantedtoexpress
aquantityofspeedwhichisdistance/timewewritem/s(or,morecorrectlyms1).Forsomequantities,wecombinethe
sameunittwiceormore,forexample,tomeasureareawhichislengthxwidthwewritem2.
CertaincombinationsorSIunitscanberatherlongandhardtoread,forthisreason,someofthesecombinationshavebeen
givenanewunitandsymbolinordertosimplifythereadingofdata.
Forexample:power,whichistherateofusingenergy,iswrittenaskgm2s3.Thiscombinationisusedsooftenthatanew
unithasbeenderivedfromitcalledthewatt(symbol:W).
BelowisatablecontainingsomeoftheSIderivedunitsyouwilloftenencounter:
kg m s2
joule
kg m2s2
Nm
hertz
Hz
s1
watt
kg m2s3
2 3
J s1
1
volt
kg m s A W A1
ohm
kg m2s3A2 V A1
pascal
Pa
kg m1s2
N m2
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IBPhysicsNotes1.2Measurementanduncertainties
Wh/1000(thekinkWhbeingaprefixstandingforkilowhichis1000).
1.2.5 State values in scientific notation and in multiples of units with appropriate prefixes.
Whenexpressinglargeorsmallquantitiesweoftenuseprefixesinfrontoftheunit.Forexample,insteadofwriting10000V
wewrite10kV,wherekstandsforkilo,whichis1000.Wedothesameforsmallquantitiessuchas1mVwhichisequalto
0,001V,mstandingformillimeaningonethousandth(1/1000).
Whenexpressingtheunitsinwordsratherthansymbolswesay10kilowattsand1milliwatt.
Atableofprefixesisgivenonpage2ofthephysicsdatabooklet.
Accuracy
Ameasurementissaidtobepreciseifithaslittlerandomerrors.
Ameasurementcanbeofgreatprecisionbutbeinaccurate(forexample,iftheinstrumentusedhadazerooffseterror).
1.2.9 Calculate quantities and results of calculations to the appropriate number of significant
figures.
Thenumberofsignificantfiguresinaresultshouldmirrortheprecisionoftheinputdata.Thatistosay,whendividingand
multiplying,thenumberofsignificantfiguresmustnotexceedthatoftheleastprecisevalue.
Example:
Findthespeedofacarthattravels11.21metersin1.23seconds.
11.21x1.13=13.7883
Theanswercontains6significantfigures.However,sincethevaluefortime(1.23s)isonly3s.f.wewritetheansweras
13.7ms1.
Thenumberofsignificantfiguresinanyanswershouldreflectthenumberofsignificantfiguresinthegivendata.
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IBPhysicsNotes1.2Measurementanduncertainties
Example:
13.21m0.01
0.002g0.001
1.2s0.1
12V1
Fractionaluncertainties
Tocalculatethefractionaluncertaintyofapieceofdatawesimplydividetheuncertaintybythevalueofthedata.
Example:
1.2s0.1
Fractionaluncertainty:
0.1/1.2=0.0625
Percentageuncertainties
Tocalculatethepercentageuncertaintyofapieceofdatawesimplymultiplythefractionaluncertaintyby100.
Example:
1.2s0.1
Percentageuncertainty:
0.1/1.2x100=6.25%
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IBPhysicsNotes1.2Measurementanduncertainties
Figure1.2.1Agraphwitherrorbars
13
5.1
36
64
Table1.2.1DistancevsTimedata
Figure1.2.2Distancevs.timegraphwitherrorbars
Inpractice,plottingeachpointwithitsspecificerrorbarscanbetimeconsumingaswewouldneedtocalculatethe
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uncertaintyrangeforeachpoint.Therefor,weoftenskipcertainpointsandonlyadderrorbarstospecificones.Wecanuse
thelistofrulesbelowtosavetime:
Add error bars only to the first and last points
Only add error bars to the point with the worst uncertainty
Add error bars to all points but use the uncertainty of the worst point
Only add error bars to the axis with the worst uncertainty
1.2.14 Determine the uncertainties in the gradient and intercepts of a straight line graph.
Gradient
Tocalculatetheuncertaintyinthegradient,wesimplyadderrorbarstothefirstandlastpoint,andthendrawastraight
linepassingthroughthelowesterrorbaroftheonepointsandthehighestintheotherandviceversa.Thisgivestwolines,
onewiththesteepestpossiblegradientandonewiththeshallowest,wethencalculatethegradientofeachlineand
compareittothebestvalue.Thisisdemonstratedinfigure1.2.3below:
Figure1.2.3Gradientuncertaintyinagraph
Intercept
Tocalculatetheuncertaintyintheintercept,wedothesamethingaswhencalculatingtheuncertaintyingradient.This
timehowever,wecheckthelowest,highestandbestvaluefortheintercept.Thisisdemonstratedinfigure1.2.4below:
Figure1.2.4Interceptuncertaintyinagraph
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Notethatinthetwofiguresabovetheerrorbarshavebeenexaggeratedtoimprovereadability.
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