Beruflich Dokumente
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UNIT -I
DC MACHINES
1. State the basic parts of a DC machine.
Stationary Parts: Frame, Main pole, field coils, interpoles, interpole winding
Rotating Parts: Armature core, Armature winding, Commutator, Shaft.
2. Name the various parts of a DC machine that control the magnetic circuit
Poles, Air-gap, Armature core, Yoke.
3. What is prime mover?
The basic source of mechanical power which drives the armature of the generator
is called prime mover.
4. How is voltage generated in rotating machines?
In rotating machines voltage is generated in windings or group of coils by rotating
them through a magnetic field or by mechanically rotating a magnetic field past the
winding or by designing the magnetic circuit so that the reluctance varies with rotation of
the rotor.
5. Write down the emf equation for d.c generator.
E = (NZ / 60)(P/A) V
Where,
P= number of poles
Z= Total number of conductors
A= number of parallel paths
= flux per pole
N= speed in rpm
6. Why is Commutator employed in d.c machines? Or what is the function of a
commutator in a DC generator?
(i) Conduct electricity between armature and fixed brushes
(ii) Converts alternating emf into unidirectional emf and vice versa
7. How will you change the direction of rotation of a d.c motor?
Either the direction of the main field or the direction of current through the
armature conductors is to be reserved.
8. What is back emf in d.c motors?
As the motor armature rotates, the system of conductor come across alternate North
and South Pole magnetic fields causing an emf induced in the conductors. The direction
of the emf induced in the conductors is in the direction opposite to the current .As this
emf always opposes the flow of current in motor operation it is called back emf.
Define
critical
field
resistance
in
dc
shunt
generator
Critical field resistance is defined as the resistance of the field circuit which will
cause the shunt generator just to build up its emf at a specified field.
14. Why is the emf not zero when the field current is reduced to zero in a dc
generator?
Even after the field current/magnetizing force is reduced to zero the machine is
left out with some flux as residue. Emf due to this residual flux is available when field
current is zero.
15. Define the term critical speed in dc shunt generator.
Critical sped is defined as the speed at which the generator is to be driven to
cause self-excited generator to Build up its emf for the given field circuit resistance.
16. On what occasions dc generators may not have residual flux?
(i) The generator may be put for its first operation after its construction.
(ii) In previous operation the generator would have been fully demagnetized.
17. What are the conditions to be fulfilled for a dc shunt generator to build up emf?
The generator should have residual flux
The field winding should be connected in such a manner that the flux set up
by the field
winding should be in the same direction as that of residual flux
The field circuit resistance should be less than critical field resistance
Load circuit resistance should be above its critical load resistance
18. What are the types of starters?
1. Two point starters
2. Three point starters
3. Four point starters
It acts as a protecting cover for the whole machine and provides mechanical
support for the machine.
It carries the magnetic flux produced by the poles. The flux per pole divides at
the yoke so that; the yoke carries only half the flux produced by each pole.
Unit-II
TRANSFORMERS
1. What is the function of a transformer?
Transformers are energy converting devices, converting AC electrical energy
with one level of voltage and current, to AC electrical energy with another level of
voltage and current
2. Mention the difference between core and shell type transformers.
In core type, the windings surround the core considerably and in shell type the
core surround the winding.
3. What is the purpose of laminating the core in transformers?
To reduce eddy current loss.
4. Give the emf equation of a transformer and define each term
Emf induced in primary coil E1 = 4.44 fFmN1 volt
Emf induced in secondary coil E2 = 4.44fFmN2 volt
Where, f is the frequency of AC input
Bm is the maximum value of flux in the core
N1, N2 are the number of primary and secondary turns.
5. Does the transformer draw any current when secondary is open? Why?
Yes, it (primary) will draw the current from the main supply in order to
magnetize the core and to supply iron and copper losses on no load. There will not be
any current in the secondary since secondary is open.
6. Define voltage regulation of a transformer
The change in secondary terminal voltage from no load to full load expressed as a
percentage of no load or full load voltage is termed as regulation.
% regulation = (0V2-V2) x 100/0V2
7. Full load copper loss in a transformer is 1600 watts. What will be the loss at half
load?
If x is the ratio of actual load to full load then copper loss = x2(full load copper
loss).Here Wc = (0.5)2 x 1600 = 400 watts
8. Define all day efficiency of a transformer.
It is the computed on the basis of energy consumed during a certain period, usually
a day of 24 hrs.
All day efficiency = output in kWh for 24 hrs /input in kWh for 24 hrs.
9. Why transformers are rated in kVA ?
Copper loss of a transformer depends on current and iron loss on voltage. Hence
total losses depend on Volt- Ampere and not on the power factor. That is why the rating
of transformers is in KVA and not in KW.
R1
V1
X1
R12
R0
X12
R12 (1-s)/s
X0
13. Explain the conditions for maximum torque under running condition.
The torque depends on slip at which motor is running. So the only
parameter which controls the torque is slip. So by differentiating the torque
equation with respect to slip the condition for maximum torque can be achieved.
That is slip is equal to the ratio between the rotor resistance and reactance.
R2 = SX2
14. Draw the power stages of an induction motor.
Motor
Input
in
Stator
P1
Stator
Cu &
Iron
losses
Rotor
Input
P2
Rotor
Cu
Loss
Gross
Torque
Tg
Friction
&Windage
losses
Rotor
Output
Pout
Squirrel Cage IM
Three phase winding
Very simple
Bars shorted with end rings
Can not be added
Absent
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Cost
Starting torque
Speed control
Losses
Efficiency
Applications
Usage
High
High
By rotor resistance
High
Low
Lifts, hoists, cranes
Only 5%
Low
Moderate
By rotor res. Not possible
Low
High
Laths, blowers, pumps
95%
26. What are the two fundamental characteristics of a rotating magnetic field?
The two fundamental factors of rotating magnetic field are,
1) The resultant of the three alternating fluxes separated from each other by
120 has a constant amplitude of 1.5 m where m is the maximum
amplitude of an individual flux due to any phase.
2) The resultant always keeps on rotating with a certain speed in space.
27. Define coil span factor.
The factor by which the induced emf gets reduced due to short pitching is
called pitch factor or coil span factor denoted as Kc.
K c cos Where, is the angle of short pitch
2
28. What are the requirements to be met with for paralleling of alternators?
The conditions to be satisfied for parallel operation of alternators are,
The terminal voltage of the incoming machine must be same as that of bus
bar voltage.
The frequency must be same as that of the incoming machine as well as
that of bus bar.
With respect to the external load, the phase of alternator voltage must be
identical with that of the bus bar voltage.
29. List the types of rotors of the synchronous generator. State their features.
There are two types of synchronous generator namely salient type and
cylindrical type rotor.
In salient pole structure, the air gap is non uniform. These poles are
mechanically weak and hence preferred for low speed alternators. Separate damper
winding is provided.
In cylindrical type structure, the air gap is uniform. It is mechanically robust
and hence preferred for high speed turbo alternators. Separate damper winding is not
necessary.
30. What are the functions of damping winding provided with alternator?
Damper windings are provided with the alternator to reduce the
oscillations.
31. Why the field system of an alternator made as a rotor? (Or) Why the
armature is made stationary in alternator?
The field system of an alternator is made rotating to avoid interaction of
mechanical and electrical stresses. Also with rotating field system, it is easier to
collect currents at very high voltages from stationary member. Due to low voltage
on field side, the insulation required is less. The problem of sparking is avoided.
The construction with rotating field is simple and only two slip rings are required
to provide external dc supply