33

Alternating Current Circuits

CHAPTER OUTLINE
33.1
33.2
33.3
33.4
33.5
33.6
33.7
33.8
33.9

AC Sources
Resistors in an AC Circuit
Inductors in an AC Circuit
Capacitors in an AC Circuit
The RLC Series Circuit
Power in an AC Circuit
Resonance in a Series RLC
Circuit
The Transformer and Power
Transmission
Rectifiers and Filters

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
Vmax
2
(ii) Answer (c). The average of the squared voltage is

*Q33.1 (i) Answer (d). Vavg =

([ V ] )
2

avg

Vrms

2
Vmax )
(
=
. Then its square root is

V
= max
2

*Q33.2 Answer (c). AC ammeters and voltmeters read rms

values. With an oscilloscope you can read a maximum
voltage, or test whether the average is zero.
*Q33.3

Q33.4

Q33.5

(i) Answer (f). The voltage varies between +170 V and 170 V.
(ii) Answer (d).
(iii) 170V/ 2 = 120 V. Answer (c).

The capacitive reactance is proportional to the inverse of the frequency. At higher and higher frequencies, the capacitive reactance approaches zero, making a capacitor behave like a wire. As the frequency
goes to zero, the capacitive reactance approaches innitythe resistance of an open circuit.
The second letter in each word stands for the circuit element. For an inductor L, the emf leads
the current Ithus ELI. For a capacitor C, the current leads the voltage across the device. In a
circuit in which the capacitive reactance is larger than the inductive reactance, the current leads
the source emfthus ICE.

Q33.6

The voltages are not added in a scalar form, but in a vector form, as shown in the phasor
diagrams throughout the chapter. Kirchhoffs loop rule is true at any instant, but the voltages
across different circuit elements are not simultaneously at their maximum values. Do not forget
that an inductor can induce an emf in itself and that the voltage across it is 90 ahead of the
current in the circuit in phase.

Q33.7

In an RLC series circuit, the phase angle depends on the source frequency. At very low frequency
the capacitor dominates the impedance and the phase angle is near 90. The phase angle is zero
at the resonance frequency, where the inductive and capacitive reactances are equal. At very high
frequencies f approaches +90.

*Q33.8 (i) Inductive reactance doubles when frequency doubles. Answer (f).
(ii) Capacitive reactance is cut in half when frequency doubles. Answer (b).
(iii) The resistance remains unchanged. Answer (d).
*Q33.9 At resonance the inductive reactance and capacitive reactance cancel out. Answer (c).

247

248

Chapter 33

*Q33.10 At resonance the inductive reactance and capacitive reactance add to zero. tan1(XLXC)/R = 0.
Answer (c).
*Q33.11 (a) The circuit is in resonance. (b) 10 /20 = 0.5 (c) The resistance of the load could be
increased to make a greater fraction of the emfs power go to the load. Then the emf would
put out a lot less power and less power would reach the load.
Q33.12 The person is doing work at a rate of P = Fv cos . One can consider the emf as the force that
moves the charges through the circuit, and the current as the speed of the moving charges. The
cos factor measures the effectiveness of the cause in producing the effect. Theta is an angle in
real space for the vacuum cleaner and phi is the analogous angle of phase difference between the
emf and the current in the circuit.
*Q33.13 The resonance is high-Q, so at 1 000 Hz both XL and XC are equal and much larger than R. Now XC
at 500 Hz is twice as large as at 1 kHz. And XL at 1.5 kHz is 1.5 times larger than at 1 kHz. Again,
XC at 1 500 Hz is two-thirds as large as at 1 kHz. And XL at 500 Hz is half as large as at 1 kHz. The
resistance does not change with frequency. The ranking is then a > f > b = e > c > d > g = h = i.
Q33.14 In 1881, an assassin shot President James Gareld. The bullet was lost in his body. Alexander
Graham Bell invented the metal detector in an effort to save the Presidents life. The coil is
preserved in the Smithsonian Institution. The detector was thrown off by metal springs in
Garelds mattress, a new invention itself. Surgeons went hunting for the bullet in the wrong
place. Gareld died.
Q33.15 No. A voltage is only induced in the secondary coil if the ux through the core changes in time.
Q33.16 The Q factor determines the selectivity of the radio receiver. For example, a receiver with a
very low Q factor will respond to a wide range of frequencies and might pick up several adjacent
radio stations at the same time. To discriminate between 102.5 MHz and 102.7 MHz requires a
high-Q circuit. Typically, lowering the resistance in the circuit is the way to get a higher quality
resonance.
*Q33.17 In its intended use, the transformer takes in energy by electric transmission at 12 kV and puts out
nearly the same energy by electric transmission at 120 V. With the small generator putting energy
into the secondary side of the transformer at 120 V, the primary side has 12 kV induced across it.
It is deadly dangerous for the repairman.

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
Section 33.1

AC Sources

Section 33.2

Resistors in an AC Circuit

P33.1

v (t ) = Vmax sin ( t ) = 2 Vrms sin ( t ) = 200 2 sin 2 (100t ) =

P33.2

Vrms =

170 V
= 120 V
2

(a)

P=

(b)

R=

( Vrms )2 R = (120 V )2 =
R

(120 V )2
100 W

75.0 W

= 144

193

(283 V) sin (628t )

Alternating Current Circuits

P33.3

Each meter reads the rms value.

100 V
= 70.7 V
2
Vrms 70.7 V
= 2.95 A
=
=
R
24.0

Vrms =
I rms

FIG. P33.3

P33.4

(a)

v R = Vmax sin t
v R = 0.250 ( Vmax ) , so, sin t = 0.250, or t = sin 1 ( 0.250 ) .
The smallest angle for which this is true is t = 0.253 rad. Thus, if t = 0.010 0 s,
0.253 rad
=
= 25.3 rad s .
0.010 0 s

(b)

The second time when v R = 0.250 ( Vmax ) , t = sin 1 ( 0.250 ) again. For this
occurrence, t = 0.253 rad = 2.89 rad (to understand why this is true, recall the
identity sin ( ) = sin from trigonometry). Thus,
t=

P33.5

2.89 rad
= 0.114 s
25.3 rad s

iR = I max sin t

becomes

( 0.007 00 ) = sin 1 ( 0.600 ) = 0.644

Thus,
and = 91.9 rad s = 2 f
P33.6

0.600 = sin ( 0.007 00 )

so

f = 14.6 Hz

Vmax = 15.0 V and Rtotal = 8.20 + 10.4 = 18.6

I max =

Vmax 15.0 V
=
= 0.806 A = 2 I rms
Rtotal 18.6

2
Pspeaker = I rms
Rspeaker =

0.806 A
(10.4 ) = 3.38 W

Section 33.3
P33.7

(a)

(b)

Inductors in an AC Circuit
Vmax 100
=
= 13.3
7.50
I max
13.3
X
L= L =
= 0.042 4 H = 42.4 mH

2 ( 50.0 )
Vmax 100
XL =
=
= 40.0
2.50
I max

XL =

XL
40.0
=
= 942 rad s
L
42.4 10 3

249

250

P33.8

Chapter 33

X L 60.0 Hz 50.0
At 50.0 Hz, X L = 2 ( 50.0 Hz ) L = 2 ( 50.0 Hz )
( 54.0 ) = 45.0
=
2 ( 60.0 Hz ) 60.0
I max =

P33.9

Vmax
=
XL

iL ( t ) =

2 ( Vrms )
=
XL

2 (100 V )
= 3.14 A
45.0

(80.0 V ) sin ( 65.0 ) ( 0.015 5) 2

Vmax

sin t =

L
2
( 65.0 rad s ) ( 70.0 10 3 H )

iL ( t ) = ( 5.60 A ) sin (1.59 rad ) = 5.60 A

P33.10

= 2 f = 2 ( 60.0 s) = 377 rad s

X L = L = ( 377 s) ( 0.020 0 V s A) = 7.54
I rms =

Vrms 120 V
=
= 15.9 A
7.54
XL

I max = 2 I rms = 2 (15.9 A) = 22.5 A

2 ( 60.0 ) 1 s

i (t ) = I max sin t = ( 22.5 A) sin

= ( 22.5 A) sin 120 = 19.5 A
180
s

1
1
2
U = Li 2 = ( 0.020 0 V s A )(19.5 A) = 3.80 J
2
2
P33.11

L=

NB
X ( VL,max )
where B is the ux through each turn. N B, max = LI max = L
I

XL

N B,max =

Section 33.4
P33.12

P33.13

2 VL,rms
2 f

)=

120 V s T C m N m J
= 0.450 T m 2
2 ( 60.0 ) N s J V C

Capacitors in an AC Circuit
1
1
< 175
:
2 f C 2 f ( 22.0 10 6 )
1
f > 41.3 Hz
< f
2 ( 22.0 10 6 ) (175)

(a)

XC =

(b)

XC

1
1
, so X ( 44 ) = X ( 22 ): XC < 87.5
2
C

I max = 2 I rms =

2 ( Vrms )
XC

= 2 ( Vrms ) 2 f C

(a)

I max = 2 (120 V) 2 ( 60.0 s) ( 2.20 10 6 C V) = 141 mA

(b)

I max = 2 ( 240 V) 2 ( 50.0 s) ( 2.20 10 6 F ) = 235 mA

P33.14

Qmax = C ( Vmax ) = C 2 ( Vrms ) =

P33.15

I max = ( Vmax ) C = ( 48.0 V)( 2 ) ( 90.0 s1 ) ( 3.70 10 6 F ) = 100 mA

2C ( Vrms )

Alternating Current Circuits

P33.16

XC =

1
1
=
= 2.65
C 2 ( 60.0 s) (1.00 10 3 C V)

vC ( t ) = Vmax sin t , to be zero at t = 0

iC =

Vmax
sin ( t + ) =
XC

2 (120 V )
60 s 1

sin 2
+ 90.0 = ( 64.0 A ) sin (120 + 90.0 )
1
2.65
180 s

= 32.0 A

Section 33.5 The RLC Series Circuit

P33.17

X L = L = 2 ( 50.0 ) ( 400 10 3 ) = 126

(a)

XC =

1
1
=
= 719
C 2 ( 50.0 ) ( 4.43 10 6 )

Z = R 2 + ( X L XC ) = 500 2 + (126 719 ) = 776

2

Vmax = I max Z = ( 250 10 3 ) ( 776 ) = 194 V

= tan 1

(b)

X L XC
126 719
= tan 1
= 49.9 . Thus, the

R
500

current leads the voltage .

P33.18

L=
f=

P33.19

1
=
C

1
=
LC

(57.0 10

) (57.0 10 6 )

= 1.75 10 4 rad s

= 2.79 kHz
2

(a)

X L = L = 2 ( 50.0 s 1 ) ( 250 10 3 H ) = 78.5

(b)

XC =

(c)

Z = R 2 + ( X L XC ) = 1.52 k

(d)

I max =

(e)

= tan 1

1
1
= 2 ( 50.0 s 1 ) ( 2.00 10 6 F ) = 1.59 k
C
2

Vmax
210 V
=
= 138 mA
Z
1.52 10 3
X L XC
= tan 1 ( 10.1) = 84.3
R

FIG. P33.17

251

252

P33.20

Chapter 33

(a)

Z = R 2 + ( X L XC ) = 68.0 2 + (16.0 101) = 109

2

X L = L = (100 ) ( 0.160 ) = 16.0

1
1
XC =
=
= 101
C (100 ) ( 99.0 10 6 )
(b)
(c)

Vmax 40.0 V
=
= 0.367 A
Z
109
X XC 16.0 101
tan = L
=
= 1.25:
68.0
R
= 0.896 rad = 51.3
I max =

= 100 rad s

I max = 0.367 A
P33.21

= 0.896 rad = 51.3

X L = 2 f L = 2 ( 60.0 )( 0.460 ) = 173

XC =

1
1
=
= 126
2 f C 2 ( 60.0 ) ( 21.0 10 6 )

(a)

tan =

X L XC 173 126
=
= 0.314
150
R

= 0.304 rad = 17.4

(b)
P33.22

Since X L > XC , f is positive; so voltage leads the current .

For the source-capacitor circuit, the rms source voltage is Vs = ( 25.1 mA ) XC . For the circuit
with resistor, Vs = (15.7 mA ) R 2 + XC2 = ( 25.1 mA ) XC . This gives R = 1.247 XC . For the circuit with ideal inductor, Vs = ( 68.2 mA ) X L XC = ( 25.1 mA ) XC . So X L XC = 0.368 0 XC .
Now for the full circuit
Vs = I R 2 + ( X L XC )

( 25.1 mA ) XC = I (1.247 XC ) + ( 0.368 XC )

2

I = 19.3 mA

P33.23

XC =

1
1
=
= 1.33 10 8
2 f C 2 ( 60.0 Hz ) ( 20.0 10 12 F )

Z=

(50.0 10

I rms =

Vrms
5 000 V
=
= 3.77 10 5 A
1.33 108
Z

) + (1.33 108 ) 1.33 108

2

( Vrms )body = I rms Rbody = (3.77 10 5 A ) (50.0 103 ) =

1.88 V

Alternating Current Circuits

P33.24

XC =

253

1
1
=
= 49.0
C 2 ( 50.0 ) ( 65.0 10 6 )

X L = L = 2 ( 50.0 ) (185 10 3 ) = 58.1

Z = R 2 + ( X L XC ) = ( 40.0 ) + ( 58.1 49.0 ) = 41.0
2

I max =

P33.25

Vmax 150
=
= 3.66 A
Z
41.0

FIG. P33.24

(a)

VR = I max R = ( 3.66 ) ( 40 ) = 146 V

(b)

VL = I max X L = ( 3.66 ) ( 58.1) = 212.5 = 212 V

(c)

VC = I max XC = ( 3.66 ) ( 49.0 ) = 179.1 V = 179 V

(d)

VL VC = 212.5 179.1 = 33.4 V

R = 300
500 1
X L = L = 2
s ( 0.200 H ) = 200

XC =

1
500 1

= 2
s (11.0 10 6 F ) = 90.9

Z = R + ( X L XC ) = 319
2

XL = 200

f
R = 300

and

X XC
= tan L
= 20.0

XL XC = 109

XC = 90.9

FIG. P33.25

*P33.26 Let Xc represent the initial capacitive reactance. Moving the plates to half their original separation
1
doubles the capacitance and cuts XC =
in half. For the current to double, the total impedance
C
2
X
2
must be cut in half: Z i = 2 Z f , R 2 + ( X L XC ) = 2 R 2 + X L C . With XL = R, algebra

2
then gives
2

X
2
R 2 + ( R XC ) = 4 R 2 + R C

2 R 2 2 RXC + XC2 = 8 R 2 4 RXC + XC2

XC = 3 R

254

Chapter 33

Section 33.6
P33.27

Power in an AC Circuit

= 1 000 rad s,

R = 400 ,

C = 5.00 10 6 F, L = 0.500 H

Vmax = 100 V,

L = 500 ,

1
= 200

1
2
2
Z = R 2 + L
= 400 + 300 = 500

I max =

Vmaxx 100
=
= 0.200 A
500
Z

I2
2
R = max R.
The average power dissipated in the circuit is P = I rms
2
( 0.200 A )2
P=
( 400 ) = 8.00 W
2
P33.28

Z = R 2 + ( X L XC ) or ( X L XC ) = Z 2 R 2
2

( X L XC ) = ( 75.0 )2 ( 45.0 )2 = 60.0

= tan 1

I rms =

60.0
X L XC
= tan 1
= 53.1

45.0
R

Vrms 210 V
=
= 2.80 A
75.0
Z

P = ( Vrms ) I rms cos = ( 210 V ) ( 2.80 A ) cos ( 53.1) = 353 W

P33.29

(a)

P = I rms ( Vrms ) cos = ( 9.00 )180 cos ( 37.0) = 1.29 103 W

2
P = I rms
R

(b)
P33.30

tan =

X L XC
R

so

1.29 10 3 = ( 9.00 ) R

becomes

tan ( 37.0 ) =

and

X L XC
: so
16

R = 16.0
X L XC = 12.0

X L = L = 2 ( 60.0 s ) ( 0.025 0 H ) = 9.42

Z = R 2 + ( X L XC ) = ( 20.0 ) + ( 9.42 ) = 22.1
2

Vrms 120 V
=
= 5.43 A
22.1
Z

(a)

I rms =

(b)

9.42
= tan 1
= 25.2
20.0

(c)

We require = 0. Thus, X L = XC :

9.42 =

and

C = 281 F

(d)

Pb = Pd or ( Vrms )b ( I rms )b cos b =

( Vrms )d =

so

power factor = cos = 0.905

1
2 ( 60.0 s 1 ) C

( Vrms )d2
R

R ( Vrms )b ( I rms )b cos b = ( 20.0 ) (120 V ) ( 5.43 A ) ( 0.905) = 109 V

Alternating Current Circuits

*P33.31 Consider a two-wire transmission line taking in power P

I rms =

P
Vrms

2
Rline =
. Then power loss = I rms

P
Thus,
Vrms
R1 =

( 2 R1 ) =

( Vrms )
=
200P
A

P
100

or

R1 =

R1

Vrms

(Vrms )
200P

R1

or

A=

( 2r )
200 P

=
4
( Vrms )2

FIG. P33.31

800 P

( V )2

2r =

800(1.7 10 8 m) 20 000 W (18 000 m )

= 39.5 V m/V
( V )2

(a)

2r =

(b)

The diameter is inversely proportional to the potential difference.

(c)

2r = 39.5 Vm/1 500 V = 2.63 cm

(d)

V = 39.5 Vm/0.003 m = 13.2 kV

*P33.32 (a)

RL

and the diameter is

XL = L = 2p (60/s) 0.1 H = 37.7

Z = (1002 + 37.72)1/2 = 107
power factor = cosf = 100/107 = 0.936

(b)

The power factor cannot in practice be made 1.00. If the inductor were removed or if the
generator were replaced with a battery, so that either L = 0 or f = 0, the power factor would
be 1, but we would not have a magnetic buzzer.

(c)

We want resonance, with f = 0. We insert a capacitor in series with

XL = XC

P33.33

P
100

255

so

37.7 = 1 s/2p C 60

C = 70.4 mF

and

One-half the time, the left side of the generator is positive, the top
diode conducts, and the bottom diode switches off. The power supply
sees resistance
1 + 1 = R and the power is ( Vrms ) .
2 R 2 R
R

2R

The other half of the time the right side of the generator is positive,
the upper diode is an open circuit, and the lower diode has zero
resistance. The equivalent resistance is then
1

1 1
7R
Req = R +
+ =
4
3R R

and

P=

FIG. P33.33

( Vrms )2 = 4 ( Vrms )2
Req

7R

2
( Vrms ) R + 4 ( Vrms )2 7 R

= 11( Vrms )
2
14R
R
2

The overall time average power is:

256

Chapter 33

Section 33.7
P33.34

(a)

Resonance in a Series RLC Circuit

f=

2 LC
1
1
A C
C=
=
= 6.33 10 13 F
2
2 2
12
2
10
4 f L 4 (10 s ) 400 10 Vs As

0 A 0
2
=
d
d

(b)

C=

(c)

Cd
6.33 10 13 F 10 3 mm
3
=

=

= 8.46 10 m
1 8.85 10 12 F
0
X L = 2 f L = 2 1010 s 400 10 12 Vs A = 25.1

12

P33.35

0 = 2 ( 99.7 10 6 ) = 6.26 108 rad s =

C=

P33.36

1
LC

1
1
=
= 1.82 pF
02 L ( 6.26 108 )2 (1.40 10 6 )

L = 20.0 mH, C = 1.00 10 7, R = 20.0 , Vmax = 100 V

(a)

The resonant frequency for a series RLC circuit is f =

(b)

At resonance,

(c)
(d)

P33.37

12

1
2

Vmax
= 5.00 A
R
L
From Equation 33.38, Q = 0 = 22.4
R

1
= 3.56 kHz .
LC

I max =

VL , max = X L I max = 0 LI max = 2.24 kV

The resonance frequency is 0 =

1
. Thus, if = 2 0 ,
LC

L
2
XL = L =
L=2

LC
C

and

XC =

L
2
Z = R 2 + ( X L XC ) = R 2 + 2.25
C

so

I rms =

1
LC 1 L
=
=
C
2C
2 C
Vrms
=
Z

Vrms
R + 2.25 ( L C )
2

and the energy delivered in one period is E = P t :

( Vrms )2 R

2 = ( Vrms ) RC LC = 4 ( Vrms ) RC LC
E= 2
4 R 2 C + 9.00 L
R + 2.25 ( L C ) R 2 C + 2.25 L
2

With the values specied for this circuit, this gives:

4 ( 50.0 V ) (10.0 ) (100 10 6 F )

32

E=

(10.0 10

H)

4 (10.0 ) (100 10 6 F ) + 9.00 (10.0 10 3 H )

2

12

= 242 mJ

Alternating Current Circuits

P33.38

1
.
LC

The resonance frequency is 0 =

Thus, if

= 2 0 ,

L
2
XL = L =
L=2
LC
C

and

XC =

L
2
Then Z = R 2 + ( X L XC ) = R 2 + 2.25
C

so

I rms =

257

1
LC 1 L
=
=
2C
2 C
C
Vrms
=
Z

Vrms
R + 2.25 ( L C )
2

and the energy delivered in one period is

( Vrms )2 R

2 = ( Vrms ) RC LC = 4 ( Vrms ) RC LC
E = P t = 2
4 R 2 C + 9.00 L
R + 2.25 ( L C ) R 2 C + 2.25 L
P33.39

For the circuit of Problem 20,

For the circuit of Problem 21,

0 =

1
=
LC

(160 10 H ) (99.0 10
L ( 251 rad s ) (160 10 H )
=
=
3

F)

= 251 rad s

Q=

0
R

Q=

0 L
1 L
1
460 10 3 H
L
= 0.987
=
=
=
R
R LC R C 150 21.0 10 6 F

68.0

0.591

The circuit of Problem 21 has a sharper resonance.

Section 33.8
P33.40

The Transformer and Power Transmission

1
(120 V) = 9.23 V
13

(a)

V2,rms =

(b)

V1, rms I1, rms = V2, rms I 2, rms

(120 V)(0.350 A) = (9.23 V) I 2,rms

I 2, rms =
(c)

P33.41

P = 42.0 W from part (b).

( Vout )max =

2 000
N2
(170 V ) = 971 V
( Vin )max =
350
N1

( Vout )rms = (
P33.42

42.0 W
= 4.55 A for a transformer with no energy loss.
9.23 V

971 V )
= 687 V
2
N2
(V1,rms )
N1

(a)

(V2,rms ) =

(b)

I1,rms ( V1,rms ) = I 2,rms ( V2,rms )

(c)

0.950 I1,rms ( V1,rms ) = I 2,rms ( V2,rms )

N2 =

( 2 200 ) (80 )

= 1 600 windings
110
(1.50)(2 200) = 30.0 A
I1,rms =
110
(1.20)(2 200) = 25.3 A
I1, rms =
110 ( 0.950 )

258

P33.43

Chapter 33

(a)

R = ( 4.50 10 4 M ) ( 6.44 10 5 m ) = 290 and I rms =

(c)

It is impossible to transmit so much power at such low voltage. Maximum power transfer
occurs when load resistance equals the line resistance of 290 , and is
3

2 2 ( 290 )

P33.44

(a)

5.00 10 6 W
= 10.0 A
5.00 10 5 V

Ploss = I R = (10.0 A ) ( 290 ) = 29.0 kW

Ploss 2.90 10 4
=
= 5.80 10 3
P 5.00 106

( 4.50 10 V )

Section 33.9

Vrms

2
rms

(b)

= 17.5 kW, far below the required 5 000 kW.

Rectifiers and Filters

Input power = 8 W
Useful output power = I V = 0.3 A ( 9 V ) = 2.7 W
efciency =

(b)

useful output 2.7 W

=
= 0.34 = 34%
total input
8W

Total input power = Total output power

8 W = 2.7 W + wasted power
wasted power = 5.3 W
86 400 s 1 J
$0.135
= 1.29 108 J

3.6 10 6
1d
1 Ws

= $4.8
J

(c)

E = P t = 8 W ( 6 ) ( 31 d )

(a)

1
The input voltage is Vin = IZ = I R 2 + XC2 = I R 2 +
. The output voltage is
C
2

P33.45

Vout = IR. The gain ratio is

(b)

(c)

Vout
IR
=
=
2
Vin I R + (1 C )2

R
R + (1 C )
2

Vout
1
0 .
and
Vin
C
Vout
R
1
= 1 .
As ,
0 and
Vin
R
C
As 0,

1
=
2

R 2 + (1 C )
1
R2 + 2 2 = 4 R2
C

2C 2 =

1
3R2

= 2 f =

1
3RC

f=

1
2 3 RC

Alternating Current Circuits

P33.46

(a)

The input voltage is Vin = IZ = I R 2 + XC2 = I R 2 + (1 C ) . The output voltage is

2

Vout = IXC =

Vout
I C
I
=
=
. The gain ratio is
2
2

V
C
in
I R + (1 C )

As 0,

(c)

1
=
2

1
4
R2 +
= 2 2
C C

R + (1 C )

1 C
R 2 + (1 C )

When

Vout
=
Vin

= 2 f =

3
RC

R
R + XC2
2

Vout
= 0.500,
Vin
0.500

then

R 2 2 C 2 = 3

3
2 RC

For this RC high-pass lter,

(a)

1 C
2

Vout
1 C
1

= 1 .
and R becomes negligible in comparison. Then
Vin
1 C
C
Vout
1
0 .
As ,
0 and
Vin
C

(b)

f=
P33.47

( 0.500 )2 + XC2

= 0.500 or XC = 0.866 .

If this occurs at f = 300 Hz, the capacitance is

C=

1
1
=
2 f XC 2 ( 300 Hz ) ( 0.866 )

= 6.13 10 4 F = 613 F
(b)

259

With this capacitance and a frequency of 600 Hz,

XC =

1
= 0.433
2 ( 600 Hz ) ( 6.13 10 4 F )

Vout
=
Vin

R
R +X
2

2
C

0.500

( 0.500 )2 + ( 0.433 )2

= 0.756

FIG. P33.47

260

P33.48

Chapter 33

For the lter circuit,

(a)

(b)

P33.49

Vout
=
Vin

XC
R + XC2
2

1
1
=
= 3.32 10 4
9
2 f C 2 ( 600 Hz ) ( 8.00 10 F )

At f = 600 Hz,

XC =

and

Vout
3.32 10 4
=
1.00
2
Vin
( 90.0 )2 + ( 3.32 10 4 )

At f = 600 kHz,

XC =

and

Vout
33.2
= 0.346
=
Vin
( 90.0 )2 + ( 33.2 )2

vout
=
vin

1
1
=
= 33.2
3
2 f C 2 ( 600 10 Hz ) ( 8.00 10 9 F )

R
R + ( X L XC )
2

At 200 Hz:

1
(8.00 )
=
2
4 (8.00 )2 + [ 400 L 1 400 C ]

At 4 000 Hz:

2
= 4 (8.00 )
(8.00 ) + 8 000 L

8 000 C

(a)

At the low frequency, X L XC < 0. This reduces to

For the high frequency half-voltage point,
Solving Equations (1) and (2) simultaneously gives
(b)

When X L = XC ,

(c)

X L = XC requires

(d)

At 200 Hz,

so the phasor diagram is as shown:

R
1
= cos1 = cos1 so
Z
2

XL XC

XL XC

vout leads vin by 60.0 .

At f0 , X L = XC so
vout and vin have a phase difference of 0 .
vout R 1
= = and X L XC > 0
vin Z 2

1
Thus, = cos 1 = 60.0
2
or
continued on next page

1
= 13.9
400 C
1
8 000 L
= +13.9
8 000 C
400 L

[1]
[2]

C = 54.6 F and L = 580 H

vout vout
=
= 1.00
vin vin max
1
1
f0 =
= 894 Hz
=
2 LC 2 ( 5.80 10 4 H ) ( 5.46 10 5 F )

vout R 1
= = and XC > X L ,
vin Z 2

At 4 000 Hz,

FIG. P33.49(a)

vout lags vin by 60.0

R
f

or

Vout

Vin

Z
Z

or

R
FIG. P33.49(d)

Vin

Vout

Alternating Current Circuits

(e)

At 200 Hz and at 4 kHz,

( v
P=

) = ((1 2) v
2

out,rms

) = ( v

(1 2) (1 2) vin,max

(1 2) vin,max

out,rms

We take Q =

in,rms

( v
At f , P =
(f )

261

in,rms

(10.0 V )2
= 1.56 W
8 (8.00 )

(10.0 V )2
= 6.25 W
2 (8.00 )

4
0 L 2 f0 L 2 ( 894 Hz ) ( 5.80 10 H )
=
=
= 0.408
8.00
R
R

Additional Problems
P33.50

The equation for v(t ) during the rst period (using

y = mx + b) is:
v (t ) =

2 ( Vmax ) t
T

( v )2 = 1

avg T

( v )
avg
2

Vrms

*P33.51 (a)

Vmax

(
v (t ) dt =

Vmax )
T

( Vmax )2 T [ 2t T 1]3
=
T

2
= ( v ) avg =

( Vmax )2
3

2 T

2
T t 1 dt
0
2

t =T

( Vmax )2 ( +1)3 ( 1)3 = ( Vmax )2

t =0

FIG. P33.50

Vmax
3

Z 2 = R 2 + (XL XC)2 760 2 = 400 2 + (700 XC)2 417 600 = (700 XC)2
There are two values for the square root. We can have 646.2 = 700 XC or 646.2 = 700 XC.
XC can be 53.8 or it can be 1.35 k.

(b)

If we were below resonance, with inductive reactance 700 and capacitive reactance
1.35 k, raising the frequency would increase the power. We must be above resonance,
with inductive reactance 700 and capacitive reactance 53.8 .

(c)

760 2 = 2002 + (700 XC)2

537 600 = (700 XC)2

Here +733 = 700 XC has no solution

so we must have 733.2 = 700 XC and XC = 1.43 k .

262

P33.52

Chapter 33

The angular frequency is = 2 60 s = 377 s. When S is open, R, L, and C are in series with the
source:
2
2
20 V
V
2
(1)
R 2 + ( X L XC ) = s =
= 1.194 10 4 2
I
0.183 A
R
When S is in position 1, a parallel combination of two Rs presents equivalent resistance , in
2
series with L and C:
2

R + X X 2 = 20 V = 4.504 10 3 2
( L C)
2
0.298 A

(2)

When S is in position 2, the current by passes the inductor. R and C are in series with the source:
2

20 V
R 2 + XC2 =
= 2.131 10 4 2
0.137 A

(3)

Take equation (1) minus equation (2):

3 2
R = 7.440 10 3 2
R = 99.6
4
Only the positive root is physical. We have shown than only one resistance value is possible.
Now equation (3) gives
1
2 12
Only the positive root is physical and only
XC = 2.131 10 4 ( 99.6 ) = 106.7 =
C
one capacitance is possible.
C = ( XC ) = ( 377 s )106.7 = 2.49 10 5 F = C
1

Now equation (1) gives

2
X L XC = 1.194 10 4 ( 99.6 ) = 44.99
X L = 106.7 + 44.99 = 61.74 or 151.7 = L
X
L = L = 0.164 H or 0.402 H = L

Two values for self-inductance are possible.

12

P33.53

0 =

1
=
LC

( 0.050 0 H ) ( 5.00 10 6 F )

= 2 000 s 1

so the operating angular frequency of the circuit is

= 0 = 1 000 s 1
2
( V )2 R 2
Using Equation 33.37, P = 2 2 rms2 2
2
R + L ( 02 )

( 400 )2 (8.00 ) (1 000 )

2 = 56.7 W
2
2
(8.00 )2 (1 000 ) + ( 0.050 0 ) (1.00 4.00 ) 10 6
2

P=

FIG. P33.53

Alternating Current Circuits

*P33.54 (a)

At the resonance frequency XL and XC are equal. The certain frequency must be higher
than the resonance frequency for the inductive reactance to be the greater.

(b)

It is possible to determine the values for L and C, because we have three independent
equations in the three unknowns L, C, and the unknown angular frequency w.
The equations are
2 0002 = 1/LC 12 = w L and
8 = 1/w C

(c)

We eliminate w = 12/L
to have
Then 4 000 000 = 1/96 C 2 so

263

8 w C = 1 = 8(12/L)C = 96C/L so L = 96C

C = 51.0 mF and L = 4.90 mH

*P33.55 The lowest-frequency standing-wave state is NAN. The distance between the clamps we

T
= f 2d.
represent as d = dNN = . The speed of transverse waves on the string is v = f =
2

The magnetic force on the wire oscillates at 60 Hz, so the wire will oscillate in resonance at 60 Hz.
T
2
= ( 60 s ) 4 d 2
0.019 kg m

T = ( 274 kg m s 2 ) d 2

Any values of T and d related according to this expression will work, including
if d = 0.200 m T = 10.9 N . We did not need to use the value of the current and magnetic
eld. If we assume the subsection of wire in the eld is 2 cm wide, we can nd the rms value of
the magnetic force:
FB = I
B sin = ( 9 A ) ( 0.02 m ) ( 0.015 3T ) sin 90 = 2.75 mN
So a small force can produce an oscillation of noticeable amplitude if internal friction is small.
f
L 1 / C
*P33.56 = tan 1
changes from 90 for w = 0 to 0

R
90
at the resonance frequency to +90 as w goes to innity.
The slope of the graph is df/dw:
d
1
1
1
1
=
L (1) 2 At resonance
2
d

C
L 1/C R
1+

90

we have w0 L = 1/w0 C and LC = 1/w02.

w0

FIG. P33.56

Substituting, the slope at the resonance point is

d
1 1
1
2 L 2Q
=
=
L + LC =
R 0
d 0 1 + 0 2 R
C
P33.57

(a)

(b)

1
will be
C
45.0 V
negligible compared to 200 and
= 225 mA ows in the power supply and the
200
top branch.
When L is very large, the bottom branch carries negligible current. Also,

Now

1
and L 0 so the generator and bottom branch carry 450 mA .
C

264

P33.58

Chapter 33

(a)

With both switches closed, the current goes only through

generator and resistor.
i (t ) =

1 ( Vmax )
=
2
R

(b)

(c)

i (t ) =

(d)

Vmax
cos t
R
2

cos t + tan 1
2
2 2

R + L

FIG. P33.58

Vmax

L (1 0 C )
0 = = tan 1 0

For
We require 0 L =

1
, so
0C

(e)

At this resonance frequency,

(f )

1
1
2
U = C ( VC ) = CI 2 XC2
2
2

C=

1
02 L

Z= R

U max

1 2 2 1 ( Vmax )
1
= CI max
XC = C
=
2
2 2
2
2
0 C
R

(g)

U max

1 2
1 ( Vmax )
= LI max
=
L
2
2
R2

(h)

Now = 20 =

( Vmax )2 L
2 R2

2
.
LC

2 L C (1 2 ) L C
3 L
L (1 C )
So = tan 1
.
= tan 1
= tan 1

R
R
2R C

P33.59

1 1
2 C

1
= 0
2 LC
2

(i)

Now L =

(a)

I R, rms =

(b)

The total current will lag the applied voltage as seen in the phasor IL
diagram at the right.

Vrms 100 V
=
= 1.25 A
R
80.0

Vrms
100 V
=
= 1.33 A
XL
2 ( 60.0 s1 ) ( 0.200 H )
I

1.33 A
Thus, the phase angle is: = tan 1 L , rms = tan 1
= 46.7 .
1.25 A
I R,rms
I L ,rms =

IR

f
I
FIG. P33.59

Alternating Current Circuits

P33.60

Suppose each of the 20 000 people uses an average power of 500 W. (This means 12 kWh per day,
or $36 per 30 days at 10c| per kWh.) Suppose the transmission line is at 20 kV. Then
I rms =

P
Vrms

( 20 000 ) ( 500 W )
20 000 V

~10 3 A

If the transmission line had been at 200 kV, the current would be only ~10 2 A .
P33.61

P33.62

R = 200 , L = 663 mH, C = 26.5 F, = 377 s 1 , Vmax = 50.0 V

1
2
2
L = 250 ,
= 100 , Z = R + ( X L XC ) = 250

Vmax 50.0 V
=
= 0.200 A
(a) I max =
250
Z
X XC
= tan 1 L
= 36.8 (V leads I)

R
(b)

VR,max = I max R = 40.0 V at = 0

(c)

VC, max =

(d)

VL, max = I max L = 50.0 V at = +90.0 (V leads I )

I max
= 20.0 V at = 90.0 (I leads V)
C

L = 2.00 H, C = 10.0 10 6 F, R = 10.0 , v (t ) = (100 sin t )

(a)

The resonant frequency 0 produces the maximum current and thus the maximum power
delivery to the resistor.
1
1
0 =
= 224 rad s
=
LC
( 2.00 ) (10.0 10 6 )

(b)

P=

(c)

I rms =

( Vmax )2 = (100 )2
2R

Vrms
=
Z

2
I rms
R=

2 (10.0 )

= 500 W

Vrms
R + ( L (1 C ))
2

1 2
( I rms )max R
2

Vrms
R

and

( I rms )max =

or

( Vrms )2 R = 1 ( Vrms )2 R
Z2

R2

1
= 2 R2
R + L

This occurs where Z = 2 R :

2

4 L2 C 2 2 L 2 C R 2 2 C 2 + 1 = 0

or

L2 C 2 4 ( 2 LC + R 2 C 2 ) 2 + 1 = 0

( 2.00 )2 (10.0 10 6 )2 4 2 ( 2.00 ) (10.0 10 6 ) + (10.0 )2 (10.0 10 6 )2 2 + 1 = 0

Solving this quadratic equation, we nd that

2 = 51130, or 48 894

1 = 48 894 = 221 rad s

2 = 51130 = 226 rad s

and

265

266

P33.63

Chapter 33

(a)

From Equation 33.41,

N1 V1
=
.
N 2 V2

Let input impedance

Z1 =

so that

N1 Z1 I1
=
N 2 Z2 I 2

V1
I1

and the output impedance Z 2 =

But from Eq. 33.42,

N1
=
N2

So, combining with the previous result we have

N1
=
N2

(b)

P33.64

2
P = I rms
R=

V2
I2

I1 V2 N 2
=
=
I 2 V1 N1

Z1
.
Z2

Z1
8 000
=
= 31.6
Z2
8.00
2
Vrms
(120 V)
R, so 250 W =

Z
Z2

1
Z = R2 + L

( 40.0 ) :

(120) ( 40.0)
2
2
( 40.0) + 2 f (0.185) 1 2 f (65.0 106 )

250 =

and

250 =

1=

2 304 f 2
1 600 f + 1.3511 f 4 5 692.3 f 2 + 5 995 300

f =
2

6 396.3

so

576 000 f 2

1 600 f 2 + (1.162 4 f 2 2 448.5)

1.3511 f 4 6 396.3 f 2 + 5 995 300 = 0

( 6 396.3)2 4 (1.3511) ( 5 995 300 )

= 3 446.5 or 1 287.4
2 (1.351 1)

f = 58.7 Hz or 35.9 Hz There are two answers because we could be above resonance or
below resonance.
P33.65

IR =

Vrms
;
R

IL =

Vrms
;
L

IC =

Vrms
( C )1

(a)

1
1
2
I rms = I R2 + ( I C I L ) = Vrms 2 + C

R
L

(b)

tan =

1
IC I L
1
1
= Vrms

IR
XC X L Vrms R

1
1
tan = R

XC X L
FIG. P33.65

Alternating Current Circuits

267

*P33.66 An RLC series circuit, containing a 35.0- resistor, a 205-mH inductor,

a capacitor, and a power supply with rms voltage 200 V and frequency
100 Hz, carries rms current 4.00 A. Find the capacitance of the capacitor.
We solve for C
2500 = 352 + (129 1/628C)2

1275 = (129 1/628C)2

There are two possibilities: 35.7 = 129 1/628C

1/628C = 93.1 or 1/628C = 164.5
C = either 17.1 m F or 9.67 mF
P33.67

(a)

and 35.7 = 129 1/628C

X L = XC = 1 884 when f = 2 000 Hz

L=

XL
1 884
=
= 0.150 H and
2 f 4 000 rad s

1
1
=
= 42.2 nF
(2 f ) XC ( 4 000 rad s)(1 884 )
1
XC =
X L = 2 f ( 0.150 H )

.
10 8 F )
2
f
4
22
( )(

C=

Z = ( 40.0 ) + ( X L XC )
2

(b)

Impedance,

FIG. P33.67(b)

FIG. P33.66

f (Hz) X L () XC ()
300
283 12 600
600
565
6 280
800
754
4 710
1 000
942
3 770
1 500
1 410
2 510
2 000
1 880
1 880
3 000
2 830
1 260
4 000
3 770
9442
6 000
5 650
628
10 000
9 420
377

Z ()
1 2300
5 720
3 960
2 830
1100
40
1 570
2 830
5 0200
9 040

268

P33.68

Chapter 33

0 =

1
= 1.00 10 6 rad s
LC

For each angular frequency, we nd

Z = R 2 + ( L 1 C )
then I =
and

1.00 V
Z

P = I 2 (1.00 )

The full width at half maximum is:

(1.000 5 0.999 5) 0
=
2
2
3 1
1.00 10 s
f =
= 159 Hz
2
f =

while
R
1.00
=
= 159 Hz
2 L 2 (1.00 10 3 H )

1
L ()
( ) Z ( ) P = I 2 R ( W)
0
C
0.9990
999.0
1001.0
2.24
0.19984
0.9991
999.1
1000.9
2.06
0.235699
0.9993
999..3
1000.7
1.72
0.33768
0.9995
999.5
1000.55
1.41
0.49987
0.9997
999.7
1000.3
1.17
0.73524
0.9999
999.9
1000.1
1.022
0.96153
1.0000 1000
1000.0
1.00
1.00000
1.0001 1000.1
999.9
1.02
0.961544
0.73535
1.0003 1000.3
999.7
1.17
0.50012
1..0005 10000.5
999.5
1.41
0.33799
1.0007 1000.7
999.3
1.72
0.23601
1.0009 1000.9
999.1
2.06
0.20016
1.0010 1001
999.0
2.24
1.0
0.8
I 2 R 0.6
(W) 0.4
0.2
0.0
0.996 0.998

1
w/w 0

1.002 1.004

FIG. P33.68

*P33.69 (a)

A B
A B
We can use sin A + sin B = 2 sin + cos to nd the sum of the two sine
2 2
2 2
functions to be
E1 + E2 = ( 24.0 cm ) sin ( 4.5t + 35.0 ) cos 35.0
E1 + E2 = (19.7 cm ) sin ( 4.5t + 35.0 )
Thus, the total wave has amplitude 19.7 cm and has a constant phase difference of
35.0 from the rst wave.

(b)

In units of cm, the resultant phasor is


 
y R = y1 + y 2 = 12.0 i + 12.0 cos 70.0 i + 12.0 sin 70.0 j
= 16.1i + 11.3j

) (

wt

y
yR

y2


11.3
2
2
y R = (16.1) + (11.3) at tan 1
= 19.7 cm at 35.0
16.1

y1

The answers are identical.

FIG. P33.69(b)

continued on next page

70.0
x

Alternating Current Circuits

(c)


y R = 12.0 cos 70.0i + 12.0 sin 70.0j
+15.5 cos 80.0i 15.5 sin 80.0j
+17.0 cos 160i + 17.0 sin 160j

y R = 9.18 i + 1.83j = 9.36 cm at 169
The wave function of the total wave is
yR = ( 9.36 cm ) sin (15 x 4.5t + 169 ) .

269

kx - w t

y1
y2

yR
y3

FIG. P33.69(c)

ANSWERS TO EVEN PROBLEMS

(b) 144

P33.2

(a)193

P33.4

(a) 25.3 rad/s

P33.6

3.38 W

P33.8

3.14 A

P33.10

3.80 J

P33.12

(a) greater than 41.3 Hz

P33.14

(b) 0.114 s

(b) less than 87.5

2C ( Vrms )

P33.16

32.0 A

P33.18

2.79 kHz

P33.20

(a) 109

P33.22

19.3 mA

P33.24

(a) 146 V

P33.26

Cutting the plate separation in half doubles the capacitance and cuts in half the capacitive
reactance to XC /2. The new impedance must be half as large as the old impedance for the new
current to be doubled. For the new impedance we then have

(b) 0.367 A

(b) 212 V

(c) I max = 0.367 A, = 100 rad s, = 0.896 rad

(c) 179 V

(d) 33.4 V

(R2 + [R XC /2]2)1 / 2 = 0.5(R2 + [R XC]2 )1 / 2. Solving yields XC = 3R.

P33.28

353 W

P33.30

(a) 5.43 A

P33.32

(a) 0.936 (b) Not in practice. If the inductor were removed or if the generator were replaced
with a battery, so that either L = 0 or f = 0, the power factor would be 1, but we would not have
a magnetic buzzer. (c) 70.4 mF

P33.34

(a) 633 fF

(b) 0.905

(c) 281 F

(b) 8.46 mm (c) 25.1

(d) 109 V

270

Chapter 33

P33.36

(a) 3.56 kHz

(b) 5.00 A

(c) 22.4

(d) 2.24 kV

P33.38

4 ( Vrms ) RC LC
4 R2C + 9 L

P33.40

(a) 9.23 V

P33.42

(a) 1 600 turns

P33.44

(a) 0.34

P33.46

(a) See the solution.

P33.48

(a) 1.00

P33.50

See the solution.

P33.52

Only one value for R and only one value for C are possible. Two values for L are possible.
R = 99.6 , C = 24.9 mF, and L = 164 mH or 402 mH

P33.54

(a) Higher. At the resonance frequency XL = XC. As the frequency increases, XL goes up and
XC goes down. (b) It is. We have three independent equations in the three unknowns L, C, and
the certain f. (c) L = 4.90 mH and C = 51.0 m F

P33.56

See the solution.

P33.58

(a) i ( t ) =

(d) C =

(b) 4.55 A

(c) 42.0 W

(b) 30.0 A

(c) 25.3 A

(b) 5.3 W (c) $4.8

(b) 1; 0

(c)

3
2 RC

(b) 0.346

Vmax
cos t
R

1
02 L

(b) P =

(e) Z = R

(f)

( Vmax )2
2R

( Vmax )2 L
2R

cos t + tan 1

R + L
Vmax

(c) i ( t ) =
(g)

( Vmax )2 L
2R

3 L
(h) tan 1
2R C

(i)

1
2LC

P33.60

~10 3 A

P33.62

(a) 224 rad s

P33.64

The frequency could be either 58.7 Hz or 35.9 Hz. We can be either above or below resonance.

P33.66

An RLC series circuit, containing a 35.0- resistor, a 205-mH inductor, a capacitor, and a
power supply with rms voltage 200 V and frequency 100 Hz, carries rms current 4.00 A. Find the
capacitance of the capacitor. Answer: It could be either 17.1 mF or 9.67 mF.

P33.68

See the solution.

(b) 500 W

(c) 221 rad s and 226 rad s