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I. INTRODUCTION
The need for radio spectrum is critically increasing with
the significant increase of number of users using wireless
services. Therefore, a key technology that can help to mitigate
scarcity of spectrum is cognitive radio (CR). CR technology is
realized through the existence of CR users that work as
secondary users (SUs) to gain access to the underutilize
frequency bands which have been assigned to the licensed
user, i.e., the primary user (PU). Spectrum sensing is an
2015 IEEE
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2015 1st International Conference on Telematics and Future Generation Networks (TAFGEN)
( 0 = n2 and 1 = ( + 1) n2 ) and
variance
2
2
( 02 = n4 and 12 = ( + 1) 2 n4 ) , respectively.
M
M
H0
H1
Yi (k ) = ni (k )
Yi (k ) = hi (k ) s( k ) + ni (k )
:
:
There are many sensing schemes proposes in the literature [89] assuming that the noise that a perfectly-known additive
white Gaussian noise (AWGN) is used to derive the false
alarm and detection probabilities. However, practically, noise
is not perfectly Gaussian distributed because of the channel
fading. This makes it difficult for the SU to get full
information, and hence the noise uncertainty should be
considered in each local sensing decision at every SU receive.
Therefore, the goal of this section is to determine the sensing
performance of the ED for two cases: when the estimated
2
noise power at the SU node n is perfectly known at the
receiver and for the presence of noise uncertainty in the
system. Thus, for the first case and with the chosen decision
threshold i , the probability of the detection for a target false
alarm probability can be derived and given as follow:
(1)
1 1
M
Q PF
PD ,i = Q
2
( + 1)
T (Yi ) = Yi (k )
(2)
k =0
T (Y ) < .
regime, i =
( )
Since
we
s(k ) h
k =1
are
2
interested
in
low
SNR
(3)
i u
1
PF ,i ( ) =
Q
du
2 2 2
n2 2 n
u
n
M
n2
23
(4)
2015 1st International Conference on Telematics and Future Generation Networks (TAFGEN)
( + 1)u
1
du
PD ,i ( ) =
Q i
2
(5)
2
2 2
n
n2 2
( + 1) u
n
2 02 + 02 (m1 m0 )
PF ,i ( ) = Q i 1
.....
0 12 02
i 12 02 + 12 (m1 m0 )
PD ,i ( ) = Q
....
1 12 02
n2
M
1
1
1
Q ( PF ) +
M
2
PD ,i ( ) = Q
(6)
n2
(Y) =
hypothesis
n2
(h
2
1
2
s
+u
n2
1
M 2
2
n
(9)
Y TY
exp
2 h 2 2 +u
s
du
(10)
Y Y
du
exp
2u
T
2
1
the H 1 and H 0 of
E=
< k
H0
H1
T (Y ) k
i =1
(11)
M 2
(u )
(8)
(Yi 0 )2
2 2 ....
M
f (Y H1 ) 0
0
(7)
(Y ) =
=
exp
2
M
f (Y H 0 ) 1
i =1
(
Y
)
i 1
2 2
i =1
1
(PDF)
function
2 02 12 (m1 m0 )
+ Q i 1
1 12 02
where
i 12 02 02 (m1 m0 )
+ Q
0 12 02
2
0
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2015 1st International Conference on Telematics and Future Generation Networks (TAFGEN)
where
N
1 1
M
Q PF
(12)
QD =1 1 Q
(
)
+
1
2
i =1
M
Q F = 1 1 Q ( + 1)Q 1 PD +
(13)
2
i =1
i
N i
N CF ,i (PF ,i ) (1 PF ,i ) ...
B (k ) = C +
(21)
i
N i
i = k i C D , i (PD ,i ) (1 PD , i )
1 1
M
Q PF
QD = Q
(
)
+
1
2
i =1
N
M
Q F = Q ( + 1) Q 1 PD +
2
i =1
N
(14)
(15)
QD =
N
N
2
j =0
QF =
N
N
2
j =0
N
N
N
N j
+ j
N (1 PD , 0 ) 2 (PD , 0 ) 2 (16)
j
+
2
N
N
N
N j
2 + j (17)
2
1
P
P
N
F ,0
F ,0
2 + j
P
1 PD
1 PD
C
k ln
ln F (22)
k ln D + N ln
PF
1 PF
1 PF
CD
QD = CNj (1 PD ( ) )
N j
j =
N
QF = CNj (1 PF ( ))
j =
N j
(P
( ) )
(PF ( )) j
C 1 P N
F
ln F
C
1
P
D
D
=
k
P 1 PF
ln D
P
1
P
F
D
(18)
(19)
if 0
otherwise
(24)
B = C + CF QF CDQD
k opt =
0
(23)
(20)
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2015 1st International Conference on Telematics and Future Generation Networks (TAFGEN)
Fig. 2. ROC curves for the ED with and without noise uncertainty.
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2015 1st International Conference on Telematics and Future Generation Networks (TAFGEN)
of
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
[2]
[3]
Fig. 4. ROC curves for the ED versus SNR for different combining rules
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
Fig. 5. Bayes risk function in terms of detection threshold for different
combining rules when k = 1, 2, 3,, 6, no. of SUs (N=6), and SNR= 10 dB.
[10]
VI. CONCLUSION
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
27