THE

SYSTEM

MENTAL

PHILOSOPHY.

ASA
Atjthoe

of

"

The

Logic,"

MAHAN,

Science
''The

D.D.,

Intellectual

of

Science

LL.D.

Philosophy,"
Natural

of

Theology,"

"

The
etc.

EDITION.

FIFTH

CHICAGO;
J,

V.

BUCKBEE

"

122

AND

PUBLISHERS

COMPANY,
124

WABASH

AVENUE.

Science

of

EDUC.
PS/CH.

LIBRARY

COPYRIGHT,

BY

S.

C,

1882,

AND

GRIGGS

3"^"f^

J^

R.

R.

Donnelley

COMPANY

"

Sons,

Printers,

Chicago.

PREFACE

The

object
for

and

High

Two

facts

Schools
render

first

in the

treatises

two

purposes

of the

mind,

treatise

is to

for

the

other,

furnish

to

the

the

Science,
also

but

believed

the

by

of

pupil,

on

the

Author,

he

in

student

capable
has

of

done

so,

of

the

he

will
of

varied

the

have

be

out

of

the

as

the

not

of

each

to

teachers

success

(III)

of

of the

those
of

and,

on

system

is

fully

result

science,

of

that
vanced
ad-

every

Schools,
that

only
of

burden
over-

Intellect
It

High

faculties

different

The

Will.

and

attained

functions

place.

the

treatise,and

this

important suggestion,

An

entire

of

teaching

Academies

our

the

whole

to

not

College classes, but

our

fully mastering

understanding
also

in

only

pupil, not

every

in

furnish

to

hand,

this

ing
follow-

of the

one

not

states

ment
depart-

of the

as

of

Sensibilityand

thirtyyears' experience

some

the

Then,

one

"

concise

Philosophy,

and

but

defects

knowledge

full

of

elucidation

so

ises,
treat-

use.

object

these

time,

same

of

mind

Mental

merely,

the

at

Such

common

treat

clear

unadapted,

named.

The

both

remedy

Science.

use

large for

too

Mental

common

last

Intellect.

the

ample
sufficiently

the

in

not

Academies

our

of

system

exceptions, they

any

subject, and,

not

the

place, are

hardly

work

of

complete

furnish,

to

especially for

the

particularlyto

is

treatise

following

classes, but

College

only

with

the

of

to

the

when
a

is
he

distinct

mind,

but

faculties.

this

work, might

pupil in mastering

IV

PREFACE.

the

science,

clear

will

understanding

elucidations.

should

be

of

through

the

to

Primary

understand

far

With

the

and

the

pupil

has

the

close

of

with

judgment

appreciate

of

the

fully
the

he

increasing
the

suggestions,
all

who

work

are

subject.
The

and

explanations,

faculties,

portions
these

candid

to

as

of

definitions

careful

and

Intellectual

remaining

attainment

preliminary

When

as

the

upon

lessons,

work,

delight.
to

the

here.

given

the

mainly
of

Short

the

and

depend

Authok.

prehended
com-

sions
discus-

will

pass

interest

is

mended
com-

qualified

ANALYSIS

INTRODUCTION.

GENEKAL

CHAPTER

PRINCIPLES

I.

INDUCTION

OF

CLASSIFICATION.

AND

Page.

Principles
No

Stated

Facts

Facts

Principle
Like

Omitted,

Unlike
of

and

will

be

Classification

Assumed

None

Separated
of

in

"

Classes

Faculties

the

Referred

Unlike

Referred

Facts
Number

Determination

to

the

Faculties

of

of the

Laws

Must

be

Consistent

They

Must

be

Contradicted

They

Must

the

by

OF

Facts
-

Facts

None

Classification

II.

PHENOMENA

MENTAL

FACULTIES.

AND

Verified

By

Comparing

By

the

By

Substantive

By

Qualifying

By

Universal

2
2

Classified

Phenomena

2
2

2
2

-----

CHAPTER

CLASSIFICATION

of

with

All

Explain

Classes

Mind

of

They

the

as

Faculties

Separate

to

Faculty

Same

1
1

Facts

The

-------

------

Classes

the

Testimony

of

Consciousness

Terms

Terms

-----

Acceptance
Cv)

VI

ANALYSIS.

Page.

Faculties

Implied by

the

Classification

Intellect

Sensibilities

--..-.-6

Will

Mental

Faculties

Defined

THE

INTELLECT.

I.

INTELLECTUAL

Idea

of

Idea

of

Idea

of

Ideas

PHENOMENA.

Classification

Principleof
of

and

Necessary Ideas
Body Contingent
Space Necessary
Succession
Contingent
Time
Necessary

Defined

Finite

and

the

of Mental

10
-

Infinite

Idea

of Mental

Idea

of Personal

Division

of

Phenomena

and

Ideas

Unconditional

Idea

of External

Idea

of

Substance

Necessary

Idea

of

Substance

Clear

of Events

Idea

of Power

Explained
Phenomena

and

16

-16

16

-----

Contingent
and

Cause

Contingent, of
Necessary

15

16

of Substance

Idea

14

------

Idea

of Events

12
13

Relative

11
n

Identity

and

Contingent
IdentityNecessary

Conditional

Ideas

Personal

Phenomena

Necessary

10

of the

Ideas

CHAPTER

Contingent

PART

Idea

Distinct

17

-----

17
18

-----

Cause

17

Necessary

19

20

Vil

ANALYSIS.

CHAPTER

II.

PRIMARY

FACULTIES.

Page.

All

Knowledge

From

Contingent Ideas
Necessary Ideas

or

these

of

Chronological

Order

of

these

by Perception
Sense

External

From

Consciousness

or

Faculties

or

Classified

Locke

of

German

School

?j6

2Q

These

25
25

26
20

-27

25
25

24
24

Error

Internal

or

24
24

Fundamental

Perception
Internal
Perception

22

23

Perception
External
Sense
or
Perception
of Implied Knowledge
Reason
Sense
or
These
Faculties, Why Called Primary
All Simple Ideas are
from
One
of These
All Complex Ideas
are
Composed from
Why Called Intuitive?
of the

22

Ideas

Classified

Consciousness

Error

-22

Faculties

From

Primary

Intellectual

Knowledge

Ideas

22;

or

Logical Order
Primary

Sources

Perceived

Implied

Two

,28

IH.

CHAPTER

CONSCIOUSNESS.

Consciousness
Immediate

Defined
and

30

------

Mediate

Knowledge

Immediate
Knowledge by Consciousness
has Absolute
Knowledge by Consciousness
Objects of Consciousness
I_Myself
Personalityand Identity

An

of

Stew^art

Objection Answered

31

32

--------

Error

32

-----

31

Validity

30

33
34

-------

-----

34

ANALYSIS.

Vlll

Page.

Natural

Consciousness
Philosophical

and

Consciousness
True

Verified

Theory
The

Distinct

Universal

All

Nations

Conviction

to

37

35

by

Having

Unlikeness

The

Faculty

Recognition

Object

of

SpecificTerm

all other

Virtual

Mankind

of

Consciousness

38

Phenomena

Mental

of all

for it

Philosophers

Prior

the

to

38

38

38

State

39

IV.

CHAPTER
SENSE.

Distinguishedfrom Sensation
Spontaneous and Voluntary
of

Organs

Sense

Sense
-

Objects of Perception
of Philosophy, Facts
Province
Validityof Sense and Consciousness
Theory of External
Perception
Theory Verified

40

their Office

and

40

42

43

_-_.__

"

43

45

46

_______

Qualities

Matter

of

46

------

-47

Primary Qualities
Secundo-Primary Qualities
-__-_-

Error

of

Matter
Is Color

Presentative

Philosophers

Existence

of

not
a

Primary

48

49

50

------

Real

or

Force
or

Knowledge

Known

Matter, Ideal
Mere

47

______

Matter, How

of

Qualities

48

Secondary Qualities

Representativeand

44

51

Secondary Quality ?
CHAPTER

50

53

V.

REASON.

Reason

Defined

Sphere

of

Reason

55

-------

56

ANALYSIS.

IX

Page.

and

Ideas

Primary
Secondary
Validityof Knowledge by Reason
Mistake
Concerning Knowledge
Error

President

of

of

Reason

57

Hickok

Notions

of

VI.

and

Valid

FACULTIES.

Defined

Error

64
_

Conceptions
and

Complete

and

and

Inferior

Incomplete

66

Specific

Absolute
and

Negative

Superior
Conceptions,not Perceptions Recalled
A Fact often Attending Perception
Mr.

Mistake

of

Coleridge

68
68

and

of

67
68

Characteristic

Mistake

6(j
66

Reflective
and

65
66

Positive, Privative
Concrete

Spontaneous and
Individual,Generic
Concrete

Classified

Invalid

and

59
61

SECONDARY

Source

Priori

CHAPTER

Understanding

57

Stewart

69
69
69
69

CHAPTER

70

VII.

JUDGMENT.

Faculty Defined
Acts of Judgment
Quantity
Quality

71

Classified

Relations

72
72

73
73

Modality
Intuitive

72

and

Empiricaland

Deductive

74

Rational

74

ANALYSIS.

Page.

General

Characteristics

with

Identical

Predicate

Subject Implies

the

of

Abstraction
General

Universal

and

and

Sense

what

Reasoning

or

in

Terms

and

How

88

89
89

-_-._-

89

-.-_-__.

Facts

86

87

Propositions

of

Judgment,

87

Propositions

of

90

-------

of the

Principlesof

Hypotheses

86

of

Limitation

Conditions

------

Elements

of

85
-

By Negation
Relation

Syllogism

of

and

84

-----

of Terms

Simple

84

--__-_

for Conversion

By

81

84

Deduction

of the

Conversion

82

for Distribution

Rules

Arbitrary
______

Syllogism

Rules

Error

81

---_-_-

of Valid

Constituent

79

-.____

Species

Distribution

81

Judgments

Figures

Ideas

Generalization

of

Inferred

Facts

79

---____

Generalization

The

-78

Necessary

in
Classification,

Basis

77

77

Classification

of

Rules

-----._

Classification

Genera

76

--____

Notions

Terms

76
-

---_-._

Notions

Abstract

75
75

in Generalization

Judgment

Incompatibilityof Objects
Act

Subject

Predicate

the

to

Predicate
Science

Principles
in

Science

Assumptions
Improved

Philosophy

Deduction

in

91

"

Science

91

90
91

90

93

93

ANALYSIS.

XI

CHAPTER

VIII.

ASSOCIATION.

Page.

Term

Defined

Why

Preferred

Not

95

.----..-

without

95

----._.

Law

96*

-_----.

of Association

Law

96

----__

of Association

Explained
Facts Otherwise
Inexplicable
Facts of Analogy
of Dreaming
Phenomena
Phenomena

98

99

Facts

Different

Why

From

Relations

From

Relation

From

Accidental

Mistake

of

the

to

Objects

Influence

in

Changes

in Such

and

Associated

Genius

without

Slander
Influence

Libel

on

Mental

Traits

112

112

IX.
RECOLLECTION.

Memory

111

AND

109

Ill

114

in

108

MEMORY

Estates of Mind

108

110

108
108

_.__--

of Association

Defined

CHAPTER

Terms

106

Prejudices
and

105

---_--

Associations

Unfounded

Judgment

Taste

104

Fashion

with

103

103
103

Standards

Genius

Vicious

of Taste

100
100

Individuals

of Habit

Standards

Feelings
Objects

Associations

Different

Nature

our

Concerning Association

Association

Similar

Between

Objects Excite

Similar

Resemblance

From

of Somnambulism

of Diseases

99

Phenomena

97

114

ANALYSIS.

Xll

Page.

Feeling Revived
Simple Apprehension
Past

Verified

Above

Consciousness

From

Mode

and

of

of

115

Recollection

116

116

117
117

-----

Memory

118

______

118

-------

118
119

-------

Retentive

of

Memory

Memory

Improvement

of

Distinct

of

of

and
the

the

121

121

120

121
122

122
-

CHAPTER
THE

119

121

-_.-_-

Memory

124

X.

IMAGINATION.

Imagination Defined
Distinguished from

Memory

Write

Aged

Illustration

SystematizeKnowledge
Exercise

120

Conceptions

Converse

------

Memory
of Impressions

Distinctness

115
115

Impressions

Mind

Artificial

Duration

-.-.-_..

and

114
114

_-__..

of the

Local

Memory

--.___-

Philosophic

Powers

Circumstances

Ready

Object

Recalling

Easy

Attention

Diversities

115

of Distinct

Conditions

State

of the

-____--

From

Distinct

of Circumstances

Revival

114

'

127

------

128
-

Fancy

129

-----

Spontaneous and Reflective Imagination

View
of Coleridge
Its Creations
not
Always Fictions

131

___---

130

131

xill

ANALYSIS.

Page.

Confined

Imagination

not

Law

of Taste

to

as

Imagination the
Ideals

Particular

Not

Confined

136

Not

Changeless

and

Beauty

to

Sublimity

137

Progress

"

Human

and

139

Imagination without Taste

Productions
of Imagination and
Improvement of Imagination

140

-----

Fancy

Idea

The
Ideas

143

-----

144

-_.-__-

of

Obligation

Self and

Act

or

145

Relations

Relations

Perception of
to

145

-----

Refuse

146

of the
Summum
of

147

with

the

Useful,

or

Idea

of

the

Good

Bonum

Liberty and

of the

146
146

of Fitness

Right

Beautiful

Wrong

and

148
148

...

149

Necessity

and

the

.
_

150
150

Liberty and Will

Their ChronologicalAntecedents
Idea

142

143

Know

to

Synonymous
Idea

ChronologicalAntecedents

Power

141

--_-_._

Foundation

Actual

141

RESUMED.

Secondary Ideas of Reason

Idea of Right and Wrong

Power

XI.

REASON

The

CHAPTER

Necessary

138
139

-.-_..-

Universal

137
138

-_-__.

of Mental

Defined

136
136

General

Divine

134
134

_-.--__

and

Foundation

Taste

of Ideals

.-.-.-.

Explained

Ideals

Source

Defined

Idea

Poetry
Imagination
to

Sublime

...

150
151

ANALYSIS.

These

Ideas

in the
their

Objections to
Idea

of the

Influence

of

Some

to

I54.

Forms

154

154

155

155

155

157

..-..-.

157

ChronologicalAntecedent
Law

of

Law

Subjectiveand Objective

Inference

158

Above

the

from

of Proof

Fundamental
The

Pure
Mixed

159

160
160

161

------

of Science

162

Sciences

-162

162

-------

162

--------

Authority of
Objections

Reason

159

Thinkers
Superficial

and

Conscience

Relation

158

-------

Sciences

Conscience

PhilosophicIdea
Idea

158

.------.

ChronologicalAntecedent

Nature

Idea

Its

154

of Truth

Idea
Its

--_--._

Defined

Poetry

154

Cousin

Harmony

153

ChronologicalAntecedents
Idea

as

152

Agree

from

Agreement

Persons

Illustration

Universality

of Defects

Fundamental
All

Savage
Development

of

Degrees

Mind

as

Conscience
-

of Reason
to

all Men

OF

164

164
165

I60

XII.

CHAPTER
LAVV^S

Faculties

Other

to

Bible

163

in the

Used

Common

INVESTIGATION.

Investigationand

Reasoning Distinguished

Substances, How

Known

166
166

ANALYSIS.

XV

Page.

of Induction

Purposes

Discover

To

Attributes
.

Classify into

To

Discover

To

Genera

General

Discover

To

-167

and

167

Species

Facts

Universal

167

167

Laws
.

167

.
^

Principles of
Rules

Induction

167

Classification

for

168

---___

Rules

for the

Probable

and

Order

of

Rules

Improbable

Sequence
the

for

of Laws

of

Credibilityof

Witness

174
-

of

Words

and

Conduct

Motives

Accord

Reveal

Traits

Concurrent

to

with
with

Accord

Our

of the
before

Apparent

Undesigned

175

Unknown
-

175
176

175

176
-----

in Material
of

States

175
175

Agent

Facts

Witnesses

what

Different

Another

176
176

Omits

Contradictions

Coincidences

176

One

Credible

Concurrence
Characters

175

Experience

Agent

Testimony

Deny

Character

in the

Witness

174

"

Falsify

to

Motives

of

Facts

of

174

Circumstances

Presence

Each

174

Corroborating

174

Facts

Forgetfulness

or

of

Absence

174

Deception

Agreement

-172

Observation

Facts

171

Capacity

If

170

172

Veracity

No

170

169

--.--_-.

Characteristics

Grounds

Facts

Discovery

Testimony
Its

General

of

Discovery

176
177

XVI

ANALYSIS.

CHAPTER

XIII.

INTELLIGENCE

BKUTES.

IN

Page.

Foundation

of

Resemblance

Facts

Argument

between

178

Men

and

Man

Brutes
Scientific,

Man

Progressive,Brutes

Man

Moral

Agent,

Applied

Brutes

179

179

not
not

Brutes

not

182

PART

183
183

II

SENSIBILITIES.

THE

CHAPTER

I.

RECAPITULATION.

The

Diversities

Characteristics

Relations

and

of the

of the

Phenomena

Sensibilities

194

Necessary
Transitory
One

194

or

Each

Tends

Importance

Modifies

or

Unlike

Destitute

194

---__"-

Excludes

Like

to

of the

Another

Impulses
Unlimited

of Moral

Subject

SENSIBILITIES

Gratification
_

195
195

....

Qualities

195
196
196

------

CHAPTER

Classification

193

II.
CLASSIFIED.

199

XVlll

ANALYSIS.
Page.

Concordant

and

Discordant

Emotions

Sympathetic and Repellant Emotions

Congruous and Incongruous Emotions
Agreeable and Disagreeable Emotions

CHAPTER
MENTAL

The

Affections
Love

of

216

215

217

V.

PROPENSITIES.

-219

Society

214

"

219

Love

of Kindred

220

Love

of Sexes

221

Love

of Friends

Love

of Home

222

Love

of

Country
the Species

Love

of

Love

of Benefactors

Love

of God

Characteristics

225
-

of the Affections

226

THE

The

224
225

227
228

VI.

CHAPTER

Classified

DESIRES.

230

----_--_

Desire

of Continued

The

Desire

of Action

231

The

Desire

of

231

The

Desire

of Esteem

232

The

Desire

of Power

232

The

Desire

of

The

Desire

of Imitation

The

Desire

of

Superiority

The

Desire

of

Hoarding

The
Remarks

Desire
upon

Knowledge

x\uthority

Desires

230

233

-----

of Order
the

Existence

234

-----

.
_

~
_

.
.

-----

234

235
235
236

xix

ANALYSIS.

CHAPTER

YII.

ACTIVE

GENERAL

PRINCIPLES.
Page.

Classification

239

--

239

Self-Defense
Self-Love
Conscience
Love

240

----_--.

241

---_---_

242

of Justice

VIII.

CHAPTER
COMPLEX

Characteristics
Classes

PHENOMENA,

244

245

--_-.-...

Wishing
Lusting

245

Covetousness

245

-._-_-._

and

Holiness, Virtue
Selfishness

246

Vice

246

--------

Hatred, Wrath, Malice

Gluttony

-247

248

248

------_.

248

Revenge

----_-___

249

.'.---_..-

Emulation

251

-_--.---

Ambition

251

---.___.

Jealousy

251

-----.-__

CHAPTER

Repentance
Faith

254
--------

IX.
PROPENSITIES.

RELIGIOUS

Patience

247
--

Avarice

Love

------..

Licentiousness

Pride

245

256

258
----...--

260

ANALYSIS.

XX

Page.

261

Humility
A

....

Filial

The

Spirit

Spirit of Forgiveness

262
264

264

Forbearance
-__--_-_

Condescension

264
_.___--

Meekness

265
---------

Just

Hatred

265
-_--..--

PART

III.

THE

Point

How

Agent
the

269

Must

Answered

be

of

the

273

------

Motive

Strongest

Choosing;

of the

Will

Principle

not

to

274
-

of

the

as

to

Idea

of

The

Will

Agreement

275
-

Motives

275
-

Will

276

-----

276
-

277
-

Liberty
Subject

Liberty

Intention, Choice, Volition, Preference

of

,-

273

Points

272

--------

as

Universal

270

Inspiration

Foreknowledge

Relations

-----

Objections

Conscious

269
-

Consciousness

of
from

Will

268
-----

Question

Evidence

The

Defined

Defined

Testimony

Divine

267

-------

Necessity

and

Liberty
Free

Question

in

WILL.

278
to

Habit

279

OF

SYSTEM

PHILOSOPHY.

MENTAL

GENERAL

INTRODUCTION.

CHAPTER

PRINCIPLES

OF

the

following:

Consciousness,

in
and

will

none

deductions,

be

all

1.

thus

given

essential

together in

which

sciences, and

adduced
real.

as

disregarded;

as

the

2.

and

in

These

or

be

arated,
sep-

alike, will
are

in

the

reaching

of

of

opposite classes;

developing

condition

immutable

basis

Phenomena,

characteristics
class.

same

or

unlike, will

distinct

quiries,
in-

our

mind, facts given

omitted,

or

essential

obtain

must

the

as

be

of

in all

fact, universally obtain

in

do,

facts

characteristics

the

RESPECT

classification to -which

maintained,

No

supposed,

facts, in their

ranked

mind,

be

ranged together in

or

while

be

and

real, will

as

not

facts, in their

will

IN

MIND.

induction

adherence

the

are

OF

FACTS

principlesof

strictest

CLASSIFICATION

AND

INDUCTION
TO

The

I.

the

ciples
prin-

all other
science
any

of

valid

deductions.

BY

PRINCIPLES

OF

NUMBER,
MIND

THE

The
and

WHICH

ARE

AND

FACULTIES

THE

TO

BE

of

the

OP

SUSCEPTIBILITIES

OBTAINED.

general princij^leby

number

AND

CHARACTER

NATURE,

THE

which

faculties, and
(1)

the

nature,

character,

of
susceptibilities

the

MENTAL

mipd

be

to

are

determined, is

mind, such

of

As
class of

the essential

are

this

facts,such

question it,three
whose

referred
2.

Facts

which

said

and
and

facts

the

and

and

number

of these

OF

The
which

its diverse

its diverse
claim

lay

must

to

be

and

the

regarded
be

explain

law

consistent
them

essential
to

as

of

be

all.

regarded as

in

sciousness.
con-

LAWS

THE

By

the

mind, and

of

the

all

2.

can

these

action

of mind.

of
It

1.

referred

no

one

any

claim

hypothesis must
facts, but

failure

utterlythe

by

have

Said

all these

law

Law

facts

contradicted

manifest

distinct

given

characteristics

with,

mind.

fact,annihilates

of the

controlled.

are

consciousness,

with

ties
separate Facul-

of

Any hypothesis,
susceptibilities.

following

of

be

to

are

principlesin conformity to

act, or

hypothesis,undeniably
fact

be

to

are

CHARACTER.

high prerogative of

consistent

1. All

ities.
susceptibil-

DETERMINE

AND

those

faculties

the

possess

consist^or

only

NUMBER

are

faculties

wit:

nature,

number

TO

will

susceptibility.

phenomena

explainthe phenomena

laws, we

Any

THEIR

of mind

in their

From

none

the same,

are

the

as

ARE

WE

WHICH

MIND,

laws

that

distinct and

separate classes of mental

BY

valid

or
separate faculties,

is
Susceptibilities

PRINCIPLES

referred.

faculty,or

same,

particular

any

particularfaculty

are

obviously

characteristics

distinct

to

of

of the

facts

ties.
Susceptibili-

general principlesarise,to

one

3. The

to

nature

fundamentally dissimilar

referred

diverse

Faculties, and

is the

essential

to

the

are

as

characteristics

general principleso

facts

tliis:

its diverse

are

to
susceptibility

or

PHILOSOPHY.

to

claim

Mind,
must

it.

to

damental
funto

be
not

fully

must

explaina single
of any

3. These

esis
hypoth-

facts

must

be

explicable
Facts

in

hypotheses,

any

in

shall

law.

classifications

our

wliich

our

such

as

we

inquiries,
ever

satisfaction

on

enjoy,
and

and

laid

have

as

down,

the

in

assurance

high
all

our

then

shall

the

to

find

we

three

acteristics
char-

adherence,
the

all

principles

ourselves,

in

be

the

wrong.

all

and

knowledge,

deductions,
not

But,

demonstrably

certain

can

neither,

mind.

of

stands

leading
that

law

to

distinct

affirm,

undeviating

an

road

esis.
hypothmore

can

deductions,

we

or

possesses
it

By

two

and

other,

designated,

above

revealed,

with

undeniably

hypothesis

conceivable

or

affirm,

the

from

distinction

when

consistent

equally

opposite

and

actual

other

no

upon

INTRODUCTION.

GENERAL

inward

PHILOSOPHY.

MENTAL

CHAPTER

CLASSIFICATION

II.

AND

PHENOMENA

MENTAL

OF

FACULTIES.

PHENOMENA.

MENTAL

Mind

Universal
classes

distinct
which

mental

of

all

comprehend

conceivable,

be

may

operations

thinking,feeling,and

form

conception of

we

act

full

conceive

must

of

mental

willing or
distinct

and

Science

will be

to

the

not

in

degree^
clear

whether
distinct

or

emotions, and

volition

or

but

in

every

and

intention,on

to

whatever,

feeling,or

an

This, then, is

operations

of

the

developing

in

classification

differ from

Thought,

obscure, remains

kind

the

which
:

VERIFIED.

kind.

all its

desires, on

mind
a

or

attempt

we

followingconsiderations

phenomena

feeling in

from

willingof

of

mind, actual

into account

CLASSIFICATION

classes

the

Philosophy, a

fullyverified by

1. These

the

determination.
of

phenomena,

If

thought, or

taken

be

Mental

of

willing.

classification

mind, operations
the

it,as

entirely-

represented by

operation of

any

of

the

of

and

expressed

terms;
a

These

others.

the

of

is

which

of

each

phenomena,

either

from

and recognized,
three
distinguished,

has

the

hand,

degree, such
the

other.

another,

all

degrees,

totally,and

forms, such
one

in

one

as

So

as

and

equally,
sensations,
all acts

choice,
of

of

purpose,

feeling,in

MENTAL

inflexible
purposes^
We

thoughts.
desires,but

5. The

mental

of

the

the

mental

faculties

tions.
determina-

or

classification

of

consideration,is clearlyis

demanded

now

generallyrecognized

so

in this

connection.

additional

any

proceed

now

and

science,that nothing further

presentation of
will

and

under

mind, and

on

feelings or

iiTepressibleemotio?is

distinction
now

subject is

therefore,we
mental

of

irrepressible
thoughts

threefold

in treatises

inflexible

of

never

speak

phenomena
by universal

marked

upon

but

also

never

PHILOSOPHY.

to

considerations,

enumeration

an

this classification

implied by

out
With-

of
of

the

mental

phenomena.
MENTAL

The

FACULTIES

IMPLIED

threefold

division

phenomena
imply

above

and

classification

To

all the

refer

the

second

desires; and

divides
the

phenomena
of

WOM-Id

by

no

the

first

we

faculty,

all its forms.

sensations,

as

of

acts

mind,

willing,

science

of

parts, a

development

Intellect,
"

and

of

quently,
conse-

of

the Sensibility"and

Will.
THE

speak

we

of

the

last,all

usage,

the

Intelligence,

or

thought, in

the

to

The

laws

and

general

To

of

division

feelings,such

itself into three

OF

MEANING

When

with

Will.
of

all

refer

determinations.

mental

Powers,

mental

undeniably

classification

Intellect

terms;

phenomena
we

emotions, and
or

and

which, in accordance

represent by the

of

clearlyand

or

and
or
Sensibility
Sensitivity,
we

classification

presented,most

Faculties, Functions,

CLASSIFICATION.

THIS

corresponding division

Mental

shall

BY

means,

of

WORDS,
a

be

FACULTIES.

MENTAL

diversityof

mental

understood,

as

faculties,we

holding, or

as

CLASSIFICATION

the

teaching,
made

wild

of

up

another.

Mind

this

This
this

to

Mental

Will.

and
mind

of

itself, will,

at

mental

the

Intelligence,

that

The

parts.
mind,

or

of

diversity

to

that
term

any

functions
of

the

made

not

Faculty,

is

substances,

this
or

applicable

the

of
one

the

identical

parts.

of

each

speak

the

mind

without

so

we

Intellect

applied
same,

to

Will,

and

the

to

we

of

faculty

compound

whether

department
of

of

which

respect

substance,

one

Faculties

faculty

in

as

Sensibility,

As

Sensibility

the
is

powers

faculties

enumerated.
as

distinct

willing,

Intellect,

equally

tain
per-

words,

the

and

above

example,

the

of

mind,

terms;

appear

mind

diverse

that

implying

by

the

one

which

of

being

speak

tions,
func-

from

by

feeling,

of

above

for

from

the

the

of

speak

faculties

distinct

implying

faculties

once,

the

we

thought,

observations

The

entirely

another,

of

distinct

phenomena

one

division.

of

diversity

is

blended

of

susceptible
of

body,
from

diversity

designate

the

stated,

the

capabilities, all

of

hence,

of

like

entirely

are

one

as

not

separated

of

and

separate

designate,

we

be

we

from

and

may

capable

which

susceptibilities

distinct

mind,

substance,

one

separate

and

is

diversity

Faculties,

that

substance

one

operations,

another.

of

is

FACULTIES.

constituted

substance

one

or

and

which

is not
It

MENTAL

dogma,

parts

substances.
Yet

OP

may

without

diversity

to

whole

the

implies
substance,

of

sity
divernot

PAET

THE

I.

INTELLECT.

CHAPTER

I.

INTELLECTUAL

The

sphere

of Mental

departments

of

Doctrine

the

Part

of

the

Phenomena^

Intelligence.

classification
all that
other

of every

through

the

What
to

What
are

what

we

first
the

are

their

the

The

one

of

true

of

the

OF

be

may

be

pied,
occu-

science,

well

this, as

to

of

eye

us

sciousness,
Con-

?
and

In

revealed

conformity

arranged

CLASSIFICATION.

principle,in conformity

phenomena

be

gence.
Intelli-

thus

thought

classified

the

present themselves

characteristics

fundamental

of

the

lie under

of

ment
develop-

is revealed

mind,

now

pied
occu-

of

the

know,

can

be

Laws

principles of

inquirieswhich
phenomena

will

or

which

principlesshall they

is

with

phenomena

know,

will

and

the

"

Sensibilities

chapter

present

department

PRINCIPLE

There

The

phenomena
the

of

the

Intellect, or

Faculties^

with

accordance

Intellect

present treatise

the

of

ceding
pre-

fundamental

of the

analysis of

an

in the

three

Science

the

I. of

Science

As

are

and

the

in

as

Will"

with

Human

"with

"

indicated

as

itself

in

the

inquiry

Mind.

the

of

Science,

includes

chapter,

of

PHENOMENA.

to

which

properly classified,and
^8)

lectual
all intelin

the

light of which,
phenomena

all

distinct

separate, the

and

of

as

with
existing,

the

of

conceive
these

is

of

conceptions
it

of

relations.

fundamental,

CONTINGENT

object

an

of universal

AND

of its

existence,
non-

with

the

or

If

must

we

the

we

other

of

therefore,
principleof classification,

The
and

one

all

at

tingently
con-

conceived

existing

as

fallingunder

as

Every

its non-existence.

of

of

existingeither

as

to

entirely

other.

of concewhig
possibility

impossibilityof conceiving
any

of

conceived

it is

or

have

the

from

one

refer

two

are

necessity:that is,that object is

of

or

modes, there

is conceived

object of thought

We

conceived

objects of thought are

these

of such

characteristics

presented.
distinctly

very

intelligence.Of

the

by

be

may

in which

the modes

fundamental

the

PHENOMENA.

INTELLECTUAL

application.
THOUGHT

OF

PHENOMENA

NECESSARY
DEFINED.

Every thought,conception,cognition,or idea, then, by

whatever

term

of the

phenomena
or

we

be

may

An

idea

here

existing

as

is necessary
the

All

contingent

as

with

the

its

object

of
possibility

now,

to

the
the

one

or

illustrate
a

is conceived

object

of the

as

functions
which

we

as

existence.
non-

as

relations.

classification

adequate

an

its

of

of these

principleof
to

of

must,
intelligence

other

the basis of

different

notice

the

the

reference

particularphenomena,
In

its

phenomena

under

adopted, by

pertainingto

when

of conceiving
impossibility

the

above, fall

It remains

of

all the

its non-existence.

existing with
shown

be classed

Intelligence,
may

conceived

conceivingof

designate it,

to

conception is contingent^ when

necessary.

choose

may

number

of

important distinctions
or

of

powers

shall take

of

the

telligen
in-

particular

10

THE

consideration, will be

under

those

important characteristics,aside

other

phenomena,

OF

IDEA

will

We

begin

While

We

believe

and

that

The

power

it.

The

time

the

holds

same

They

idea

of the
the

of

objectof

OF

IDEA

We

turn

now

of

all

kind.

All

universe,

non-existence.
not

as

these

the

They

do

existing. There

propositionsas

contradiction

true.

them.

between

always conceive

We

the

of,
possibility

conceived

which

the

conceive

of

being

can

universe

the

this, can

we

of the

as

not

form

as

itself.
conceive

idea

of space.

the

tion
annihila-

But

when

that

space,

? We

we

We

No

cannot.

conception.

Of

in

cannot.

as
reality,
reallyexisting.

being
such

of

be annihilated

exists,may

of space

of it

consideration

above, readilyconceive

universe

conceive

NECESSARY.

SPACE

bodies, of

have

we

to

shown

as

can,

also annihilate

the entire

existing,with

as

exist.

to

cease

of, at
possibility

contingent.

that idea

existence,

no

it will

the

of

can

time, conceivingot its non-existence.

same

We

is

then

body

it had

being, may

their

perceived

any

lies before

its non-existence.

itself,and

of

one

any

bodies, of every

be conceived

may

is there

The

We

world

the

us,

into

of all

true

fication.
classi-

body, as existing,we

when

of conceiving of
difficulty

no

Nor

at

brought it

which

Take

body.

when

was,

come,

may

these

of

grounds

example, which

this

of

time, conceiving

exist.

of

an

contemplate as existingwith

same

is

for

time

that the

objectsaround
we

the

perfect readiness, conceive

with

also,

conceive

we

developed, while

as

the idea

with

from

CONTINGENT.

BODY

please,the book,

we

us.

mind

kept prominentlyin

will be

body

INTELLECT.

this

Can

gent
intellievery

INTELLECTUAL

is

one

perfectlyconscious.

the
of

universe

entire

of all these

The

idea

that

whose

then
as

time.

ceive
necessarilycon-

we

he

will

absolute

find

the

impossibility.

existing,with

the

impossibilityof

AND

when

We

will

developed

as

having
took

of

the

DURATION.

No

at

succeeded

the

individual,

all,will

event,

one

place in

mark

now

of

speak

you

another,

OR

TIME,

minds.
intelligent

been

fact that that succession

of

conceive

conceive

in all

are

you,
of

of

We

intelligencehas

happened;

bodies,
to

attempt

one

of

is necessary.

SUCCESSION,

ideas

understand

of all other

in which

space,

conceived

its non-existence.

OF

These

and

conception,an

idea

conceiving of
IDEAS

world,

have

we

objectsas existing,and

of space

object of

of

such

of

formation

When

itself,let any

anniliilation

the

this

of

the non-existence

11

PHENOMENA.

some

fail to

having

as

the

it; and

of

definite

period

characteristic

these

of

ideas.
IDEA

You

can

and

of another

conceive

that neither

all events,

time.

The

such

some

event

one

having
events
a

of

as

it.

succeeded
Can

occurred

conception.

all succession

of

idea

CONTINGENT.

of succession.

of these

readilyform

can

SUCCESSION

of

as

the idea

have

you

of

OF

of

succession,like

having happened,
In

same

every
that

individual

Every

The

of

words,

conceive^

not

you

other

holds

true

and

in all

kind,

body,

fore
is there-

contingent.
THE

But

when

succession,we
there

is

no

we

OF

IDEA

have

find it

TIME

conceived

NECESSARY.

of the total

absolutelyimpossibleto

time, or duration, in which

cessation
conceive

succession

may

of
that
take

12

INTELLECT.

THE

We

place.

can

time, than

we

like that of space,

The

OF

only bear

not

each, in

common,

This

limits,or
finite

and

philosophersof

by

undeniably,in

are,

the

from

one

derived

other.
the

from

give the

cannot

find the

the

These

They

ideas, that

infinite

ideas

then

the

Nor

by dividing the

in

the

mind

remarked,

the

one

The
the

do

sarily
neces-

one

cannot

one

Yet,

other.

as

the

from

perfectlydistinct

is

finite

the

infinite

ideas,the

without

be

cannot

one

infinite.

other.

contrary,

distinct,the

of
multiplication

correlative

whatever

the

also

are

other,

they pertain,

to

say

Consequently

suggests the

of

of the

the

on

which

schools, may

Being

Those

out
objects,as being with-

The

and

possibly exist

finite.

or

objectsto

mind.

succession,

other.

finite.

supposes

above

the

of

and

body

these

of

itself.

certain

of

their

Each

the

from

all

in

exist

necessity,but

of

limitable

hand, and

one

they

as

object as absolutelyinfinite.

ideas

object,as

infinite.

considered

be

its

pertainto

detached

be

may

we

its

as

the

on

time, then,

INFINITE.

characteristics

The

duration

and

space

Duration,

and

pertainsto

pertainsto

THE

OP

AND

the

undeniable.

is

each

FINITE

Space

of

minds,

idea of

The

of

is necessary.

THE

ideas

annihilation

the

of

of that of space.

can

IDEAS

conceive

more

no

other.
Nor
When

is

of these

one

speak

of the

apprehends
finite.

The

ideas

less disthict

infinite,
every
my

meaning,

as

one

as

when

the

than

readilyand
I

speak

following propositions,for example

limitable ; space

is illimitable

"

are

other.

"

tinctly
dis-

of

body

the
is

to
equallyintelligible

all minds.
There

are

other

forms

in

which

these

ideas

appear

in

14

THE

of

pnenomena,

period,been

former

in

forth
this

did

thought,feeling,and

form

feel,I did will

of all similar

is meant

the idea
in the

IDEA

An

mind,

idea

conceived
other

of mental

is said to

also, impliesthat
therefore, are
ideas.

The

of the

ideas

of all other

act

of

You

have

of

will.

now

being, or

place ?

phenomena

You

shown

its

RELATIVE.

object

be

can

condition, that

some

exist, without

to

The

ceiving
con-

of

body

and

also

sion,
succes-

relative

perceivehereafter,holds

and

for

realityof succession,

ideas

consciousness

You

true

add

events,

and

of

thought,feeling,or

as

can.

conscious.

having been,

of them

as

Can

not

you

some

similar

remember

formerly

were

conceive

shall

ever

might

we

contingent ideas.

you

not

we

our

personalidentity

only contingent,but

not
as

same,

body
The

of time.

is

also,existing. Thus,

as,

existing.

This

unity of

AND

the

conceive
as

space

of

be,

their characteristics.

upon

conceived

cannot

we

of

to

may

Having

relative, when

be

about

pluralityand

CONTINGENT

but
existing,

object is
of

It is the

and

put

equallytrue

subject.

the

to

phenomena

PHENOMENA

as

example,

its

as

to

think, I

phenomena

consciousness.

will consider

we

MENTAL

OF

the

given

of

changing phenomena

are

is

; I did

contemplate, as

we

self as opposed

or

that

which

some

in
intelligence

holds

same

by personalidentity.

of the I

being

The

so.

Whatever

time.

identical

same

what

and

so

in the

given

are

we

in

expect

we

think, I feel, I will

"

phenomena

in future

the

time,

having

which

of, or

which

willing,of

recall,as

we

conscious

future

some

exclusive

occur

which

conscious,

now

are

INTELLECT.

phenomena
conceive

You
actual

being

or

conceive

never

of

such

which

of them

realities.
as

of

Can

as

you

having taken
phenomena

INTELLECTUAL

as

existing

having existed,

or

subject

some

volition

thought, feeling, or
in

existed

the

How

OF

conscious

You

recall

been

PERSONAL

is it with

now

of

existing,or

now

referring it

others, of

to

wills

some

having

as

ject,
sub-

some

You

not.
can-

contingent

are

the

others

its
and

long
the

since

the

done

in

this reference?
a

thought,

subject
mental

vicious

which

virtuous
blamed

are

Under

justice in

the

body.

Is

It is not.

thinks.

You
or

identity,then,

cannot

any

without

subject, yourself.
is necessary.

years

ago.

avoid

of

referring
The

idea

warded,
re-

for actions

for

conceive
some

of

which

them
of

the

making

it to

conscious

others

all

anticipate

referring
be

in

selves
our-

state

to

must

hold

possibly

cannot

the

and

we

future

possible

without

recall

formerly conscious,,
same

it

You

example,

made

punished

have

make
we

its influence

eternal

phenomenon,

the

and

will.

alike

commended

are

of

sometimes

mankind

fulfill contracts

to

are

and

it is

as

You

you

one

its influence

of

for

to

universally

Under

the

performed.

retributions

deeds

mankind

bound

influence,

all

act

which

refer

you

and

you

life.

of

of

consciousness,

reference

transactions

Under

of

feeling,or

or

nature,

This

reference

This

and

NECESSARY.

personal identity?

similar

conscious.

This

make.

of

thought,

some

subject,the

called.

IDENTITY

idea

the

of

formerly

same

and

conceive

you

consciousness

of

phenomena

IDEA

were

can

to

relative.

and

of

referringthem

thinks, feels,or

which

being

AH

as

without

times, without

former

some

words,

other

In

15

PHENOMENA.

to

any
you
one

personal

16

INTELLECT.

THE

IDEAS

NECESSARY

CONDITIONAL

AS

DISTINGUISHED

AND

UNCONDITIONAL.

Here

and

of space

exists

shall

we

absolute.

and
personalidentity,

of

the ideas
which

and

hereafter

They

necessary.

The

causes.

do

being given, we

the

self,the subjectof these

not

only

do

hand,
cause

this sense,
nomena
Phe-

the

Phenomena

of consciousness

or
reality
identityof

Such

like those

not

ideas

of

unconditioned

are

and

space

and

absolute.

OF

IDEA

SUBSTANCE.

AND

being

event

affirm the existence

not

phenomena.

but

necessary,

PHENOMENA

OF

IDEAS

sary,
neces-

and

An

phenomena

and

conditionallynecessary,
not

other

is necessary.

affirm

not

time,

the

not, in

be.

must

given, the suppositionof a cause

not being given, we
and events
or

only

only conditionally
necessary.

are

being given, substance

of substances

not

substance

consider, are

else

anything

On

of

the

find that the

we

exist, whether

must

unconditioned

but

contemplate

we

example,

for

ideas

necessary

ideas, therefore, are

Those

not.

or

duration,
ideas

these

objectsof

between

When

special attention.

demands
ideas

important distinction

an

STANCE
SUB-

EXPLAINED.

If
idea

the

of

have
personalidentity,

the characteristics

apprehended.
are,

memory

being,

as

referred
are

"

of the

All

the

to

idea

one

and

the

been

understood,
distinctly

substance

by
same

Being,

one

same.

and

Now,

be

readily

consciousness

of
a

upon

will

necessary

law

subject.

accidents, perpetuallychanging.
the

the

been

of

seen,

made

have

phenomena

have

we

remains

however,
Cousin,

which

observations

in

the

identical, opposed

The

and
of

The

our

nomena
phe-

subject,

language
to

of

variable

17

PHENOMENA.

INTELLECTUAL

is substance."

accidents, to transitoryphenomena,
thus

far

substance.

only personal

have

we

however, applies equally

principle,

given

are

Through

the medium

to

being possessedof

as

us

and
qualities,
and
qualities

existingin

as

remains

which

to

Now

it is with

as

and
external
is

contingentand

any

phenomenon

had

not

on

the

which
of

THAT

phenomena
The

we

of

former
When

readily conceive
also

sciousness
con-

ideas

our

substance.

of

latter is necessary.
can

that

it

admit, only

can

suppositionof something else,to wit, substance,

is

referred.
necessarily

contingentand

phenomena, therefore, are

the other

be.

micst

without

OF

IDEAS

hand,

the idea

is necessary.

phenomena,
former

is substance.

it is with

Its appearance

this appearance

On

OUR

we

appears,

sified
endlesslydiver-

RELATIVE.

of the

external

and

relative;the

appeared.

the
This

so
personalidentity,

phenomena

The

states.

NECESSARY.

ideas

our

objects

subject; a subject

AND

SUBSTANCE

OF

such

stances.
sub-

great varietyof

same

CONTINGENT

PHENOMENA

OP

IDEA

the

it exhibits.

which

phenomena

external

senses,

identical,amid

and

one

same

perpetuallyvarying, we

are

and

one

our

The

great varietyof

states, which

necessarilyrefer

of

all

to

But

It is

of

Our

to

ideas

relative.

to
substance, relatively

Phenomena

impossiblefor

stance
being given,subus

to conceive

the

of

the latter.

SUBSTANCE

NOT

OBSCURE,

BUT

AND

CLEAR

DISTINCT.

According
in

little

to

Locke,

general."
in

use

This

We

"

have

no

clear idea

of

idea, also, he represents, as

philosophy."

In

reply,it

may

be

stance
sub"

of

said, that

18

INTELLECT.

THE

idea

our

The

is conscious.

one

apprehends

which
Take

the

away

apprehend

itself also becomes

the

of

apprehend

this every

intelligence
the

and

one,

all.

losophy
Phicould

impossibility.How

an

to

power

is annihilated.

ideas

of these

other

every

important,as

ideas, apprehends them

these

to

power

function

same

of

one

and

clear

just as

personalidentity. Of

and

time, space,

of

those

is

substance

of

about
ourselves,in the absence
philosophically
of the idea of personal
identity? Equally impossiblewould
about
it be, to reason
objectsexternal to us, in the absence
we

reason

of the idea
of

being

of little

"

of all

foundation

use

our

kindred

and

This

substance.

of

ideas, instead

the
philosophy,"
are, in reality,
of phenomena, external
explanations
in

internal.

and

often

hear

individuals,in expatiatingupon

ignorance of

man,

that
affirming,

We

us, is their

around

in and

themselves,

of

said, that

be

it may

extensive,

as

know

we

knowledge
that
all

of

as

the

of

phenomena

of the

thoughts

powers

thought itself.

substances, material
IDEAS

The

reply

to

such

of

every

universe

OF

within

of

The
and

EVENTS

and

which

phenomena.
substance

sodies,
rhapstance
sub-

In

nomena,
phe-

being

as

thought, for example,

substances,

holds

true

in

our

Our

they generate.

thought,is just as
same

substances

clear, distinct, and

ourselves, as thinking beings, or

being

powers

the

great

realities

the

revealed, the

stand

In

phenomena.

as

of its

knowledge

our

substances
its

just

of

Of

knowledge

our

kind, is

every

In

know

"

we

phenomena.

nothing."

know

we

all

the

distinct

respect

as

to

mental.

AND

around

CAUSE.

us,

of endlesslydiversified
spectacle

presents the
and

ever

stant
con-

changing

Some

phenomena.
of

the relation

judges,that

is

antecedent

the effort

make

one

of

conceive

to

between

not,

or

is

of

only
only
and

cause

It is

all

to

absolutelyimpossible

without

Let

cause.

any

he

conception,and

its

it had

that

judge

we

such

form

to

is,not

universal, extending

event

an

but

is

class,the

former

them

and

event, however, whether

conceivable.

and

of the

events

every

judgment

events, actual
us

to

others

consequence,

perceived

This

cause.

for

and

In reference

effect.

to

antecedence

between

relation

the

antecedence

of

that

invariable

and

In reference

occasional.

constantlyconjoined,in

are

connection

The

consequence."
mind

these

of

immediate

"

19

PHENOMENA.

INTELLECTUAL

will

it
impossibility.Here
do not affirm that every
be noticed, that we
should
effect
be mere
That would
has a cause.
tautology. It would be
is produced by
equivalentto the affirmation,that whatever
All this might be true,
is produced by a cause.
a cause,
has a cause,
be false,
the proposition,
and
event
every
notwithstanding.
OF

IDEA

THE

has

he

that

find

attempted

EVENTS

relation

cause,

it

apprehends

might

of

an

cause

event

have

as

these

of

an

event

also

necessarily
supposes

On

the

different

conceived

event, then, is
is necessary,

other
to

is

There

happened.

suppositions.
hand,

have

contingentand

no

taken

It

bility
impossi-

no

The

rence
occur-

something else,
uncaused

event

place.

relative.

conditional!}''
so, as

event,

an

relative.

contingent and

making

cause.

of

occurrence

in

not

the mind

Whenever

might

possiblybe

can

that

of, the

that of

event, and

an

or

wit, a

to

of

readilypointed out.

is conscious

witnesses, or

THAT

NECESSARY.

the idea

between

be

may

CAUSE

RELATIVE.

AND

CONTINGENT
OF

The

an

shown

The

The

above

idea

idea

of

THE

INTELLECT.

IDEA

idea

The

state,
tive

of

its

of

particulareffects
the

of

nature

remains

attributed

the

substances
the

effects
attribute

permanent
of power,

it exists

as

their active

Powers.

state,
Powers

latter

existence

those

of

Causes

are

respectivephenomena,
is indicated

causes

the

the

is the

idea

and

indicated

of

nature

such

the
their

by

and

powers

of their

are

passive.

susceptibilities.As
is

in

substances,

active

characteristics

the

by

to

quiescent state,

kinds,

causes

so

causes

power

This
All

in their

called

and

powers

such
the

substances.

two

while

circumstances, as

same

"

of

are

When

moment.

considers

all minds.

commonly

are

of

in

subject irrespec

containing;

the

quiescent

particularcauses,

to

mind

under

of

in its

particular

any

are

unchanged,

repeat such

The

at

of causation

attribute

permanent

action,

POWER.

is that

Power,

the

as

or

OF

respective

phenomena.
The

idea

relation

to

do, is,of

of

like those

course,

our

for the

OF

analysisof
It

present.

any

length. Enough

the

principleof

universal
the

that

of

might

have

classification
well

next

chapter.

elucidation

substance

and

necessary.

will

phenomena
extended

adopted,

important distinctions,etc.,
an

and

to

said, however,

as

of

same

ANALYSIS.

been

been

the

does,

cause

PRESENT

intellectual

has

it

ideas, universal

THE

as
applicability,

powers,
the

that

phenomena,

CONCLUSION

Here

sustaining as

power,

to

in

and

lay the

to

almost

indicate
show

foundation

respect

which

to

close,

will

to

be

the

its
for

lectual
intel-

begun

in

22

THE

INTELLECT.

perceive,but apprehend
perceive.

do

we

these

No

the

implied by

b,s

will

one

do

we

causes,

realities

question the

not

which
of

correctness

statements.

ELEMENTS

THE

OF

FORMS

ALL

All

of

forms

existingin

these

from
originally

what

by
form,

two

of

conceptions,

elements

derived

to wit,
exclusively,

sources

is

other

any

ideas, and

necessarilyand
is

source,

what

immediately
in

perceive. Knowledge,

we

from

or

all

RIVED
DE-

SOURCES.

constituted

are

what

perceive,and

KNOWLEDGE

REAL

TWO

knowledge,

mind,

the

OF

THESE

FROM

we

and

Space, duration,substance,

ceive.

plied
im-

other

any

inconceivable,and

rally
natu-

impossible.
CHRONOLOGICAL

AND

LOGICAL

OF

ORDER

FORMS

THESE

OF

KNOWLEDGE.

There

fundamental

two

are

relations

perceived and implied knowledge,

ideas,sustain

necessary

important,that

very
We

refer

what

to

the

former
the

idea
is

the

example,

possiblebut

which

the

the

former

is,contingent and
which

it is

fullycomprehend.
logical

and

logical
chrono-

ORDER.

of

latter

be

can

the

and

the

admitted, but

ohjectof

the condition
does

another, when

latter,that is,when

exist unless
on

the

LOGICAL

realityof

cannot

should

logicalantecedent

implied by

of the

is

is the

ohjectof

learner

of

ideas.

THE

One

all forms

other, relations

is denominated

of such

order

to each

that

which

space

the former.
does

of the
must

on

exist.

realityof

occur,

if it

the

realityof
the

sition
suppo-

Body,

for

Succession
duration
occur

at

in

all.

APPLICATION

Unless

real substances

be
possibility,
ideas

The

THE

OF

of

consequently

and

such

any

forms

the

and

logicalantecedents

of forms

contingentideas.

This

is the

idea

order

in the

when,

of the

actual

in which

space

We
the

origination
In

this

former

before
which

the
is

and

do,

we

conceived

Duration,

same.

conceived
and

as

but

as

and

as

implied by
that

to

of, or

it.

but

of

duration

in

and
and

truth

of
is

or

same.

as

Now

related
any

or

to, and

which

that

by

to

which

to

cause

ments
state-

in

which

and

be

can

succession,

apprehended,
are

referred,

is,and

implied by,

be
possibility,

knowledge, prior to

of

events,

that

events,

impliedby

as

is

cause,

which

these

that

as

place

ceive
per-

apprehended,

exist, and

phenomena,

object,cannot, by

object

apprehend
We

substance

the

as

Substance,

the

perceived

exist.

Space

must

but

the

mind,

we

time, is apprehended,

or

another,

gent
words, contin-

before

defined, but

and

do

which

impliedby

other

must

The

evident.

defined,

of, or

be, apprehended
other

apprehend

demonstrably

body, and substances,

the

and

referred.

are

the

in

perceive phenomena

can,

former

be

can

or

In

apprehend

we

We

occurs.

of

chronologicalantecedents

does

former

of

order, the

perceivebody,

succession, before
the

the

ideas, are

ORDER.

universally,the

necessary.

words,

obtains.
principleuniversally

universallyprecedes the implied.

ideas, are

of

perceived knowledge, or

of

latter.

the

precedes

former

the ideas

chronologicalantecedent
of

cause,

In other

necessary

CHRONOLOGICAL

THE

One

or

no

events.

or

and

of

events.

by

can,

phenomena,

logicalantecedents

knowledge,

of

exist,there

duration, substance,

body, succession, phenomena,

implied

23

ANALYSIS.

do

causes

thing, as

space,

are

PRECEDING

the
it is

can

some

mind,

an

implied.

24

INTELLECT.

THE

known

and

only

as

is,and

therefore

implied. Knowledge
in the order

be,

must

ideas

This

ideas.

principle,as

fundamental

of

is

other

words,

the
tingent
con-

the chronological
antecedents
universally,

are,

of necessary

originationin

of

In

mind, priorto implied knowledge.

by perception,

shall see,

we

in

importance

the

after,
here-

science

of

mind.
INTELLECTUAL

PRIMARY

knowledge begins,and

All

instantlyfollowed

is

and

forms, and

what

two

all human

mind,

we

sources,

knowledge,

and

of all ideas

and

The

elements

the

then,

CLASSIFIED.

is derived

from

is of
two

distinct

external

the

and

phenomena,
former,

we

or

the

and

The

the

of

Faculty

that

mind

latter
Internal

Sense,
we

or

We

have,

perception,the

perceives

the

the

itself.
of

internal

to

perceives external,

which

operations of

denominate

Perception.

the

internal,that which

material, substances,

and

by perception pertains,in part,

separate faculties

and

distinct

two

internal^ objective and

and

operationsof

distinct

two

Faculties

Primary

PERCEPTION

externul

the

the

perceived and

external, material, substances, and, in part,

phenomena,

of

is undeniable.

subjective. Knowledge
to

of

organs

are

from

conceptions,in

by perception,however,

sources,

ately
immedi-

constituent

separate kinds, and

separate

directlyand

repeat, the

BY

Knowledge

with, those

by perception,and

Intelligence. This
KNOWLEDGE

tion,
percep-

is obtained

implied knowledge, therefore,

of the

blended

by, and

derived.
originally

are

with

undeniably so,

elements, of knowledge

implied by
these

FACULTIES.

mind

itself.

Faculty of

denominate

Perception.

internal
The

External

Consciousness,
That

or

faculty by

INTELLECTUAL

PRIMARY

which

apprehend implied knowledge,

we

necessary

ideas,

therefore,

are

denominate

we

the

25

FACULTIES.

Reason.

faculties

primary

the

or

objects of

The
the

of

following,

intelligence,

namely;

The

1.

of

Faculty
the

of

phenomena

internal

which

intelligenceby

the

FACULTIES.

INTELLECTUAL

PRIMARY

perceive and

we

itself.

mind

function

perception,the
This

of
the

apprehend

faculty

nate
denomi-

we

Consciousness.
The

2.

function

Faculty

of

which

we

by

3. The

of

Faculty

intelligence by

The

the

definitions

This

Sense, and

That

above

same

it

assigned to

intelligence. A great
employed

strict

term,

are

In

reason.

attached

to

it.

to

the

of

it above

truths.

and

Similar

scientific

In

in

given.

strict

nition
defi-

with
is

is the
as

ing
mean-

of

attach

various

the
to

remarks

it,

apply
ings
mean-

treatises, it is
accordance

the

it is in this

function,

language,

common

The

sense

employed,

purposes.

out
through-

accords

term

by Webster,

it when

being generally employed

definition

of

accordance

given.

diversityof meanings

for other

function

necessary

consciousness,

given

to

the

treatise,to designate a special faculty,or

the

faculty we

Reason,

in

employed

term

generally attached

to

ities
qual-

Reason.

the

of
the

to

usage.

meaning

when

the

apprehend

apprehend

we

treatise, will be

given
universal

which

Consciousness,

terms,

this

first

and

implied knowledge^

denominate

facultywe

with

perceive

Sense.

denominate

This

intellectual

perception,the

external, material, substances.

of

the

external

with

now

the

26

THE

THESE

FACULTIES

Consciousness,
faculties

primary

"

Sense,
the

of

Because,

that

2.

All

complex

our

ideas

are

other

of these

found

careful

will be

all

All

be

are

All the

complex

composed

truth

The

of

phenomena

of

All

simple
of the

of

one

or

ideas

are

found,

of

on

previously

this

of

progress

mences.
com-

composed

elements

of

the

tions:
considera-

two

knowledge

our

intuitions

in the

fullyconfirmed

called

are

simple or complex.

faculties.

these

given by

PEIMARY.

cognitions

faculties.

to
analysis,

Reason,

direct

be

to

and

them,

either

intelligenceare

the

CALLED

faculties.

these

given by

WHY

for
intelligence,

with

1.

elements

INTELLECT.

last remark

subsequent

our

investigations.
ALSO

CALLED

faculties above

The

Intuitive
its

pertainsto
for

medium,

direct

is true

of the

consciousness.
direct

It

intuition, and

on

not

intuition, however,

in

prior

through
that

the

affirms

Like

and

therefore, it may,

equal propriety,be

facultyof
orive

intuition.
us

the

These

elements

faculties,as
of all

our

but

we

truth

the

knowledge.

by
as

former,

denominated
shall

of
and

sense

medium,

universal, necessary,
with

of

nomena
phe-

action

The

any

absolute.

the

to

any
The

mind.

respect

action

reason

alike

through

not

substances.

the

each

Consciousness,

of

phenomena

material

is

intuition.

Sense

nated
denomi-

is,that

reason

direct

the

is conditioned

also sometimes

are

facultyof

external

FACULTIES.

The

objects,by

apprehends
of

Reason

named

Faculties.

example, by

same

INTUITIVE

see

after,
here-

PRIMARY

INTELLECTUAL

OF

ERROR

FUNDAMENTAL

According

to

of which

knowledge

our

this
of

the

derived

author,

with

this
of

is obtained.

and

error

Atheism

of

the

foundation

valid,

When

of

of

each
is

no

denial

or

of the

in

the

truths

all ages,

upon

the

being
of

and

which

of

the

fact

and

will

in

losophy
phi-

Materialism

early part
lies

at

the

present time.

the

as

when

real,and

contingent
the

of

organs

no

edge
knowl-

error

ideas, is just as

admitted, and

real

validity
edge,
knowl-

be, in the sphere of science,

of
perfections,

fact, and
the

such

past, and

of
infidelity

take

and

which

in

is,

that

above, deny

seen

the

of

account

any

knowledge,

part

These

Neither

truths,

to

our

all the

spring."

in
religion. Infidelity,

has, in

denial

do

as

primary faculties,as

vindicated, there
of

whence

by perception, or

this fact is

objects,or

thinking.

fundamental

necessary

knowledge

as

ideas.

or

sources,

supplies

from

faculty by

the

of

Implied knowledge,

of

legitimatelyled

century,

all

of

two

which

even,

losophy
phi-

observation," he

necessary

of

is

latter

much

of

the

This

the

present

of

form

which

elements

philosophy,take

They

whatever,

that

materials

in

or

reason.

an

is

in

minds, perceived and

our

knowledge

his school

nor

School

Our

"

naturally have,

can

of
possibility

account,

as

all the
of

SENSUAL

external,sensible

ourselves,

or

knowledge by

of

about

implied knowledge,

the

Sensual

exclusively from

operationsof

fountains

have,

we

the

either

understandings
ideas

founder, the

by

on

are

he

internal

the

reflected

two

the

are

"employed

about

Locke, and
was

THE

PHILOSOPHY.

internal,perception.

external, and
says,

OF

OF

AND

LOCKE,

SCHOOL

27

FACULTIES.

form, based

personal God,

all its forms, and

its deductions

or
validity,of
reality,

some

one

or

US

THE

of the

other

faculties

primary

admitted,

been

each

it shall,

that

demands

personal God,

"

the

and

the

be,

OF

ERROR

FUNDAMENTAL

and

The
in

German,

oppositionto

that

implied knowledge,
or

no

internal,but

its

deny

to

contingent ones,
the

the

by

which

existence
we

most

have

the
of

is

former

which,

the

the

nature

of

precede, occasion,
of, all

the

and

forms

occasion, and

of

determine

mind

must,

the

in the

determined

elements,
the

in

do,

in

fundamental

prior

their

of

fact, and

experience,
istics
characterIn

instead

in

that

sphere

essential

knowledge,

other

In

greatest, and

actual

in

mining
deter-

as
possibility,

no

of the

the

priorto

without

one

and

priorto

implied knowledge.
of

little,

mental
funda-

to, and

mind

of

German

latter.

by

can,

determine

necessary

the

appeared

ever

case,

preceded, occasioned, and

the

the

of the

in

the

this, the

of

by perception, does

words, contingent elements

form, by

exists

implied

that

palpable,errors

takes

to

giving existence

exist at all:

already seen,

thing

by perception,external

implied, and

philosophy. Knowledge
from

ideas,and

characteristics

words, implied knowledge

Philosophy,

every

originatedin

are

former

essential

in

makes

teachings

ideas

school, necessary

ENTAL
TRANSCEND-

validity. According

principles and

religion,have

OR

School

necessary

knowledge

of

account

immutably

PHILOSOPHY.

Locke,

of

or

ties,
facul-

of

GERMAN,
IN

of

primary

perfectionsof

truths

Transcendental

or

the

affirmed.

THE

SCHOOL

and

all ages

which

science

being

essential

universallyadmitted

been

of the

true

as

"

In

philosophy in

of

validityof knowledge through

has

defined.

above

in all schools

nations, and

and

INTELLECT.

of

nature

other

being
and

fact, precede,
characteristics

30

INTELLECT.

THE

III.

CHAPTER

CONSCIOUSNESS.

Consciousness,

which

intelligence by

phenomena,
in

faculty

of

have

we

interior

the

perceive,and

we

operations and

or

consciousness

By

of

events

of the external

above

defined. Sir William

Consciousness.

"is the

by

what

name

in

AND

forms

mediate.
an

of

other

is denominated

the
as

Self-

oHhe

intuitive

makes

no

difference
there

is

existence, and

that

then
mediate

exist

on

in the

denominated

forms

immediate^

an

of
and

the

to

other

form

knowledge.

knowledge

immediate

hand,

immediately, but

attain

mind,

direct,intuitive,perception of
have

we

directly and

DEFINED.

KNOWLEDGE

be

have

we

say

object,we

know

ness,"
Self-Conscious-

its actual

to

knowledge

object. When,

object, not

the

denominates

It

MEDIATE

may

When

object,we
that

of

which

knowledge

regard

occurs

Consciousness,

us.

Perception,or
mind."

itself.

functions.

and

IMMEDIATE

Two

or

the

through

specificfacultyis called,while

sphere

around

of the

mind

as

or
fsLCxihy
2:"^ese?itative

Ego

perfect agreement
proper

the

perception, we
Hamilton

Internal

"

of the

phenomena

world

function

of all that

minds, just

external

Perception,

apprehend,

states, of

knowledge

own

our

or

sense,

he says,

internal

of

defined, as that facultyor

already been

has

Faculty

the

or

of

All

we

know

through

knowledge
forms

an

some

which

of immedi-

31

CONSCIOUSNESS.

Sir

knowledge,

ate

the

Hamilton

general facultywhich

same

it two

assigningto
and

nal

William

internal

distinct

that

of

scions

If

object.

such

generallyobtain, the faculty of

denominated

scions

the

the term
as

sphere of

shall

we

above

employ

affirms,con-

BY

We

little would

The

has defined

BY

KNOWLEDGE

Consciousness

always

perceive,or know,

not

any

is

but

medium,

absolutelyvalid

would
we

for the

and

all his

It

deny,ignore, or
are

should
mental

really and
these

the

is

of

realityand
science

modify,

is

undeniable,

VALIDITY.

any

keep constantlyand
lie
investigations,

deductions, throughout

the

at

the

be

of

character

all

falselyso called,"
facts, of

fact, or
Facts

the student

of

the basis

mind

of all

sphere

sciousness,
con-

mental

of

in
distinctly

entire

highest

science, must

truly conscious.

as
exclusively,

mental

ABSOLUTE

sphere

"

mediate.
im-

and

own

our

This

HAS

within

respective objects.

science

and

always directlyand

are

same.

CONSCIOUSNESS

possiblevalidity,and

which

coii-

it,employing

direct

Knowledge by Consciousness, therefore, has

that

term

IMMEDIATE.

AND

DIRECT

immediatelyconscious of the
and is universally
admitted.

its

be

according to generalusage,

CONSCIOUSNESS

do

through

as

should

defined.

Knowledge by

held

mediate
im-

perception being

thought.

this author

as

and

and

language

internal

distinct

Consciousness

KNOWLEDGE

states

of

Sense

of

he

are

use

of exter-

direct

Self-Consciousness, not

in

gained

have

object,we

any

ness,
Conscious-

faculties

we

and

one

functions, those

the

Whenever

perception of

to

he denominates

perception, or

Self-Consciousness.

refers

in

mate
legiti-

of

this

32

THE

science.

he
inquiries,

ignore,or

introduction

modify,

to

facts

no

real,to suppose

as

facts

no

fundamentally

be

not

adhere

immutably

must

in the

down

would

If he

INTELLECT.

or

thus

not

this

the

to

in

ness
conscious-

basis

the

as

tion,
deduc-

of

finallyto hold,

given, and

which

to

his

wit, to deny,

treatise,to

assume,

in

principleslaid

actually given

valid, all deductions

misled

such

mutably
im-

as

facts

real

do

legitimatelylead.
FACTS

In every
and
to

act

of

consciousness,

other; and

we

represent

to the

of

self,or
who

the

states, I know

them
as

subject

said

Who

then

be

far

more

Every

following:

states, we

Of

are

all acts

we

such

what

upon

he

consciousness.

of

mine

states, and

states
to

unless I

*'

Is it

maintain

is this I that
states

accurate

is

All

mine

to

say, not

my

my

How

that

Mr.
not

am

sensations

In this
I

how
case

am

equally

I, myself,

says

and

mental

own.

my

the

conscious,

as

actually has

of

refer

scious,
fully con-

conscious, and

that

of the

we

am

not,"

act,

think, I

are

will be

one

recognizeabsolutelyas

as

on

scious
absolutelycon-

as

wills,as

this,every

myself,but only of

of such

other.

thinks, feels,and

mental

flat contradiction
of

that state,

subjectof

the

as

carefullyreflect

and

so, of them

conscious

language

/.

cognizance of, in

of

hand, and

one

thought,feeling,and willing,which

will

I know

of the

are

all such

In

of the I that

phenomena

we

in such

will.

apprehended,

and absolutelyconscious
just as distinctly,

are

as

and

the

on

the

directly

objects are

two

state

the T, or self,as
itself,

feel, I

can

CONSCIOUSNESS.

OF

mental
particular

wit, some

of the one,
we

OBJECTS

immediately cognized,or perceived

the mind
the

OR

the

as

Mansel,

"

immediately
or

can

volitions?
I be

it would

conscious

scious
con-

surely
of

my

33

CONSCIOUSNESS.

sensations,but
thus

that the sensation

worded, the glaring absurdity of

with

carry

it its

refutation."

own

presentedsubstance^ the

one

the

thinking on
Whatever

be

may

the

affections

of

afterthouo-ht

of

this

the

and

one

thought,and volition,into
whole
self

; in

each

be

analyzed into
all ; it

simplestof

comparison, for
furnish

can

THE

The

in mental

ourselves
a

to

be

the

persons,

personality.We
the powers
because
as

affirm
of

our

thinking.

clearer

are

sijrht,

of

This

my
self-

able;
indefin-

definition.

It

it is itself the

or
by description

in all the

us

any

unityor compounded

clearness

of

is of
is

not

absolute
ourselves

fundamental

that science.

We

things,because
to

be persons

mental

personal identity,because

we

we

of

consciousness

our

of

have
own

mination,
deter-

ourselves,

functions.
are

affirm

endowed

voluntary

conscious
absolutely
diverse

ance
import-

being distinctly
recognized

now

sphereof
and

PERSONALITY.

OWN

ITS

thought, feeling,and
we

too-ether

superior to

OF

actuallyexercisingthese

affirm

combine

by

partialresemblances."

and

direct,immediate, and

with

is not

It

and comparison
description

which

science, and

such, within

as

immediatelyconscious

to

announced

above

truth

sciousness,
con-

are

no

SELF-CONSCIOUS

MIND

of

volitions,

organ,

simple element, for

made

for

myself.

immediately conscious

it is revealed

only faint

is

phenomena

self.

it is

be

originalintuition,of

an

data

our

simple apprehensions,is

no

can

"The

that

factitious

am

all other

says:

he

or

same

it is so, because

but

the

hearing,willingand

seeing and

like
personality,

can

case

we

that

reflection

would

originallydrawn,

all

thoughts,imaginations;of

theory

which

from

variety of

by

of itself ; but

the

Again

source

subject are

sensations

as

is conscious

We

absolutely

34

conscious
that

of

latter,is the object

We

its

of

is

no

be

The

mind.

the

substance

entire

ESSENTIAL

to

the

Mr.

domain
in

and

should

appear

not

in

is,or whether

any

time,

knowledge

where

by Kant,

even

is

nothing

this

validity
throughout
and

are

hold

but

physical,to

as

their

real,

oppositc doctrinc

absurdities, in mental

leads
science

teachings

and
others, thought, feeling,

volition,

in

space,

such

of

subjectof

the

could

these

ena
phenom-

consequently,manifested
we

who

know

subjectdoes,

be

with

accordance

them, and
How

how^ it may
a

itself

substance

the

in

that

fact,exist

subject
?

ANSWERED.

OBJECTION

But

mental

The

else,at all.

nowhere

nomena
phe-

of appearance,

nature

their

empty

appearing

of

imply the

made, between

absolute

science

of

conceivable

Stewart

conscious

are

philosophy will

and

especially.Suppose, that, in
of

internal.

scious
immediatelycon-

admitted,

is

sound

PHENOMENA.

wildest

we

and

absurdity. x\ppearance

wit, that substances

OR

"

is

idea

appears,

as
having universal
principle,

the

the

Phenomena

appearing,and

substance

not

feels,thinks, and wills." Now

which

substance.

absolute

an

former, and

Stewart,

distinction,as is here

such

no

this

volition ; operationswhich

something

manifested to
when

in

(themind's)existence; but

and

and

the

accustomed

substance

perception, external

of

sensation, thought,and
existence

been

and

phenomena

not," says Professor

are

of

there

PHILOSOPHY.

affirmed, that

have

They

"

MENTAL

IN

ERROR

distinguishbetween

form.

to-day,

persons

have
quite recently,philosophers

Until
to

same

yesterday.

were

we

the

being

ourselves, as

IMPORTANT

to

INTELLECT.

THE

asked,

both

the

can

there

be,

subject^and

at

the

the

same

objectof

35

CONSCIOUSNESS.

knowledge
of that

other

three

or

will

these, we

of

? In

state

mind

be

be

there

can

manifested

an

question
but

know,
The

do

what

already been

and

own

our

do

be

phenomena,

when

when

without

any

in

every

place,can

the

state

be

not

In

other

substance

no

substance

no

How

appears
hov^

do,

we

is

we

or

can

fact,know, by consciousness

in

fact,know
wit, our

to

personalselves

the

as

the

modify

to

through

? It is not, how

answered,

attempt

of knowledge

by philosophy is,not

philosophy will accept

Sound

answered

state, and

that

we,

has

first

mental

subject of

do

we

objector

objectwhatever?

the

know

we

question,what

has

of any

solved

be

to

and

ment,
mo-

the subject

as

modo

quo

forms,

any

appearance,

lohat

but

know

conscious

he

ask, in the

we

of, or

itself,as

of

words, how

know,

How^

conscious

conscious

The

in all its

the

same

the

to

put

when

him

the

of itself

would

to

and

one

and

state

reply we

fullyexplain

facultyalso.

mind

at

questions, and

other

the

given

Consciousness

by

can

the mind

can

conscious

be

two

How

by consciousness,
mental

own

subjectof

answer

that

states,

those

states.

given, and

as

answer,

that

in fact

in

or

form.

CONSCIOUSNESS.

REFLECTIVE

Consciousness,
all

to

the

intelligence.In
a

natural

in its

mankind,

OR

PHILOSOPHICAL,

AND

SPONTANEOUS,

OR

NATURAL,

in

simple spontaneous
the

natural

language

process." Every

of

development
it is "in

Cousin,

individual

form,

is

mon
com-

of

their

all

is accustomed

to

men
use

the

I think, I feel,I will,etc., all persons, also,

propositions,

are

accustomed
states

not

only are

to
or

speak

exercises

conscious

of themselves
of mind.

of their

own

conscious

as

This

evinces

mental

of particular
that

they

exercises, but

36

also

such

themselves

able

technicallyto

and

definiteness
able

would

employ

them,

As

natural

palpable reality,than

named,

second

consciousness,

art,

gives all

everything which

Reflection, or

attention

the

to

is
man

from

the

illustrated

the

in

respect
of such

some

degree

however, who

of the

the

of

substances

about.

"

the

is
the
is

The

to two

is

and
first,

passingin

knowledge

act

of careful

their fundamental

of

substances.

natural

observes
attentively

these

is the

philosopher

forms

is the

be

may

tion
observaThe

nomena
phe-

notice, and

to

philosopher,

phenomena,

purpose

of

basis of

etc.
philosophicclassification,
generalization,

marking

sciousness
con-

distinguishes

remarks

alike

ral
natu-

natural

mental

all mankind
It

of

sort

simple or

which

common

the

consciousness."

As

above

losophe
phi-

to

process

of

minds.

external, material

reason

in all

certain

eye

distinguishesthe

he

be,

philosophicconsciousness

so

not

is, to

to

will,in the

our

be

Still it

language of

characteristics

reference
to

the

mankind.

of

terms

idea of what

an

by

phenomena

which

of the

this natural

falls under

brute,

rest

by

men

directed

one

characteristic
from

in the

Philosophic Consciousness,

consciousness

may

seen

givesthe philosopher a

reflection

so

They

re-productionof

free

"

consciousness

of

not

method, by reflection,which

of

an

elevate

"

may

ternal
ex-

him.

to

is thus

"

degree

them,

which

all

the clearness

distinction.

that

process," some,"

above

with

the meaning
first,

express

Consciouness,

to
a

men,

to

less

no

this distinction

at

from

They

same.

philosopherwould.

understand,

to

phenomena,

the

of

express

that

also, in the spontaneous

men,

mental

objects

or

causes,

exercised
intelligence

consciousness, clearly distinguish

of

subjectsof

as

the

of
All

circumstances.

developments

be

function

of the

aware

are

under

as

INTELLECT.

THE

for the

the
characteristics,
as
The

THE

THEORY

TRUE

The

1.

common,

that

of the

clearly evince

existence

which

the

one

the

other.

and

do

Nor

in

of

all

are

the

they

the mind
the

forms

of

confound

ever

referred

of

wit,

to

substances

with

men

in

mind

knowledge,

diverse

faculties

the

of all mankind

"

pertains to

these

which

through

nor

which

familiar

Equally

knowledge,

forms

race

external, material

to

that

and

obtained.

are

the

separate

pertains

hand,

faculties

VERIFIED.

intuitive convictions

distinct

two

INTELLECT.

on
itself,

special

two

knowledge

these

to, the

on

of

forms

tlie

with

one

other.
2.

and
a

all

Among

designated by
is

which

term

in the

civilized

of the

term,

which

most

No
nor

for

example,
and

individual

mind

clearly evinces

how

other

is in universal

thought.

Knowledge by

consciousness

knowledge,

"

kinds

wholly

of mental

and

is,in

has

than

use

with

its

does, in

such

those

Even

4.
a

of mental

and

faculty.

To

to violate

who
philosopliers

this statement

it,and

of
we

: a

know

and

and

This
To
a

all

is undeniable

deny

to

distinct and

all valid

and

mitted
ad-

deduction.

deny

to

elucidate
of

fact

from

separate
found.

there

classification

prerogative,speak

meaning

fact exist in the

consciousness, therefore, the prerogativesof

laws

the

term

jects,
appropriate ob-

fact,universallyadmitted.

separate facultyof the mind, is

the

distinctlymarked

distinct

phenomena

term

fixed,

more

it is employed

misappliesit whenever

sented
repre-

term,
specific

misapprehends

recognized,this faculty,together
3.

facultyis
faculty. No

other

any

exclusive, meaning

Consciousness.

this

appropriateand

an

appliedto

never

English language,

definite, and

nations,

no

this

faculty

it

such

as

exceptions. The

39

CONSCIOUSNESS.

translator
the

faculty

it

and

done;

special

faculties,"

thing

similar

"the

or

which

is

"

or

of

of

these,"

have

to

witness

ing
affirm-

faculty,"

affirms

tliis

to

after

product

he

this

no

thouofhts

our

the

deny

CONSCIOUSNESS

TO

doctrine

the
of

writings

this

of

in

treatise

does

but

conscious

of

the

consciousness
hold

true

Pain,
exist
of

object
of

for

because
it

because

being
its

universally.

SAME.

THE

external

forms

existence

prior

not

ANTECEDENT

OP

its

be.

may

sensibility
are

all

the

course,

object

CHRONOLOGICALLY

CONSCIOUSNESS

THE

Perception,

we

who

in

appear

subject.

OF

that

contradictions
all

of

discourses

OBJECTS

must,

distinct

assigning

have

we

Consciousness

"

after

volitions."

upon

the

example,
that

the

same

Precisely
and

of

this
all

at

"

not

any

defines

beinor
and

is

of

principle

for

functions

same

that

thus

Cousin,

of

of

its

example,

does

The

of

the

the

it,
istence
ex-

antecedent

chronologically

existence.

of

state

conscious
exist

plies,
im-

whatever

object,
as

are

we

it

internal,

and

same

does,

to

and

40

INTELLECT.

IHE

CHAPTER

IV.

SENSE.

Sense,

or

facultyof

apprehend

we

material

TO

the

phenomena,

DISTINGUISHED

BE

of this

those

from

the

been

intelligence,
by

qualitiesof

or

for that reason,

nal,
exter-

of the

are,

of the

SENSATION.

facultyshould

distinct

is the state

FROM

states

it,but which

be

guished
carefullydistin-

which
Sensibility

company
always ac-

the

notwithstanding,none
it,to wit, sensations.

from

which
sensibility

impression made

any

Perception,has

substances.

exercise

The

External

faculty,or function,of

that

defined, as
which

the

by

any

less,

tion
Sensa-

immediately

cause,

upon

our

is exclusivelya state
organization.Sensation
sensibility.Sense is no less exclusivelya function
intelligence.Of these distinctions we should never
this department of
sight, when
reasoning upon

ceeds
suc-

cal
physiof the
the

of

lose
mental

science.

SPONTANEOUS

AND

VOLUNTARY

DETERMINATION

OF

SENSE.

Sense, like consciousness,is,in its primitive developments,

a

in this

simple spontaneityof

state, is,in
in

which

is

will ; and

no

sense,

its distinct

nothing but
hence,

for

the
the

Its action,
intelligence.

the

conditioned

the

on

forms, is conditioned

on

will.

attention,

directed
perceptivefaculty,
want

of

better

term

ception,
Per-

or

by

the

phrase,

41

SENSE.

called

voluntary determination

in the

direction

mental

of the

the

faculty. Attention,

consciousness," that is,when

of

phenomena,

direction

of the

is called

"

reflection.When

to

in

the

external

perception,

that

of material

substances,

it is called

facultyof

phenomena

directed

"

"

wards
is,to-

observation.
The
in the

necessity of observation,
voluntary direction

phenomena

faculty,maybe

certain

speaker,have

if the

voice

if

Yet,

in

inquired of

they

had

How

not

often

attended

conception of
happened,
The

at

the

attention

object in

Lome

both
what

from

part of

time, to
in

may,

otherwise

in

off,by the sudden

circular

whole

machinery
saw.

So

occupied with
machinery,

if not

which

was

to

gained
My

swer.
an-

tinct
dis-

no

attention
else.

fixed upon

so

ligence
intel-

quite,totallyisolated

one

another

in

us

who

rection.
di-

employed

was

of his

tirely
fingersen-

unexpected startingof
carried, with

not

aware

the

ity,
great veloc-

his attention

prevention of

that he

unable

something

affect

intenselydid
the

to

reason

sensibilityand

example,
and

the

spoken

exclusive

discourse.

factory,had

cut

been

wholly

the

aroused.

are

they aroused?

were

had

to

The

form, heard

remark,

deeply

for

to
listening

all

instances, be

some

almost,

gentleman,

that

direction,that
be

of slumber.

and

directed

be

machinery

become
the

that

portion

state

what

the

been

why

it,be

hear

we

ments
develop-

have

some

obvious
to

the

portionof
a

may

would
A

about

one

to

respect

do

not, in

them, they would, for the

that

who

their ears,

upon

attention,

spontaneous

immediately

had

audience

broke

which

the

fallen into

speaker suddenly stops, and

Now,

of

illustrated.
readil}*

congregation,for example,

is,

perceptive facultytowards

in

obscurelygiven

of that
of

of the

that

instantly

destruction
of

the

of

injury

42

THE

his

done

to

pain

from

own

stood

As

by.

basis

of

and
sensibility

when

the

is not

action

in

is the

intelligence,
"

conditions

isolated

him

to

the

as

by

other
an-

injury was

action

which

always

and
fulfilled,

the

of

occurs,

the mind

when

tense
directions, by its in-

other

the

object (as in

some

out

least

intense.

action

are

of the

spontaneous

objects in

from

upon

however,

it became

attention

proper

pointed

was

soon,

from

discovered, the pain

sensible

he

was

nor

person,

it,till the accident

who

The

INTELLECT.

above

case

cited),

specificdirection.

some

OKGANS

OF

KNOWLEDGE

THE

AND

SENSE,

BY

CONVEYED

EACH.

In
five

regard

touch,

particularqualitiesof

the

mind, but

little need

deemed

be

may

of

some

qualitieswhich
The

are

the

material

no

other

substances

said.

the

objects

knowledge,

of

is

to

is this

It

of

example,

the

existence

and

causes

and

qualitiesof

objectsof particular

in us,

by

of the

general facultygiving

the

each

of the

objectsof

senses

that

not

by

such

senses,

and

sense,

are

as

as

instances.

some

objectsare

sensations

or

qualityat all,

various
in

even

alike; each
the

objects,such

of

relation

smelling

each

particularorgan.

that

learn, by experience, to determine

sight,touch, hearing,and

particularquality

relation,and

mere

conveyed

remark, however,

One

importance.

The

sense.

is

distance, which

are

peculiar qualitiesgiven by sight,for

given by

But

which

through
be

which

of

sense,

wit, sight,hearing, taste,

to

pertains exclusively to

organ

we

organs

"

of

particularorgans

reckoned,

commonly

are

smell, and
the

the

to

or

given, as

perceptions
each

organ

which
quality,or qualities,

particularorgan.

45

SENSE.

OBJECTS

The

OF

PEROEPl'ION.

objectsof perception (external perception)are

material

qualitiesof

substances.

The

the

qualitiesperceived

resistance, extension, form, color,taste, smell, sound,

are

Such

etc.

have,

we

are
qualities

of their

to

ourselves
the

as

external

by

other

words,

sensations

of

material

which

powers

mental

these

know

we

In the

and

consciousness

in

perceptions produced

in

know

we

substances

as

know
So

them

perceptions and

them

index

only

acting beings.

substances,

produce

the

determinations, we

thinking,feeling, and

experience

us

index, and

respectivesubjects.

thought, feeling,and

of

the

us

the

as

sensations;in

possessed of

the

of resistance, extension, form, color, etc.

qualities

THE

PROVINCE

Philosophy,it
facts
in

those

those
than
to

they

as

should
with

are,

facts, and

powers

be

the

With

act.

the

of

the

laws

the

mode

earth, for example, we

the

Here
But

we

us.

well

the

acts.

power
It is

"

with

domain, resignssuch things to

the

powers
the

mode

of

the

to

then

set

action

attain

her
the

universe,

of their action.

own

is

erty
propto-

mode

unto

phy.
philosoin which

is too
it."

legitimateand

Eternal

bodies-

ourselves

of

knowledge

cannot

further

of this property.

explainthe

Such

which

heavy

legitimatedomain

high, we

satisfied

action

fall of

with

revealed

powers

that attraction

the

do

to

conformityto

the

We

attempt

we

the

of their

learn

controls

within

are

suppose

attractive
for

which

mind, has

in

In

substances.

law

in

borne

this,it has nothing to do.

determine

all

PHILOSOPHY.

nature

with

of all material

the

OF

One,

who

derful
won-

losophy,
Phi-

wide

created

and

stands
consequently under-

h\\

that

philosophy can

44

INTELLECT.

THE

in

say
such

the mode

regard to

VALIDITY

OP
AND

We

are

validityof

is, that

power

any

the

I have
the

affirmations

contemplate

to

of these

of
are,

in

philosophy impel
affirmation

external

of

character

phenomenon

of the

in
no

modo
more

The

respect
more

of the

affirmation
its

to

action

of

than

that

each

is

the

mode

inexplicablethan
in

power

existence.

speaking of

the

respective effects,
"

is."

When
of any

itself becomes

It is

mode

that

the

impossible, and

perfection of absurdity.

of

the

ence
exist-

the

lute
abso-

ity,
is,in real-

one

The

other.

quo

and
inexplicable,
action

of

Dr.

of

Brown,

produce

causes

to

the

doubt

attempt

to

no

other

every

then
intelligence,
the

"

immediate

and

positiveand

remark

us

faculty,

everything is mysterious,or

philosophy leads
faculty of

the

former

direct

alike

which

such

Neither, surely.Each

of

of

and

qualitiesof

action

sage
in

as

the

is alike

The

treat

wise

regard to

of

object,by

object.

mystery

in

itself ?

of each

the

to

nomenon
phe-

affirmations

would

and

esteem

affirmation

its

to

these

which

respect

of the mind

of

ness
conscious-

In

perception as

of

consciousness,

facultypertainsalike
intuition.

to

in

sense,

object, or

and
a

of

Which

me

that

suppose

color.

this

valid, and

most

telligen
in-

of the

object,as possessed

and

of

mind.

own

my

the
reality,

sound

the

existence

recognize the

SENSE

comparative

will

external

some

the

functions

two

consciousness.

and

qualitiesof extension, form,

I

OF

CONSCIOUSNESS.

perceptionof

AFFIRMATIONS

THE

prepared

now

sense

when

of

is its nature.

COMPARATIVE

as

of action

their
ing
noth-

mations
real affir-

philosophy

realize

it,the

46

THE

indirect,it is alike
in

Tnanner

know
or

which,

these

real

and

absolute.

is this

the

of

we
fulfilled,

philosophy gives

correlation

knowing facultyand

the

to

respect
are

that

is the

Such

In

conditions

certain

when

objects,the only answer

demands,

nature

INTELLECT.

between
the

that of

the

objects of

knowledge.
THEORY

It

is

sufficient

that it is

verification

of
is

different

kind

entirelyfree

fatal to
knows

those

theories.

of

with

the

knowledge,
it is

are

of

hitherto

world

under

individual

the

last

this

upon

principle;The

one

these

faculty of knowledge.

either

knowledge,
by

or

do

they
the

next

qualitiesof

direct

in his classification

and

according to
as,

partment
de-

in accordance
also

the niocle of
cause
k)ioios,be-

difficulties which

announced, involve,
facts

knowing,

as

or

conditions

they

given

are

MATTER.

OF

According

and

classed

of

specialattention

matter.

three

he

intelligence.

QUALITIES

We

The

above

to

miml

present the

not

manner

the universal

the

Every theory

in respect
analysis,

and

perfectly

are

believes,that
to

stated.

theory

presented,

consideration,and

principlesabove

presents

every

which

correlated

as

in

been

difficulties

theories, contradictoryto that

in and

be

has

Every

nature

our

rest, in

must

all

those

from

not

nounced,
an-

it is encumbered

involved

are

it

as

case,

"

which

the external

theory above

intelligence,that

difficulties which

no

the

of

of the

statement

itself to the universal

with

VERIFIED.

we

to

to

consideration

Sir William

fulh^ concur,

such

Hamilton,

qualities
may,

scientific arrangement,
strictly

primary

proper,

of the

should,

secundo-primary, and

ondary.
sec-

47

SENSE.

PRIMARY

the primary
first,

The

which
in

even

belong
thought,

to

two,

are

elements

occupies

that

in the

language

of the author

proximate attributes

referred

3rd.

Size,

4th.

Density

of

matter,

as

"

form.

Hence,

have

we

in

eight

5th.

Rarity,
Figure (or form),

6th.

Incompressibilit}^,

7th.

Mobility,

8th.

Situation."

or

qualities
distinguishno

from

substance;

other,but

any
and

cannot,

matter

in

even

kind

one

of material

itself from

stance
subother

every

thought,be separated from

matter.

QUALITIES.

SECUNDO-PRIMARY

The

to

matter,

classes of material

pertain,as
the

to

light,as
"

"

and

and

author

classes.
from

cohesion

soft, solid and

brittle, rigidand

and

anotiier,and

quoted

"

"

Thus

which
bodies

classed,in

are

; also

as

heavy

fluid, viscid
"

and

flexible, fissileand

inductile, elastic and

"

tain,
per-

distinguishdifferent

one

such

gravity and

"

hard

infissile,ductile

from

to
qualities,

of the

their

friable, tough

such, but which

substances

essential

language

reference

as

which

those

secundo-primary qualitiesare

not

ind

to,

The

matter.

is contained

and

space,

cannot,

Divisibility,

These

in

which

idea

our

ties
proper-

Extension,

2nd.

it,as

and

it,as

from

of

all those

and
is,has real extension, solidity

space;

1st.

such,

as

separated

that it

"

includes

proper,

matter

be

constituent

necessary

such,

QUALITIES.

"

inelastic,
"

48

THE

and

rough
and

smooth,

INTELLECT.

slipperyand

"

incompressible, resilient
"

tenacious, compressible
"

and

irresilient,movable
"

and

immovable."
SECONDARY

The

secondary qualities
ive
are, properlyspeaking,subject-

affections
all.
in

in

ourselves, and

They pertainto

example, are

the

flavor,savor,

and

of

which

affections

actual

is obtained

kind. Sir William

the
of

that

mediately \
the

Whenever

object.

objectof knowledge.

he

object,we

The

"

be

judgment,
well

sense,

"

repeat what

science, that these

for
or

we

the

simply,"and

facultyof

term

consciousness

wish

to

of

have

term",

external

with
we

affirm

that

have

knowledge, perception,of

an

sciousness.
con-

immediate
oi thsit

teaches, two

external

ternal
in-

and

In

said; it would

wit, consciousness,

to

perceptionor perception

employ

we

the term

and

before

generally employed

the definitions

shall

former

general faculty

further

self-consciousness,were

in strict accordance

tliat

self-consciousness.

and

we

The

affirms,conscious

those

separate functions,

perception;that is,sense,
our

direct

he

are,

and

presentative^and

designatedby

have

we

that

fering
is,through something dif-

general facultyhas, he

This

distinct and

we

immediate^

denominates

Hamilton

presentativeknowledge,

an

sound,

distinguishbetween

to

latter,represe7itative
knowledge.

perceptionof

for

KNOWLEDGE.

is direct and

which

numericallyfrom

the terms:

PRESENTATIVE

is accustomed

knowledge

Such

sensation, heat, cold, etc.

AND

one

sensations.

or

at

matter

unperceived

causes,

qualities
representedby

REPRESENTATIVE

Every

of
properties

not

merely as

matter

of these

themselves,

kind

QUALITIES.

as

of this author.

he

does;

direct

object,we

that

and
shall

The

is,when

immediate

affirm,that

49

SENSE.

conscious,or

we

are

OF

THAT

^iwd immediately
directly
cowsciom^,

are

OBJECT.

OF

RELATIONS

THE

INTELLIGENCE

TO

THE

QUALITIES

OF

MATTER.

We

now

prepared for

relations

of the universal

are

actual

They

of matter.

throughout,and
the

of

the

presentative.We

the

primary qualities

is direct
for

are,

and

matter

as

qualitiesof
of

ourselves,as

example, in

absolute

deny

the other.

of this

through

on

the

the unknown
The

other

are

knoic?i

Here
of

hand,

is found

the

the

universal

no

more

of the

hand,

of

of

given in

thought,

consciousness
it would

is

sensations.

states

states

in

The

consciousness,

of the

sensibility,
the

consciousness, as
the

of

intellige?ice.

in the

distinction

to
intelligence

to

wholly

secundo-primary, on

conscious

fundamental

be

wholly representative;

the universal

and

ception,
per-

secondary qualities

varied

our

the

of

ment
impeach-

an

universal

universallygiven

objectsof

functions

mediate, being obtained

primary,
as

be

of conscious

causes

sensations.

the

other

consciousness

are
secondary qualities
as

would

knowledge
the

percep-

internal

are, in

we

say

absolutelyconscious

than
propositions,

is,indirect and

that

as

testimony of

Our

substance,

/brm,

It

of the above

one

external

objectactuallypossessed

exercisingthe

willing.

of the

deny

and

extension

feeling,and
to

external

an

to

immediate, that is,

tion,justas directly,
immediately,and
of

qualities

secundo-primaryin part,

knowledge

least,our

Of

the

the

of

statement

to
intelligence

these:

are

distinct

the different

relations

qualitiesof

matter.
FUNDAMENTAL

By many
4

ERROR

philosophers,the

IN

PHILOSOPHY.

dogma

is

maintained, that

50

INTELLECT.

THE

all

knowledge

our

of

and
being indirectly

We

might, with

we

have

medium,
derived.
affirm

than
all

we

have
far

all

our

should

to

that all

of it is

its

known

of
and

unless

universal

the

the

these

as
exclusively,

of the

the

in which

this

one

medium.

foundation

than

the

HAS

MATTER

Till
the

the

of

as

an

REAL

OR

of matter

are

but

ject
ob-

the

ginning,"
be-

knowledge

of

conscious

of

in

this

of conscious

one

states

only sense

is received

and

through
no

other

ness,
of the facts of conscious-

part, and

one

as

perception;

theory has

this

ONLY

AN

compatibl
absolutelyin-

all

our

While
the

vindicate

almost

knowledge
derived

that
science
for

matter

attended

mitted
universally adof this substance

wholly through

assumption
of

EXISTENCE

has
difficulty

question; the

principlein

impossibleto

IDEAL

fundamental

of sensation.

admitted

of

this is the

exclusivelyrepresentative,being

the medium

of matter,

liar from

hand,

we

th6 known

as

We

as

are,

other.

a
quiterecently,

discussion

causes

partialinduction

assumption,that
is

other

sensational

being compatible with

with

theory does,that

form

only

unknown

The

''

objects.

knowledge

our

presentative,

conscious

is

sensations;and
sensibility,

form

is

concerned,

the

on
secondaryqualities,

form

facts,to

intelligence,
sense,

the

are
qualities

conscious

sensational

consciousness

presentative is
which

it is thus

matter

immediately

of

acts

of

this

of

representative. We

are
primary qualities

that

substance, through

deny

the

sensation.

propriety,affirm

knowledge

our

more

as
affirm,

said, directlyand

as

this

of

no

and

knowledge

knowledge

our

truth

same

should

We

that

the

affirm

to

as

exclusivelyrepresentative,

mediately derived,through

knowledge

no

is

matter

remained

mind, it

was

anything

solutely
abmore

51

SENSE.

than

ideal

an

existence; that

of

cause

given

of this state

mental

could

external, material

an

adduced.

be

accounted

could, by

cause

is not

of this substance

knowledge

our

mediate

least,is,not

"

fact,
each

belief is

belief

this

without

only

antithesis

"

there
"

"

the internal

Satan,

knowledge

our

of

sensation;

"a

properties of

voice

If the

liar from
external

of

mediate,
im-

given
the

to

known

"

pendent,
indeNo

irresistible^
be

be

Thou,

Creator

as

an

other.

to

antithesis

as

real ;

no

illusive

so

far

is shown

from

be

to

possessed of

mind, and

the

form, has

resistance, extension, and

"

tions
distinc-

are

beginning." Matter, then,

the
to

and

is revealed

consciousness,

our

the

say

direct

each

in antithesis

; and

It

ness
perception conscious-

not-self

true.

more

been

of science.

medium

is real and

difference

substance

the

all

Zand
subject2Lnd object,
9iot-self

selfand

like

known

is therefore

being

sphere

our

istence
ex-

of

theory has

to
primary qualities,

Hamilton,

self and

the

be
possibility,

any

intuitive^iiniversdl^imniediate^ or

more

that

As

equally well, on

representative,but

or

Sir William

says
ultimate

its

of

presentative. "In

or

than

the

through

able
unknow-

positive evidence

demonstrably established,that

been

tliat all

for

however, the sensational

Now,

and

state, sensation.

demonstrably exploded, within

has

unknown,

an

oppositehypotheses,no

and

various

of

as

the
real

being.
THE

DOCTRINE

MATTER

OF

AS

FORCE

VOTD

OF

THE

EXTENSION

SOLIDITY,

AS

SUCH

QUALITIES,

MARY
PRIAND

FORM.

The
the

doctrine

is

now

being pressed

sphere of science, that

having

resistance

matter

and

with

is,not

form, but

an

an

great zeal into

extended
indefinable

stance
suband

52

THE

inconceivable

wit

something,

the

become

watchword

substance

immaterial

an

us

contemplate this

school

who

in

nature,

real

schools

the

compatible

as

in

of real

the

idea

advocates

doctrine,that

in the

universe

the remotest

primary,

the
new

to

the

and

real
such

of

nature

doctrine, and

the

occupying

the

the

space,

qualities. We
in favor

which

affirmations
that consciousness

of
is

ing
operatit,in

not, in fact,,

be

for

and

one

form,

universal

lie,or

we

of
In

they

against this
we

space,

have

absolute

no

trine,
doc-

new

maintain, the

consciousness.
have

self,
it-

qualitiesof

the

that

this

just as

operating,in

as

an

that

shown,

maintain.

example

which

from

in favor

all

beea

have

possible,and

as

adduce
finally

the

that

renders

does

we

existing and

have,

of the

dogma,,

yet developed

it cannot

case,

againstthat
forces

tend
con-

contend,

or

proves,

all

properties

of the forces

probabilityexists

resistance,extension,

and

the

never

matter

just as conceivable, just

probable,that

we

still further, that

contend

antececleyit

remotest

it is

We

of

force, is just

with

as

this

is,in its

secundo-primary qualitieswhich
it.

Let

consideration, together with

qualitiesunder

and

attributed

appeal to

have

degree,probable that

the

possess

as

further

us, that

around

force.

What

it has

the nature

solitaryfact pertainingto

but

form,

doctrine

form,

doctrine

new

and

matter

matter

properties. We

of the

material

controversy with

world.

of

has

moments.

common

external

an

the

such

no

few

no

is the

resistance,extension, and

that it has
the

with

have

us

This

for is this ; that

as

as

space

for

This

philosophy, to

however,

question,whether

force.

believe

who

doctrine

with

to

in

resistance,extension,

new

agree

regard
a

school

new

something, acting in

as

Those

force.

existence,not

real

having

denominated

of

has real

Matter

INTELLECT.

lute
abso-

Either

knowledge

64

has

ness,

ity,
in

INTELLECT.

THE

color.

The

be

thought,
to

it

as

following

any
this

Color,

For

true

doctrine

refer

to

Intellectual

the

is

the

constitute

full

more

of

chapter

objects

sense,

on

Philosophy.

or

this

under

will

all.

of

The

subject

matter,

or

particular

the

from

qualities

perception,
in

without

discussion

complete

external

tioned:
ques-

distinguished

are

secundo-primary
and

the

imagine
it

imagine

at

be

not

quality

tains
per-

ation,
consider-

cannot

we

can

even

forth

gives

which

primary

qualities

different

we

cannot,

us,

quality

observed,

qual-

one

necessarily

then

the

of

though

such

no

which

another,

has

then,

has

to

validity

color,

but

He

regard

the

all

by

matter.

in

tells

matter,

substance.

Aristotle

substance

colors

one

such

As

oneP

from

this

to

he

quality,

separated

without

characteristic

primary

statement

"

body

identical

statement

"

this

given

larger

of

we

work,

of

the

would

the

"

55

KEASONo

CHAPTER

V.

REASON.

REASON

Reason

has

DEFINED,

already been

defined, as the

plied knowledge^ the facultywhich

ideas

"

necessarilyimplied by
by
sense,

for

of

and

former

faculties

and

consciousness.

body,

form.

By

apprehend

we

the facts

the

example,
as

possessed

space,

in which

being implied by

the

of the

in which

space

exist.

does
ternal

In the

the

such

idea

of

necessarilyimpliedhY
also, we

substance.

too,

apprehend

apprehensions,we
events.

Of

and

by

succession.

By

body

By

external

On

By

events.

cognize
and

cause

succession

as

other,

we

occasion
as

ness,
conscious-

occasion
same,

of

such

reason

perception,

occasion

on

in-

duration,

and

the

pies,
occu-

and

on

or

internal

reason,

it

the

reason,

of

condition

external

sense

and

existence

the

cognize time,

sion
exten-

exist,the

must

after

one

necessarilyimplied by

as

cognizes
we

they do,

sciousness
con-

perceptions,

which

of

perceive phenomena.

perceptionsand

and

upon

consciousness

we

ception,
per-

"

immediate

exists,and

succession;

apprehension,

sense,

latter;that is,the

former

facts,occurringas

obtain
of

the

ception,
per-

of such

does

body

prehende
ap-

internal

qualitiesof

body being absolutelyimpossible,but

that

and

and

occasion

on

reason,

ideas,

necessary

Through
direct

im-

perceived,and

external

of

have

we

givesus

facultyof

of such

necessarilyimplied by
we

are

conscious

as

56

INTELLECT.

THE

limited, and
occasion

of

apprehends

objects,reason
the

on

correlative

the

of the consciousness

of ourselves

as

internal

phenomena,

apprehends

the

perceptionof

the

facts.

On

reason

apprehends

idea

representedby

So

also

the

on

the

still another
the

verb

number,

of resemblance

and

is

by

by

as

this

is

and

plurality,

is

existing and
our

knowledge

sphere

to

of

directlyand

of

of

of

the

we

the

From

Space

conceived
all

our

time, for

and

of,

but

the

as

of substances

ideas

in time

that

by

and

space,

must

particularphenomena

said substances
reason,

and

facts

Implied knowledge

implied.

the

the

of all truths

faculties.

so.

operating

edge,
knowl-

limited.

and

characteristics,be determined

former

efi'ects attributed

realities

hends
appre-

prior action

those

these

be

must

the

are

as

real, through

case,

the

be

must

in its essential

causes

as

and

an

forms.

objects,reason

characteristics

example, are known, and can be

place of body and succession, and
be

its various

difference,likeness

on

the essential

reason,

of the

which

and

exiatence^

fixed, determined,

conditioned

always

objectsknown
must,

internal,

or

REASON.

OP

thus

is

sphere

faculties,and

nature

sonal
per-

conscious

being exclusivelythe facultyof implied

Its action

attained

of

etc.

Reason
its

On

subjectsof

idea

of

inequality,unity

SPHERE

other

be, in

to

various

unlikeness, equalityand
or

idea, that

perception of

ideas

the

external

fact

any

ite,
fin-

other.

such

necessarilyimplied by

identity,as

of the

the

infinite,on

these

in

ideas

occasion

reason

On

unlimited.

as

attributes

such

of

of the

and

hand,

one

duration,

consciouness

the

of

and

space

and

repeat, is

causes.

to

The

apprehend

immediately implied^and

and
clusive
ex-

the

necessarily

57

REASON.

and

facts and

the

hy

SO,

the other

through

implied

realities

by

the

action

it

with

connection
elucidated
as

such

Those

and

objectsaffirmed

faculties.

realities

as

the action

the

of

by objects given

and

the ideas

primary

ideas of

attained

through

the action

other

the

the

of space,

class of ideas

objectsof
thought
been

enter,

every

and

kind.

action

in

of

latter

chapter,

after

characteristics

the

latter

will

we

shall

have

of the

Implied knowledge
more

than

the

all

be

has

the

knowledge

hand,

same

by

retribution,we

the

The

laws

the

the

referred

of

have

former

in

elucidated

ing
precedseparate

nature

and

to.

REASON.

validityand
which

former

conceptionsof

our

in this and

BY

beautiful,

The

developed

KNOWLEDGE

the

constitute

secondary faculties
OF

VALIDITY

inate
denom-

we

reason.

forms.

elucidated
alreadysufficiently

chapters;

the

and

the other

on

mary
pri-

secondary faculties;such

ideas

all their

of the

cause,

God, duty,the true,

The

implied

time, the finite

elements, into

as

be

faculties.

the action

Those

of the

secondary

In

cause.

these

necessity,
immortality,and
good,liberty,

denominate

no

finite and

realities

through

through

reason.

the ideas of

example, as

with

consciousness,

time, the

and
infinite,
substance, personalidentity,

the

as

secondary faculties,to

real

as

attained

reason

faculties;as,

for

connection

In

space,

hereafter,it apprehends

ideas of

hy

REASON.

and
infinite,substance, personal identity,

the

real

apprehensions of

us

sense
primary faculties,

such

apprehends

OF

gives

facts

by

intellectual

of the

affirmedas

IDEAS

shown,

real

as

other

the

such

SECONDARY

have

we

as

and

primary faculties.

AND

PRIMARY

Reason,

objectsknown

the

can

former

have
is im-

58

THE

plied

has.

has, as

we

Knowledge, through
have

character
has

actually knoion

apprehended
the

existence,and

the

by

"

assumption

what
so

take

we

called."

they

as

them

mind.
and

of matter,

"gives

all

out

that

we

in all its forms

that

through

knowledge

valid for

facts

from

creation

the

student

pressed with
between

in
are,

our

in

still more

they

are

from
principles,

personalGod,

the unknown

from

The

to

to

from
but

realities,as

the

theism

mental

reasonings

profoundly

all

our

validityof

edge.
implied knowl-

justnamed,
the

We

have

seen,

faculties

primary

is

the

infinite,from

finite to the

example,

to

science

assumed

unknown.

the

alike.

still more

truth, reasoningfrom

falsely

In

anti-theism.
from

jects
ob-

validityof

the author

the

we

are

reasoning
not

ing
reason-

profoundly unknown,
the

cannot

fact,that righthere
and

of

the

all

absolutelyknown
in

the

the

science

"

not
can-

in themselves.

for

to the

that

one

in themselves

not

of

this

upon

appearance^'*denying

mere

validityof knowledge
our

stance,
sub-

not, and

impeaches

language of

as

do

"

systemg

are

systems that

the

things

wholly

themselves;

Idealism

Scepticism,in

themselves,

themselves, and

rest

impeaches

both

in

ism,
Materialism, ideal-

conceptionsare

Materialism
of

in

are

be,"

to

ternal
ex-

ideal^ but

an

in

realities.

by Kant,

ideas and

our

knowledge
that

announced

realities

of all

therefore,

reason,

are,

are

cause,

all of which

scepticism,

know

realityand

intelligence.Space, time,

mind, actuallyknown

and

the

events, have, not

and
personal identity,
to

consciousness,

validityfor

objects. Knowledge by

internal,and

and

as

and

sense

validity. Body, succession, phenomena

same

real^ and

absolute

seen,

its

of

the

INTELLECT.

necessarilyimplied.
be

too

lies the

The

deeply

only real

latter

issue

affirms

that,

facts to final causes,

absolutelyunknown
The

former

affirms

im--

we

to the

that,

59

REASON.

in

thus

absolutelyknown
with

its

being

either

nature, and

themselves.

If

and

necessarilyimplied.

do

thus

admit

rock

and

affirms,we

is to

absolutelyunknown

us

infinite
any

follyin

form;

that

FUNDAMENTAL

IN

OF

Knowledge through
speculationshave
sphere and

the
speculations,

German

other

On

the

all
reason,

of the
nal
eter-

upon

hand,

anti-

as

facts;if

nature

then

"

ultimate

it is
in

causes

infinite

rance,
igno-

THE

the

of such

denominated

been

and

many

knowledge. Among

very

these

specialattention.

by knowledge

or

the

time

of

faculties,and
such

knowledge existingin

even

by

mind,

priori^

means

of all

reason

itself.

insight,they
the

Kant, professedly

validityof knowledge by

utterlyinvalid.

by

PHILOSOPHERS.

reason,

authority of

AND

PRIORI.

and
jo?'/on,

GERMA.V

insightof

SPHERE

THE

followingdeserve

intellectual
assumed

all

indulged in, respectingthe

since
philosophers,

determine
the

OF

been

functions
two

TO

has

reason,

wild

the

these

KNOWLEDGE

philosophers,
knowledge

direct

other

unknowable,

KEGARD

some

By

in

knowledge.
MISTAKE

ERROR

they are

doctrine

deduce, from

to

essential

is based

all after

inquireat

FUNCTIONS

proper

know

as

said

facts, then

that the

the

and

is,to attempt

absolute

these

on

thus

not

to

us

If

tion
connec-

the

them

personalGod

theism

know

tions
deduc-

fall with

or

not, know

affirm

of truth.

do

do

or

The

necessary

stand

must

do not, know

or

perfectionsof

rock, the

immutably

an

do,

do,

we

in science

schools

fact,advancing through tlie

and
principles,

principles. We
of

the

to

system have

of each

facts

are, in

reasoning-,we

even

have

nounced
pro-

ideas

of

60

We

"

have

nothing but
which

things

of)
them

invisage (form conceptions

they

in

senses

in space
would

to

appear

time, nay,

disappear,and
only in

but
what

be the

may

nothing
to

but

to

this

all the

the

of

of
need

only

have

we

Now

it is

the

sphere

doctrine
of

implied?

In

province
known
other

as

and

of the affirmations

How,

for

the

belong

to

do."

to

which

us

arate
sep-

know
is peculiar
though
al-

being,

every

With

other
is to

this

the

respect
a

of

the

priori.
the

words, how

apprehend
facts and

conceive

validity of

example,

can

its

What

authorityhas

validityof
a

realities

that

intuition

as

absolute

can

of

plied
im-

which

implied,and

How

determine

by

faculty,whose

objects affirmed

own

in

functions

proper

can

faculties

of

is involved

separate faculties,determine
of said

Kant

of

diction,
palpableself-contra-

more

to

tion,
assump-

time

philosophy,than

determine

to

implied by

distinct

determine

in

knowledge

knowledge
it is

to

sensibility.We

our

utterlyimpossibleto
of

or

utterlyunknown

philosopherssince

in

reason,

the

selves,
them-

objects in themselves,

not

of forms

above

in

phenomena

as

perceiving them,

greater absurdity,or

the

with

away

man.

German

fullyagree.

stituted
con-

so

themselves

time

and

remains

receptivityof

every

With

"

exist

It

us.

which

do

we

take

we

subjectivequalityof

space

cannot

manner

our

and

us,

even

nature

all the

from

ments
judg-

of objects
quality,all relationships

general,every
and

the

only

even

and

themselves

that if

; and

us

the

that

"

which

for

in
relationships

their

or

themselves

in

that

not

intuition

our

we

are

subject,

that all

"

philosophy,

representationof phenomenon

; neither

our

of his

in

Kant,

say," says

to

the

are

as

intended

therefore

results

giving the
is

INTELLECT.

THE

clusive
ex-

only

real

the

validity

any

faculty

affirmations
the

by

validityof

62

THE

mines

and

purely
the

only
world

the

only

of

nature

in time

Now

the

In

causes,

and

merest

in

tyro
a

act, it

it

in

do

can

such

as

has,

Within

authority of

to

the

has

no

respect
reason

each

two

distinct

which

two

determine

as

sphere, and

its

to

the

give
affirmed

as

space

it

real

by

else, has
is

as

within

faculties

its

appropriate objects. In
do

causes

or

all.

insightat

still another

point

of

each

of

as

by themselves,

separate hypotheses present themselves

Let

us

light.
and

as

is undeniable.

which

is in itself

other,

Now

we

distinct

respect

as

cannot

we

when

three
in

Of

of whii^h

This

the

happen.

exist,

determine

cannot

is not, true.

will

dependent
In-

perceptive

nowhere

substances

likelyto happen,
and

it.

realities

than

objects

example,

which,
p)i'iori

time

the

other, equally conceivable,

which

for

to

such

no

less

equally possible,we

events,

possible,and

assigned

opposite hypotheses each

and

every

is,and

have,

of

that

when

immediate

subject in

and

consequence,

priori
Of

each

not

stances,
sub-

know,

to

can

perceptive

respect

and

this

is,with

all the

of

authorityis absolute, just

question, what
direct

more

its

of the

in

contemplate
or

forces

insight at all;and

and

this

here

sphere, and

proper

nor

facts

and

action

the

to

more

no

authority,and

the

these

the

infinite,existingand

is here

no
reality,

by

faculties.

but

time,

philosophy ought

^^Won,

prior

faculties,it has,

these

in

space.

of, and

implied

in which

finite and

"

insight,sphere, or authorityas

does

acting

not

short, by direct insightof

and

space

knowledge

or

reason,

existingand

precise mode

organized.

forces,and

acting

the

but

and

forces

priori^

by knoioledge a priori^ he professedlygives

or

reason,

the

of

us,

created

were

exclusively by knowledge

nature

around

INTELLECT.

to

template
con-

and
what

63

REASON.

and

events

in

time

and

exist

both

can

which

is

to

in

be

and

occur

exist

substances

no

has

author

and

that

direct

do

do

and

any
his

such

such

school

authority
in

if

these

hypotheses

absurd

insight,
is

or

false,
that

ascribed

do

events

and

No

space.

of

time

empty

what

so,

and

faculty

independent

forces,
in

act

philosophy.

knowledge.

and

and

as

valid

into

immediate

in

exist

the

look

and

knowledge.

reason,

substances,

exist

has

reason

of

can

time

do

of

which

any,

in

substances

only,

and

what

and

exist

valid

of

objects

How

true

do

and

priori

self-evidently

more

priori

mind

whether

infinite,

that

the

and

by

time,

and

time,

not,

determine

insight,

idea^

and

objects

us

in

occur

are

and,

space,

finite

time,

substances

to

are

knowledge,

implied

occur

in

and

determine

we

and

can

do

and

How

do

infinite,

occur

occur

neither

Events

space,

and

do

but

;
3.

do

and

space.

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space

wit

to

events

in

2.

finite

space,

No

1.

is,

substances

causes

hypotheses
than

is

the

knowledge
to

it

by

this

64

INTELLECT.

THE

CHAPTER

VI.

SECONDARY

FACULTIES.

DEFINED.

UNDERSTANDING

the

Through

faculty of

have,

we

of external

as

material

similar

intuitions

thinking,feeling,and
of the

intuitions

such

substance,and
and
which
into

said

intuitions,
necessary

of

body,

into its distinct

for

conceive

named

elements, is

inhere,
"

true

have
of

notions
our

process

complex, and

by

the

primary

as

found

the

to

in which

existingin

relations

to

other

time

of

all substances

constituted
faculties.

phenomenon,

whatever.

composed of

intuitions.

and

space,

of which

same

holds

They

intuitions

notion, then, is

to.

qualities

substances,

exclusivelyof
A

the

The

sively
exclu-

referred

and

our

analyzed

constituted

faculties above

substance,

substance

be

when

in

united

contingent, are

similarlycompounded.

notions

all

given by
it

of

sustainingcertain
we

example, is complex, and

of intuitions

We

being given, another

conceptionsof particular
things. Thus,

notions^ or

notion

and

have

we

personal identity,

occurs,

process

as

tion
condi-

on

reason,

consciousness,

intuitions

intellectual

secondary

as

have

we

minds; such

our

time, space,

These

cause.

and

sense

of

ities
qual-

such

By consciousness,

willing. Through

those

as

sations,
sen-

the

of

phenomena,

operationsof

perceptionsof

of

extension, form, resistance,

sound.

the

of

intuitions

seen,

terms

color,taste, smell,and

consciousness

substances

the

expressed by

are

have

we

and

sense,

are

given

complex

tellectu
in-

SECONDARY

The

the

give

us

shall

we

which

call that
shall

conformity

? In

the

gives us

to

which
intelligence,

already

call the

we

the

of

have

latter, we

words, what
mind

functions

faculties,or

65

FACULTIES.

considered.
?

former

notion-forming

usage

which

What
In

other
of

power

has, since

the

time

Coleridge, extensively obtained, we denominate

the understanding. In
faculty of the intelligence,

this

of

specialnotice

when
be

will
application,
specific

this

conformity to

to

employed throughout this

not

Locke

as

but

gence,

as

into notions

It will be

employed,

combined,

primary faculties,are

the

given by

necessary,

classes

or
conceptionsofparticular objects^

or

given,

not

intuitions,contingentand

in which

function

treatise.

standing,
under-

term

contrary is

the

strict

designatingthe general intelli

it, as

uses

the

the

of

objects.

ately
immediintuition,in all instances, pertainsdirectly,

As

and
held

always

as

for
other

the
How

the

reality and

hand,

often

false.

do

hear

we

such

How

such
of

of

often

will

conceptions
5

in

individual

such

say

to

be

and

wrong,

the

to

all

in the

your
true

of

subject

to

reasoning pertain.
careful

trains

conclusions, atid

exceeding

respect

another

object,is right or

grave

notions.

conceptions,or

misapprehensionsof

upon

tuition
in-

of its object. Error, on

character
with

are

conclusions

truth

thought.

and

in

basis

their

the validity of
principle,

one

one

its object.

of

character

procedure have

commences

reasoning, based
which

of this

truth

conception of
or

of scientific

forms

assumed

realityand

for the

valid

be

object,intuitive perceptionmust

its

singly,to

All
the

ERROR.

OF

SOURCE

The

ciple
dis-

formation

important objects

of

66

INTELLECT.

THE

We

intellectual

these
rank

point

which

light in

of

the

of

invalid, or

and

true

js

invalid

criterion of valid and

conception

fullyall

its

but real attributes.

none

it

when
those

which

are

given conception
appears

in

when

each

distinct
may

be

is incomplete

conception

true

or

It is
not

attributes.

valid, when

false,though

it

plete,
com-

excludes

real, or

of

element

the

CONCEPTIONS.

and

opposite states
the

understanding ;

embraced

which

in

contemplated,to wit, as
through

consciousness

primitive action

it embraces

part of such

REFLECTIVE

AND

two

are

universal

real.

SPONTANEOUS

There

attributes

includes

thus

elements

is the

of

object.

its

to

when

object.

conception,though incomplete,is

embraces

is valid

false,conceptions.

and

complete

but

it embraces

when
A

of

the attributes

and

CONCEPTIONS.

is

notion

any

given. This

thus

valid

notion

respect

it excludes

INCOMPLETE

or

templated.
con-

implied elements

in

invalid,true

AND

COMPLETE

the

to

object,that is,is true,

its

of

intuition

not

take

time,

to

is that of

conception or

false,when

or

time

from

are,

perceived and

the

given.,or includes any

which

classes,according

divisions

character

thought actually given by

It

classification of

CONCEPTIONS.

false.

it embraces

when

they

obvious

most

realityand

the

for

varied

INVALID

AND

VALID

One

distinct

apprehensions,phenomena

different,and

under

for

prepared

now

are

CLASSIFIED.

CONCEPTIONS,

OR

NOTION'S,

in it has

it first

spontaneous
and

been

as

the

and

it appears

object

of

SECONDARY

distinct

rejection, and

constituent

reflective

defined.

objects
than

of

and

useless,

for

unless

example,
habituate

we

the

as

the

latter

distinct

of

all

overestimated.

to

tinct
dis-

and

habituallyforming full,

reflective, apprehensions
be

in

conceptions;

in forms

of

all its

be classed

may

undefined,

consciousness

thought, cannot

distinct, and

former

importance

with

in consciousness

reflective

as

and

in the

The

distinct,or

and

conception,

The

latter

indistinct

being

always appearing
well

entire

form.

the

and

spontaneous,
former

the

elements, is presented

and

67

FACULTIES.

read

It is

books,

ourselves

to

important
worse

or

listen to

the

formation

reflective,apprehensions of what

courses,
disof

read

we

or

hear.

GENERIC

INDIVIDUAL,

OR

GENERICAL,

SPECIFICAL

which

Conceptions
which

pertain

classes

pertain

(species)under
the

to

specific,or
under

the

species.

classes

Those,

(species) referred

The

the

and

genus,

individual
intuition

conception
in

to

common

elements
which

regard

to,

to

under

it.

to

individuals

all

the

are

The

denominated
ranks
the

under
all

the

ol^jectof

the

only
which

embraces

or

which

hand,

species

embraces
the

Those

generic

ranks

embrace

generical conception
common

rank

all

other

individual

Specificalconceptions
The

the

on

dividual
in-

to

individuals, but

not

denominated

are

specificalconceptions.

given by

them.

conceptions.

embrace,

them,

generical conceptions.
pertain

OB

single objects,or

to

individual

ki?ids,which

to

SPECIFIC

CONCEPTIONS.

denominated

are

AND

those

rank

only

ments
eleception.
con-

ments
ele-

under
those

specifical conceptions

68

conceptions pertain

Concrete

actuallyexist,and

their

terms

John,

as

intuition

given by

elements

given by

animal,

pertain only

irrespectiveof

Abstract

etc.
to

the

goodness, whiteness, hardness,

PRIVATIVE

embrace

actuallygiven by

intuition

such

represented by
wisdom,
as

to

void

etc.

such,

in

for

which

for

example,

as

of certain

objects,

example,

pertainto

as

are

their

do

objects

not,

belong

privativeconceptions,
such

When,

deafness, ignorance,etc.

void
necessarily,

their

represented by

are

which

only

to

might, but

conception pertains to

respect

denominated

are

its

object

the

on

as

is called

it
qualities,

terms

merely, or
a

negative

"

dumb

as

CONCRETE

We

AND

the

elements
other

same

class of

given by

two

in

those

objects from

such

etc.

CONCEPTIONS.

classes

objects,the

intuition

comprehending

distinguishsuch

lifeless corpse,

CHARACTERISTIC

have

commonly
to

the

statue,

as

other

conception, conceptions,forexatnple,representedby
terms

as

sound, speech, knowledge,

qualitieswhich

objects,

dumbness,
hand

elements

those

as

Conceptions

of certain

said

terms

terms

CONCEPTIONS.

positiveconceptions,such,

called

such

etc.

Conceptions which

are

the

which

object to

NEGATIVE

AND

tions,
concep-

singlequality

some

"

are

tuition,
in-

"

qualitybelongs, conceptions represented by

POSITIVE,

they

objectsas

objects conceptions represented

man,

hand

the other

on

their

to

all the

embrace

to
relatively

such

CONCEPTIONS.

ABSOLUTE

AND

CONCRETE

by

INTELLECT.

THE

of
one

respect

only

conceptions

to

which

embracing
said

in

gard
re-

all the

objects, and

peculrarizeand

all individuals

resembling

70

object is,in

absent

present,

as

Mr.

of

S. arose,

first,but

we

all times,

at

OF

MISTAKE

that

the

judging

according
other

Kant

and

such

philosophers,
material

of

object

of

ception,
con-

recalled.

If

only

not

must,

we

at

conception,

our

As

mind

of

The

evidently

limited

infinite,

realities

fact,
as

do

and
of

appropriate sphere

the

fall within

absolute,
the

range

of

can

intelligence,

the

finite.
and

the

of the

to

to

with

do

of

copied

According

great

ternal
ex-

the

in

error

to

losophy.
phi-

notions

and

ceptions
con-

anything

not

selves.
our-

form

the

attribute

only by

is

we

Nor

he

pertains only

consciousness,

in

really exist,

as

faculty

which

nothing

we

objective.

the

has
this

really

should

we

another.

the

of

as

are

faculty

one

Now

subjective

which

why

It

STANDING.
UNDER-

the"

philosophers.

understanding

matter

THE

as

definition

German

mind.

Notions
those

sense,"

the

TO

RESPECT

understanding,

substances.

with

of

the
to

from

subjective,

IN

COLERIDGE

defines

Coleridge

to

but

see

regard

definition

past perception

mistake

directly present.

as

to

is

not

his

sciousness
con-

The

dogma.

from

suppose,

do

we

such

be

to

Universal

perception.

of

it

believed

always

instance,

direct

error

is, that

true,

were

first

of

the
as

that
this

the

object

an

affirms

as

INTELLECT.

THE

any

formation
that
the

be

reasons

of
of

the

the

signed,
as-

latter

former

to

vmderstanding

Reason
universal.

is

pertains

alone

All

understanding.

other

JUDGMENT.

71

CHAPTER

VII.

JUDGMENT.

FACULTY

the action

Through

obtain

we

seen,

the

have

also

general,of

and

have

said

form

that A

and

resemble
each

and

as

new

or

separate, the
the

the

and

from

with

acts
a

obtained, since

of
usage
the

all

for

time

facultyof judgment

of

The
have

are

the

each

to exist

To

same.

example, and

to

judge

other, that

equ^l,or

are

the other.

What

relative

which,

them

they

unequal

to,

tinct
operationsentirelydis-

judgment,

the judgment.
faculty,

of the

"

ceptions
con-

is affirmed

The

notion-forming power,

which

such

ly
operationfundamental-

disagree with

one

of

more

subjectsof

we

yet contemplated,occurs;

the

understanding.

faculty to

accordance

or

relation
particular

edge.
knowl-

our

conceptions particular

or

undeniably mental

affirmations,or

has

have

we

have

we

understanding,as

two

unlike, that they

are

conceptions,or
the

which

agree

other, are

defined

which

conceptions,or

or

the

of all

objectsof thought. When

conception of

of

formed, and

any

operation in

between

elements

consciousness, another

distinct from
an

action

varied

been

in the

present

as
primary faculties,

forjii notions^

we

seen,

of the

constituent

the

Through

DEFINED.

to

we

denominate

referred

be

greater

Kant,

we

or

been

In

less extent,

denominate

nature,
reality,
now

already

suggestions,"relative

shall
a

have

we

shall

facultyof

and

this

sphere,

fullyascertained.

72

We

THE

INTELLECT.

will,accordingly,
proceed
characteristics

of varied

ACTS

Acts
to

of

We

the

AS

INDIVIDUAL

In

individuals

which

to

of those

mortal,

some

UNIVERSAL,

men

the

mortalityis
by

the term

the

John

and

affirmed

individual, and
mc?^m^waZ

and
is

hence

OF

individual

mind

is not

affirmed, and

All

judgments,

this

called

single

singular

when

or

an

contemplated

quantity,take rank, as universal^

of

singular^ judgments.

or

in the

in the

resented
rep-

represented

race

the

proposition

mortalityof

is, denominated

AS

matter.

In

judgment is, for

affirms

AFFIRMATIVE

quality,judgments

negative',as

are

judgment consequently,is

JUDGMENTS

to their

men

all individuals

part only of the

in the

as

is mortal.

In the second

judgment

the idea

to

particular^ or

or

last

judgment.

in reference

QUALITY

of

Such

The

This

men.

of

of

classed,as

are

all
propositions,

universal.

men.

particular.

As

term

denominated

reason,

the number

singular;

or

first propositionmortalityis affirmed

by

AND

SINGULAR.

individual

mortal,

are

plated.
contem-

PARTICULAR,

they pertain, they

represented by

ing
accord-

they are

that is,to
quayitity^

universal^particular,and
case

whicti

classes

followingas examples :

OR

their

to

respect

ing
lead-

faculty.

in different

stand-pointsfrom

JUDGMENTS,

of the

CLASSIFIED.

rank

will consider

OF

of this

acts

take

elucidation

an

JUDGMENT

judgment

the varied

QUANTITY

OF

to

are

OR

classed

propositions,all
In

the

former

latter,it is denied

NEGATIVE.

are

men

case,

tive^
affirma-

as

the

of the

mortal,

predicate

subject.

73

JUDGMENT.

OF

RELATIONS

JUDGMENTS,

AS

AND

When

mind

in

as

is not

*'

the

conceptions,in

if Csesar

was

the
in

as

included

consequent;

in

mortal, and

are

Caesar

"

was

When

relation

of the

or

is said

such

re-

judgment,
is

given class;as

in

usurper,"

to be

between

all

judgments,

stand

conception

one

of

hero

cal.
categori-

in the

as

of

death," said judgment

singlemember

D, the judgment

or

the nature
in

and

hypothetical.

judgment,
B, C,

men

denied

or

given judgment,

tyrant, he deserved

is denominated

given

propositions,all

antecedent

as

DISJUNCTIVE.

matter, the judgment is denominated

When
dated

HYPOTHETICAL

conception is directlyaffirmed

our

another;

CATEGORICAL,

the

it is

or

disjunctive.From
subject

affirmations

and

cate
predi-

be

must

either

or
disjunctive.
categorical,
hypothetical,

MODALITY

OF

AS

JUDGMENTS

AND

CONTINGENT

When
of

the connection

that

is, with

may,

or

the

not, exist; as

may

judgment

conceived

is

of, as

affirmingsuch
called

as

in

the
the

the other

their

connection

the

as

merely possible,

relation

judgment,
the

designated

may

in

be

B,

connection

is

as,

this

When

example, A

for

connection

is in

B, is

is conceived

as

wise,
conviction, that it might possiblybe otherB
proposition,

hand,

objects,is

in the

of

but actual,the judgment

only possible,

not

yesterday,the judgment
on

that

subjectand predicate

problematical. When

assertative.

actual, with

the

conceived

conviction

the

NECESSARY.

between

given propositionis

ASSERTATIVE,

PROBLEMATICAL,

to-day

is denominated

given

considered

relation
not

does

exist,as

did

contingent. When,

between

conceptionsor

only as actual,but

attended

74

THE

conviction, that the facts

the

with

INTELLECT.

be
possibility,

otherwise

than

affirming such

connection

the

of

they

case,

the

are,

denominated

is

by

can,

no

judgment
or

necessary

in the judgments, body impliesspace, sucas

cession
apodeictical;
impliestime, and events imply a cause.
of modality, all
to the idea
Contemplated in reference

judgments

must

contingent

or

judgments

are

classed

be

of

When

the

validityof

judgment

as

in the

to

is

evinced,

it is denominated

OR

EMPIRICAL

intuitive^or

imply

is

as

one

When

the

inference

an

equal to

intuitive.

be

one

or

the

deductive*

mediately
im-

directlyand

judgments,body impliesspace,

events

thing are

same

is said

necessary

under

given judgment

impliestime,

the

be ranked

may

denominated

classes

discerned;

equal to

and

JUDGMENTS.

DEDUCTIVE

AND

judgments

two

succession

contingent

also assertative.

valid

other

All

necessary.

INTUITIVE

All

problem' itical^assertative^

as

deduced

or

EXPERIENCE

things

another, the judgment

validityof

from

deductive

other

given

judgments,

judgment.

RATIONAL

AND

and

cause,

OR

PRIORI

JUDGMENTS.

the

When

validityof

direct and

immediate

judgment

is called

objects in

Two

perceivedto
their
or

an

empirical

equal or unequal.

such

and

or

contact, for

is
inequality,

experience judgment.
internal

given judgment

perception external

immediate

equalityor

fact^of
All

be

external

judgments, also,

All

The

by

internal, said

experience judgment.

example, are

directly

judgment, affirming

denominated

an

empirical

judgments pertaining to

perception are
are

or

is evinced

of this character.

contingent

and

intuitive.

JUDGMENT.

When,
is

the other

on

hand, independent of all experience,it

immediately perceived, that

the

between

valid, it

be

must

is,

judgments

Such

intuitive, but

necessary

language, they

are

FUNDAMENTAL

CHARACTERISTICS

Philosophers,in
of

judgments

intuitive

and

heretofore

will

can

any

We

OF

even,

have

ment
judg-

not

only

have,
in

SUCH

ALL

JUDGMENTS.

existence

have

judgment
one

or

fundamental

what

On

intuitive
the other

and

an

teristics,
charac-

Such

criteria

conditions, then,

certainty?

necessary

of the

of

philosopher has

no

judgments.

give.

to

no

scientific

recognized the

give the

to

of such

tests

or

attempt

on

that sucli

judgments

certainty. Yet

attempted

answer,

need

priori judgments.

all ages,

necessary

now

We

cause.

know

such

are

priori^ that is,of judgments possessed

criteria
we

certainty. Hence,

called

tions
rela-

priori^ that

this character

has

event

invalid.

be

cannot

Of

experience,to

or

the

of

nature

rational,ov

judgment.

of observation

facts

the

predicate,a given judgment

is denominated

this,every

as

from

subjectand

self-evident

75

"

three

ditions
followingcon-

exclusively:
The

1.

part of, the subject.

A,

A
itself.
and

any,

that

know

we

be,

may
Such

are,

the

all bodies
an

have

the

must
are

be

with, or
for

say,

be

cannot

equal to,

called

When

we

identical

and

element
the

on

the

subject.

predicaterepresents

is

ever
what-

with,

tautologicaljudgments

say,

of

that

false ; for

All

known

little,if

very

the

other

in that
extension, the predicate,

essential

essential

an

example,

though self-evident,of

necessity,pertainto
which

we

judgment

it

in science.

use

When

judgments

of course,

identical

be

predicatemust

hand,

case,

subject,and

that

sents
repreof

must,

judgments, then,
and

necessary

of

in

ele-

76

INTELLECT.

THE

subject,and

of the

ment

and

intuitive
called
the

these

subject :

and

of

the

of

occurrence

necessarilyconceived
of the actual

by

the

referred

space,

succession

and

impossible but

as

the

of

The

of this

succession

judgments

the

upon
cause

sented
repre-

which

to

dition
con-

have

we

character, to wit, body implies

cause.

and

necessary
as

principlesand

the

of

true

substance,

be, unless

conceived

If succession

holds

same

exist, space

does

time.

and

The

cannot

subject,is

impliestime, phenomena impliessubstance,

example,

for

real.

subject

that in each

once,

judgments, the subjectimplies the predicate.

of these

body,

the

objector

reflection,it will be perceived,at

On

have

in which

those

is, the realityof the object,or

existence

are

imply

events

of

are

intuitive

have

fact,represented by the

predicate.

before

judgments

which

judgments

that

impliesthe predicate;

have

must

in science.

use

includes
certainty,

necessary

the

great

class of

second

such,

as

predicateis explicativeof

the

because

are

of it

certainty. Such

necessary

explicative;

2. The

is affirmed

and

is

and

Such

is,real.

absolutely impossible.
in

of

Judgments

The

contraries

The

are

of

be

must

nomena
pheformer

judgments

all the sciences

this character

So

between

cause.

certainty,their

intuitive

axioms

real,time

relations

the

events

latter

exist.

must

If

must

being

fundamental
of this character.

are

called

implicative

judgments.
3. Where

relation

the

necessarilyconceived
or

objects,and

such

judgment

the

it is

absolute

is
incompatibility

existing between

judgment
this

impossible

character
for

the

two

this

affirms

also has the character

certainty. Of
these

as

of

conceptions,

incompatibility,

of intuitive
are

same

such

and

sary
neces-

judgments

thing at

the

same

as

78

THE

we

have

by

the

To

make

abstraction

an

the ideas

of

these
to

Into

of

of

elements
some

notion

or

resemblance

of
at

and

that

and

color

of

all the rest

from

qualityof

the

The

is

way

as

In

answering

notions.
notion

ideas

the

We

will

this

either

the

the

so

of the

distinct
the

and

In
arated
sep-

object

how

"

to

each

complete.

inquiry,

referred

that

object of special

consequence,

above

be

conceptionsof

our

answer

from

the others.

of

qualities
may

are

formed

in the

with

general

NOTIONS.

in the

such

first

with

the

notion

in the

perception.
?
particular

perception.
the

How

Under

are

the

then

The

the

influence

on

the

is

admitted,

the

with

before

the

The
theatre

conceptionof

been

object

an

eliminated

becomes
of

was

gan
intelligencebe-

general

mountain

is recalled.

present

had

is the

It

there
intelligence,

mind.

which

Another

first notion

perceptions

of

general notion, but

particularmountain

illustration,the

mountain.

word

the

and

example

for

development

general

begin

inquiry, we

take

designatedby

not

of

differs
solidity

less

or

GENERAL

some

lightof

mind

no

of

Thus

more

conceptionsand

the

particular.

the elements

the

In

that it shall be

prepared to

now

in

example,

enter.

of these

object, and

become

itself,may

the

difference, to separate

of them

for

from

observation.

reflection, or

reason.

difference,the intelligenceperceives

thought,therefore, either

that

each

or

that the element

once,

form,

and

conceptions of body,

our

furnished

tention
another, giving special at-

one

more,

elements

is,in thought,on

resemblance
from

one,

of

consciousness,and

color, etc.,
form, solidity,

ideas

of

constituted

primary faculties,
sense,

ground

of

complex,

seen,

INTELLECT.

an

from

object of

associatingprinciple,

judgment,
of

as

these

consciousness,

79

JUDGMENT.

elements

separates the

which

conception,under
particulars.On

the

general notion, in
a

these

combines

now

on,

goes

notions

classed

in all

are,

in

said upon

be

will

notions

such

as

also from

and

To

To

given.

originand genesisof

reference

abstract

apple is

it

belongs,we

by

the

ularly
particfurther

term

terms

those

to

then

but

general notions,

substances.

we

the

is

one

required.

have

same

ample
Ex-

separated the
the

subject

notion

abstract

The

be

object must

one

red, from

term

have

redness.

redness,

as

acteristic
ideas, by this char-

than

When

the

abstract

single qualityof particular

notions

red.

quality designated by
which

such

universal

and

general notions, more

This

so

ral
gene-

NOTIONS.

the

necessary

form

which

process

distinguished from

are

without

form

the

assumes

chapter,that nothing

They designatesome
substances

by

each

Thus

consideration

designated by

are

These

sweetness.

ments
ele-

it here.

consider

now

those

general.

is the process

ABSTRACT

We

the

under

former

two

goes
just described,under-

instances, formed,

new

mountain, the

particulars,while

under

This

the

it embraces

three

till the notion

elucidated
need

the

general form.

most

which

third

standing
under-

into

subsumes

like that

manner

to

particularis again
its

judgment

perceptionof

only,common

process

the

The

two.

elements

common

modification,by

new

the

to

common

holds

to

nated
desig-

in all other

instances.
AND

UNIVERSAL

In

NECESSARY

explaining the origin and

necessary

ideas,in

their

abstract

IDEAS.

genesis of
and

universal

universal

form,

and
we

80

INTELLECT.

THE

the

basis

will

take

the

principleof

as

of

explanationand

our

causality:

wit, Every

to

illustration
has

event

cause.

It is

this principleis
admitted, that originally,
What

in this form.
the

judgment,

not, here,

is true

as

thousand

or

consideration?
alluded

to

Let
the

"

absolute

and

of

immediate

the

empirical,and

and

absolute.

and

necessary.

absolute
This

by

are

form.

This

in

then, and

idea

or

have

They

idea, thus
all cases,

idea

of

the

us

suppose

pure

to

are

or

you
ticular
par-

then

shall

above

fact

empirical

the

idea

fact before

one

the

of
us.

separation

the

of

necessary
absolute

idea of the

find it

sible
impos-

We

have

necessary,

and

supposed.

universal,

the

the

; the

developed,we
real

manner,

principle.
the

ideas

given
is

of
in

somewhere,

Separate
body, and

and

the
the

more

explained
distinctly
These

ideas

body

and

their

present simple,abstract

in such

empirical part, body,

part, space.

to

the

and

of view

out

disengagement

originallygiven

not

parts

might perhaps be

process

reference

to

this

particularbody
the

then

apply

to

not

We

that

principleunder

or

of two

let

all

How

individual

ourselves

the

times,

cause.

the

suppose

the

to

abstraction

By

principleis.

if you

idea

will leave

We

confine

of the

composed

parts.

succession, and

had

event

recur

us

fact

universal

is

It

cause.

particularevent,

formation

for the

the

million

is the

"

account

had

particulars.For

affirmation, This
we

and

particularevent,

contingent generalprinciples,
given

of

instance

in each

have

Some

particularevent

of

repeated a

event

given

affirmed, that

succession

the

by

This

"

and

admitted

also

is

given

not

space.

propositionsas
or

Here

in space.

the

necessary

you
and

have

you

and

necessary

two, and

this

the

absolute

This
have

absolute
gent
continidea

of

81

JUDGMENT.

the

Hence

space.
absolute

principle,universal, necessary,

and

Body impliesspace.

CLASSIFICATION.

The

will refer

We
notions

in the

were

them.

from

classification

of

process

As

soon

same

manner

under

the

which

it

classed

appears,

under

it.

distinct

points of

view

In

from

general resemblances, they

under
qualities,

common

of

the
the

which

class

particular,
they are

classed

classed

under

together,in

other

any

view

ulars.
partic-

of their

conceptions,such

as,

etc.,

spondence
corre-

circle,

etc.

wrong,

readilybe

to

redness, whiteness, etc.

in
relations,

rational

CLASSIFICATION,

run

their

to

pure

rightand

as

reference

objectstogether,as white, hard, sweet,

Objects are

view, will

generalnotions,

qualitywithout

one

other

reference

It will

classed,

are

etc.

some

in any

to

of

last named

evolved

CLASSIFICATION.

purely abstract, such

often

square,

of

view

resemblance

3.

OF

animal,

as, man,

without

generalwas

subsequentlyundergoes.

of

ground

2. In

We

ular
partic-

two

classified.
view

1. In

notions

or

when

case

the

plained.
readilyex-

ranged
particularpreviouslyperceived is arcations
general,and in all the successive modifi-

three

are

objectsare

such

and

the

be

now

every

There

the

mind,

subsumed

FORMS

on

to

the notion

as

are
particulars

two

back

can

IN

seen

WHAT

SENSE

ARBITRARY.

that classification from

directlyacross

and

break

up

one

point

that which

82

THE

is formed

some

another.

from

example, will

the

abstract

one

is based

INTELLECT.

How

be

which

such
quality,

as,

redness, from

others

classed

will

the

be

For

these

classification

reasons

either

libertyto adopt
described

of

one

other

forms

being

forms

conceivable.

GENERA

In the
as

forest
a

process

of

genera

and

the

tree, and

itself

When

must

we

consideration, no
we

have

selected
of

In

very

its

laws, which

objects

important

genus

that

we

illustration

might

classed.

lowest

Thus

classes,or

as

have

spects,
re-

by

are

we

the

speciesalso

genus

is often

distinct

this

classes

assumed

generic

from
indefinitely,

principle
we

the

gether
to-

as

apple, plum, peach, cherry

genus

It is that to which

have

fruit-bearingbe

species under

of

ranged

speciesof fruit-bearing

it.

the

be extended

forms

is with

If

species.

ranged

concern

species.

relativelyto particularand

then

genus,

the

classification,
objects are

different

trees, etc.,

to

is

SPECIES.

AND

trees, ranged under

belonging to
the

at

respect, the process

under

has

garded
re-

are

we

at all,
however,
classify

of the

are

arbitrary.

means

and

of

classification

principlesof

therefore, classification
no

either

been

is true, that

it is necessary.

conformity to

conception.

also, the subsequent arrangement

principle,

our

in

the other

or

we

under

objects,which

has, by many

In this

please.

we

perfectlyarbitrary. If
adopt

the

unlike

rational

pure

perfectlyarbitrary. It

as

above

some

upon

that which

formed

and
of

arrangement

togetherunder

is founded

and

general conception. Equally distinct

the

opposite,for

classification

general resemblance,

upon

and

distinct

and
on

species.
which

have

The

term.

the
Our

highest
present

objects are

thus

frequentlyreferred

in

83

JUDGMENT.

this

chapter

is formed

genus

idea

the

"

the

on

the

Species under

perceptionof
while

the

perception

special. Thus
of

the

qualitiescommon
and

forest

perception
formed

than

those

certain

he

genus

Here

and

in
diflfering

tree

others.

this ? The
the

He

idea

? He

the

is told that

it is

elm

an

which

other

trees,

they

will

either

kind

each

from
All

similar

is

Then

tree.
near

the

now

the

has

He

of

oi tree

perception of

separated
species,

common

other

trees

on

quently
subse-

and

resemblances

separatedand arranged accordingly.As

differingfrom

be

ideas of

stands

tree.

to

perceives a

maple

the

on

perceived, presenting
be

he

they

respect

of the

question,what

perceptionof important differences.

will
differences,

in

development

is that

tree

tree, formed

of two

less,and

will suppose,

he

by

his mind

In

tree.

he

important particulars.

from
important particulars

is,we

of the genus

in all

which

and

By

length, however,

asks

now

answer

and
qualities,

the

very

inquiry arises,what

house

term

tree.

genus

the child.

of

case

the

is the obscure
At

classes,as

the

ticular
par-

tree.

paternalmansion,

greater and

species.

and

near

the

says, is another

distinguished as

location.

the

near

take

the

other,on

general term

object resembling this

Here,
are

will

designateby

to

another

sees

in which

we

perception

species being

more

of the

object stands

learned

has

each

the

formed,

species,are

and

ing
species fruit-bear-

designated by
process

the

near

the

on

resemblances

of

ground

In illustration

and

is formed
The

under

more

important differences,each

the

on

classed

separated from

are

perceptionof

resemblances

all trees.

to

trees,

of

tree

genus

resemblances.

the

on

objectsare

of

difference.The

remote

formed

are

genus

important differences;
species,on

and

of resemblance

separated

either
and

of

classed

these, are
in

perceived,

similar

manner.

84

THE

Throughout

the whole

that of resemblance

INTELLECT.

and

idea

one

process,

guides

the

mind,

difference.

GENERALIZATION.

words

few

But

mental

called

process

qualitycommon
be

class,it

of

while it

or,

It may

each

belongs to

dividual
in-

individuals

appertain to

may

is

general fact
given class.

the

of

classes.

other

1. No

fact

belong

to

RESPECT

IN

RULES

not

individual

that class

the

of

explanationof

generalization.A

to every

peculiar to

the

requisitein

are

GENERALIZATION.

assumed

be

must

each

TO

individual

in

of

the

general,which

does

class

it is

which

to

referred.

No

2.

general fact

assumed

be

must

2iS

class, which, though strictlygeneral

class, nevertheless

appertains

in

peculiar
respect

individuals

to

to

to

one

that
other

of

classes.
3. No

fact must

induction
to

assumed

be

to
particulars,

of

question whether

the

it

INFERRED

All
or

judgments
The

deduced.
latter

class

objects,we

will

the

The

relations

are

they

we

as

have

suppose,

are

in

them

are

How
?

known

On
and

can

this

one

common

respect

intuitive,or inferred

now

To

considered.
invited.

thought before
not

in

cient
suffi-

REASONING.

already
is

general fact.

OR

special attention

between

sustain

is,oris not,

characterized

former

objects of knowledge

all doubt

remove

JUDGMENTS

intuitivelydiscernible.
that

general without

as

the

Two
mind.

immediately,that is,
these

relations

condition
relations

become

exclusively,
of

resem-

86

An

the

we

Every

is X.

Every

is M.

the

in

of the

that

arguments

the

science

sustains

term

syllogism.
with

As

in

the

premise, there
and

In the

affirmed

relations
middle

of the

there

syllogism; the
logic,that

there

terms

in which

it is the

idea

be
set

one

but

forth

is a fourth

of

other

each

to

other

the

that

in

The
the

which
the

and

cate
predi-

predicate of both,

it is the

both.

As

quence,
conse-

legitimatefigures of

in the

common

figure,being

is

which

predicate.

wit, that

of

pared
com-

subject

sustain

extreme

subject
three

the

the

of

in the

other

can

in

dle
mid-

is

extreme

subject,and

; to

the

premises

of which

term

the

these

are

the

employed

which

one

the

with

it is called

of

that

can

form.

are

relations

such

subjectof

"

in which

that

three

to

other,

thus

assume

possiblerelations

is called

is the

term

stand

this

in the

premises,that

referred

middle

self-evidentlyso,

to

premises

three

but

denied

or

represent

the

arguments

extremes

term, and

middle

two

would

the words

the

to

of the

one

denied

or

is affirmed

and

the

predicate which

other.

to

logism.
syl-

SYLLOGISM.

THE

syllogism,as

to

are

X,

represent

reducible

logic,refers

of

and

is also true, and

OF

the

figureof

to

few

very

are

FIGURE

The

M,

form
syllogistic

syllogism,it

all valid

letters Z

letter

it is true, that

While

is called

Z is X.

Therefore, every

form

SYLLOGISM.

the

and

argument

an

THE

assume

extremes,

term,

INTELLECT.

expressed in regular form,

argument
If

THE

an

treatises

important

the
on

error

87

JUDGMENT.

We

in this science.
each

figuresin

of the

First

will

order

z=x,

We

have

demonstrate

can

the

to

treatises
we

the

given

M=Z.

z=x.

z=x.
in
syllogisms

above

fundamental

pupil a

conclusions; whereas,
obtain

in

of

the

In

notation

demonstrated

obtain,

each

treatise

on

given on

logic,as
Sir

the

valid

most

is

is said to be

term

applicable.

example, the

as

men

and

is the
are

forms, twelve

will

reader

Hamilton's

absolutely

have

we

we

common,

affirmative,and

all in the

forms

same

In

term

the

TERMS.

distributed, when

which

it is
of

employed,
the

with

the term

mortal, when

men,

it stands

ELEMENTS

men

are

or

significates,

for but

OP

said

is

term

mortal,

individual

term

in the

logicalpropositions,
being

negative, universal

represents, in

all its

represents every

men

is,therefore,distributed.
case

it

class to which

all
proposition,

CONSTITUENT

All

the

figure in

OF

is,all the individuals

race,

mately
legiti-

figure.

propositionin

that

mon
com-

only particular,

William

162,

page

DISTRIBUTION

to

figure,

figure alike,we

twenty-four negative,conclusions;and
in each

in the

error

the third

in

fact,that in each

the
the

in

forms

that in the second

clearlysee, by carefullystudying
scheme

these

but universal,affirmative
only particular,

not

conclusions.

Figure.

Z=M.

only negative,and

prove

syllogismin

M=X.

logic; to wit,

on

of

Third

Figure.

X=M.

M.

example

Second

figure.

M=:X.
Z

give an

of

for

the

undistributed,

some
p^-oposition,

part of its significate.

PROPOSITIONS.

of

are
particular,

course

affirmative

composed

of

or

three

88

"

denied,

denial

the

which

is affirmed
which

and
predicate,

copula always being represented by

the

of

the affirmation

the

^5

or

denied

or

for example, X
proposition,

is the

subject,M

is affirmed

something

copula, that by

In the

is made.

is the

which

of

predicate,that

the

"

subject,and

the

that
subject,

the

parts,

or

INTELLECT.

THE

verb

is

copula,

the

"

be, in

to

M,

some

of its forms.

FOR

RULES

The

OF

and

such

2. When

fundamental

the

subject represents

distribute
affirmatives^
is obvious.
mortal

which
As
or

mortal

the latter

imply

all the

the

3. In
are

The

the genus,
wider

all
not

this
men

superior conception.

or

that

the

former,

are

mortal

men

some

mortal

beings

propositions,
consequently,the

the other

no

species,of

one

applicationthan
than

more

is not, distributed.

In

ject
sub-

negative

hand, all of the subjectis denied

in

predicate,as

each

for

reason

represents

men

the

and

negatwes,

for example, all

proposition,

predicate

beings. Here,

because

all

predicate.

term

no

all such

on
propositions,

mortal

has

term

In

men.

distinctions

inferior,and

an

all
conception,the proposition,

is,and

of

In the

beings are

beings,would
are

the

beings,the

inferior

the

propositions.

predicatea superiorconception,then

are

to

respect

particular
propositionsdistribute

no

subject;thus constitutingthe

between

in

of terms.

1. All universal

rule

TERMS.

obtain
followingrules universally

distribution

the

DISTRIBUTION

THE

of

the

proposition,no

course,

each

term

is

men

are

distributed,

represents all of its significates.

in
propositions,

related

conceptions,all

to

each

universal

which

other

the
as

subject and

inferior

and

propositionsdistribute

cate
predisuperior

the

predi-

89

JUDGMENT.

cate

well

as

equal

and

inferior,the

not

the

CONVERSION

that

is,when

When

is
the

of

be

by

be

distributed

in

the

this rule

is not

all

the

terms,

Con.

Some

"

"

Some

which

men

are

OF

liars

are

example

with

no

is

quantity^ it

of

that

no

in which
the

Hence

term

uted
distrib-

not

was

neither

AFFIRMATIVE.

men.

terms,

ing
follow-

validity.

CONVERSION.

which

liars.

converse.

universal

predicate,are

For

conversion,

conversion

of

particularaffirmatives

simple.

the

the

reasons,

have

RULES

and

conversion, this rule

In

forms

PARTICULAR

Ex.

the

allowable.

propositionsin

be

may

All

of conversion

subject and

transposed;

predicate,

change

converse

violated, are

all

in

as

is

Ibnitation.

in the

SPECIFIC

In

the

as

proposition,conversion

for self-evident

exposita.

specificrules

1.

other.

well

are

conversion

the

there

When

holds, universallyand
must

the

for

after

of

quantity

simple.

its terms

transpositionof

mere

conversion

is called

ceptions
con-

or

the

to

one

proposition,before

exposita^ and

there

to

terms

predicateas

when

The

former.

the

change

things equal to

PROPOSITIONS.

subject is put

the

latter for the

said

OF

propositionis converted

is called

ample,
ex-

distributed.

subject is

and

B,

another, the

one

consequence,

necessary

propositions,for

resembles

equal to

things are

same

are

As

such

In

subject.

these, X=M,

as

the

the

as

or

term

in

uted,
is distribwhich

both

sion
distributed, conver-

90

INTELLECT.

THE

NEGATIONS.

UNIVERSAL

Ex.

patriotis

No

"

Con.

traitor

No

"

traitor.

is

patriot.

UNIVERSAL

Ex.

AFFIRMATIVES.

the

Things equal to

"

equal

thingsare

same

to

one

another.
Con.

Things equal

"

another

one

equal

are

the

to

things.

same

universal

2. In

subject is
is

to

conversion

is

universal, and

the

The
for

of the

converse

example, is
the

from

respect

this

all

the

this

has

admit

not

are

been

to

use

proved, it
should

mortal

are

beings,
This,

men.

hold

must,

in

true

this character.

negation

occasion

converted

the

to

predicate.

men

are

honest

the

honest, is
is

reasoning,there

is

men.

of the

converse

is of

The

This

are

in

As

not

by

sition
propo-

great importance that

fullycomprehend

the

ples
princi-

elucidated.

facts

of

science

of scientific
of science

PRINCIPLES

AND

FACTS

The

does, and

case,

accident.

per

scientific student
above

are

men

beings

some
proposition,

conversion

which
the

of

term

frequent

very

the

exposita

proposition.
particular

mortal

some

beings who

some

called

is,the

; that

negative propositionsare

the

of

converse

is

converse

propositionsof

3. Particular

attaching

limitation

by

the

which

ception,
predicatethe superior con-

all
proposition,

of

nature

to

the

inferior,and

an

propositionsin

affirmative

are

those

explanationand

are

those

IN

SCIENCE.

events^

or

which
objects^

elucidation.

self-evident

The

ciples
prin-

truths,or ascertai?ied

91

JUDGMENT.

laios^in

is

said

of

with

them

with
;

not

it is

holds
as

law

the

elucidation

THE

elucidation

by Newton,

law

of the facts

of
principles

of which

they

are

CONDITIONS

IMMEDIATE

is, when
this,

attraction,for

of

of external

That

the

validityof

ample,
ex-

only

not

and

nature,

plains
ex-

them

ing
contradict-

therefore, becomes

for the

scientific
The

of nature.

science.

Their

is necessarily im^pliedby
principles,

such

tion
elucida-

necessarilyimplied by

hypothesis.

of all valid

true

plained
ex-

hypothesisbut

any

of science,
legitimatelya ^j"?7'/iC2}:"/e
and

the

but
only affirmingits validity,

other

every

are

SCIENCE.

latter ; that

the

elucidated

all the facts

but

OF

facts,when

The

it.

develo])edand

facts

to

explanationand

incompatible with

are

is consistent

all

class

given

all harmonize
as

the

necessarilyimplied by

facts

and

PRINCIPLES

for
validity

Principleshave
any

TO

FACTS

OF

RELATION

former

referred

facts

elucidated.

and

of

the

which

light of

the

planation
ex-

same

validity

the

facts

to

applied.

OF

DEDUCTIONS

VALID

IN

SCIENCE.

All

and
principles

of valid

sustainingto
Deductions

principlesand
HYPOTHESES

An

in science

valid deductions

other

each
not

the

having their

facts,have
AND

real

no

claim

are

the necessary

facts,
"

facts; but

suppositionor

above

exclusive

basis in such

to

not

necessarily
implied as

nated.
desig-

validity.
SCIENCE.

IN

ASSUMPTIONS

idea assumed

ciples
prin-

relations

hypothesis,as distinguishedfrom
is

and

facts

quents
conse-

principlein

to account
true

by

said

ence,
sci-

for known
facts. An

92

INTELLECT.

THE

explainthem
understood
said

when
their

that

it is

facts

do

with

the

pertainingto

same

example, to

adduced

to

upon

facts.

proved

upon

said

facts,are

when

it is

shown, that

and

various

from

of the

employed

eseSs

facts,and

have

we

such

of

assumptions,are
demonstrated

especially, are

the

various

of

"

systems

rali3m, and

to

be, without

of

all claims

yet

this is the

in the

the
of

real

explanationof

and

known,

in

knowledge, having

the

their

Such,

Natural

of

All

knowledge.

"

as

Theology
of

all the

materialism, idealism, skepticism,natu-

the

When
these

we

of

examine

systems,

high rank

exclusive

construction

with

liypoth-

mere

are

characteristics

exception, mere
to

in

science

fundamental

of

one

with

tion
neither, in distinc-

logicalfictions.

mere

in the

evolution.

of every

as

of

systems

validity,

equallyconsistent

systems

facts,employed

construction

of

accidents, for example, or

principles
of

based

all consistent

are

Assumptions

construction

the

unascertained

basis in

valid

as

facts

arguments

utterlyvoid

Facts

others.

adduced,

The

murder.

opposite hypotheses,prove

any

be

validity

facts is

the

facts

self-defense.

of

of

be

mere

"

the motive

to

these

oppositehypothesis,

some

class of

crime

to

opposite hypothesis

an

charge,and

the

prove

hypothesis,and

an

facts,has absolute

based

the

prove

definitely

it is

verify principlesfor-

and

class of

deductions

against any

facts when

tionally
ra-

properly

hypothesis,also, shown

An

given

be

hypothesismay

reveal

not

be

must

applied,and

it is

employed only as

consideration.

own

consistent

for

An

all.

explanationof

in the

employed

which

all the facts to

with

consistent

regard whatever,

of any

worthy

be

to
hypothesis,

form

those

we

the

basis

find those
"

principles of

in which

sj^stems.

they

principles

utterlyvoid

assumptions,
oi

ples
princi-

Hence.

are

And

employed

94

THE

INTELLECT.

and

facultyof apprehensions
truths.

all

preclude
all of

at

Hence,

he

affirms

admit

of

degrees,

while

often
is

reason

the

"

faculties,have

these

neither

the

faculties

understanding

of

judgment.
of

notions

conceptions^ or

perceptions. By
necessarily implied

By

example,

for

such,

the

between

By

the

of

body.

By

the

affirm

body

and

this

and

judgments

and

in

and

realities,finite
is

are

holds

and

such

these
in

ing
exist-

tions,
concep-

exclusively,
objects,

two

the
in

true

the

all

; in

infinite.

into

cause.

proposition,
all other

faculty,
"

the

the

overlooked,

in

all

sciences

alike, pure

between

all

"Confusion
spnere
or

stances.
in-

ment
judg-

exclusively employed

affirmingrelations

introduced

distinctions

is

and

conceptions

judgment

scientific

one

faculty

mixed;

the

same

but

and

"

The

realities

apprehended.

and

forming

of

expressed

relation

the

relations

form

we

existing between

deductions

and

the

perceived

By

nal
inter-

"

affirm

occasion

form

we

perception, realities,

of

example,

space.

space.
have

We
;

space

for

sense,

and

external

apprehend

we

Now

in any

are,

time, substance,

thus

on

relations

body implies

these

objects of

objects

reason,

apprehend

we

we

the

we

treated

conclusion.

understanding,

by

understanding,

have

sciences.

reason

the

space,

reason

scientificfaculty,

pure

By

reason,

objects

of

same

proper

the

nor

the

as

the

the

all

faculty of judgment,

the

the

as

in

faculty employed

those

while

the

of

logical understanding''^ \

"the

represented

sary
neces-

"judgments

adopted

of

speak

to

respect

philosophers who

Other

degrees."

they

that

Hence,

understanding

in

judgment

of

objects

worse

founded
con-

science, when

misapprehended.

95

ASSOCIATION.

CHAPTER

VIII.

ASSOCIATION.

TERM

"

That

thought is

one

that

and

another,

DEFINED.

former

the

sightof

Mr.

who

those

meant

by

the term

minds

by

which

influence

thouo;hts,and

feelings.

denominated

by
Dr.

By

By others,it

is

treatingof

same

of

ideas, can

is true

properlybe

of

said to

of

the

to

the

either

"

suggestion."

former, because

which

eration,
requireconsid-

and

We

us.

events

An

idea

or

find

are

ciated,
asso-

The

feelings also.

properlyapplied to

suggestion.

of

term, association.

of the

only thoughts
be

was

association

subject before
and

mind

human

PREFERRED.

phenomena
the

perceptions,

present

simple

WHY

thoughts,events,

association
The

not

of

our

recalled, and

are

denominated

was

latter term

by experience,that
but

it

all the

states

is

is what

principleof

"

designated by

expresses
when

law

miliar,
perfectlyfa-

This

philosophers,

ASSOCIATION,

prefer the

it alone

old

the
Brown

TERM

This

calls
re-

disposed to speculate

It is that

past thoughts and

by

feelings,are

are

nature."

our

associatio?i.

revived, through the

which

"

mind

object often

former

least

are

concerning the principlesof

ideas."

revives

the

to

external

one

Dugald Stewart,

to

even

suggested

and

occurrences,

facts,"says

often

term

ideas

event

suggest feelings. Thoughts and

only.

cannot

events

96

THE

said to revive

be

may

INTELLECT.

suggest thoughts and

to

the

and

only

have

but

random,

at

ascertain

To

laws.

laws, has

conspicuousplace in
Mr.

this

to

Others

number

and

have

since

Years

ago,

Dr.

which

suggestion

Brown

not

be

found

Dugald
great
any
"

of

laws

the

Things,"

each

of facts of

numbers

he

other,

producing

are

one

"

often

similar

"

which

blance,
Resem-

and

place^

the

suggestion,

and

have

any
no

associated,in

effectsupon

the

"

verify, that

to

the

law.

same

that

do

of

his

not

are

fall under

predecessors.

known
consequence
mind."

Mr.

there

that

if

"

would

all associations

association

developed by

says,

ed
attempt-

time

previously affirmed,

had

Stewart

upon

According

three

to

attempt

minute
analysisbe suflficiently

depend

tellectu
in-

ASSOCIATION.

our

to

in

the science.

laws.

of these

presented

did

he

these

of contrast.

OF

LAW

THE

problems

treatise upon

contiguityin

that

added

fixed

more

or

operation of

all reduced

effect,and

cause

other

has, accordingly,occupied
every

philosopher,they are

states

each

the first philosopherwho

the
definitely

settle

to

almost

believe, was

Hume,

one

some

of the great

one

and

philosophy ;

all

philosophers

as

follow

not

illustrate the

and

considered

been

follow

to

certain

phenomena,

only do

not

known

are

term,

LAW.

constituted, that

so

observed,

since

long

WITHOUT

NOT

states, these

other

certain

is the

phenomena.

is

mind

the

Although

said

properly be applied to

can

PRINCIPLE

ASSOCIATIXG

THE

follow

of

classes

be

feelingsmay

Association

events.

which

term,

different

these

and

feelings;

relations
of

Here

to

their
Mr,

97

ASSOCIATION.

Stewart, without

being

the

of

aware

fact,has

only,the exclusive, and universal,law

Whenever

STATED.

suggests somet/iingelse which

of thought^ or perception^the
the j^resent

that

similar

1. All the

laws, can

of the

many

be

by

the

the relation

other

each

under

consideration

The

the

is,

reason

effect

an

object.

former
from

argue

and

effect.

which
those

of contrast.

other

in but
7

few

the

two

all be

of

present
That

those

referred
of

those

states

of

counted
ac-

That
have
to

eifect,do

of

do such

plurality

that

and

the

resemblance, obviously
which
time

sustain
and

giant and
that

Tiie
of

dwarf

to

place,and

have

mind.

appearance

and
particulars,

sustain

But

to one,

they undeniably
the

which

and

cause

the existence

contiguityof

For

reflection.

of

or

be

admitted

commonly

is undeniable.

? Those
of

received

can

place,that

or

of contrast,

feelingor

same

of association

time

same

is true

same

other the relations

the

mind

other,that

each

"

May they not

with

the

person

other,

cause

no

necessarily
suppose

phenomena

may.

this

resemble

mutually suggest

one

only

commonly
hypothesis.

phenomena

denied

perceived at

of laws

the

to the

consistencywith

in

objects which
each

former object

EXPLAINED.

referred

explainedon

be

will

ASSOCIATION

phenomena

for

been

law

exclusive

OP

PHENOMENA

laws,

upon

tion^
percep-

considerations.

fundamental

That

and

reason^

produced by

was

only and

this is the

That

been

has

objectproduced

which

that

to

the

association.

objectofpresent thought^ or

one

any

ASSOCIATION

OF

LAW

THE

of

stated

each
of

co-existed

only phenomena

are
difficulty,

resemble

they stand

in

each

striking

98

contrast

other, is readilyadmitted

each

to

with

the

also of the same,

causes

conception of
similar

of the

giant

the

dwarf.

giant,

suggested
with.
to

that he
of

at
not

was

This

was.

the

co-existed

with

two

the

of contrast

familiar
fact

the

whom

dwarf

acquaintanceof

readilyaccounted
him.

may

be

2. There

are

cited, and

same

reduced

to

the

his statement

ferred
re-

replied

ena
phenom-

Familiarity had
had
of

the

would

formerly
the

giant.

perception
of

course

phenomena

hypothesisbefore

facts

of association

for,except by the law

by

before

us.

INEXPLICABLE.

fundamental

is admitted

not

giant

for the

all the

manner,

OTHERWISE

accounted

This

the

one

seen

was

his. He

recollection

perception or

In

the

strangeness, which

of

subject

he had

speaker,if

dwarfs, the perception of

other.

this

previouslyseen,

the

asked

feeling

FACTS

be

another

why

reason

particulartime,

had

he

common

as

present remarked,

feeling,however, co-existingwith

same

suggest

individual

association, presented by

destroyed

the

an

at

co-existed

only

conversing upon

which

once

the

in

in different

have

In

having,

all, but

at

be

the

trasted;
stronglycon-

and
sitrprise^

or

this may

; and

same

recollected

he

that

not

wonder

as

that

I do

are

stature, may

particularoccasion,

on

dwarf

and

co-existed

have

lion

and

common

suggests the other.

one

of

of

isted
co-ex-

mind,

fullybelieve, as

as

and

feelingsof

similar

causes

have

of

states

jects
ob-

that,as

each, as strikingdepartures,
though

directions,from
with

hero

manner.

but

The

feelings,or

same

; but

recollection,they may

perception,or

of

met

INTELLECT.

THE

Mr.

Stewart

v/iil be

denied

under

in the

by

which

tion.
considera-

extract
no

can

one

above
at

all

99

ASSOCIATION.

familiar

with

1. Facts

of analogy^

associations,which

of the

for

of

and

the

does

the

to

number

which

it that

incident

every

with

? These

of

existed

in

awakened

by

the

as

can

Those

he has

other

relation

in
each

to

similar

of

under

lime,
sub-

one

How
almost
met

ever

lar
particu-

other

than

conceivable

only one

those

feelingsto

consideration.

of Dreaming.

readilybe

system,

of

the

certain

co-existed

these

for

other.

no

body,

states

or

feelingsare
or

similar

with
are

The

"

accounted

objectsof thought
and

of

character.

which

each

causes

conceive, upon

suggested;

of

The

pothes
hy-

which

counts
ac-

phenomena.

peculiarattitudes
mental

as

is the

Phenomena

dreaming

So

objectsof perceptionor contemplation,

incident
us

for such

and,

as

by

individual, for example,

character

other

no

other.

instantlyrecollects

resemble

mind

the

before

2.

similar

sustain

they have,

hearer

incidents

only,and
this

each

mind

only assignable

single incident

plation
contem-

induced

are

beautiful, heroic,horrid, or ludicrous

happens

the

nally
Exter-

the

upon

this is the

An

of persons

one

of

other

The

produce

other,and

of association.

facts

of

this

upon

contrast.

those

to

class

conception

why they mutually suggest each

reason

all other

adduce

now

resemblance, contiguityin

effect,or

similar

contemplation of

relates

of

however,

one,

awe-inspiringeffects
the

do

example,

relations

no

place,cause

or

for best

hero, mutually suggest each

they bear
time

will

exceedingly various

an

"

be accounted

can

principle. Why,
lion and

of this kind.

facts

some

consciousness.

of

facts

phenomena
this

on

In

the

feelings,are
to

be

the

of

physicalor
in the

awakened

perception which

judged

hypothesis,

consequence

of

of

have

mind.
merly
for-

consequently
causes

of

exist-

100

THE

ing"feelings. A
hot
the

sensation

burning

had

the

his

which

sensations

and
upon

feet, dreamed

when

dreaming

JEtna.

These

similar

manner,

accounted

the

of

all

laws

felt

of

crater

vius,
Vesu-

walking

fully account
the

But

for

phenomena
they

can

association?

of

the

formerly

traveler's

facts

for.

common

the

of

upon

of

cause

had

upon

of

be

by

walking

the

He

bottle

walking

was

was

felt.

reading

may

for

he

been

In

he

this

just

crater

dream.

that

that

with

example,

for

man,

-^tna, and

of

crater

similar

his

at

water

sick

INTELLECT.

be

of
counted
ac-

I answer,

no.

Phenomena

somnambulism

of
tion.

It is well
a

very

suddenly;

state

oblivion

passed

resumed,

completed
state

as

the

of
similarity

FACTS

There
which
I

am

two

more

the

at

as

How

the

universal
states

or

law

many

point where

following

cases

it

passing out

of

of

one

upon

passing
stantly
state, intences
Sen-

state,
the

phenomena,
is based

suggestion

the

left.

was

enters

such

from

while

that

to

entire

an

left, when

returning

WITH

facts

to

is

versia^

are

same

is

the

upon

feelings.

fullyconfirm

endeavoring

vice

preceding state;

individual

manifest,

considera

sleep,and

employment

very

CONNECTED

are

in the

ena
phenom-

frequentlypass

change, there

each

finished, when

soon

again.

fact,that

the

attentive

an

that of

state, is,on

present

left half

in

the

of

somnambulists
to

that

and

Some

"

deserve

that

thought, or

the

from

known

what

of

of

here

of wakefulness

from

train

Somnamhulis'm.

of

PARTICULAR

connected
and

with

illustrate

establish.
stated

DISEASES.

by

Take,
Dr.

particulardiseases,
the
as

principlewhich
a

specimen,

Abercrombie,

in

the
his

102

she

while

attack

The

rational.

it

such

occasions

state

of delirium
been

engaged

she

had

never

referred
such

affection.

To

would

complete

ideas

which

Combe

left

recollect

not

Here

are

had

How

and

can

laws

four

of

recollection

At

the

the
other

During

the

former.

when

could

sober
the next

But

it.

Mr.

tion
intoxica-

of

state

the

train of

the

time

went

and

of association.

On

he left

it,and

age

all.

his mother
persons

on

any

minute

taken

fact

related

been

to

of

fracture

of

me

the

of

and

the

after

correct
were

descriptionof

present

particulars.He

at

had

it,with
never

which

he

the

time

operation.

the
of

the

the

retained

his recovery

delirium

at

who

at

was

of

author.

same

skull,for

or

esis?
hypoth-

other

boy,

He

accident

fifteen,during the

ready explanation.

the

from

operationof trepan.

who

admit

hypothesisunder

the

On

they be explained

either

of

associatingprinciple,

the

of

most

perfect stupor,

no

gave

she

received
the

state

carried, that

of

another

has

case

underwent
in

in

strikingfacts

explained at

I will adduce

of

the

pursue
in

where

consideration, however, they

age

mind

with

done

recollected

received

be

cannot

"A

would

house, and

wrong

of

sentence.

porter, who

manifest

commonly

they

her

attack, though

continuance

this

was

the

it."

recovered

the

during the

again,she

he

he

got drunk,

it

the

from

on

conversation

the

to

of

unfinished

an

mentions

what

her recovery

on

the time

at

occupied

parcelat

that

degree

and

interestingconversation,

to

paroxysm,
had

also

in

perfectly

once

that it commenced

instantlyrecurred

she

had

subsequent

in

at

sudden

so

happened,

she

even

often

was

engaged

was

her

suddenly,leaving

off

periods,went

he

INTELLECT.

THE

fever, he

operation,and

their
been

dress, and

observed

to

103

ASSOCIATION.

allude

to

could

have

But

it

before, and

acquired

and

the

sickness

nection

with

the

from

fever

brain

consequence

their

explain such

We

law

are

may
different
In

1.

thus
be

are

similar

instances
2.

been.
of

the

revived.

attending

hypothesis can

Objects

SIMILAR

been

it that

of
That

natural

excite

same

important inquiry,to
rather

or
objects^
different

similar

each

feelings
other?

in

The

important reasons

resemblance

between

objectsnaturallyalike
necessary
not

our

lowing
fol-

why

of

consequence

suggest

one

should

the
cite
ex-

personal

cause
another, be-

simply because, being alike, they

feelings. The
is the

illustrated.

and

feelings.

objects do
alike,but

FEELINGS.

stated

the most

as

similar

principleof

originalprinciplesof our

association

in

in all others.

and
feelings,

suggest each other,in consequence

to the

other

another

such

is a
feelings,

identity.Such

such

for

as
specified

objectsthemselves.

excite

No

mutually suggest

consequence

they

action

circumstances

perceptions,excite

objectsexcite

similar

the

has

principleis

and

minds, and

have

not

the

of

con-

revived,and

been

EXCITE

associations

prepared

what

thoughts

remarkable

skull,these feelingswere

OBJECTS

of

now

wit. On

tioned."
men-

surgicaloperation

feelingscould

that

he

facts.

DIFFERENT

The

such

never

recalled.

were

of

he

feelinors existing" in

consequence

and

was,

existence

WHY

the

which

by

which

the

between

to, the

sickness,in

the

given

operation had

of
peculiarity

upon

The

be

referred

the

this

During

circumstances

the

the interval

During

known

were

means

explanationcan

one

fact.

no

of
nature.

thus

mutually

similarity of relations
Sweetness, beauty,

104

and

harmony,

as

But

they

and

may

of
principles

nature,

our

sweet

whirlwind, which

whither

age

numbered

through

whistled

voice of
and

heard,"

And

voice

of

Lord

of the

breaking
"

Their

And

when

fought
unscathed

summer's
scorched

and

years

"

am

winters

dead

am

at

as

it

were

the
have

the

of many

voice

night,

mere

compared together in

top."
the

waters,

Pandemonium,
the

as

says:

sound

tragedies,says
alive
but

when

around

moths,

"

the

wingless,
o'er their

above

of

himself:

remained,
remained.

few

belike

as

objects of
the

of

was

few

mangled

feebly crawling

different,as

the

of

one

marred

Just

whose

remote."

heard

thunder

none

Some

How

rising all at once,

I have

Thus

the

council

the

of

aofed soldier,in
For

nor

come,

Spirit spoke

hundred
I

fro

mighty thunderings,saying,AUeluiah;

up

Of

"

they

writer, "

as

and

to

the

omnipotent reigneth." Milton, speaking

God

for the

An

and

tosses

Says another,

an

sacred

the

says

great multitude

the

as

of

like

was

the Great

branches, and

my

it

whence

hundred

one

speaking

orator,

That

still."

was

winds

The

oratory, founded

and

trees, and

length

than

more

hemlock.

aged
"

it

ready explanation.

Indian

tell

At

fall.

will

they

of

An

the

up

cannot

we

whirlwind, and

the

to

tears

leaves, till

the

as

may

revolution, said, "

American

the

of mind.

states

originof figurativelanguage, such

analogy.

of

relations

the

upon

original
of

one

comparisonsof poetry

the sublime

Also

similar

sounds, admits

beautiful

or

the

to

suggest that

perceptionof
the

relation

induce

to

as

totallyunlike.

are

sense,

such

sustain

do

Thus

other.

the

objectsof

mere

Consequently, the

of

INTELLECT.

THE

evening
and

've

you

seen

lamp,
: alf

heaps

sense,

of

consumed

dead."

are

quotations!

all the
But

things
sustain-

105

ASSOCIATION.

relation

ing a

common

they

induce

similar

originallaws

the

to

feelingsor

apprehensionof

the

mind,

mind.

of

states

the

of

quently,
Conse-

suggests that

one,

the

of

other.

of

themselves

by

soon

as

as

constituticn
known
all

of

relations

such

accidental

state, the
of any

ever

of

thus

after

of

sustain

modified, it

will of

co-existed

states

at

with

different

excite,in

even

our

naturallyadapted

to

produce.

Thus

object

new

to

of

gestion
sugof the

cause

the sensibility
the

mind,
quently,
Conse-

cause.

or

less

degree,

objectswhich

the

the

Thus

lives,be

opposite states

mind, also, totallydifferent

lar
particu-

objectof perception,

state.

periods of

and
entirelydifferent,
of

same

the

greater

recall

course

the

has

object,or

state

of

other.

mind

any

relation

an

as

the

consequence

state, that the

relation

the

sustains

'is the

the

of

any

present

subsequent presence

that state, and

with

the

perceived,

the

foreignto

entirelynew

To

conception,will

may,

that

perceptionof

an

the

and
feelings,

whatever, into

modify that

nature.

our

its

so

to

other, they will,in

Whenever

thought,however

ings
feel-

objects are

feelingsin

similar

cause

any

accidental

present state, will

will

each
similar

association.

brought, from

been

with

cause

the

such

two

will,consequently,suggest

one

mere

excite

is

is,that

when

to

of

transferred
them

sequence
con-

objects

it is that

say

that

minds,

our

Objectsco-exist

4.

can

the

relations

between

we

ordinarycircumstances,

idea

or

that

All

sustain

to

the

objects are

relation

the

of

these

in
feelings,

between

Why

child, etc.

of

one

tell.

cannot

we

relation

such, for example, as

excited
other

similar

excite

perceived

effect,parent and

and

of

and

Objects co-exist

3.

from
of

what

course

merly
forject
ob-

same

associated
of

mind,

they

they

are

may,

106

will,recall entirely different

and

In

change

train of

our

upon

the

accidental, has been

of

state

OF

of

few

the

our

brance.
remem-

wholly impossible
taken

place

in the

and
sensibility,

our

the

of

sequently
con-

and

gradual

associations; so

object

ABOVE

PRINCIPLES

THE

and

illustrated,has many
a

has

transfer

from

one

ILLUSTRATED.

confirmed

been

has

which

of association

law

it

to

another.

feeling to

APPLICATION

The

which

particularobjects upon

of

effect

the

for

objects
find

instances, we

many

account

to

INTELLECT.

THE

and
To

important applications.

very

is

these, specialattention

invited, as

we

conclude

present chapter.

GROUND

LAWS

THE

TO

RESPECT

IN

MISTAKE

THE

OF

OP

ASSOCIATION.

We
the

are

mistake

fastened
this

do

mutually suggest

they

manner,

suggest each

relations

these

upon

have

by

each

existingbetween
make

as

the

the

upon
them

the

the

mind,

present

of

the

that

overlooked
in that

fact.

impression.

common

the

universal

law

Yet

In

pression
imtions
rela-

the

why they

reason

revealing

associatingprinciple. Philosophers have

associated
on
fact, that some
objects are
of

have

common

laws

noticed

the

ground

of

fact,that objects

and

of

of

relations

Zatos of association.

ground

impression,instead

common

laws

another, they

one

overlooked

other, only on

made

the

objects sustaining certain

Because

other

each

the ground
distinctly

state

to

philosophers,pertainingto

of

association.
to

prepared

now

the

they

the

exclusive

have

of association

of

larly
singurevealed

107

ASSOCIATION.

ACTION

OF

IN

PRINCIPLE

ASSOCIATING

THE

DIFFERENT

INDIVIDUALS.

We

all familiar

are

with

associatingprinciple is
is

This
natural

elements

different

Let

example, contemplate the

with

forciblyimpressed
his

to

the

Hence

on

and
for his

observation

of

tour

such

sale

in

family ;
"

contemplate it

own

mind.

in the

the

impressionsreceived,

of the

principle.
associating

and

OF

INFLUENCE

That

been

degree

to

the

actions
two

and

trains of

The

ease

and

beginner, is

new

ease

and

to

which

reasons

of

may
first

exactness
we

be

have

chase
pur-

location

leading idea
of

in

his

exist

course

consequent

action

HABIT.

thought,to

which

we

carried

and

on

have

by

us

able
perfectlyunaccount-

exactness

obvious

to

with

which

become

in the

plantation.Each

same

in the

performed

long familiar, are

with

to

actions

sociating
as-

gentleman

seeking a

will
corresponding diversity

the

of

engaged

the

lightof

temperament.

with

farmer

the

looking over

will be most

action

the

merchant

and

grain ;

of

will

in

natural

So

case.

for

of it particularly
related
cor-

features

correspondingdiversityof

in
principle,

another.

temperaments,

painting,each

those

quently
conse-

objects,and

object,than

of
peculiarities

own

in, and

different

of diverse

same

"

pursuitsof individuals;

same

of individuals

number

any

the

of

viduals.
indi-

different

deeply interested

more

the

of

circumstances,

two

deeply impressed with

more

with

to

diverse

andthe

temperament,

in

different

very

evidently owing

thereby being

one

fact, that the action

the

every

In

one.

trains

habituated

of

are

respect

physical
repeated,

assigned.

is,a certain

conformation

of

the

physical or-

108

ganization,so
action
and

of the

that,as
in

of mind.

state

those
their proper
The

has

mind

above,

Of

with

by

certain

of

with

purityin diction, has

removal

IN

while

now

few

as

this state

weeks

"

with

of

is, of

which

accustomed
models

at

months,

or

to

see

of taste, it

and

refinement

it remained

regarded

become

TO

the

chief

as

to

the
the

SUCH

of
the

capital

standard

barbarous, in

capitalto

RESPECT

everything,the

train

FASHION.

grace

then

of the

is familiar

The

slightest

pronunciationcommon

was

the

agreeable impressions which

Edinburg,

which

the

Dugald Stewart,

and

the

of

one

the

ease

Scotland, and

VICISSITUDES

AND

consider

we

of

of the

TASTE

of

facility.

acquires,in

Thus
in

with

elegance. By being

the

from

classes

dress,and

in

is,as shown

on

again.

associated

whom

their manners."

Every

produced,
re-

trains
When

state, there

state

dress," says

others

receive

that

OP

associated

becomes

the

is

state

habituated.

precisionand

awkward,

appearance

higher

in

become

of

first appears

we

become

to

recur

mode

worn

that

as

strong tendency,spontaneously,or

STANDARDS

it

with

equallyapplicableto

have

existed

pursued

soon

sideration
con-

spontaneously suggested

are

are

we

thought having

"

as

course,

actions

which

impression,to

course,

under

indissolublyassociated

remarks

often

spontaneous

order.

same

thought to

to the will is

of action.

order

become

the

commenced,

is,the fact that all the actions

second
have

same

in obedience

given

the train is

as

soon

muscles

necessary
The

the

INTELLECT.

THE

quence
conse-

London.

STANDARDS.

perpetualvicissitudes

recommendation

of

in

which

110

INTELLECT.

THE

true

with

associated

genius,when

distinguishingthose

in

referred

"

of
changelessprinciples

originaland

the

to

our

silent

dishonored

or

productions of
the

will

well

well

The

defects

Every
should

day, may
they

have

sink

to

oblivion.

with

good taste,

human

as

The
on

nature

mains
re-

and
are

thus

in

TASTE.

strong conceptive and

judgment

latter

the

individuals

such

be

to

the

which

embalmed
who

associated

would

special sense,

The
with

excellences

preserve
on

his

glaring
former

frequently copied

consecrated

and

the

with

more

excellences.

the

as

and

come
will, in time, be-

admirers

their

aginative
im-

times
genius),some-

true

well-balanced

will, perhaps, be

delight

individual

be,

of

mass

than
come

SPLENDID

OF

by surpassingexcellences, and

pleased with

defects

imitators

former

the

Yet

by

interest

stand

productionsof

The

taste.

characterized

the

which

SPEAKERS

very

of

absence

good

consequent

and

beauty,

long

of
(the peculiarities

exist in the

as

of

which

INCORRECT

OF

that

known,

faculties

defects.

long

as

AND

BUT

GENIUS,

will be

please

WRITERS

OF

INFLUENCE

is

forms

it is.

what

It

genius, associated

true

hand,

other

and

grave,

the

to

in thus

the

wide-spread ephemeral popularity,after

a

above

and

thought

of

forms

opinions of

current

those

nature;

permanent

Those

fitness.

sublimity,and
correlated

real and

the

forth

shadowing

"

correlated

are

sists
con-

please, simply

associations, like
which

those

from

to,

which

things

ot* accidental

in consequence

It

good judgment.

is

reason

the

feelingsof

excite.

by

his taste

guard

this.

under

the

The
latter.

unvitiated,
such

cumstanc
cir-

Ill

ASSOCIATION.

Great

and

genius

imagery, and

styleand

imminent

perilof

awakened
delight,

first

vice

grossness,

for

''

excites.

The

"

in
principle,
final result

style,with

and

which

"

silver

which

of coral

rubies," has

or

been

in much

attained

been

loss ; but
foulest

an

UNFOUNDED

Every
and

of

men,

placed

public estimation, often

unrighteous prejudice.
condition, is
which

is thus

fastened

in

the

the

price

shall

with

the

as

the

be

is above

might
this

have

arable
irrep-

with

the

guilt.

JUSTIFIED.

the

fact,that

persons

degrading

victims

of

cruel

circumstance, aside

Some

upon

on
justified,

HOW

in circumstances

become

gold,"

in connection

equal preeminence

is familiar

for

which

which

that

tuous
vir-

and

mention

no

price of

exist

may

PREJUDICES,

individual

classes

for

as

higherperfectionwithout

which

morals, and

"

the

unassociated

be gotten

weighed

which

exchanged

their

tion
contempla-

loss of virtue

the

be

pearls,and

of

the

is, the acquirement of

cannot

cannot

thereof," in comparison with

made

ciation
asso-

feelingsof sublimity,
beauty,

repellency,which

corrupt

principles.That
and

lawof

contemplationof great minds,

of styleand imagery,
perfections

and

and

polishedmanners

the

with

and

the

the

disgust,abhorrence,
of

The

minds

lightof

ment,
senti-

to

entirelysupplant the feelingsof

finally

and

weaken,

the

such

respect

men.

among

with

The

by

and

polishedmanners,
at

intercommunion

illustrated.

above

in

foul in respect

most

is manifest, in
productions,

such

and

the

and

manners

finished

most

unfrequently associated

not

are

vices, polished

great

productionsthe

corrupt morals, and

to

ASSOCIATIONS.

VICIOUS

OF

DANGER

cause

assumption

of

this

that it is

in

and
from

feeling,
natural,

112

and

INTELLECT.

THE

therefore

assumed

association,are

with

connected

Feelings

of

designed and

necessary,

AND

giving

as

persons

bad

reports respecting them, will

more

than

of

be

true,

the

were

occasion

perfectly overwhelm
the

of

to

occasion

to

be

the

such

first awakened

with

thanks

no

so,

be

to

come

degree, associated
is not

authors

of

stances,
circum-

such

will

such

is not

the wrong

done

that

the

feelings

who

those

or

less

If

this

greater

first

as

comes

public mind.

in the
to

The

mischief.

the

permanently, to

due

are

case.

with

together

happens

them

the

being

however,

when

it often

Hence,

known.

This

public feeling which

of

reaction,even

reaction

impartialjustice

often, under

mankind,

of

mass

known.

render

to

endowments,

reaction

be

to

spreading

of

this is far from

and

the evils

correct, and

long

ere

comes

influence, may

commanding

assumption*

and

name,

disposed
But

virtues

standing

truth

men

in all instances.

Preeminent

that

themselveSj in consequence

publicfeeling,as

would

stitution
originalcon-

proverb,that

false

correct

accidental

LIBEL.

frequentlyasserted

resulting from

idence.
Prov-

by

by

the

on
justified

are

SLANDER

It is very

individuals

resultingfrom

as

nature, and

our

sanctioned

the ball

set

rolling.
ASSOCIATION

OF

INFLUENCE

CHARACTERISTICS.

MENTAL

**

pure;

To

the

but

pure."

In

pure," says

to

the

other

the

corrupt and
words,

sacred

to

voluntary

power,

but

mind

also in

writer,

"

all

unbelieving, there

objectsin respect

correlated

EXISTING

PERPETUATING

IN

truly pure
to

not

respect

comes

only the
to

the

things are
is

nothing
to

action

be

so

of the

and
sensibility

113

ASSOCIATION.

intelligence,
tending
is

with

This

law

of

mind

which

and

feelings,

with

all

is

There

as

above

will

diversified

is

be

limits

the

at

turned

to

last

applications.

Its

as

it

is

vice

be

to

entire

of

importance
understood

spectively
re-

In

thoughts

impure

impure

an

application

illustrated.

appreciated

the

to

principle.

come

thus

only

and

of

cage

minds,

corruption.

to

virtue

into

the

tend

associating

and

thought,

feeling

the

been

feelings

of

no

in

found

long

those

are

principle,
science

has

objects
and

thought

which

and

their

to

tendencies

existing

same

thought

which

feelings

self-perpetuation

possess,

and

The

of

relation

feelings

purity.

object

such

into

confirm

and

develop

that

Every

thoughts

generate

to

as

brought

is

and

thoughts

increase

and

vicious.

the

perception

awaken

things

perpetuate

to

true

all

that

associated

of

current

channel.
the

associating
in

in

mental

its

lessly
end-

114

INTELLECT.

THE

CHAPTER

MEMORY

IX.

RECOLLECTION.

AND

DEFINED.

TERMS

as

Recollection

and

Memory

shall

we

as

analysis. The

see,

is demanded

two

terms

interchangeably,and

used

notions,

memory^

or

intellectual

these

the

In

sound

named

sophical
philo-

are

and

facts

by

events,

that called

mind.

In

states

are

recalled

often
the

denominated

process

the

to

tion.
associa-

distinguished but

conceptions of

spontaneouslyrecalled

by

above

never

circumstances.

following

by philosophers,

principleof

the

of

important departments only

This,

treated

are

by

are

lection^
recol-

effort of

an

will.
OF

STATES

There

1.

of these

Some

with

object recalled
or

revived

or

sensation.

"

an

some

3. A

and
of

of

attended

in

placeconnected
object.

has

formerly

apprehension

or

of

the

object of present thought, perception,

pertainingto

the

which

spontaneously recurring,

state

simple apprehension of

recurrence,

mind

perception

feelingor

apprehension

whatever

time

by

operations connected

mind.

of

state

RECOLLECTION.

AND

mental

processes

the
"

MEMORY

distinct

feeling or

co-existed

2. A

IN

three

are

each

with

MIND

the

the

with

object or
no

belief

event
or

itself,

judgment

object.

thought, of
with

the

the

circumstances

of

sion
perceptionor apprehen-

MEMORY

THE

That

AND

ABOVE

objects of

STATEMENT

VERIFIED.

and

memory

recollection

directlyand immediately,but
above

manner

1.

accustomed
as

well

described,

universal

From

affirmations
to

gests

mind

my

objects of

2. When

them,

at

which

those

in this

entire

wish

we

but

in

the

events,

do

not

Memory

and

is the

subjects in

considered

being

the
is

remark

so

almost

aoove,

connection,

same

department only

one

as

law; and
governs

above

the

suggest

same

stated

as
philosophers,

of these

universallytreat

The

jects,
ob-

recollection

which

same

do

to

various

to

mind, that they may

of association.

that

obviously true,

or

attempt

attention

recall.

each

governs

phenomena

memory

to

suggested,

respect, subjectto preciselythe

which

the law

the

before

present

clearly

"

of it.

any

we

but by directingthe
directly,

this

are

the

this sug-^

"

occurrences,"

recollect

to

minds,

Hence

of," or

events

least

are

own

fact.

me

conscious

are

recall

phrase,to

common

are,

them

wish

we

such

that

who

their

the

such

and

such

showing, not merely

that the

Those

noticed

called
re-

tions.
considera-

two

this reminds

"

from

operationsof

the

have
philosophers,

as

common

obvious

is

not

are

suggested, in the

are

coJisciousness

analyze

to

115

RECOLLECTION.

of

association.
DISTINCT

Taking

this

proved,
that
events

the

will be
to

positionfor granted,or
it will

and

ease

RECOLLECTION.

EASY

AND

distinctness

recalled

the

formerlyreceived

follow,

depth
from

to

the

and

them,

as

as

having

necess-iry

with

which

and

to

the

ready
al-

consequence,

objects or

any

mind, will always

intensity of

been

the
number

be

tioned,
propor-

impressions
of

objects

116

THE

and

with

events

co-existed,or

affirmation.
a

deep

person

impression

difficulty
any

for the

feeble

the state

which

which

it

the

here

claims

which

notice

ON

small

the

is the

deep

of

know
eye

that

we

have

the

most

pends
recalled,dethe

sion
impres-

number

of

jects
ob-

have

may

mental

distinct.

the most

both

existed,
co-

do

under

been

has

shown

been

spect
re-

consciousness.
the

lar
particu-

particular
step.

conscious

perception,in
and

each

ception
per-

these

Among

remember

not

science,

important

sense

directed

over
carelessly

runs

nothing but

must

regulating

objectsof thought or

of distinct

volition,which

suming
As-

circumstances

condition
of

such

CONDITIONED.

chapters it

walking, for example, we

act

the

upon

former

phenomena

the

be

importance in

following,as
In

with

mind."

intensityof

WHAT

and

the three

hand, if

co-exist.

rendered

to

The

no

my

impression

from

that attention

we

such

such

self-evident, that the

attention, to wit, the

1. Atteyition.

In

which

an

uniformly answer,

will

and

but

impressionsreceived
are

is

fact

IMPRESSIONS,

our

recalls

is
sensibility

depth

hereafter

inquiry,of

One

the

with

DISTINCT

he

will

shall

it made

the other

impression upon

formerly made,

will

and

he

"

When

such

for

reason

we

events

On

particularevent

any

events

or

the

why

reason

of

only upon

not

such

and

mind."

my

conclusion

invariablybe,

particularevent,

such

with

experience.

ask

principleof suggestion,the
ease

universal

will

upon

is asked

that

This

you

answer

heretofore

coexist.

declaration," such

The

it made

impressionshave

by

forget," suppose

never

"

hereafter

confirmed

the

hear

such

which

may

also find to be
you

INTELLECT.

of

such

Yet

acts.

particularlandscape, and

general outline

is

remembered,

while

118

THE

is not

reading

which

impression made

DIVERSITY

OF

distinctness

and

ease

recalled,depends greatlyupon

the time

the mind

upon

in

discourse,or witnessing any

consequently the

they are
at

the

to
book, listening

and

scene,

mind

that

aware

INTELLECT.

with

the state

of

POWERS

OF

DEVELOPED

AS

MEMORY,

IN

FERENT
DIF-

INDIVIDUALS.

the

Assuming
have

formed

moved

and

that
principle,

distinct
affected

in

appear

different

kinds

diverse

individuals, may
PHILOSOPHIC

The

illustrate
minor

and

such

truths

These,

he

what

little interested.

their

circumstances

which

chieflyinterest
if understood
facts

and

be

have

the

versal
uni-

which

facts

and

names,

has

little

or

no

eral
gen-

illustrative of

and

Here

have

we

philosophical

the

rtiemory.

MEMORY.

as

the

In

cases,

all,will readilypass
with

all their

their permanent

characteristics

of what

men

the

are

all

things

general principles,
from

adventitious

impress upon
is called

are

with

events,

mere

such

of

mass

time, place, etc.,

them.
at

in

recalls ; while

with,

called

Events,

of

events,

will leave
we

seldom

however,
general principles,

very

in

place,he

forgets.

never

may

they

readilyexplained.

be

things,interested

connected

LOCAL

With

and

of course,
facts

tinctly
dis-

as

memory,

principles. With

and

general principles,he

while

all

of time

principlesand
of
peculiarities

of

deeply

easilyand

and
general principles,

circumstances

interest.

be

have

we

MEMORY.

philosopheris,above
truths

which

will
sensibility,

the

which

things of

conceptions,and

our

remembered,

those

local

the

mind,

stances,
circumit.

Here

memory.

MEMORY

third

The

ARTIFICIAL

MEMORY.

only

kind

other

recalled

that the
greater difficulty,

with

recalled

by

principleof suggestion
relation

tlie
to

familiar

the

not

as

to

with

retentive

above

all

same

permanent

These

is called

upon

he

course

and

events,

The

his mind.

reason,

that

when

reason,

local

The

which
memory

it

so

was

will be

chapter.

philosopher,
forgets.

more

in objects with
qualities

with,

For
and

impress equally

an

associated.

least

and

connected

wishes

cal
philosophi-

such

of

to

be

For

person

ticular
par-

any

general

the

the

same

ready, but

less

which

persons

such

for

ready;

recall

first to recall

fact, he finds it necessary

principlewith

calls
re-

ready, and

the

never

memory

he

this

however, will not, in ordinary circumstances,

the obvious

state,

retentive

most

general principlesleave

of

of

character,

regarded by

of

facts

state

subjects,is

attention.

the

principlesare

price.

the

MEMORY.

what

be

to

into

same

miscellaneous

demands

next

reason,

illustrative

brought

trivial

RETENTIVE

between

is known

ready. General

be

inexpediency of resorting

somewhat

AND

memory,

memory

instance, may

present inquirieswill close

our

distinction

The

the

particularremarks.

any

READY

the

need

topics of

few

connected

as

The

associations,excepting upon

obvious

in which

the

and

which
be

manner

in this

one

latter

object,by exciting that

less familiar.

one

such

wuth

those

may

objectsare

two

co-existence

of

; and

mind

operates

The

readilyexplained.

The

former.

of the

means

it is

method

with

connecting things easilyremembered

are

which

of memory

notice, is called artificialmemory^

to

necessary
of

and

119

RECOLLECTION.

AND

tive
retenare

120

interested,exist
that

objectswill
be

be

at

which

have

possessing local

memory

in what

been

erally
gen-

recently

merely, will
called

be

of

will

most

may

lecture

in the

bench,

excel
loose
plays
dis-

The

in

degree

individuals,may

owing,

in which

mistocles

knew

Hannibal

had

similar

made

them

viduals,
indiThe-

in

them

made

acquisitions,
the

to

versitie
di-

soldier

every

such

necessary

It

Cyrus and

name.

of

for.

power.

originalendowments

Their

considered

by

ferent
dif-

different

of the

knowledo;e

They
acquisitions.

such

they

because

direction

in

natural

"

possessedby

citizen of Athens

every

respectivearmy.

capable of

is

the power

each

circumstances

two

accidental

the

and

readilyaccounted

be

to

MEMORY.

facultyis developed

this

now

I suppose,

as

OF

POWERS

which

the

science, on

pulpit.

and

room,

DIVERSE

AND

VAST

hall of

laboratory,the

the

itself in

his

multitude

with, a great

rambling composition. Philosophicalmemory,

and

is

varietyof objects,

suggested. They

once

conversation, and

common

infinite

an

met

however,

those

Persons

seen.

in such

alike

quality is

this

when

similar

in

INTELLECT.

THE

end

they

designed to accomplish.
IMPROVEMENT

But
be

to

for the

us,

derived

from

Existence,

at

The

anew.

red, must

be

compass

not

each
same

of

successive
errors

No

been.

experience

this

advantages
or

own

our

moment,

must

which
follies,

and

repeated,without

Through
and

consideration, the past would

facultyunder

if it had

as

MEMORY.

OF

the

that

of

be

others.

commenced

be

formerly occur,

of improvement.
possibility

the past
faculty,

furnishes

The

of

for the future.

could

progress

the

chart

improvement

MEMORY

is

onward, with

perpetuallyaccumulating

therefore, How
as
itself,

be out

not

may

1. The

the

wit, deep and

the

should

be

formed

2. As

with

habituate

should

this

but

which

those

impression will

recalled,possess

will,when

be

with

it

to

the

circumstances

it is associated.
will

In this
not

be

of time

recollect.

deep

and

In
manent,
per-

being distinct,

located

and

the

manner

be

only

faculty,we

correspondingdistinctness.

thought,the object should

3. In

to

only

associated

notion

the

not

ciple.
prin-

one

conceptions of

wish

we

for

distinctness

this

distinct

form

plans

this

upon

improve

the

consideration,

to

much

very

all

depends;

our

under

reference

to

to

action
All

in
is

memory,

retentive

object

direct

ourselves

the

manner

relation

the

all efforts

objects,especiallyof

of

impression.

impressionsdepend

conception,in

point :

and

ready
of

presents

followingsuggestions

improvement

distinct

accomplishment

The

tion,
ques-

kept distinctlyin mind,

permanent
its

The

force.

facultybe improved

this

place on

which

principleon

of

of

first thing to be

plans for
to

this

can

specialimportance.

of

121

RECOLLECTION.

AND

distinct

place with

which

impression and

rendered

referred

in

deep
it

and

ception
con-

distinct,
in

but

each

the

thoughts and perceptionswill, by exciting

ated
consideration, recall the object associfeelingsunder
with

with
4.

to,

as

recurs

tion
connec-

other

it.

Knowledge,
be

must

circumstance

in

order

systematized and

to

it will be

law

which

is

permanently,
general permanent

retained

reduced

principles. Otherwise,
of local association

be

to

the

exclusivelysubjectto
so

temporary

in

respect

to

retention.
5.

To

converse

with

others, and

to

write

down

our

122

THE

thoughts which
distinctness

and

wish

we

INTELLECT.

retain,contribute

to

of recollection.

to permanency

this means,

Knowledge, by

is rendered

distinct,the correspondingimpressiondeep

permanent,

and

to

be

tend

whole

subject of thought,most
All

systematicallyarranged.
to render

6.
at

the

time,

same

everything

improved.

the

same

palsy

its

is not

is not

reflection

but

energies. Nothing

the

be

upon

should

and

not

be

trusted, without

written

records

development

of

this

OF

"

of

early

her

some

of

she

would,
of

as

memory

the

secure

the

aid
a

of

proper

of

my

ninety years,

had

this

story, related
She
had

had

in

verse,

thought

of

memory

the

the

sons,
per-

rences
occur-

acquaintance, for
occasion

day.

end, relate

never

degree,of

experienceof aged

lady

to

ness
feeble-

preciselythe opposite

the

less

or

of

life.

means

doubtless

judgment,

approaching

greater

great-grandchildrenone

quiteyoung.
and

revival

about

example, aged

the

of

presented in

wonderful

thus

to

way

AGED.

characteristic

is also sometimes

when

failure,in

is the

of memory.

power

THE

of the first indications

of age,

sure

At

faculty.

MEMORY

One

line where

fix

thoughts,and

developed

and

can

our

of

this law.

properly exercised,
should

aid

occurrences.

facultyis

when

case

the

from

exempt

overburden

to

of

trusted, but

is the

as

will not

exercised

Memory

time,

be

important thoughts and

of

facultywhich

and

circumstances

it, without

to

likely

permanent.

overburdened,

not

is communicated

judicious diary
That

and

also, to be improved, must

Memory

the

distinct

memory

these

and

to

which

to

She

thought
the substance

them
she

committed
little of it for

amuse

had
it to
more

read
ory,
mem-

than

MEMORY

half

fresh

came

poem

the

aged,
"

wonderful
In

the

they affect
the

they formerly did.

the

failingof

feelingspreciselyare
states

life,such
at

and

one

are

tide of

in

correlation

excited

the

time

and

distinct.

more

which

when

our

Now

permanent

recalled,the
from

of

all

mind

the

of

sons,
rea-

er
form-

Hence

is

sensibility
the

not

same

by objects of thought
consequently

amid

of

the

tellectu
in-

former

no

is

floatingby
aged

character.
is in

diverting and

are

in

from
around

the

of
a

of

the

mind,
of

scene

the other

and

Hence,
state

of ordinary

upon

entire

one

On

recollections
the

rush

isolation

temporary

remark, that

hurrying scenes

associations

time, that

same

state

events

these
with

class,I would

second

that

crowds

the

do

would, if revived, suggest

recalled.
past, is often distinctly
we

Nor

reproduced.

the

to

is aware,

one

For

co-existed

perception.

now

not

are

respect

every

tion.
atten-

formed

perception.

have

formerly,and

perception,as
In

and

and

perceptive faculty,there

in the

objects of thought and

and

reasons

not

are

mind

corresponding change
to

for.

revived.

not

the

notions

and
perceptions,

its

thought

which
peculiar/*ee/m^s

are

class,two

faculty of perception
distinct

as

hand, and

be accounted

to

first

repeat it

experience of

one

present

thoughts and
2. In

the

of

could

the

the

on

their existence

consequence,

objects of

in

other, need

phenomena

to

story, the entire

She

facts

two

the

failure of the

The

them,

These

assigned for
As

of

recollection.

failure of memory,

respect

1.

the

commenced

her

to

revival, on

be

may

she

for word.

all,word
the

As

century.

1^3

RECOLLECTION.

AND

hand, when
the
us,

varying

of

when

full

isolation

past

comparative

distractingassociations.

is

then

past become

state

the

of

scene

freedom
Conse-

is

124

INTELLECT.

THE

quently,the

entireness, is brought into full

its

remembrance.

distinct

and

in

scene,

DURATION

course,

admitted

be

chapter

of association

law

If the

never

has

co-existed,should,

any

of

element
be

of

as

the

ages

one

co-existed

facts

also,which

The

memory.

presents
now

the

fact of this

to

recurs

case

of

my

While
in the

Learned
in.

It

correctness,
Arabic
the

from

then

was

and

ancient
as

entire

of

consideration

on

miraculous.
to

visit to

to

she

was

occurrence

young

trace

clue

to

society,
law

that

as

It is

her

Hebrew,

also from

the

the

mystery.

in

utter

to

called

perfect
Greek,

writings of

by

physician
her past

and

attendants.

the

was,

many,

garded
re-

attendance,

history,for
He

mestic.
do-

if I mistake

with
reciting,

out

Germany,
began

all

of

above,

to

labored

sickness, she

from

The

Fathers.

with

striking one

always

unknown

that

son
rea-

given by Coleridge.

had

passages

referred

most

and
Syriacscriptures,

finding

as

were
neighboring university,

found

however, determined
purpose

her

languages

men,

in

us

residence, she sickened, and

her

During

not, died.
in

girlwho

Coleridge was

vicinityof

sentences

is

If

yesterday.

lie around

The

kind.

recalled.

co-existed

it but

aged lady

recollection

German

the

of

case

be

remote,

reproduced,no

with

principleunder

the

thought

thereby be recalled,as

not

which

Numberless

fullyconfirm

should

ago,

Thought
any

be

which

thought

of

matter

period,however

any

assigned,why

it,myriads
well

at

given impression be

preceding
a

which

revived, the thought itself may

form

can

the

follow, as

impressionwith

the

perish.If

in

illustrated

absolutelyindestructible.

is

that memory

MEMORY.

true, it will

as

can

in any

OF

found

the
at

126

INTELLECT.

THE

CHAPTER

IMAGINATION.

THE

All

are

also, we

that

with

them

as

What

"

that

such.

is this

will

which

readilyoccur,
we

define

as,

the

to

recur

at

their

widely in

works

is to
in groups
to

or

the

mind

to

as

the

objects

does

they

which

do

agination
im-

the

nature,"

events,
of

process

which

compounds

so

perceptions

scenes,

by

to

differ

of

exist in

not

anew,

so

presentations.

pure

parts of real

not

factory
little satis-

function
of

answer,

attempted

that

their

tions?
func-

anticipated.If

have

the real

them

form

true

faculty that

from

told,that

combine

so
itself,

this

of

component

"characters,and

be

find

subject,we

present

questions are

? the

who

readily

its proper

are

thought,might

of authors

the

the

general assent,

combinations

and

"take

"

when

governed

is obtained
are

we

some,

is it

definitions

information

By

first

creations, we

What

power?

of the intelligence

imagination. When,

term

But,

laws

function

its real

command

elucidate

and

the

of

any

and, By what
"

is such

designated by

meet

recognize
asked,

that there

aware,

as

X.

have

no

or

the

ence
exist-

in nature."

others, it is defined

By
*'

modify

creation";

so

or

as

of which

means
as

to

facultyby

conceptions,by combining

our

together,so

ones

the

as

form

"a

various
new

as

to

form

complex

new

exercise

conceptions are

wholes."

The

which

we

the parts of different

wholes
of

of

the

combined

which
difficulty

our

mind,

own

by

together,
the

stu-

dent

in

with

meets

with

remarks

the

of

shall

we

object of

attempt

now

with

other

some

all

admit, is

definition

these

compare

have

combines

seen,

faculties,
sense,

they

to

conceive
in

are

be.

faculty we

So

the

more

or

elements

less

in

the

have

"

ideas

grand,

such
the

as

with

those

certain
of

we

primary

out
given, with-

province being
and

does

said

not,

another

all the

other

as

we

ception
con-

perfectly
different

the

faculties

which

realities

fundamental

and

re-combines

conceptions

teristics
charac-

understanding

pronounce

it does, or

with

the real

thought, objects as

object,and

into

the

their nature

we

Let

cannot,

we

as

reason,

conception of

perfectly,not

themselves, but

if

given by

represent

thought given by

ing,
understand-

understanding,as

facultyof conception, a facultywhich

said

it

sions
apprehen-

informed.

see

all ; its exclusive

its

indistinct,

are

apprehensionsof

elements

represent that object. Now

blends

own.

imagination,as

well

The

as
perfect or imperfect,

of

our

is the

are

distinct

of each.

at

further

our

The

faculties, and

of, and

with

compare

which

defined.

themselves, whatever

may

always

them

of

explained by comparing

consciousness,and

modifying
this

well

two

functions

proper

and

clear and

thereby,obtain
and

apprehensions

our

and

of

when

presence

Without

not.

conceptive faculty.

is in the

analogousobject of

of this latter

and
us

which

distinct

are

light,whether,

DEFINED.

best defined

be

often

may

their

imaginationor

IMAGINATION

An

practicab
definitions,is the im-

given conception, he

real creation

such

to

respect

determining,in

of

he meets

137

IMAGINATION.

THE

ments
ele; and

correspond,

they are

ideas in the

in

mind,

harmony, fitness,the beautiful,the

sublime, the good,

and

the

perfect;

or

their op-

128

THE

INTELLECT.

posites,the ludicrous, the grotesque,

have

We

in

classes of

minds, therefore,two

our

conceptions,"those

they exist

in the

around

; and

us

in

are

and

universe

of

thought combined,

entirelydistinct

and

within

mind,

the

elements

in

harmony,

and

such

of
more

jects
obless

or

perfect, with

fundamental

those

of

the

beautiful, grand, sublime, etc., conceptions

which

do

not

have
us

the

The

objects.

the former

gives us
the

itself;as^

but

function

of

class

of

not

to

of

; but

perfect,the sublime, etc., in

of the

which

with
are

which

is,whatever

is

the

to

ideas

the ideas

the

mind

creations

the

called

bines
re-com-

it

the

ception
con-

represents
tion
concep-

it shadows

forth

which

spond
corre-

tions
Understanding-concep-

object.The

the

of

be.

object may

tain,
per-

beautiful,

itself.

perfect,when

in the mind.

with

compared

It

of the

beauty, grandeur, sublimity,etc.,

of

forms

gives

Coleridge it is

imagination is perfect,when

the

of

understanding

it

objectas

gence
intelli-

the

thought into conceptions which

existences

mere

rangements
ar-

conceptions,we

That

understanding.

certain

Esemplastic,or into-one-formingpower."
the elements

its

mind

are,

latter,is the imagination. By

the

the

the

they

respect objects as

denominated

"

in

"

of such

which

ideas

bombastic.

respect objectsjust as

matter

which

in

those

which

the

only standard

imagination

with

compared,

are

is the idea.
ILLUSTRATION.

singleillustration

distinct and

separate functions

consideration.
each

of

all

number

characterized

deformities, are,
and

will throw

we

of these

by greater
form

two

human

of

will suppose,

together,we

additional

forms
or

before

distinct

the

lightupon
faculties
and

under

stances,
circum-

less beauties
the mind.

Of

and

each,

apprehensions;

the

THE

with

group,

all its

and

countenance

had

which

The

instances.

elements

combined
realities

the mind

ideas, pre-existingin
exclusive

with

or

may,
to

may

have

objects which

existence

however, whether

always present
referred

true

their

with

in

or

of

selves
our-

ination.
imag-

hereafter,
not, be

true

Such

nature.

real existences
the

find
the

see

may

the

as

not, will

or

lightof

tions,
crea-

ideas

the

to.

Dugald

met

with, who

and

the

fancy.

it will prepare
make.

to

objects in

IMAGINATION

Mr.

shall

we

fictions,may,

not, be

such

here

of creations

creations, as

Such

find

we

fundamental

"

we

true

refaculties,

itself, ideas

presence

equally

correspond, not

beautiful,the grand, the sublime, etc.,

in the

any

holds

same

the other

themselves, but

in

they are

as

the

whenever,

and

Wherever,

conceptions which

into

human

perfect,than

imagination.The

thought,given by

of

the

before

conception is

thi^new

of

of the

creation

and

action

fore.
objectof perceptionor conception be-

formation

in all other

the

exclusive

objects are

beautiful

more

the

been

exclusive

these

the

arises,in thought,the apprehensionof

there

mind

mark

we

While

understanding.

of the

form

individualities,
being,in thought,represented

it is in itself. Here

as

129

IMAGINATION.

"

AND

Stewart
makes
I will

DISTINGUISHED.

is the first philosopherthat I

distinction

give the

the way

It is the

FANCY

power

for the
of

between

remarks

to

distinction

the
which
which

have

imagination
I

refer,as

wish

fancy," he observes,

"

to

which

suppliesthe poet with metaphoricallanguage,and with all

the analogieswhich are
of his allusions. But
the foundation
it is the power
the complex
of the imagination,
that creates
scenes

he

describes,and
9

the fictitious characters

which

he

130

INTELLECT.

THE

delineates."

imagination

the

was

and

scene,

According

Lost."

the

His

Milton, which

of

the other

fancy, on

The

adorned.

fancy,

materials

and

scenes

fancy is

thus

as

In

defined

of the

that

of the

furnishes

the

the

of

the

The

which

AND

primitive

has
is

and

of

the

reflective.

not

priorexistence

creations

action

the

attendant

of the

fill out

thought

and

life.

and

is

to ideas

the

fancy
is

is

lated
corre-

all the

in the

of

this

faculties,is

intellectual
We

that

reflect upon

mind.

creations

The
of

are

the
the

imagination.
result

for

of

the

faculty. By reflection,such

perfect that conception, was

study

only
ment
state-

same

and

perfected.
"

Paradise

firstspontaneouslysuggested to the author's

was

sociative
as-

imagination

grand conception,for example, developed in

Lost,"

subject,

is correlated

subsequently,fullydeveloped

are,

its

creates

IMAGINATION.

primitive developments, they

spontaneous

It collects

principle,which

REFLECTIVE

action

applicable to

In their

it will

ideas.

same

spontaneous,

it

aggregative and

"

defined, while

associative

which

the

this view

which
intelligence

SPONTANEOUS

To

then

"

function

tive
figura-

association.

beautiful,the grand, the sublime, etc.,

to

The

the

imagination

conformity to

Thus

power."

Paradise

"

particulardepartment

the

by Coleridge,as

whole

described, is, as

but

which

characters, and

function

the

furnished

hand,

principle of

from

embellishments.

that

the

operation of
the

created

it

made,

with
illustrations,

readilybe perceived,nothing
of the

here

characters,presentedin
particular

language, analogies,and
is

distinction

the

to

majorityof

the years

the
of

mind.

object

of

his subsequent

REMARK

Coleridge
detecting
in

The

of

is called

the

and
and

other

the

as

filling
up

of which

the

filling
up

outline

more

of

conception itself,and

the sublime
of the

grand

elements

of

into

the outlines

of

great portionof the filling

up
no

"

to

do

in the

conception

this

creative, plasticfaculty. To ev^olve

would

enable
the

discern

CREATIONS

In

that
has

do

OP

the

often
not

When

object of

THE

been

of

the

stated

why

is not

the

that

with

oration.

In

workings

of

principleswhich
circumstances,

to

said,

before

preceding analysis.

this

NOT

WHY

chapter,it

imagination are
becomes

this statement

an

TIONS.
FIC-

ALWAYS

has been
not

by philosophers,"new
It

Lost,"

with, in throwing

faculty,has, as

IMAGINATION,

exist in nature."
and

the

such

of any

ing
mysteriousblend-

find

we

under

this

preceding part of

the creations

here

"

student,

operations of

the main

been

the

form,

than
or

met

that

bined;
com-

conceived.

Paradise

of

sermon,

thought often

grand

ing
the understand-

to

intelligencehas

the

example, imagination had

for
of

judgment,

the

of

mere

imagination has

the

properly belongs

as

every

imagination,that

the

out
filling

conception which

which

It is not

is this.

mere

in

intellectual

faculty. Much, often, is

is the

gard
re-

judgment

other

operationsof

that

to

imagination,and

the

productionof

much

discourse

With

remark, which

of his remark

amount

narration; and

the

from

attributed

outline

made

peculiar operationsof

the

part of what
is to be

COLERIDGE.

somewhere

separatingthem

faculties.

OF

great importance in guiding the

of

as

has

131

IMAGINATION.

THE

shown,

always,as
wholes

it

which

importantinquiry,

true?

It will be

evi-

132

THE

first

dent, at
which

bined, the

thought,that

into

enter

INTELLECT.

when

the

elements

particular
conceptions,are

thought, without

any

corresponding

other

the

elements

hand, when

sublimityexist

in

objectsin

elements,
ideas,and

when

first named

into

correlation

in the

familiar

"

As
The

of

voice

Speaks

Every

element

these

sublimest
The

and

is

same

rolls

experiencesof
the tear

of

the

embrace

gift

some

turned

should

be
the

in the

that

away
crushed

truth, as

the

of

eased,

the

for

with

Yet
the

beneath
well

as

be

is

in

ception,
con-

in strict

the

of

formed
strictlycon-

the

last two

of

blending

tinctly
dis-

lines,we

imagination,in

the

same

its

Who

present.
the eye

that

such

"

in
followingstanza, especially

the

in its

started

tear

pressure

weight,

beauty, of

saw

it holds

of

heart, that
a

ever

"

dew-drop, when
time, the

and

affliction, a thing

of

sun,

balms,
em-

power

sentiments

hallowed

sorrowful

sublime

thought

morning
a

elements

along

true, where

the past and

image

these

form.

gratitudelying in

the

stars

conceptions,the

than

different

strong.

skies

the

are.

beautiful

beautiful

more

ferent
dif-

promises."

all the

equally

in similar

then

built

plasticpower

most

and

and

may

and

a single
illustration,

and

in this beautiful

the

blends

an

sure

in
elements, particularly
mark

far

Is

as
realities,
they

to

as

grace

that

the

which

that

On

other

other

to

conception

Take

hymn

word

His

related

with

beautiful,grand, or

one

realities.

to

from

some

purely in

beauty,grandeur,

imagination

element

every

stanza

the

exist

existence.

connection

elements

"

of

thought

wholly re-coin

wholes, thus produced, must

new

of

does

by
and

woe,

such

worth

not

nize
recog-

thought contained

the last two

lines?

134

THE

do

find

not

particularblended
forms

of

human

the

for

universal.

example,

form, in distinction

find whatever

As

the

the

from

is beautiful

the

SPHERE

OF

Most

THE

do

in every
the

poetical. From
judgment,

NOT

examples

all

of discourse

blended
of
a

discursive

more

in his

LAW

It

the

OF

is,as

IN

have

Its

every

other, without

the
this

elements

the

procedure

arbitrary. Not

is the

TO

REGARD

seen,

is not

What

are

speciesof
the

in every

and

thought
admits,

Milton

be

can

at

least,
with

ranged

highestprose compositions,

IMAGINATION.

THE

peculiarprovince of

dissolve,re-combine, and

thought.

Here, then,

in his

this

prose,

It

imaginationof

chapter

creations, on

of

ideas.

POETRY.

Lost."

TASTE

we

to

its finest

the elements
pure

energy

Paradise

"

to

of

with

harmony

doubt, whether

or

in

in which

the general,

supposed, that, in

confined

painting,in statuary, in

with

TO

it

other
kind

embodied.

particularsrelating

into this

We

in

there

CONFINED

composition.
hand,

one

any

in
particular

have

not

imaginationis
meet

perfect

most

find

not

form

introduced

this I would
the

the

each

universal.

IMAGINATION

the

of

In

we

imagination represents

beautiful, etc., in the

forth,but

all others,represented, but

understanding represents

so

my

in

statuary,

we

to

particularshadowed

one

any

INTELLECT.

every

blend

elements

respects, however,

in all these

thought can

violatingthe

the

agination
the im-

be

blended

with

good

taste.

of

laws

important question presents itself ; to wit,

law which
guides the imagination,in blending

an

of

subject,by

thought ?
an

example

I will

taken

present
from

my

own

the book

ideas
of Job;

on

THE

"*

The

mane

given

thou

clothed

war-horse

some,

on

objectsof
is

thou

Hast

of the

by

those

the

his strength

thunder, has
total

It is

in themselves

of it. When

the

feelings. Hence

conceptions into

two

law
of

power
sustain

the

relation

they

diverse

objects of

may

such

figure,under

the

example

The

For

one

cisely
preof

force

be

versal
uni-

plastic

conceptions
feelingor
The

one.

I will

the

of the

common

into

Had

more

more

striking
other

give one

is insensible
Yet

the

night,no
cheek

held

to

of

it

as

by,

sky.

dimpled

in

star

cheek

air.

its

embrace.
there.''

trembling

the

an

sea

the

upon

exquisitebeauty

of the

wave

more,

with

the

in

the

flew

were

in

leaped

caught

And

free

stars

wave

every

like birds

as

thousand

That

dimpled

two

conceptions, the

and

thousand

Ten

of

to

the action

to

circumstances.

lightly

Ten

I conceive

any

twilight hours

As

here

excite

may

:
"

Who

sense,

writer, in blending the

blended

those

every

objectsof

proprietyand

Whenever

to

be

sentiment,
the

This

one.

imagination.

similar

the

it

sciousness
analyticalcon-

an

each

that

Yet

obvious, and

as

the

figure of

was

have

of

taste, relative

good

of

is

the sacred

figureemployed by

never

reason

totallydissimilar,the conception
similar

dissimilar.

objectsare,

two

tioned
ques-

readily admitted,

that there

not

been

of

of
dissimilarity

more

may

that

"

of the

it, though he

f*

conceptions,

two

conceptions.

ivitk thunder

of

appropriate.The

more

feels

one

horse

his neck

and

confidentlymaintained,

speech

the

account

objectsare

two

no

Hast

proprietyof blending

the

135

IMAGINATION.

sea

or

object

beauty, or

the

of the

thought

lake, reflectingthe
of

sense,

mother

resembles

catching

up

stars

the
her

136

INTELLECT.

THE

babe

holding it

and

war-horse
with

is,these

blended
shadowed

the

leap

when

following,taken

cited

I have

The

thus

are

this

such

effusion

same

fingers
and

cool

IMAGINATION

Another

claims

with

playing

breezy

How

important

of

is

reason

thoughts as
that

as

above

function

is to

ideals

between
distinguish

IDEA

is

Thus

the

the
the

as

imagination

thing to

and

the

have

certain

idea

of

of

be

In

accomplished

ideas.

conceptionof

As

reason.

and necessity,
universality

conditions

time, space,

are

substance

already considered, together

beautiful, the right,the

now

of ideals.

source

consequently,incapable of change,

evolves

true, and

the

or

modification.

fulfilled,reason
and
with

which

cause,

such

as

the

good, etc., hereafter

considered.

IDEAL

An

of

IDEALS.

DEFINED.

characteristics

whenever

be

OF

first

idea, properly defined, is

it has

such

!"

were

SOURCE

the

An

they

attention,its function

our

behind,
"

wind.

the

moist

THE

hair

my

this function,
illustrating

to

with

same

both, there

For

beauty.

jects
ob-

answer

the

to

to

laughing wind

the

lieard

When

we

The

conceptions

meet

the

from

struck

we

:
"

and

of

we

correlated

common

perfection

up,

unlike

such

emotion

beautiful

forth

hearts

the

the

of

mane

conceptions,the

so

mutually
When

feelings.

into

of

themselves,

conceptionsare

similar

our

in

are,

the

then, are

Why,

blending

the

delight at

of which

or

thunder.

resembles

such

embrace, than

in her

ideal

is

form

DEFINED.

of thought

intermediate

between

an

idea, and

the

137

IMAGINATION.

THE

which

notions

conceptions or

objects,and
generates of particular
in

of

Milton,
the

and

When

in

blended

be

may

example, the

for

the

blended

togetherin

''

In the

last blended

elements

of which
This

the poem

the

realize

formed,

and

the sublime.

to

his ideas

PARTICULAR

IDEALS,

Ideals,like notions,are

what
less

mind

should

perfection,the

time, there

existed

that

in

existed
to

ideas

of

particularideal

enteringinto

the elements

order,

that

those

grand

ception,
con-

ment.
embodithe poem

grand, the beautiful,

particularand

be, in order
pure

which

of

GENERAL.

AND

Milton, there

of

poem

of the

that

are

eye

over

external

ideal after

the

conception was

was

the

itself is the

reason.

which

of

together into

them

mind

beautiful,the grand,

Lost," lay under

Paradise

tions
concep-

conceptionsof

pure

conceptions, the

varied

elements, at

in

as

such

consciousness, his intelligence,

brooding

his

in

ideas of the

sublime, etc., existed

of

ideas.

with

harmony

gence
intelli-

types
presents arche-

elements

the

which

conformityto

the

general. Thus,
general ideal

of

realize,in greater
At

reason.

of the

poem

the

particularproduction,to

same

in which

manner

should

or

be

blended,

realize those

ideas.

NOT

IDEALS

CONFINED

TO

GRAND,

Ideals

not

are

AND

confined

OF

IDEAS
THE

to

any

individual, in all departments

ideal of
be

the form

brought

judges of

into

all

to

which

the

SUBLIME.

one

of

productions which

human

in the
meet

ery
Ev-

class of ideas.

objectsof

conformity, and

THE

BEAUTIFUL,

THE

action, has
his action

lightof
his eye.

an

should

which
Ideas

he
of

138

INTELLECT.

THE

fitness,of the
the

than

idea

IDEALS

true, the
of the

NOT

Ideals,as

their ideals

We

of

in the

may,

endless

THE

foundation

of

the

of

mental

OF

and

endless

Every

of

foundation

in the "march
thus

and

the

sole
not

the

constitute

development

elevation

new

involves

which

the

the

is laid

also
for

ideal,more

new

absolute,and
further
ideals

thus

progress

degenerate,

backward

the

ery
Ev-

thought.

of

and
activity,

Sometimes

foundation

hardly necessary

originatorof
a

ideas, ideals

perfect and

for fresh

mind.

particularconceptions

ments
move-

society.

of
It is

of

gence,
intelli-

PROGRESS.

MENTAL

elements

thought
the

the

pure

conceptionsof particular

new

consequently new

nearly approaching
lays the

etypes
arch-

reaching it.

progression in

powers.

element

new

perfect.
im-

or

continued

of

of

progress

necessary

intelligence
gains,presents
objects,and

perfect

intermediate

archetypes between

universal

the

IDEAS.

modifications, always advancing

FOUNDATION

intermediate
and

As

wrong.

ideals.

individuals,that

it said of

perfectand absolute,without

IDEALS

As

be

ideas, may

hear

often

ideals

undergo
the

LIKE

less

no

conceptionsof particularobjects,and

reason,

towards

with

good,

archetypesof

CHANGELESS

imperfect or

are

the

consequently capable

are

between

ideas

AND

compared

modifications.

the

beautiful,are

FIXED

They

perfect,'and

function
It

to

ideals.

of reason,

nor

remains, then,

imagination.

as

add

that

To

form

of the
the

the

imaginationis

such

the

conceptions

is

uriderstanding or judgment.

exclusive

function

of the

IN

IDEALS

the

In

always

consequence,

reach

never

is

and

idea.

towards

eternallyprogress

the

of

fine arts,

of

ideas

did, often
determine

can

the

belles-lettres

and

ideals

lightof

that

In

functions

in

well

is

the

false,his

ever

balanced,

so

and

taste

the

made

former

of

well

exercised

he

course
was

correct

exercised

with

denominated
the

upon

ideals, together

judgment,

vitiated.
not

proach
ap-

ing
exercis-

was

depends

taste

beauty, fitness,etc.
is of

near

embodiment

operations,he

good

idea,

own

conception,he

the

facultyof judgment

correct, and
well

his

the

less
doubt-

Lost," might, and

intelligenceof

ideas

ideals

upon

conception with

all such

of

ductions.
pro-

apprehended

he

fillingout

balanced, and
the

exercised

tlie external

of the

existence

existence

to

In

such

in

tively
particularproductions rela-

fact whether

ideal.

The

be

Paradise

"

continuallycompare

those

were

in

latter.

the

internal

ideal

may

which

by

excellence

Milton, when

compare

the

to

in the

may

upon

Thus

conception realized

with

judgment

constitutes

judgment

both.

to

taste.

the

of

determined

are

relativelyto ideas,and

the

Man

perfect,but

productions,especiallyin

whatever
The

would

finite.

infinite and

works,

"

beauty, order, congruity,proportion,symmetry,

and
fitness,

to

correspondence

of God's

the

son.
rea-

DEFINED.

function

is that

the

All

the

to

is

it.

characteristics
and

imagination

similar

with

so

TASTE

Taste

the

of

correspondence

Not

perfect."

therefore, are

action

there

ideal

the divine

between

INTELLIGENCE.

HUMAN

absolute

perfect and
a

AND

mind, the

divine

in

As

DIVINE

THE

139

IMAGINATION.

THE

If
If

man's

ideal

his

possessedof

taining
per-

judgment, pertainingto

well
such

140

INTELLECT.

THE

the characteristics of

"would also lack

productions,he

good

taste.
PRODUCTIONS

OF

CORRECT

BY

In
and

guided

with

and
In

judgment.
of

OR

JUDGMENT

chastened

by good

such

we

the

most

instances, be

from

the

other.

In

grandeur, and

sublimitywhich

ecstatic

vision

shocked

and

and

forms

good
of

two

as

as

alike
The

to

us

good, nor

characteristics

of

his

The

productions

of

with

our

equally

grotesque,
of

specialneed
The

former

of the

good

that
and

good

we

may

the

bad,

alike bad.

good judgment.
be

And

referred
are

how

violations

IMAGINATION

diflferent

the

productions are

sublimity

genius.

OF

have

other;

the

to

of all the laws

we

the

beauty,

are

than

worse

human

may

conceptionsmarred
PRODUCTIONS

as

with

and

of

forth

for the sake

receive

all

Milton

Grandeur

the forms

shadowed

from

one

genius associated

examples.

one

we,

perhaps, we

evil

reject both

productionsof

sublime

the

perfect of

most

at

men,

good judgment.

the case,

often

with

circumstances

endure

connection

one

strange violation

separate the

is too

results of
the

such

Under

latter to

not,

in

forms

distinguishthe

such

images

things,patienceand

will enable
the

speech

regulated

perfect
in

is

subject also will,in

are

next,

disgustedwith

of

taste.

the

but

well

most

to

perfectlyelectrified

are

or

forth

The

listeningto

its action

energy,

the

unable

wholly

imagination exists

taste,

find

grossest deformities.

with

moment,

of

sublimity shadowed

and

beauty

cases

TASTE.

GOOD

the

high degree

REGULATED

NOT

WHEN

individuals,in whom

some

operates

not

IMAGINATION

THE

AND

to

Of

as

the

striking

permanent

seldom
of

these

are

good

his

taste

FANCY.

authors, we

read

with

143

THE

INTELLECT.

CHAPTER

XT.

REASON.

RESUMED.

SECONDARY

In

former

tains

faculties.
have

we

the

and
identity,
Now

rightand

Thus,

ideas

of

that

to

well

as

of

wrong,

on

conception,not
of

other

idea

of

relation

which

of

of

powers,
must

affirmed

given by

reason

the

the
as

by

understanding

to

primary

contingent faculties.

The

the

the

not

and
of

be

and

sciousness.
con-

of notions

The

idea

consciousness.

affirmed, the notion

or

the

and

the

but

of

the

agent

an

intelligence.

consciousness, but
These

The

phenomena given by
The

of

considerations

distinction

latter sustain

tions
rela-

logicalantecedent

secondary.

secondary faculties.

of

fore
Be-

sustainingcertain

is not

and

antecedent
logical

developed in

sense

and

sense

intuitions.

and

propriety of
of

of

the

to

understanding.

logicalantecedents
those

affirmed

substance, personal

phenomena,

mere

agents,

fully establish
of

ness:
conscious-

phenomena

it sustains

primary

obligation,then,

phenomena

ideas

suS'

perception of phenomena,

time, space,

is
obligation,

certain

to

notions

reason

and

sense

of

the

phenomena given by sense

obligationcan be conceived

The

to

of

mere

possessed

the

shown, that

gives the logicalantecedents

conceptions, as

of

been

faculties

sustains

reason

It

or

REASON.

cause.

preciselysimilar

of

the

to

has

OF

gives the logicalantecedents

these

by

chapters it

this relation
It

IDEAS

the

same

between
former

the

are

primary
relation

distinction

here

made
have

escaped the
of the

manifest

as

ideas

reason.

operationsof
An

attempted

sufficient

witii

number

mind

be

his

standing
under-

will
the

analysisof

our

tellige
in-

human

correct

to

appear

secondary

all the ideas

hended
compre-

attempted.

All

elucidation

and
serve

researches

that

as

in

of

lightsto

the

domain

of

the

science.

IDEA

the

Of

of

right and

OF

UNIVERSALITY

rightor

performed
deserve

place,there
mankind,

actions
; that

when

that

OF

it.

AND

WRONG.

and

when

order,

judgments
the young,

learned

circumstances

actions

; I

to

be

actions,

this takes

alike

and
it be

in their

reply :

one

not, there

passed

Should

bad,

or

performed

when

it does

are

certain

not

certain

have

that

the

the civilized.

of
qualities

ought

we

pendent
de-

itself,that

performed
when

of

good

as

to

other

the

; and

Such

them

affirms

those

with

RIGHT

punishment

differ in different

of the moral

have

we

and

is moral

and

mind

ought, and

the old and

mentioned

one

together with

characterizes

the

reward,

the savage
mankind

the

the

claims

fact,that in the presence

; that

disorder.

IDEA

mind

deserve

others,we
moral

human

wrong

class of the

which

that

of reason,

wrong,

THE

undeniable

actions,the

WRONG.

it,or necessarilyconnected

upon

an

AND

special attention, is

more

above, that

It is

RIGHT

OF

secondary ideas

first,and

we

human

the

to
particulars

of

to

the induction

will be

the

analyzers of

will not

philosophicinquirer,in
mental

knowledge extends,

my

expositionof
class

this

under
will be

of the

notice

proceed

we

as

realityand importance

Its

of

far

hitherto,as

seems

143

RESUMED.

REASON

the

by

is
all

rant,
igno-

said, that

judgment

144

THE

of moral
objectionitself impliesthe universality

This

1.

distinctions.
effects to
that

As

men

this,that

moral

actions

when

But

agreement
wills the

of

good

does

or

Who

is

is

the

regard such

an

not

aware,

that

men

is

reference

3. Vicious

as

their

to

actions

such

actions, but

them,

or

deserve

When

reward

for

of the

alone

the

extensive

more

moral

man

lence.
excel-

in existence
than

who

virtuous

actions,
such

great law of love,

not

been

the

wrong,

OF

RIGHT

It is also necessary.

submitted

admitting it
writer

case,

man's

liad not
to

the

do

to

the

as

tuous
vir-

speaks

manifestation

"

every

in fixed correlation

rightand
IDEA

been

to

to

them.

sacred

through

themselves

have

the

in

Men

perform

bound

are

done

having

to

wrong

they

all agree

Thus

virtuous.

regarded as

morally right is

associates,as

and

could

of

other

any

that

meritorious.

truth,commending

idea

find

that it is not

never

intention

an

and

men

wrong.

intentions,showing by

seldom

are

contemplationof mankind,

of all

moral

same

always justifywrong

persuade themselves

This

rightor

possessed of

act

tinctions
dis-

all agree

himself

moral

generallysupposed.

reference, that in their judgment

may

the

intelligentbeing

can

all,by

it is with

so

consists,we

individual

an

judgment,

intentions, in which

to

than

men

among

Where

if at

actions

qualityof

in the

yet they universallyagree

either

are

refer

we

referringparticular

all agree

cause,

actions

same

our

in

always attribute

not

may

the

qualitiesto
2.

while

have

must

event

every

differ

may

particular
causes,
Men

in

INTELLECT.

of

of

the

conscience.'*

the

moral

consciences
law.

The

then, is universal.
AND

When

WRONG

the

NECESSARY.

intelligenceaffirms

an

REASON

action
to

even

intention

or

We

no

can

conceive

of the

claim

the

to

that any

this

annihilation

idea

OS

again, of

of

reward,

always refer
judgment is

to

the merit

sustained

or

reference

the

to

RIGHT

we

the

can
same

necessity,

us, that the idea

demerit

punishment,they
the

to

and

shown

by

Such

wrong.

relation of these

This

obligationof

are
obligations

right

of

justifythe

of the individual.

reference
his

this last of that

would

man

of

and
obligation;

; and

demerit

WRONG.

AND

of that of

When

or

by

idea

the

clearlyindicate

has

and
universality

the infliction of

individual,and

same

It

space.

OF

or

punishment.

bestowment

the

of

THAT

that of merit

and

of reward

of

is the foundation

wrong

impossible

conception,than

reflection will convince

moment's

it is

wrong,

has.

DEPENDENT

rightand

such

form

more

characteristics

other

IDEAS

rightor

ter.
it,as possessedof the opposite charac-

of

conceive

be

to

145

RESUMED.

ideas, the

facts
the

to

one

other.

CHRONOLOGICAL

ANTECEDENT

TO

alreadybeen

of the

subjectsof

moral

possession of
relations

to

Before

certain

other

these

to

sustain

logicalantecedents.
10

powers,

beinors.
of

ideas

conceive

can

we

obligation,we

logicalantecedent
of

of the

not

but
primary contingentfaculties,

conceptions.

RIGHT

AND

remarked, that the ideas under

logicalantecedents,

the

are

OF

IDEA

ETC.

WRONG,

It has

THE

the

must

and

be

knowledo-e

ideas

of

of ourselves
conscious

right and

questionnow

of

as

the

in certain

is the

the facts of consciousness

The

ena
phenom-

of understanding

of existence

This

sideration
con-

clironowliile

wrong,

the relation

is,What

are

the

146

THE

necessarilypre-supposed,as

agency,

of the existence

condition
of

moral

of

elements

INTELLECT.

etc., in
obligation,
1. Power

actual

2. The
3. Power

to

minds

our

act,

They

refuse

to

or

the

are

together

wrong,

following.

with

tions.
rela-

our

relations.

such

perceptionof

right and

of

act, in

to

with

harmony

relations.

these

the ideas

That

of

relation

the

rightand

sustain

wrong

to

logicalantecedent, is

of

following considerations

the

ourselves

know

to

of the idea

the

such

ceptions
con-

evident

from

being possessedof these

affirm
and existingin such relations,
we
necessarily
powers,
An intelligent
of him.
being is revealed to me,
obligations
as
possessed of capacityfor virtue or vice,together with
1. When

conceive

we

of

have

for happiness or misery. I

susceptibilities
of the
and

vice
to

are

will the

the

of

the

to

no

can

of the

and

his

happiness,or

latter.
of

obligation

under

No

existence

ness
conscious-

other

this

tions
concep-

affirmation.
be

being postulated, obligation must

also

We

virtue

affirm myself
instantly

necessary

affirmed.

will his

instead

former

facts

instead

misery.

will the

These

to

power

that

good, or,

latter,than

we

can

it

conceive

more

under

not

are

we

conceive

will the evil

rightto

obligationto

of the annihilation

of

space.
2.

If

not

can

creature

beings,we

these

of

any

elements

conceived

be

conceive

them.

Whatever

this

involves, in

of will instead

tion
postulated,obliga-

not

affirmed.

of, nor

intelligenceto
cannot

are

perceive his
of

him

as

If

deny

we

relations

under

another, in

the

absence

other

to

obligationto

be attributed
degree of intelligence
our
apprehensions,no obligationto

of

of

of all power

to
one

to

him,
act

put

REASON

required,instead

forth the
a

has any

creature

creates

totallydestitute
existence

Now

in the

of whatever

the
the

to
intelligence

will

his

with

of

body

the

locomotion

universal

of

the

from

obligation

create

more

absence
an

responding
cor-

Hence, intelligence,
of

corresponding

agent, then, possessed of

relations,and

harmony

wrong,

is.

of

Would

distinct

justas

no

other, in the

know

act, in

is

This

in

the response

locomotion

conception of

located

obligationto

degree, can

or

Suppose

absence

locomotion.

be

to

power

kind

than

rightand

mind

of

would

that of

as
intelligence,

to

the power

Such
the

To

the

intelligencecreate

of

power.

prohibitedact.

intelligencewhatever.

Suppose

of

Certainly not.

one

of

degree

power.

to

of the

obligationto locomotion,

no

mind.

147

RESUMED.

those

to

power

act,

relations,the

etc., sustain
obligation,

or

fuse
re-

ideas

of

the relation

of

antecedents.
logical
OP

IDEA

Every
of

his

who

person

mind,

own

has

than

the

him

for such

reason

and

to

fit and

circumstances

make

dead, and

is alive

that father
the

judgment,

and

merriment

he have

given

that

Scripture:

of

be

again ;

to

For

have
under

were

fit

No

other

was

proper.

answer

than

given,

thing itself,

What
for

that

brother

is found."

required to give a

the circumstances
or

mind,

give

be

meet

thy

lost,and

was

been

Tt

of

take
illustration,

for this

glad ;

and

"

certain

to

can

of the

nature

supposed.

and

merry

the

to

asked

account

operations

under

states

When

other

no

the

that

certain

or

proper.

reference

followingpassage

observed,

actions,

judgments,

simple

to the

should

noticed
attentively
have

must

circumstances, certain

appeared

FITNESS.

reason

we

was

pose
Supfor

supposed, joy
answer

the

could

judgment,

148

that

exist

phenomena

no

mind

the
be

INTELLECT.

THE

No

given,than

other
this

The

instances,

its judgments are, and

for their

reason

In both

cause.

absolutelythat

knows

true.

without

truth, however,

circumstances

must

be

can

being given,they

are

self-affirmed.

THIS

SYNONYMOUS

IDEA

the idea

Now

with

is identical

reward

of

and

asked, why is that

and

vice

fit and

be.

consequently

than

order.

of moral
this

When

is rewarded

virtue

state

assigned

conceive

order

Such

no

is

state

the

fillout

by
The

the

give birtli

to

of

filling
up

on

the

all the

to the

of the

such

This

right.

state

used

of

for

creature

sometimes

that of

in

Whatever

pleasureand happiness,we

generalterm,

the
agriculture,

moving

of

measure

ideas

necessarilyconceive

term

with

synonymous

as

sense,

capableof pleasure

creature

perfectlyfilled.

good, a

term

of
capacities

happiness are
the

of

GOOD.

THE

OR

misery,we

or

all the

in which

by

as

we

pain, happiness
and

to

which

Tift] USEFUL,

OF

Whenever

state

tion
founda-

proper.

IDEA

or

in

state

punished,regarded as
can

; and

the idea of moral

with

it is

reason

relations,

punishment.

It is also identical

other

moral

It is the

wrong.

demerit

and

of merit

ETC.

WRONG,

appliedto

rightand

that of

of the idea
of that

fitness,when

of

AND

RIGHT

WITH

sure
pleaignate
des-

we

another
tends

nate
desig-

useful.

useful

varied

mechanic
realization

of
capacities

the

and

of

form-s

good, above
human

arts, commerce,
of
man

one

for

defined,

industry,such
etc.

All

are

great leadingidea, the

pleasureand

happiness.

150

of

realization

department of
of

conceive

of

state

do

The

other.

other

In

AND

supposed

would

exist

between

designate by

we

consequents

more

OF

IDEA

LIBERTY

the laws

oppo-

excluded

from

characteristics

the

are

of these

ideas

that

from

they represent

antecedent

an

The

and

antecedent

be

may
its

quent.
conse-

being given,but

that must

This

arise.

necessity.

term

the

The

second

either

being given,

tion
rela-

of

tion
rela-

two

when
and consequently,
possible,

are

arise,either

does

one

the

antecedent

is, the

Nor

are

wrong,

are

one,

remark,

and
consequent is possible,

one

this.

as

opposite relations,which

and

first is this

The

can

NECESSITY,

What

distinguishone

answer,

to

We

to which

right and

of

question is.

entirelydistinct

two

desired

in this state

entering into

separate and

which

Every

that idea.

to

be

to

LIBERTY

OF

elements

The

bonum.

summum

fullyrespond.

ideas, like those

These
sites.

much

so

element

not

IDEAS

of the

is correlated

nature

our

no

being

our

the

idea

our

perceive any

we

can

perfecthappiness,this conception contains

with

associated
a

INTELLECT.

THE

of the

others

ONLY

REALIZED

might
IN

or

any

arise in its stead.

ACTION

THE

OF

THE

WILL.

The
with

by
not

relation

the

the

exceptionof

as
intelligence

in the

realized

without
to

an

it,in

CHRONOLOGICAL

No

idea of

all antecedents

between

motives

and

necessary.

of

If the

consequents,

will,are
idea

of

conceived

libertyis

of

the

ligence
will,it exists in the intel-

object,or

any

element

action

the

in any

responding
objectcor-

universe.

OF

ANTECEDENTS

reason

acts

and

does

or

can

THESE

exist in the

IDEAS.

mind,

without

REASON

the appearance

of

The

of the

will.

other

all

In

phenomena

All

men

OP

THE

others

the beautiful

the

emotions.

mind

these

by

Some

awaken

to

accidental

associated

to

with

that

beautiful

more

the

exists

Why,
the

rose

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Others

do

suppose,

to

that

not

in the

mind,

un-

and

that

it is

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it,it is

we

world

beautiful

account

on

ever

after

garded
re-

exists

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never

can

which

particularobjects.

agree

than

thus

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rose

association

to

ceive,
per-

perceived

theory there

respect

some

are

object,but

this

are

from

are

emotions

because

with

to

particular
objects

when

other

as

objectsare

in this state,

that

losophe
phi-

many

of judgment
universality

all the

never

all

with

Accidental

in

lily more

? Accidents

any

associated

absolute

example,
and

scious,
con-

appearance

respect, that they

These

rose.

Hence,

mankind,

among
for

the

that

While

object,so

beautiful.

for

is

contemplated

are

Pleasing emotions

insuperable objection.
account

mind

opposite. By

connected

be

than

feelingsthus
as

of the

objectsbeautiful,

emotions

in the mind.

again,they re-appear.
of

such

will suppose,

we

in

SUBLIME.

sublime

in this

association.

awakened

cause

action

The

some

suppose,

any

feelingscome

the

and

alike
originally

adapted

the
the

AND

pronouncing

sublime, and

simple

counted
ac-

antecedents
chronological

BEAUTIFUL

in

agree

some

be

the appearance

necessityappears.
the

vealed.
re-

libertycan

which

of

it is

libertyand necessity.

of

IDEA

and

of

of

libertyin

of

phenomena, then, are

of the ideas

idea

suppositionof

element

the element
of these

the

of

the

only on

consciousness

which

phenomena, through

some

existence

for

151

RESUMED.

the

in

pronouncing

poppy

or

flower
sun-

produce perfectuniformity.
there

are

in

the

mind

ideas

of

152

INTELLECT.

THE

representedby

reason

that

the terms

referred

objectsare

to

beautiful

one

the

or

correspondingcharacteristics.
considerations

designed

sublime, and

other,

I will

sent
pre-

present

now

that

show,

they

as

tain
cer-

this last is the

conception.

true

CONSIDERATIONS
OP

One

question,strikes
form

the

the

livingmodel
world

any

realities

It

idea

an

sculptorsand

the
of

; but

took

actuallyexistingin

the

in their

more

this

from

all

all the

them
of

beauty
intimate

more

while

other

as

person

the

on
a

upon

parison
com-

perfect,

more

the

forms

would

men

forms

parts which
new

universe

is

of

they

alike

more

Does

not

this

the

forms

around

with

from

these
this
the

ceases

on

of

but

forms

beauty
an

idea

only,consists

the

contemplation of

protracted our

pleasurederived

than

show, that

permanent, and becomes

and

one

in the

beautiful

them,

gard
re-

beautiful,

most

were

no

beauty

forms

perfect than

fact,that the pleasurederived

of

No

perfect beauty,copied after

suppositionalso,and

forms

this

when
painters,

world, what

combined

minds

any

is based

judgment

actuallyexisting.

own

is this

for,except

endeavoring to realize,not

were

the

TIFUL
BEAU-

itself ?

forms

these

from

certain

MIND

TERMS

regarded by

object,with

them, those

and

With

such

ancient

around

they

THE

first view.

at

is

every

give to

to

the

as

BY

THE

important bearing upon

very

mind

the mind

attempted

external

the

Again,

IN

this fact be accounted

can

that
supposition,
of

has

countenance

or

How

existing in

DESIGNATED

REASON,

which

fact

perfect.

EXISTENCE

SUBLIME.

AND

human

THE

INDICATING

IDEAS

OF

with

to

and

from

more

tense,
in-

acquaintance
the

protractedand

plation
contem-

intimate

REASON

The

acquaintance.
first-mentioned

of

reason

forms

this

correspond

parts, to the ideal in the mind.

with

in time

and
those

defects

I will

in fact
the

chief

mark

objectsas
in

emotions

only is

felt when

we

bearing upon

or

ideas.

In

the

fixing upon
of

sublimity.

correlated

these

to

The

beautiful

fundamental

all agree
of

element

one

of their defects,

regard as perfectlydecisive.

correspond with

source

all their

acquaintance

knowledge

consideration

other

one

which

sublime,

intimate

the

perceived.

not

present

elements

nearly,in

very

destroysthe pleasurewhich

were

subject,which

obviously is, that

An

others, however, gives us

the

153

RESUMED.

lar
particu-

sublime, do
to

respect

infinite

In

the

finite

the

as

objects

emotions, that

of

vastness.

characteristics

The

the

of

beautiful

form, regularity,
uniformity,and
of

crooked

to

beauty and

fundamental

such

Now

realizingthe
that which

be

determinate

waving,
ideas

formity
uni-

of

fixed upon,

stead
in-

as

the

proceedsaccording

itself the

representativeof

ideas.

An

THE

TO

diflferent

sometimes

the

by

paintsand

OP

principleabove
of

adduced.

In

IDEAS.

elucidated, to

beauty adopted

nations,at

same

THESE

different

by

wit,

different

periods,has

erations
reply,the followingconsid-

presented as deserving specialattention:

are

adorns

standards

been

1. It

UNIVERSALITY

the

objectionto

nations,and

he

grace.

ideas, must

OBJECTION

the

variety.

been
variety,has universally

and
line of

line

line,a

are

be

may

tattoos

his

with

endeavoring to

the

questioned whether
his

form,

and

the ornaments

realize

the

same

the
of

savage

civilized
civilized

idea.

The

when

person

he
when

society,are
one

may

be

154

THE

to realize

aiming

the

(thesavage),that
The

the

That

the sublime.

different

is,the

exist

terrible.

in the

The

idea

Gothic

former
of

beautiful,and

is the

the latter

and

beauty. They

holds

same

in the

the

other
of

true

Grecian

style is

grand, the solemn,

then, had

aiming

were

ferent
dif-

not
to

realize

ideas.

2. While
that

the

of

prominent

The

standards

idea

of the

architecture.
beautiful.

INTELLECT.

in

the idea
form

in which

different

periods,in
the forms

the

minds,

different

in

exist alike in all

may

which

and

degrees

they

idea

will

shall be

embodied,

mankind

among

of

minds, the ideal,

at

may

different

development. Consequently

embody

the

idea

will be

ous.
vari-

3. In

forms of beauty,in which

contemplatingparticular
defects of course
exist along with the beautiful,
these
be mistaken
which
the
for the particular
features
are
of the pleasurableemotions
felt under
these circumstances.

many
may
source

These
actual
4.
a

defects

But

in the

midst

that

agreement
Introduce

little

the

their

judgments

5. There
men

do

are

agree.

is

instead

of the

The

the

and

of

which

inquirybefore
nation

every
of the

children

most

beautiful, and

their

judgments, and
with

the

you
no

into

an

us.

the

in that
will

find

diversity

supposition of

minds, while the strikingcoincidence

can

actual

commonly supposed;

to

perfectlyconsistent

ideal in their

common

all

them

ask

diversityin

is not

than

all ages,

of

men

family,and

which

copied

apparent variety,there is

is fundamental

particularfamily is

in

of all this

general agreement

same

will be

beauties.

more

but

then

be

forms
most

explained on
of

no

other

sition.
suppo-

beauty,in respect to which

perfect specimens of ancient

REASON

Also
and

of

forms

explainon

to

in the

beauty

other

any

and

sublimityin

the

of the beautiful

the

as

the

divine

in the

the standard

by

less

or

mind

which

of

of

beauty

gracefulforms
or

some

"

The

of man,

of

the

assistance

suggested to him,

idea

of which

and

vast

then

becomes

characterized

of this

justand

of the

your

idea, which

re-examines

which

in his

external

these

is

equally

the

the

same

good.
when

manly

to your

recollection.

beautiful,man
it
purifies

the idea

tranquilsea,

present

are

women,

devotion,to

idea

he

idea

same

COUSIN.

that of the

as

inferior to the idea

suggested."

constituted,

conformation

proportions,when

and

men

trait of heroic

finds them

so

idea of the beautiful

extends, develops and

the

formed

was

object is

FROM

harmonious

impressed with
by

creation

nally
eter-

sublime.

in the mind

of

object.

others,existed

This

external

Interrogateyourselves,when
mountains

external

some

beautifullyexplainsthe originof

in the mind

inherent

us.

IDEAS.

nearlyrealized,the

ILLUSTRATION

thus

the

man.

the

beautiful,grand, or

Cousin

before

one

THESE

intelligenceis

objectsin

of

is more

idea

is awakened

as

in

which

after

human

that,in the presence

rose

find it difficult

the

OF

sublime

and

The

; as, the

us

should

we

illustration.

an

development of the idea of beauty

ments
mind, is the perception of the ele-

prototypes

moulded.

and

around

mind, these ideas,among

In the divine

as

suppositionthan

of the

condition

of

world

ANTECEDENTS

CHRONOLOGICAL

The

adduced

circumstances

lily. Such

the

be

painting may

sculpture and

155

RESUMED.

or

view,
Once

gages,
seizes,disen-

thought,and
objects have
objects,and

they themselves

have

156

THE

INTELLECT.

IDEA

The

remarks

to

the ideas

the eye
are

doth

the

color.

and

fail to

cannot

uniformly

and

the

of

; and

the main
2. Persons

musical

sounds,

minds

best trained

than

in

piano,the

In his

own

his

mind

harmony

in idea.

they

as

an

exquisitepiece

it

alone, in the
it

is

of music

absence

of
the

performed by

that the idea in the mind

to

have

piano,who

or

instruments

read

of

used
to

run

any

the

over

being (a fact
produce

was

harmony

deep

no

lost his

in his old age

and

less

hearing
keys

unknown
sound

have

celebrated

feelingsto perfectecstacy

there

minds,

own

principleof harmony

fingerswould

of power

rise in his

their

the

the organ

who

instrument

totallydestitute
he would

recollect

as

think, from

without.

Germany,

entirely. Yet,

this is the

circumstances

facultyof hearing,enjoy these

I

other

as

performances,those

hearing

performers on

before.

musician

when

realities

3. Skillful

sounds

finitely
performed institutes
conception which con-

choir,clearlyshowing

far surpasses

lost the

reading
as

as

delight.

of

quite as highly,when

and

That

pieces

same

fully developed, enjoy

most

words

appear,

such

that it is this

in whose

sounds,

operationsof

the

source

trieth

sublime.

under

equally-

are

ideas, just

musical

by

notice,that

conceive

better

was

harmony

fundamental

highly excited

attentivelywatch

who

his

ear

explicationof the subjectwill

followingconsiderations:
1. When

all

sublime,

The

In

beautiful

in the

are

presented,pertaining

and

harmony.

arranged accordingto

elements
true

beautiful

of the

form

HARMONY.

illustrations above

and

that of

applicableto

OF

to

of

him)

whatever,
of

delight.

profound.

It

158

THE

all

presses
it

whatever
realities,

the

object of

its

of

of
as

physical or

forms,

two

"

"comprisingthe

rule,
in

physical powers
conformity
law
is

is

rule

rule/br

subjectiveand
each

other, so

these

in

moral

the

act.,and

agents

are

; moral

is

reason

; the

on

former

law, on

the

latter those

requiredto

fined
de-

tural
Na-

act.

the other

in

hand,

contemplated in

objective.

in

chosen

in

OBJECTIVE.

AND

pointsof light,

two

In the first sense,

it is

idea,

an

to
contemplated as arranged relatively

their mutual

by

the

harmony

mind.

with

and

action

correspondence

existence, arrangement,

powers,

of

fact,takes

thought and

do

nature

be

that

results

of, and
it is the

of all ideas

general acceptation,is

SUBJECTIVE

are

powers

produce

is truth?"

What

action.

Law, then, may

in which

of the idea

rules, in conformity to which

o/*action

LAW,

"

perception

DEFINED.

natural, and

moral

which

to

or

is the

dition
con-

intelligence.
LAW

most

of action.,and

rule

the

idea, or

"

LAW,

Law, in its

law.

IDEA.

development

fundamental

most

this

question,

in the

OF

IDEA

the

Among

with

harmony

THIS

the reason,

consequent

leading idea

THE

of

the great

Then

the

becomes

the

and

of substance.

that

OF

ANTECEDENT

development by

phenomena,

Subjectively,

in

conception

chronologicalantecedent
of

be.

may

conception.

CHRONOLOGICAL

The

they

intellectual

designatesan

the

INTELLECT.

and

to

In

certain
the

end,

second

consequent

that idea.

shall

reaction

ceived
con-

sense,

action

of

REASON

CONCLUSION

We
in

FROM

conformity with law,

in

form

time, they

in

and

an

To

of

army

hundred

one

equipped alike, arranged

perfectlyharmonious

here

perceivethe

law.

it

Is

this law
that

to

possibleto
be

comprehends

less

and

necessary

then, the

solution

to

of

of

infinite, of God,
"

The
exists

other

its

as

of human

found

mind

referred

to

at

once

the

part its

intelligent

of

action

of

tive
distinc-

objectand

solved, leads

the
the

to

is this

find

thereby to
a

ANTECEDENT

into

of the powers

ground

that is

reduce

the

conditional
un-

gate
aggre-

this

THIS

ground

IDEA.

existence, and

of nature

on

of God.

TO

conscious

ceivable
is incon-

dependency

system." Now,

in the mind

istences.
ex-

all that

For

which

its

"

of

of

of all

law

is the

existence

antecedent)to

nothing but

wakes

the action

it,it

idea

knowledge
in

mind

grand problem,

once

the condition

CHRONOLOGICAL

As

The

"

similar

suppose

is the final

absolute, and

and

be

supposed

creative

conditionally
(i.e.

some

can

whose

under

of

apprehension and contemplationof

problem

except

You

suppose

each

assignsto

philosophy,when

direct

the

be

not

we

which

not

mind
intelligent

parts, and

could

evolutions.

this,and

unintelligentones.

character
mind

all

some

If this could

much

powers,

all the

in

all performing

all-prevadinginfluence

conceive

idea

some

position,etc.?

and

us

all dressed

men

and

isting
ex-

this,let

given order, and

take

idea

some

illustrate

motions

presence

to

thousand

in

act

powers

arrangements

obedience

mind.
intelligent

some

suppose

whose

actingin

are

that whenever

powers

"

ABOVE.

THE

this conclusion

to

come

159

RESUMED.

within

perceivesall things existing

and

and

plates
contem-

around

acting as

160

THE

to

means

Everywhere diversityblended

end.

an

INTELLECT.

presents itself. Now

is the

of nature

in the

the

Hence

which

to

the

each

to

thing

position,gives it

of that

OF

NATURE

One

specialattention,
"

inquiry,the

law

which

the

overlooked

Holy Writ,

human

of
often

"

when,

is

its

qualities,
yea,

of

or

passage
which

do

affirm

any

passages

one

and

with
as

Let
of

contradict

not

in

idea^
quence
conse-

its very

proposition

arguments

or

truth, but

disregardedin

given

In

contradict

almost

be

ever

class

borne

Scripture prove
every

of

by
with

in

do

not

of

these

ages,
pass-

the contradictory

mind, that

any

ample,
ex-

doctrine,

passages

one

oppositedoctrine.

hypothesiswhich

every

theology,for

absolutelyaffirmed
it

are

is this fundamental

often

reality,
they equally consist

hypothesis!

every

its

affirm

No

proof.

hypothesisdenominated

an

assumed
in

rests

creative

and
position,

!
investigation

consists

merely

which

gence
intelli-

demands
precedinganalysis

nature

only

not

of evidence

how

formity
con-

never

its

oppositeproposition. How

department

it

that

"

is,properly speaking,proved, till facts

every

in

PROOF.

the

thoughtsuggestedby

adduced,

imposed

laws

and
infinite,
of

of law

thing."
particular

that

as

"

this

In

itself in the presence

appoints

existence

act

feel after

"

begins to
until it finds

they

after

the

are

mony,
har-

the powers

of the idea

great inquiryever

to wit, What
intelligence;

the

"which

presentationof

chronologicalantecedent

reason.

upon

this

with

no-

doctrine
No

facts

equallycontradict

contradictoryhypothesis.
FUNDAMENTAL

Another

AND

SUPERFICIAL

suggestion which

THINKERS.

presents itself is this, the

"

KEASON

difference
The

having

dwell

exterior

heard

the conclusion
all that
The

interior of

hypotheses which

certain

of the whole
be

can

latter

taking
the

great central facts,announce

of
of

universal

impregnable is,that
to

truth

the

which

that

of their own,

on

which

with

men

some

operations
relation

all. The

reason

uniformly so

are

hypothesisin

they have

well

as

in the

taken

sition
oppoas

the

lightof

their stand.

IDEA.

considered,
philosophicidea realized,or objectively
of

phenomena

reduction

sum

of human

of the

amid
finding,

or

covered
dis-

have

the

facts

assumed,

PHILOSOPHIC

is the reduction

universe

and

visible at once,

becomes

THE

The

have

have

positionupon

existence

of every

error

they

great central facts

the

their

such

by

"

they

will die

explainingthem

positionsassumed

the

why

and

with

hand, retire into the

laws, sustainingto exterior

logicalantecedents,

consist

They

wisdom

"

the other

class,on

that

matter."

and

known,

and
subjects,

thinkers.

subjects,and

of

facts, they gravely decide

mere

them."

the surface

only upon

found

there

fundamental

and
superficial

between

former

161

RESUMED.

the

around

laws, which

of
infinity
us,

are

some

affirmed

to

fundamental

knowledge
facts

which

great central

by

all

ideas, the
"

to

are

system

floatingin

fundamental

others, and

; the

the
facts

explainthem

all.
considered
is a conceptionlying
subjectively
exist
down
in the depths of the reason,
that all substances
the question:,
and act in harmony with such ideas.
Hence
perpetuallyimposed upon the understandingand judgment,
the
in all departments of human
research ; to wit, what
are
laws which
explain the facts here presented? Science is
the
on
high road tendinor to the realizaeverywhere now
This

idea

11

162

THE

tion

this

of

INTELLECT.

great idea.

the eyes

Happy

that shall

it

see

realized.
OF

IDEA

The

idea

and

science, which

of

is

of reason,

principles;

or

the

axioms
ideas

in

geometry,

and
of

reference

the

the

to

tion
concepideas

of

ideas

objects,

and

propertiesand

any

in

are,

this end

Whenever

reason.

phenomena,

lations
re-

in

the

mental
fundareality,

is accomplished,

objects,then

or

ciples.
prin-

have

we

scientific idea realized.

When
alike

the

SCIENCES.

the

definitions
have

we

axioms, postulates,and

conceptionsof

pure

evolves

in the
what

light of

the

reason,

and

relations

such

the mathematics

when

of such

then

we

the

when

the

definitions

mixed

evolves

light of

judgment

objectsof

such

then
postulates,

sciences.

Such

is

ideas

or

pertainto phenomena
in natural

the relations and

such

principles

ideas

and

philosophy,
properties
postulates,

sciences.

CONSCIENCE

Conscience

all

SCIENCES.

postulatesare

the

are

generally.

and

objectsin
have

and

axioms

judgment

the

of the

pure

objectscontingentand relative,as

and

definitions
when

axioms

denominated

are

MIXED

When

and

reason,

propertiesand

geometry, and

or

such

the

which
postulates,

PURE

of

have

pure

relations

lightof

we

fundamental

to

propertiesand
in

is

course

evolved
particularobjectssystematically

of

lightof

in

of

reduced

knowledge

evolved
systematically
Thus

DEFINED.

SCIENCE

is that function

DEFINED.

of

reason

which

pertainsto

REASON

the ideas

of

rightand

demerit,

etc.

It is

to

will and

of the

of

wrong,

of
obligation,

testifyingfunction

which

the relation

163

RESUMED.

the idea

ought

to

AUTHORITY

OF

within

us, and

to the

amenable
is not

by

divine

only a law, but

tribunal.
a

law

ing
pertainthe action

CONSCIENCE.

always commands
are
regarded as the
when
disregarded,we

mandates

and

wrong.

1. Conscience
Her

of reason,

exist between

rightand

of

merit

of

name

of God.

of

God

speaking

always

hold

in the

us

voice

in the heathen

Conscience
God

; and

ourselves

so

it is

regarded

them.

that it
wrong,

is the voice

conscience

2. As
can

never,

and

the

in its

us, it follows

within

of God

appropriate exercise,put right for

opposite.In

other

words,

acts

man

no

scientiously
con-

in opposition
nor
doing wrong,
wittingly
to conscience,when
wittinglydoing right."Conscience," as
in the absence
of direct inspiration,
Coleridge remarks,
nometer
bears the same
relation to the will of God, that a good chroin a cloudy day."
does to the positionof the sun

when

"

OBJECTION.

In

opposition to
to

common

refer to the

specialattention
suppose

in

reply to

that the

rightsand ceremonies,
right,is

as

to

standards
contradictory

absurd
realize

tattooinghis body.

as

are

to

the

of moral

ligation
ob-

dividual
in-

nations, communities, and

following considerations

The

of

stated, it is very

principleabove

different

adopted by

1. To

the

this

are

objection:

heathen,

for

idea

that

of the

all their

example, in

endeavoring to
suppose

deserving of

realize

the

the

savage

beautiful, when

idea
is
he

deavoring
en-

is

164

THE

Bible

2. The
and

not

through

fear

fear

conscience
death

heathen

the

that

affirms

by
of

INTELLECT.

And

"

all their

were

actuated

are

by

deliver

them

lifetime

subjectto

who

bondage."
3. The

for the

appropriateobject of conscience,
agreement

of such

nature

proposition,while
in

AS

the mind

to

action, with the moral

testimony

of the action

RELATION

OF

The

truths

of
be

now

other
the

in the

plained
ex-

used, is

of the

will,or

conscience

that

is the opposite,

fact of the

ment
disagree-

law.

INTELLECTUAL

FACULTIES.

functions
Of

of the
the

reason
faculties,

is its exclusive

phenomena,

gives

function.

gence
intelli-

the

cal
logi-

The

ment,
judg-

is

of

the

of

the

synthetic. It always

adds

to

always

sustains

that of

logicalantecedent.

to that

to

the

faculties

other

affirmation.

ply
sim-

affirmations

in

is embraced
Reason

the

moral

operations,is exclusivelyanalytic. It

what

affirmation

be

may

there

are

to the

other

to

those

This

faculties.

OTHER

reason

by

antecedents.

evolves

TO

of the above

SCRIPTURES.

readilypointed out.

affirmed

in all its

THE

evil

will with

ment
agree-

it.

words

An

only

universal

more

difference

IN

of the mind

of the

truth

the agreement

law.

REASON

relation
may

the
of

USED

the

good conscience, as

testimony of

or

shade

every

rightness.

generallysupposed, an

demand

to

as

CONSCIENCE

the

is

taken
mis-

intention,the

find

we

perfect consistencywith

TERM

than

men

among

its

to

the

to

is often

wrong,

conscience

is made

reference

thing is not

testimony of

When

4.

that

judgment

The

which
Thus

something

element

braced
em-

added, however,

it is added
when

not

sense

fixed
or

relation,

conscious-

166

THE

INTELLECT.

CHAPTER

LAWS

OF

INVESTIGATION

One

When

of

we

other

faculties

The

these
and

find their

may

with

done

to

reasoning.

These

which

will have

exclusive

closed,except

is called

the
the

object is

that

gard
re-

far

as

of the

mind.

of

process

investigation

nected,
though intimatelycon-

processes,

from

one

with

mains.
re-

refer,is the employment of

entirelydistinct,and
the

inquiriesin

this,our

operationscombined

what

the

inquiry of great importance still

powers

in

are

our

DISTINGUISHED.

of the
susceptibilities

or

department
powers

REASONING

have

we

to the intellectual
as

INVESTIGATION.

AND

department

XII.

should

other.

be
the

In

former

truth.

discoveryof

objectequally exclusive is,to

tinguishe
carefullydis-

In

the

ter,
lat-

truth

the

prove

process

ready
al-

discovered.
Your

attention

in the

the first process.

govern
of

the

Our

mind,

inquiryis,What

ought

or

of
investigation

present chapterwill be directed

truth

substances

phenomena.
character, and
and

this

manner

are

Their
powers,

the

govern

in

mind,

which
process

SUBSTANCES,

All

to

the laws

are

to

KNOWN.

HOW

revealed

to

existence, not
are

revealed

exclusively. The

us

by

their

only,but
to

us

induction

in

respective

their nature,
this
of

manner,

phenomena

therefore

167

INVESTIGATION.

OF

LAWS

lies at the basis

of all

investigations
pertaining

our

substances.

to

INDUCTION

OF

There

four

are

induction

of

the purpose

1. For
and

is made

the

an

istics,
nature, character-

particularsubstance.

some

into
classification,

of

purpose

which

discoveringthe

of

of

powers

2. For

entirelydistinct,for

purposes

phenomena

MADE.

PURPOSES

WHAT

FOR

PHENOMENA,

and

genera

species.
the purpose

3. For

order

of

generalfact, or

discoveringsome

of sequence.

4. For

the

conformity
the

Now
of

principleswhich

phenomena depend

in such

should
the

upon

guide us
objectwe

tion
induc-

have

in view

the

of

for the

phenomena

and
characteristics,

1. In

guiding

of
and

phenomena
which

exist.

none

determining

undeviatinglyadhere
are

similar

in

particular

some

portance
im-

fundamental

appear,

omit

to

their

powers.

do

not

none

particular
powers

the

lightof phenomena

which

which

particular
phenomena,

suppose

2. In

of

terminin
de-

investigations.

our

the

marking

of

purposes
of

powers

substance, the followingprinciplesare

in

SUBSTANCES.

PARTICULAR

TO

PERTAINING

In the induction

suppose

in the

induction.

INDUCTION

in the

in

is subordinated.

substances

the action of

which

to

laws,

discovering universal

of

purpose

thus

the

or

the characteristic

which

do

ist,
ex-

of the substance

classified and

characterized,

ena
Phenomfollowingprinciples.

fundamental
Phenomena

characteristics alike,
which

are

in

their

168

INTELLECT.

THE

characteristics

fundamental

strict

In

powers.
has

treatise, to

determine,

INDUCTION

OF

the

induction

1.

Fix

2. With

which
3.

which

above

principlesare

every

one

often
and

let

of

of."

shells,and

us

to the

that

suppose

definition

of

treason,
the

punishable by
an

only

son,

an

in other

given

respects,

every

wanting.

easy

it would

apply

to

would

objectsin

has

mankind

if

fowls,and

above

us.

him

of

kindred

he should

spot, which,

"very

before

murder, theft,and
that

integrity,

readilyapply them

the firmament

individual

all

it is

where

beasts, and

earths, and

in

them

cases

of

mass

that

seem,

intellectual

an

the

almost

law, and

dark

the

with

the

virtue, which
one

of

apparently easy applicationof

is

requires

rocks, and

even

the class

in
rigid application,

Every

principle

mark.

it very

demanded,

sternness

fishes,and

find

their

most

little wot
to

would

But

cases.

the

be.

obvious, that

so

of

purposes

in

mark

and

correctness

GENERA

individual

from

the characteristic

effort

its diversities

characteristic

the

Strictlyexclude

The

to

it may

object,whatever

bears

for the

rigidregard to principle,
range

class every

INTO

distinctly
upon

and
definitely

whatever
classification,

the

species,the followingprinciples

and

adhered
strictly

be

different

SPECIES.

phenomena

of

classification into genera

should

present

things,the

CLASSIFICATION

AND

In

other

the

of

tempt
at-

will determine.

PURPOSES

FOR

an
principles,

intelligence.Whether

successful,time

been

those

to

dissimilar

suppose

preceding part

among

of the human

functions
has

conformity

made, in

been

unlike,

But

correct

crimes

dis'^over

upon

carefully examined,

OF

LAWS

would

mark

named

; it would

be

him

as

require the

of immutable
mankind

of

FINDING

it may
be

it

be

accident

in connection
fact

that the

whether

fact

tue
try the vir-

without

SEQUENCE.

class; sometimes
In other

class,and

one

When

an

determine

accidental
our

have
of

1. The

In

determining

quality.These

existence

under

given

the

tion
ques-

only difficulty
tial
essen-

an

principlesshould

two

such

absence

or

certained
as-

particularinvestigation,

strictlygeneral,the

conclusions

mere

we

individual

an

it

instances,

is in distinguishing
between
presents itself,

and

ciples
prin-

one

another.

present.

is

the

to

to

taches
qualitywhich attimes
given class. Some-

is

classes.

general, if

also

qualityis

above

Brutus,

thus

OF

qualityof

know,

we

appears,

this

with

be

to

of

other

essential

an

which

it and

to

which

seen,

individual

peculiar to

common

may

class

each

be

have

we

of

according

ORDER

OR

FACT,

general fact,as
to

virtue

stern

crimes

frequent occurrence.

very

GENERAL

itself

may

of

are

the

of

one

made
inquisition
justice. Cases

have

willingto

of

subject

169

INVESTIGATION.

circumstances

perfect uniformity of

of

experience.
2.
it
not

an

certain, that
accidental

judgment
and

the

decisive

fact

qualityof

enable

can

indecisive
One

in such

Experience

absence
has

an

certain

of such

class.

such

in

Its

not

presence,

to

der
ren-

essential,and

Nothing

but

good

decisive

circumstances.

sources

of

certain

uniformityis

accidental, and

an

distinguishbetween

fruitful

uniformity of experience

is not,

the class.

to

one

facts under

of the most

is,or

circumstances,as

error

is based

upon
The

circumstances.

certain

necessary

however,

evidence, that
connection
may

fact

with

constitute

a
no

170

THE

certain

for the

ground
for

Japan,

example,

INTELLECT.

oppositeconclusion.

reasoned

in his

conclusion, that

under

exists in any
decisive
the

other
the

from

than

of

the

fluid

indecisive, and

class of

former

never,

the

an

the

separate the

conclusions

our

of

circumstances,
To

state.

upon

teristic
distinguishingcharacassociated

perceptivepowers

strong

circumstances,to
any

rest

only,is

facts

king

from
inconclusively,

very

experienceperfectlyunvarying
water

The

with

good

judgment.
PROBABLE

THE

Between

the

IMPROBABLE.

AND

perfectly certain

probable and

improbable. If,as

fact

has

ascertained

with

class

been

given class,its
is

connection

is

of

of

of

the

the

if its

But

with

probable or

uniformity or

similar

Many
lation
calcu-

upon

probable
im-

of uniformity

want

circumstances.

of life rest

probabilities.

to

OF

SEQUENCE.

given effects,those

effects the relation

of real

often

in

effect may

beholder

of the

in connection

consists
exist

in connection

that

it may

to

determine

be

careful

observation, can

alone

The
The

this.

with

to
difficulty

real

produced

experiments,in
determine

of

cause

such

difficult if not
which

sustain

which

things

causes.

erence
ascertain, in ref-

is to

objectof investigationhere

powers,

individual

any

class becomes

transactions

ORDER

The

connection

perfectly certain.

proportion to
serious

already said,a

necessary

when

presence,

experience under

of the most

been

accidental, its existence

particularindividual
in

have

to

with, becomes

met

has

lie the

uncertain

and

be

come,
over-

given

combinations

impossible
it.

such

to

Under

connection

the real order

for

such
with

of

the

cumstance
circlose

of sequence.

OF

LAWS

There

adhered
such

important principleswhich

four

are

171

INVESTIGATION.

of all

tests

to, as

should

conclusions

our

be

ly
strict-

in relation

to

:
investigations

1.

experiment,the

in each

When

different,with this exception,that

the

present in all,and
then

arisen,we

combination
element

one

has

effect

given

has

conclude

that this element

the

of

in

been

has

instance

each

is the

been

real

cause

of the effect.
2.

given

When,

on

each

that this

while

addition

given
of

the effect

not

added,

the

real

not

certain

removed,

being

then

we

the

ent,
pres-

conclude,

particularcause.
invariable

is the

element

to

appear

when

fix upon

element,

this

remains,

is the

effect

new

does
then

we

this

consequent

given combination,
this

antecedent

is

particularantecedent

as

cause.

When

4.

with

the

is

the others

of

particularelement

3. When
of the

it

disappears,while

effect

when

removal

number
of

number

consequents exist in connection

of

when

antecedents, and

the

invariablydisappears on
antecedent,

we

fix upon

latter

the

as

sequent
particularcon-

removal
real

the

of

given

of

cause

the

former.
THE

DISCOVERY

In the induction

law, three
adhered

of

LAW.

for the

phenomena

discoveryof

important principlesare

to

be

versal
uni-

strictly

to.

1. The

phenomena

must

particular
hypothesis,but
2.

UNIVERSAL

OF

not

merely
it

demand

Consequently such phenomena

equal positiveness,
every
3. All

phenomena

to

other
which

as

must

consist

their

with

this

cedent.
logicalante-

contradict, with

contradictory hypothesis.
the

given hypothesis does

172

THE

the relations

sustain

not

wholly

INTELLECT.

the

of

out

logicalantecedent,

of

account,

having

as

left

be

must

the

bearing upon

no

subject.
But

this

subject

has

been

fully treated

so

preceding chapter,that nothing further

in

of

the

it is demanded

upon

here.
TESTIMONY.

It often
the

happens, and

in reference

of

our

to

as

objectsof

us

receive

to

the

laws

evidence

of

revealed

to

and

sense

of

in

OF

1.

In

the
an

such, had

lightof

individual

given

abstruse

should
a

others.

What

which

upon

the

are

that

phenomena
?

minds

the

faculties

wit, for the

constitute

which

the

judge

we

other

of

; to

and

tainment
ascer-

the basis

given subject.

STATEMENTS

by

witness

BY

MADE

may

WITNESS.

contemplated

be

points of light.

If

most

THE

made

statements

in three

phenomena,

pelled
com-

is derived.

of

purpose
used

are

knowledge,

our

affirmations

are

regard to

CHARACTERISTICS

act

same

consciousness

judgment

The

and

the

given

testimony of

influence

the

for the

facts,or

We

presents itself

the

through

us

been

never

knowledge,

our

receive

to

is used

Testimony

of

under

bound

the

on

greatest part of

great inquiry here

ourselves

of

rejectthem

the

constitute

consciousness.

or

important of

most

The

sense

or

this source,

From
of

inquiriesafter truth,have

subjects of

to

greatest importance,that the facts which

basis

of

that

give

no

the

idea

should

affirm

scientific

problems
credit

or
ity.
impossibilpossibility

of

in

at all to

that

an

idiot,remaining

demonstration
the
his

of
perceived impossibility

of

of the

some

higher mathematics,
statement,
the

occurrence

on

the
of

we

ground
such

174

lar

INTELLECT.

THE

circumstances.

absolutelyimpossible that
all would

Yet

with

rendered

worthy

which

one

CIRCUMSTANCES

WHICH

will

GO

establish

the

TO
A

consider

now

The

higher
an

rence,
occur-

had

have

we

be

may

much
such

an

perience
ex-

THE

CREDIBILITY

WITNESS.

the

of
credibility

which

circumstances

witness.

important

most

what

ESTABLISH

specifythe following,without
1.

in

circumstances.

OF

We

most.
upper-

event

establish

with

fall

occurrence

by testimony.

accords

of in similar

an

improbable

to

that it is

say

number

same

such
An

the

at

thrown, should

the

is demanded

degree, however,
than

belief

of

would

one

pronounce

degree improbable.

exterme

No

possible,and,

die, when

in succession

twenty times

be

may

improbable.

time, very

same

thing

enlargingupon
is

of them.

any

character

to

I will

them,

Among

characteristic

go

for

veracity.
The

2.

is

next

facts to which
3. Full

evidence

he bears

adequate

particular

testimony.

opportunityto

that

the

capacityto comprehend

observe

attention

the

facts,together with

given

was

to

them

at

the

time.
4.

that

Evidence

that

the individual

it sustains

such

the

reasonable

him

in
5.

witness

respect
An

to

not

was

relation

deceived
the

to

his

confidence

such

of

was

the

at

that

his

nature

that

time, and

individual,as
memory

preclude

to

has

failed

it.

consistencybetween
conduct

of which

entire

occurrence

apprehension

entire
and

the

in

respect

he affirms.
in

the

If

the
to

an

veracityof

statements

the

events, the

individual
a

of the

certain

affirms
person,

currence
oc-

his
and

LAWS

his entire

statements,

bound

are

we

him

of

treatment

OF

there

But
of

full

admit

the

his

to

FROM

THE

what

the

CHARACTER

attending the

often

witness, totallydisconnected

of

truth

his

WITNESS.

circumstances

are

with

harmony

convictions.

own

ASIDE
THE

veracity, which

his

is in

CIRCUMSTANCES

CORROBORATING

of

to

testifies in relation

witness

175

INVESTIGATION.

OF

demand

with

the

question

confidence.

our

mony
testi-

Among

these, I specifythe following:

1. The

entire

This
men

do

they

will not

not

principleis
act

especiallyif

when
it is

character

at

lie

harmony

of

along the

which

impel

tends

witness

line of

Villains

with

if he is not

without

our

out
with-

vidual
indi-

an

convinced

him

of

deny it,

to

reference

as

to

experience,for

When

ligated
obhis

safe

their

the purpose

of

statements

of

facts

similar

principleto

circumstances

throw

borate
corro-

the

experience in

is not

of other
often

stronglyto

is this
own

This, however,

corroboration.

truth

all.

in the absence

rely upon,

consequently

recognize ourselves

we

circumstance

circumstances.

that

exist to induce

statements

the statements
affirmed

assumption, that

of
principles

strong motives

his

false testimony.

it.

false,then

believe

3. Another

dark

do

the

given statement,

truth,and

to

motive, and

some

give

to

the

upon

assignablemotives

no

make

to

based

ordinarilyviolate

2. When

moral

without

temptation to

some

its

of all motives

absence

strong
into

coveringtheir

designs.
4.

powers

When,
of the

5. When

though
agent
these

to

new,

they

whom

facts stand

accord

they

are

connected

with

the

known

ascribed.
with

the

develop-

176

THE

laws

of

ment

Under

and

such

properties in

facts

being true,

they would,

the

are,

because

if not

of

true, have

The

confidence

witness

is

other

of

should

which

each

there

in the

repose

affirmations

of

Here

entire

an

in

those

of

friends

as

influenced

be

account

all the marks

bility
credi-

of

in

to

the

and

all material

state*

facts.

witnesses

several

are

etc., who

enemies,

by widely

their

diff'erent

relations to the subject

and

preclude the suppositionof

of

motives, and

directlythe opposite ; especiallywhen

characters,motives,
to

testimony

concurrence

respect

characters
"

must

into the
possesses

concurrence

the

the

to.

is

widely different,

as

we

witness

referred

When

by

witness.

to the

following circumstances

3. When

even

unknown

individuals.

above

course

greater probabilitythat

the

TESTIMONY.

especiallytaken

or

probabilityof

the concurrent

1. When

ments,

from

greatlystrengthenedby

be

2.

known.
un-

removed

further

greater the

been

CONCURRENT

agent, before

the

circumstances,the

experience the
their

INTELLECT.

are

collusion

their
ferent
dif-

so

between

the witnesses.
When

4.

when

all the

5.

witness

one

whole

When

there

statements

of

occurrences

and
witness

in

are

the

apparent contradictions

witnesses, which
whole

complete

more

between

case.

count
ac-

subject fully reconciles.

individual

as

an

the

enlarged

testimony preclude the suppositionof

present each
in the

up

transaction.

the

with

by others,and

facts omitted

together make

statements

of the

states

quaintance
ac-

Such
sion,
collu-

independent,honest

LAWS

6. Coincidences

which,

OF

often
the

from

such

When

undesigned.

occur

in

nature

of the case,

to
strongl}-

This

most

principleis

than

almost
Great

and

of the
fulfilled in the

in

to

act

safelybased
often

of

the

to
a

withhold

decide

to

are

determine

attention
wrote.

ever

in
requisite
When

the applicatio

they

are

subject,

any

moral

depravity

Infinite interests

may

such

We

testimony.

be
are

sence
act, however, in the ab-

complete,and

respects, of the
To

Paley,

discern

between

correctlywhen

marks

often

bility
of credi-

the valid

to trust

upon

and

and
when

of heart,and
confidence,requiresstern integrity

from

12

Doctor

stated.

and

full and

many

laid down.

judgment, "by

the true

true.

validityof

testimonythus

invalid,to

the

judgment

as

Dr.

deservingmore

testimonypertainingto
it

upon

in
testimony failing,

the

which

testimony

testimonygiven.

height of presumption and

upon

above

work

principlesabove

necessitated
of

"

sound

case

be the

not

us

anything else

care

the

great leading

same

the

manifestly

are

illustrated by
beautifully

Paulinfe

Horas

it would

attend

confirm

of witnesses

statements

occurrences

facts, they tend

his

the

all affirming
the
individuals,

of various

in

177

INVESTIGATION.

reason

the false.

of

use

exercised," to distinguish

178

THE

INTELLECT.

CHAPTER

OF

INTELLIGENCE

THE

MAN

THAT

It has been
all

the

philosophersto represent
in
highest intelligences

the

of matter,

link in the

of rational

lowest

of

existences, as successive

has

come

to

be

and

of the

increased

to

the

of

different

thought,

no

chain

links

different

form,

with

any

entertained

proceed

to

state

PRINCIPLE

In

the

of

none

thing to

be

the

settled

one

of the

grounds
WHICH

our

as

at all to

do

chain.
and

are

real

Those

is,the principleon

is

cerned,
con-

rationality.
is

of rational

connected,

in

last is the
I will

any

ion
opinnow

opinion.
IS

ARGUMENT

inquirieson

intelligence

degree

of this treatise.

THE

in kind.

constitute,it

This

other.

of this

man

totallydifferent chain,

links of which

the author

by

conducting

of

great chain,

degree, but

far

serted,
as-

late,the reality

of brute

instincts

another

of those

ON

approach

of brute

orders

constitute
intelligences
a

highestforms
as

is

of
intelligence

in

not

degree whatever,

any

still it makes
The

The

brute, it is said,differs

Of

mediatel
im-

brute, and the

links of

doubted.
seriously

conceive

we

of

in

with

which

for example, differ,it

intelligence,

of orders

If

that

from

kind, but only in degree.

in

not

links

chain, commencing

highestforms

The

it.

successive

as

lowest, differing
mainly in degree
succeeds

FROM

BRUTE.

with

forms

great chain, each

one

THE

common

very

the crude

to

OF

DISTINGUISHED

AS

existences, from

created

heaven

XIII.

this
which

BASED.

subject,the
our

first

conclusions

INTELLIGENCE

sliall be

based.

pointsof

resemblance
the

in

time, there

between
and

The

or

power

faculties

faculties

denied

remains,

which

the

the

to

POINTS

OF

of

and

It

of the

the

wants.

telligen
in-

of brute

what

to

All

must

to be
principle
apply the principle

only true
to

question before

RESEMBLANCE

nomena
phe-

wholly

be

to

subtracted.

remains

now

we

determined

reference

If

the

brute

the

are

by

been

and

true

and

man,

for

have

then

manifestations

all the

former

case.

solution

the

same

brute.

which

have

we

possesses

accounted

admit, that this is the

applied in

the

phenomena

in the

from

man

result,

asserted

be

to

after

At

are

ligence
intel-

of

mental

appear
in

man

brute, and

are

never

powers

thus

of the

mankind.

represent the

and

representedby
fullythe

there

manifestations

the

among

let A

in man,

appear

agreed, that

it is

pointsof dissimilarity
equallymanifest

Now

find the

can

all hands

brute

are

important.
which

On

179

BRUTES.

OF

us.

BETWEEN

THE

AND

MAN

THE

BRUTE.

That

brutes, such

possess

the

as

supposed

are

faculty

external

of

sight,hearing, taste, smell,and touch;

are

followed

by feelingsof
followed

feelingsare
the

to

facts
are

by

the

who

none

which

have

perception,such
that such

actions

external

to, and

have, however

ON

common

WHICH

to

THESE

man

which

that

that these
are

lated
corre-

festations
mani-

both, will be

observed
carelessly,
to

and

COMMON

as

perceptions

all these

the brute

and

man

presented themselves

phenomena

HYPOTHESES

to

common

present argument,

given character, and

perceptionsreferred

are

denied

by

in the

his notice.

the
Such

the brute.

FACTS

MAY

BE

EXPLAINED.

There

are

two

distinct and

oppositehypotheseson

which

180

THE

these

perception,reason
in the

ideas
the

phenomena

the

As

to

he

the

be

that the

ideas

consideration

is true

same

the

of

in the

followed

the

either
such

internal

thirst,are
with
The

action

law,

"

the

he

can

the

the

that

the

as

to form

to

the

the

of

sphere for

of
intelligence

these, as
the

sary
neces-

brute

with

the

The

the

puts
brute,

perceive

to

himself

object^of

which

would

the
be

has

the creature,

but

hunger

actions

creature

taining
per-

in

from
and
mony
har-

designed.

was

with

the

subjectiveexistence

in

in fixed
no

arise

as

as

external

the

feelingswhich

such

brute, such

the

law, however, which

ments
judg-

conceptionsor judgments

necessarilyby

of the brute

of

perceptions are

power

perceptions,together with

followed

in view

as

subjector object.

organism

mental
funda-

and

capacityto recognize either

any

ception
per-

notions

from

thing perceived,as

of any

form

simple

has

self
him-

be intellectual

be

nomena
phe-

explain to

act

acts, such

would

All the

presence

be, that such

may

hypothesis,would

perception,so

the

it

All that

or
subject^

attend

All

concerned,

brute

consequently

external

thing, without
the

to

true, in

be

are

When

which

and
feelings,

certain

forth,arise.
this

and

formed,

by

passed.

brute.

objectperceived,and

consequents,

on

lightof

sees,

of the

thus

not

on
equallyexplicable,

are

the

object,without

he

judgments

judgments

consciousness, to

action, however,

some

what

thus

judgments

facts under

as

of

mental
funda-

specialreference,

entirelydifferent hypothesis.

an

certain

an

himself

explains to

passes

has

from

has

man

man.

of brute

as

him

When

suggests certain

once

which

the

to

know

far

it may

with

but

things we

reference

at

perceived, and

phenomena,

these

explained.

lightof

Action

them.

upon

be

facts may

common

external

INTELLECT.

which

harmony
exists

as

an

idea

182

INTELLECT.

THE

total

absence

the

of

question is,Are

intelligencepeculiar to

there

facts

any

action, verifyingthis hypothesis? This

endeavor
laid

to

down

OF

In

the

as

POIN'TS

in

answer,

basis

the
of

order

to

will

consideration,we
which

the

test

validityof
attend

now

distinguishman

this

on

now

have

subject.

MAN

AND

the

hypothesis under

the

to

will

principleI

conclusions

BETWEEN

human

and

question I

the

lightof

our

DISSIMILARITY

brute

peculiarto

The

man.

BRUTE.

fundamental

the

from

THE

nomena
phe-

brute.

Among

these, I will specifyonly the following:

1.

The

being.

main

laws

of

human

All
there

the

nature,

mankind
is

This

scientific

i-n the

agree

total

but

absence

of

acts

from

seeking
2.

seeks

never

assumption, that
this

ati

Man,

explanationof
as

spectators

commencement

is

race,

For

he

has

just where

he

builds

of

what

gence
intelliThe

he

He

sees.

precisely the

of

observation

his

was

advanced
six

dam, lives and

thousand

each

race

With

has

been

all his

did

ago.
the

mencement
com-

onward

observations,

singlestep.
years

has

The

the

was

man,

which

dies,just as

is perfectly

brute

phenomena.

with

The

years,

same

progress,

ever

feels.

or

thousand

of

never

sees

progressive.

generation to generation.
brute

the

brute

phenomena.

mere

what

six

of intellectual

from

the

feelingsgenerated by perceptions, without

stationary.
been

in

principle. Brute

explanation

an

wants

great

explanationof phenomena.

pertains exclusively to
creature

of the

one

scientific

the

towards

is

scientific

intelligenceis

human

the

phenomena,

explanationof phenomena.
of

is
intelligence,

his

of

direction

towards

merely

not

the

from

Man,

He
The

is

now

beaver

first that

ever

OF

INTELLIGENCE

appeared
brute

earth.

on

The

of the action

is the

moral

is never,

this is

and
obligation,
other

In

government.

All

agent.

moral

subjectof

of moral

of moral

except when

other

But

these

It

solution
have

remains

now

treated

government.

of

the

condition
have

of

the faculties

determined

the

facts above

named

and

in

degree

that of

smaller

degree, but

individuals
possess

of

our

do

of

race,

in different

and

and

cite

equally
ment.
argu-

total

stated

to

When

be
in

totallyto

borne

in

mind, that
in man,

degree

one

difference

respects under

be

to

are

of these

man,

are

The

brute

is not
various

consideration,
The

totallywants.

affirmed

facts,are

the

we

dissimilarity.What

in the

the
we

in

agency

which

exist

not

degrees,the

ground

moral

and

in the brute.

therefore, which
faculties,
condition

knowledge,
ac-

subject

might

consideration.

it should

the

facts above

faculties

For

all

necessarilysupposed, as

science, progress,

of the brute.

deny

the

question under

determined

brute.

as

the

as

APPLIED.

apply

to

is

man

sufficient for the present

are

FACTS

of

him,

points of dissimilarity,
equally manifest,

fundamental.

quently
conse-

of the

towards

acts

man

of moral

obligationor

words,

universallydenied

irrationally,
regarded or

we

of every

race.

3. Man

He

is true

same

183

BRUTES.

to

of

be

men

as

the

totallydenied

the brute.
1. I
man

ask, then, in the first place.What

a

he cannot
he is of

scientific

science, and

possess

scientific?

course

perception,man,
brute.

But

being, those

this

as
a

we

have

creature

in

the absence

in the

Sense, the
seen,

may

faculties

has

possess

tute
consti-

of

which

possessionof

which

facultyof
in

common

in any

external
with

the

degree, and

184

INTELLECT.

THE

make

whatever

approach

no

addition

supposed

are

of the

; and

In

the absence

of which

of

phenomena

if

impossible,or
Without
would
without
space,

ideas

and

of

becomes

be

such

the

of

existence

the

from

and
have

brute,

attributed

what

him;

to

perception,togetherwith
and
is in necessary
It
not

should

depend

named

are

movement

in which
any

conformity
be

upon

in

borne
the

will
these

be,

degree, there

will

to

words, without

faculties

is therefore

remains

wit, the

to

him?

to

be

not

do,

to

Just

organism, the

action

feelingsthus

the

which

The

degree

possessed.
real science.

of which

in

man

faculties
of

When
The

ceptibilities
sus-

generated.

science
the

what

of external

power

the

things being equal,as

are

is

judgment

bound
logically

mind, that

him.

other

powers

other

standing,
self-consciousness,under-

degree in

possessed by

the ideas

and
corresponding feelings,

external

an

place without

are

reason,

judgment,

time,

cause,

tion
classifica-

In

we

formed

be

cannot

consequently

take

of these

therefore

judgments

understanding and

supposed. If, then, as

take

Without

perfect intelligence.

substance,

as

difference.

and

exercise

the

totally
wanting,

impossible.

originatingfrom

reason,

light

would, properlyspeaking,be

cannot
generalization,

impossible;the

we

explained,are

Judgments, also, and

of resemblance
reason,

judgment.

ideas, in the

absolutelyimpossible."Notions

etc.

ness
self-conscious-

and

too, conceptions,notions, and

reason

be

I answer,

possible,absolutelyuseless, and

supposable,as

not

we

be

may

also self-consciousness

reason

to

fundamental

reason,

of such

ground

faculties?

these

are

in

faculties

secondary,understanding and

consequently science

and

and

primary faculties,reason,

the

of

Other

the condition

as

developments. What, then,

they are,

science.

to

above

scientific

the

they
total

does

degree
exist

in

absence

OF

INTELLIGENCE

of

the

in

of science

connected

others

in

is not

brute
whether

before
the

2. In
faculties

in

of

build, not

the

the

to

raise

peculiarity

which

to

fact which

brute

something

like

from

from

in the

his

buildino-

historyof

cidental

and

brute

passes

experience.
and

occurrence,

the

The

human

hence

navisration.

occurrences

about

plank floatingby.
The

saved.

are

like

this

arises

on

the

that

both

without

rience,
expeA

man

They
with

meet

get

being

to it

on

whit

constitutes
Man

all the

above

also

reason

sink,

They

had

them,

river.

occurrence

All these

facts,

in

brute.

to

race.

light

accidental

togetheracross

when

exhausted, and

become

For

in

that

these

principleinvolved

appears

swimming

are

scientific,

is because

themselves

progressive.

never

him

They

able, in the

are

gain important knowledge

a

It

necessary

inquiry,What

render

mankind

explain

are

all of

progressive being?

imagination.

appear,

we

race,

mankind

the

in his intelligence.

thus

will

find the fundamental

thus

that, as

era

it not

it does.

those

as

of the

of reason,

of ideas

wiser

same

phenomena

where

and

does

but

its cell in conformity

clearlythat
him

render

man

as

of the

ideas

building mechanically

place,we

next

addition

the

and

of

action

fundamental

But

show

us

evidentlythe

and

the

ideas, but because

its thus

render
facts

with

whether

not

subjectiveexistence

reason.

such

conceived

so

be.

with

are

perceptions,sensations,and physicalstructure,

which

are

of

it knows

because

have

be

one

bee, for example, builds

ideas

pure

of its

harmony

if

total absence

which

"

also must

ideas

these
The

The

faculties, faculties

question,I repeat, is

The

clearlya

most

other, that

each

with

wanting, the

to

brute, indicates

scientific

the

185

BRUTES.

reflects

wonders

their

upon

of

ship-

orig-inin

supposed.

an

In

ac-

the

186

THE

obtained

knowledge

originated.Man
Each

alike

these

sounds

and

in the

the

was

hears,but

almost

Such

of all the
in man,

for progress

it

these

in any

faculties

they

faculties

in the

total absence

is the

in the

brute

tion
foundasciousness,
self-con-

imagination.
corresponding
else

them, whatever

of progress

the

the

they may
is

in

How

conclusion, that they diifer

often

hand,

one

instinct

degree.

more

conclusion

the

on

other, that brute

intelligencediffer only
evident

of

the
in

are

than
illogical,

presence
on

combination

reason,

and

it

Yet

lay the

of

It will

perfectlystationary. Nothing

are

unphilosophicaland
drawn,

copies

hears.

which

degree, creatures

degree progressive.Without
possess,

brute

ever

single new

understanding,judgment,
With

The

dious.
melo-

of this statement.

sound

the

man,

still more

indubitablyindicate

facts most

the total absence

part of

mocking-bird presents

truth

produce

to

the

sounds.

instance,re-combines,
solitary

melodious

every

On

music.

The

of the

melodious

into strains
of

in

steam-power, etc.,

also hear

hears.

he hears.

known

sounds.

he

never,

least,what

never

the brute

science

strikingillustration
copy

all the results of

re-combined

are

similar in their nature,

occurrences

copies what

Hence
he

from

printing,and

the art of

what

INTELLECT.

and

and

its

human

demonstrably
not

in

degree,but

in kind.
3. In

the

as

the

respect

answer

is

that

in the

on

case

we

ground

They
the

point.

of moral

the
The

to

absence

him

in

man

above
of

perfectlysatisfy
my

him

free
own

named,

those

already been
that of

ist
ex-

in

agency

faculties

brute, has

still attribute

followingconsiderations
this

are

oifree loill.
of

faculties

inquiry.What

and

ready.

Shall
The

the

condition

together with
named,

to

first

lished.
estabwill ?
mind

INTELLIGENCE

OF

187

BRUTES.

of concep(1.)The action of free will,in the absence

tions
and judgments, is impossible.Till I have
conceptions
differs from the other, or at
A and B, and judge that one

of

least,that

is not

one

There

them.
there

the
be

may

selection

be

other, I

selection,but

such

choose

cannot

choice

not

implies the

as

between
can

nor

the

action

of

free

action

necessarily

will.
of the

(2.)None

the presence

suppose

phenomena
as

when

Now

supposed by
in

the

considerations
the

is not

its presence

such

will in the

of free

brute.

demand

the

the

of

supposed,
sarily
neces-

No

subject.

assumption

of

therefore

assumption

an

be

to

never

sphere

such

oppositehypothesis

by positivefacts,or

affirmed
known

Such

is

power

All

subject.

the

just as explicable on

are

this.

on

of brute

phenomena

will

free

wholly

is

illogical.

(3.)All
the

the

of the

absence

brute

in

fixed

be
and

whatever, and

uniform,

whatever.

As

will

invariablybe

such

facts

often

the

as

attended

of

illogicalthe

the

lar
particuwill

mechanical

any

the

let

action

experiment

with

Place

there

his

him, and

that

as

us, how

before

in

s^enerated

clearlyindicate

action

consideration.

under

power

circumstances

any

sensations

justas

of brute

phenomena

is

cess
pro-

repeated,it
With

results.

same

be

assumption

of

free

will in the brute.

(4.)Such
a

the

to

intellectual

useless
to

would

the

man,

such

in
an

to

sphere for

faculties

appendage

to

respect

consideration

that under

as

power

totallyuseless appendage

in reference

the
to

appendage

he is

which
named

brute, and

the
as

use

free

be

brute, contemplating him

the

above

would

to

be

When

designed.

are

denied

him,

what

how

worse

than

less
use-

made

will be.

of the

The

animal,

creation

of

188

such

under

power,

departure

such

all the

from

divine

^11 the

works

the

of

-one

which

created.

was

all the

whom
without

in that

the

require

in,

of the

image

should

divine

we

exist in

to

the

from

mined
deter-

have

we

those

fundamental

nomena
phe-

of

wit, the powers

to

that

distinguishedfrom

as

former, what

do

to

us

creature, in

conclusion

brute,

in
ment
ele-

an

suppose

totallywanting, and

are

for that

of the

Taking

man.

visible

constitutes

logicaldeductions,

most

powers

wide

consideration

image

elements

other

Thus, by the

be

wisdom

of

elements

Why

solid basis

any

under

power

fundamental

so

manifestations

essential

most

man

circumstances, would

beside.

(5.)Finally,the

of

INTELLECT.

THE

reason,

self-consciousness, understanding,judgment, imagination,

and

with
such

that

action

which

all-wise

of brute
and
this

under

the

Creator

lower

action

be

can

creation
"

in the

image

and

in the

heavens

glory of

All

its

Of

nor

misjudgment

now
so

the

There

though
yet

ends

for

not

nor

ena
phenom-

hypothesis,
is

earth
he
he

In

nothing
beneath,

stands,

"

the

is,

lost

appears

excess

obscured."

REMARKS.

prepared
common

has

his

phenomena.

There

Fallen

than

this

on

in the

earth."

GENERAL

are

for

the

All the

fundamental

original brightness,

glory

him.

above,

form

with

harmony

alone.

his

ception,
per-

of

circumstances

stands

God."

Less

We

varied

by

the

under

waters

of external

of
physical organization,

accounted

man

"

1.

the powers

designed

its truth is also affirmed

like him
nor

with

is in necessary

being, his
the

him

and
sensibility,

nature,

leave

will,we

free

in

to

explainthe ground

respect

to

the

action

of

the

of

the

190

has

hardly reached.
3. Another

is this
have

higher
with

the

powers
in

that

will

the

first turn

towards

the

that the

animal

and,

as

such

of

the

of

forces

itself

direct

tion
atten-

wild

ass, when

one

animal.
the

actions

puts forth.

How

often

take

to have

place

very

plates are

upon

commences,

the

other.

of

which
animal

an

the

in

tally
to-

he

at

shall

the

the

of

Now

let

menageries
sound

taught such

do, and

thus

this.

from

the

art

When
under

with

till the

from

the

soon

as

is made

steps with

to

become

greater

and

ever

act?
It

iron.

Did

by

was

These

beginning

creature,

more

he

any

keepers wish

platesof

motions

lyre,"

consideration, they

heat, lifts first

such

the

an

the

same

familiar

are

acquireit?

have

higher

the

of

of

plate
contem-

us

with

as
superiorintelligence

the creature

the

existence

elephant

existence

"

take;

conclusion,

grave

of the

the

man,

possessionof

ass,

fact,he concludes

connection

animal

floor covered

As

been

other, backwards

it the

to

visited

acquire

his feet

contrasted

as

have

course

that animal

graduallyheated

pain in
the

the

different

the

of

flee from

this

actions

of

facts

men

the animal
him

From

the

have

was

lessons,as

process

the

leeringof

proof

who

How

brute,

free will.

and

the

of

uals
individ-

of

existence

begins to

attributes

indicative

as

the

deliberatingw^hat

from

dancing

the

to

then

his terror.

class of

Those

he

and

ear,

is

conclusions

distinguishednaturalist,for example,

in
intelligence

another

the

I would

connection, ^vhich

same

proclaimed, as

powers

to which

in
intelli-gence

deliberation

powers.

been

as

oppositeone

based, in respect

objectof

infer

surely,to

then

the

which

on

consequence,

of

powers

feel

or

facts

been

others

states

This

consideration

overlooked.

he

INTELLECT.

us.

upon

with

THE

foot

one

begin, the
and

more

to

and

music

lively

greater rapidity.

When

this

lengthof time, the

taken

the sound
that

as

soon

have

the

Now

had

the

individual

of

The

for

of

not,

in him,
intelligence

is

of

fact

that

subjectsof

such

such

into

actions
5.
account

between

we

are

in

men

such

given
are

of

manifestation
So

in the

exists in

telligen
in-

whatever

instance, is

any

but

conformity

not

The

brutes, may
is the

in man,

an

Creator.

now

recalling

can

When

occur.

in

manner,

reproduced
again,

the

the

In

the

brute

has

etc.
thoughts,feelings,

circumstances

given circumstances,
in him

when

he

hence

and

the

comes

same

repeated.

Finally,we
for

above

particularcircumstances,

in

were,

and

sensations

similar

in

Memory,

out.

recollections

affected
same

manifests

in

this case,

keeper.

memory

the

the

the

in which

form

of

been

in

animals.

readilypointed

no

any

practiced

be

not

perceive,a

all other

be

brute

removed

degree

in

in him,
intelligence

true

The

4.

all

as

but

animal

the

same

suppose.

many

possessed by
intelligence

the creature,

are
intelligence,

of

as

we

singlehour.

actions

indication

mal,
the ani-

Thus

ceases.

impositioncould

an

tween
be-

begins to dance,

he

wisdom,

is in any

who

race,

instantly-

is established

music

in his

the real

idiocy,such

him

upon

till the

pace

animal
our

the music

hears

elephant dancing

absolute

to

the

continues

and

he

as

is

of
sensibility

the

lyre,and

of the

sufficient

experiments being

These

association

an

animal

the

and

ceases,

times, such

few

music

for

continued

been

painfulcondition.

his

from

repeated

has

process

191

BRUTES.

OF

INTELLIGENCE

the
and

notice

the

diversities

brutes,

of
on

phrenologicaldevelopment.
dog, if placed

in connection

of

error

who

some

To
with

ground
suppose
the

to

manifestations

intellectual

the

attempt

of
that

brain

diversities
the
of

of

soul of

Newton,

192

THE

manifest

would

is

as

the

the

illogical

as

The

manifestations

will,

under

to

when

the

not

nor

may

before

the

brute.

he

can

be

any

circumstances,

angel.

Diversities

for

account

men

among
and

to

The

manifest

brute
the

but

the

not

the

must

as

of

still

those

between

another

of

nature

as

their

brute,

phrenological

intellectual

become

intelligence

their

diverse

is

exhibit

influences.

same

in

diverse

for

will

water

diverse

substances

in

brute,

development

subject

philosopher,

great

and

gold

circumstances,

same

man,

that

of

that

suppose

of

The

nature.

and

intelligence

phenomena,

same

INTELLECT.

man.

ifestations
man-

man

being,

PAKT

THE

II.

SENSIBILITIES.

CHAPTER

I.

RECAPITULATION.

The
under

the

and
oi

the

of the

faculties

general
threefold

division.

will ; the

first

and

thinking

those

third

second

The

loilUng.

Thought, feeling,and
they,

AND

each

from

one

them.

oi

sensibilities

phenomena
and

feeling^

division

have

we

RELATIONS.

of

the

exists

important
in the
of the

the presence
acts

of

mind

activities

or

analysisproceeds,
13

any

Feeling

these

a98)

but

sustain

the

other.

awakens
on

the

thought

regulates

relations

to

most

without
and

pels
im-

hand, originates
the

voluntary

controls

thought.
will

and

Neither

time,

other

tween
be-

nature

each

conform,

varied

Nothing

in their

willing is governed by, or

to

diverse

considerable

feeling, and

refuses

and

discriminate

they
to

willing. Thought,

; while

conforms,

for

others.

intensifies

and

relations

fail to

can

perfectly diverse

Though

and

obvious

distinct

others

characteristics,however,

essential

and

those

willing,how

fundamentally, false philosophy

to

the

first main

DIVERSITIES

THEIR

class

all

comprehending
the

comprehended

considered.

already

are

have

we

intellect,the

The

knowiiig^
of

mind

be

feeling,
As

brought

our

out

194

the

before
distinctly
fixed
the

by

sublimityof

smitten

and

the

the

indistinct

the

and

the

of

kind

other

both

1. The

to

distinct

energizesthe

action

faculties

be

may

aroused
of

acts
by self-originated

into
specific
inquiries

this

order

will

inquireinto

those

complex

of

be

associated
sensibility

OF

to

the

department
We

observed.

in which

states

with

that

the

of

PHENOMENA.

THESE

of the

in

existence

of the

conditions

are

all the

of

sensibility:

first characteristic

phenomena

invite

would

followinggeneral characteristics

common

wit, necessity. Certain

with

and

vivid

concluding this introductorychapter,I

phenomena

these

to

seems

INVESTIGATION.

CHARACTERISTICS

specialattention
the

gish,
slug-

faculties.

GENERAL

In

dull and

strong and

to

following

find the action

other

other

exercise

OF

our

the

shall first of all

we

ing
correspond-

paralysis. Clear
and

in

moves

the will

feeble, and

and

named.

pursuing
mind,

with

feelingis

steadies

the

ORDER

of the

and

thought

hand, gives birth

vigorous

facultylast

When

of

desires,and

will,while
most

In

feeling is strong

will acts

the

energy.

with

thought,on
emotions

When

and

power,

thought is
be

mind.

engrossing object, then

some

steadiness

to

SENSIBILITIES.

THE

phenomena

the
fulfilled,

that

I notice

with

those

conditions
of

are

possessed by

of the

which

intelligence;

necessary

sensibility
; but

phenomena

peculiar elements

is

cannot

to

when
but

characterize

the

these

exist,
each

peculiarfeeling.
2.

They
are

are

in their nature

transitory. When

certain

ditions
con-

fulfilled,
they exist,"immediatelypass through

195

RECAPITULATION.

modifications, and

certain
a

of

perpetualcurrent

is

then

the

questioned whether

be
ever

re-appears

identical

one

the

upon

the

in certain

to
feelings,

It

consciousness.

of

is found

remark

above

designated hereafter, such

be

kind,

fied,
feeling,unmodi-

theatre

only apparent exception to

The

of this

consciousness.

of

eye

it is that

Thus

varying phenomena

ever

continuallypassing under

may

be.

to

cease

morse,
re-

as

etc.

3. No

other

the

that

characteristics

for

example, the

the

overpowering
Often

each

different
essentially

deadly

most

influence

the

is

hate

of

either.

from

pain, fear,

terest.
personal in-

or

greatlymodified,

is

strong action

by

filial,
parental,

of

conjugal affection.
the

4. All
to

avoid

object of

fear, etc., each

Two
times

with
sensibility,

of the

hereafter, sustain

to

the

principleof action, impelling the

the

phenomena

mentioned

be

of

or

that.

impellingin

will

of these
the

same,

feelingin oppositionto

one

leads

us

notice

to

phenomena,
5. The

of every

which

fact

another

will the

lation
re-

will to seek

or

to

seek

or

avoid

feelings often
but

in

often

its

the

impulse

ject.
ob-

own

co-exist, some,
tions.
direc-

different
to

gratify

of another.

important characteristic

This
of these

is,

that every

rather
or
susceptibility,

susceptibility,
impels

: and
gratification

tion,
excep-

pity,love,
feeling. Hunger, thirst,

impels the
more

one

Hence, the will is frequentlynecessitated

The

Often,

totallyannihilated

of crime

abhorrence

ing
modify-

so

feelingis induced,

of

state

new

annihilated, by the

if not
or

entire

an

out
with-

in the mind

together

the other, or
entirelyannihilating

one

with

exist

feelingscan

two

that in

the

mind

oppositionto

to

every

the action

seek

unlimited

other

impulse.

feelingof hunger,thirst,fear,love,or hatred,

"

as

long

196

as

SENSIBILITIES.

THE

all, impels the

it exists at

of
object,irrespective

will,by

unlimited

an

wrecks

the entire

6. The

of the

choices

which

qualityis
We

for the

in the

human
the

from

the

complex
as

rightand

the

entire

Dr.

Brown,

Payne,

feelings;

moral
while

each

is

We

nature.

virtue

in the

whirlwind,
of the

might

sunshine

as

in

the

sensibility.In

controllinginfluence
recipientof
choice,and

an

of

or

with

of

extraneous

the

as

characterizes

the

as

of
of

theory
to

templation
con-

our

as
sensibility

volving
in-

"

involving such

the direct and

sary
neces-

proprietysearch

same

showers,
and

phenomena

necessary

phenomena,
is

aside
a

THIS

the

for

in the

for vice

or

mere

influence, exerted

from

ated
will,associ-

presents

will, man

OF

original

destructive

others

totallyindependent of

followingextract

of the

sulting
re-

of
originalsusceptibilities

vernal

all these

of heat

of the

more

the

of

the

immediate

IMPORTANCE

The

the

account

an

phenomena

obligation,than

represented

result of the action

our

be

can

feelings,"and

impulse.

action

the conscience

phenomena

to

constitute
sensibility,

others,which

and

certain
no

moral

to

the

acts

the

of

Nothing
of

called

will

the moral

in the

not

action

The

nature.

wrong.

system

the

For

other

for any

mind, which

of

and

immediate

phenomena

state

character.

choice

as

direct and

of our
susceptibilities

with

in themselves

are
sensibility

produced by

system,

the

impulse,often

one

proprietybe

same

Hence

impulse.

some

sive
exclu-

own

individual.

moral

peculiarsensations
the

upon

its

qualities.They impel

possess

the

with

might

the

of

found

be

to

to

the

of

system

moral

do

other

every

obedience

phenomena

destitute

will towards

"

from

the

passive

without

his

his control.

SUBJECT.

writings of

Dr. Thomas

198

to

all

know

well

the

all

as

that

the

more

formidable

life

if

hour

that

be

for

necessary

feelings
in

corrupted,
not

merely

been

which,

the

heart

flourishing

of

lift

in

before,
some

amid

frail

spot
the

but

the

wither

of

general

of

gales

sands

the

even

scanty

verdure,

sterility."

that

good
who

which,
stroy
de-

than

There

remorse.

of

victim

whirlwinds

of

virtue

of

this

can

may

more

to

desire

every
the

little

horror

pernicious

those

as

tossed

on

to

which

dominion

leave
its

all

giving

blasting

as

and

of

iiour

single

fore
there-

victory

passion

as

success,

emotions

our

every

our

our

uncontrolled

of

forever

and

of

miseralDle

hour

an

found

be

to

and

guilty

happiness

linger

is

list

defeat,

our

crown

stronger,
the

In

sure.

"class,

render

the

be

await

would

which

happiness
may

would

which

misery

conflict

our

the

is

SENSIBILITIES.

THE

is

not

the

may

yet

desert,

that

few

have

have

fresh

still

are

still

wholly
which

often

leaves
been

OF

PHENOMENA

II.

CHAPTER

CLASSIFIED,

SENSIBILITY

THE

OF

PHENOMENA

199

CLASSIFIED.

SENSIBILITY

THE

tion
differ not a little in their classificaphilosophers
for example,
Dr. Brown,
of sensitive phenomena.
to the idea of
classifies all such phenomena with reference
and
prospective.Prof.
timCf as immediate, retrospective,
Mental

while

these

divides

Upham

Dr.

phenomena

spiritual.Prof. Haven,

and

sensibilities

One

general objectionholds
and

respect
and

the

as

against
They

of classification.

forms

hand

other

the

on

appetitesbeing

moral,

classifies
desires.

and
simple emotions^ affections^

the

similar

and

classes,the animal, rational,

three

makes

Hickok

natural

as

these

tions
incomplete,sensa-

are

to all the forms

above

given,Dr.

discrimination

which

he has made

with
strictly

holds

This

omitted.

all other

and

Hickok's

excepted,
rational

between

distinction without
emotions
is in reality,
a
a
spiritual
and
propensitiespertaining
difference,spiritualemotions
as
reallyand trulyto the rational department of our nature
remarks
other.
Similar
are
to any
obviouslyapplicable
as
and

to

the

of

forms

Dugald Stewart,
We
free

and

to

other,be

principleis
his

consequent

find

Reid,

principleof

in

JMr.

classification

"

on

the

one

strictlyuniversal

found

Dr.

objections, a principlethat

all such

readilycomprehended,
the

adopted by

others.

endeavored

have
from

classification

the

relations

two-fold
to

hand,
in

wiH,

be
on

application. This

its
nature

the world

which

and

may

of

man,

of matter,

and

in

thought,

200

THE

voluntary activity.As

and

it connected

with

receive

certain

functions

of

our

sensitive

natures

in the

endowed

are

we

sensitive

certain

with

as

of

and
which

animal

the

the

pertainto

us

affections.3.

Those

for diversified

forms

active
the

of

we

rational

the

proceeding to

it may
sensibilities,

certain

the

which

phenomena
pertain to

include

which

us,

of

in

as

the order

us

tions
sensa-

Those
and

emotions

three

EMOTIONS,

and

general

capacitated

general

our

classes
above

sented.
pre-

PENSITIES,
PRO-

DESIRES,
GENERAL

of

ACTIVE

PASSIONS.

PRINCIPLES,

of

forms,

impulsions.

varied

AFFECTIONS,

APPETITES,

Before

sensitive

These

pacitated
ca-

principlesand

beings,our

impulsions.
treat

another

to such

or
voluntary activity^

shall

objectsof

ity
voluntary activ-

active

pertain to

for

adapted, in

propensities. 2.

animal

responding
cor-

Finallyas

of

the

of

1. Those

SENSATIONS,

DEFINED.

as

subjects of

general

which

principlesand

sensibilities

TERMS

as

and

natures

creation, and

appfUtes^ or

capacitated

following as

sensibility
; to wit,

part

As

forms

all-comprehending classification
of the

subjectsof

states.

sensitive

our

therefore, present the

We,

the

are

subjects of corresponding

the

are

adaptationof

capacitated

spheres and

endlesslydiversified

for

are

in

we,

the

knowing,

we

class of

quite diverse

and

are

varied

the

to

causes

us,

desires.

thinking and

knowledge,

and

around

impressions,and

the

body, and through

material

of

creation

propensitiesand

thought

in the

being

universe

the

the animal

with

common

to

SENSIBILITIES.

terms

which

an

elucidation
be

of the varied

important

will be

to

define

classes

ally
specific-

frequentlyemployed

after.
here-

PHENOMENA

Sensations

directlyand

immediately

induced

in the

When
cause

or

avoid

causes,

When

the

love

of

the

When

are

of

habitual, or

of the

mind

any

seek

to

or

desires

renders

nature

our

that

permanent,

is
sensibility

our

of

object
as

the

food

or

class of

object of

for

called

2i

ticular
par-

propensity.

food, for drink,

given propensity

any

drink, said

is

and

purely

propensity takes

is called

the

affection.The

on

the

other

objectof

an

said
terms

livingbeing, or

as

pure

hand

the

of

kindred, for example,

an

propensityis commonly

or
principle^ desire.,

for action.
of

object of

thought,or

principleof curiosity^the
form

love

nominate
de-

affection.

an

When
is

propensityis

any

livingbeings,the propensityis then commonly

an

in

the

from

appetite.

name

some

excited

knowledge.

physical,such

the

states

of any

presence

are
sensibility

impelling

of desires

example

When

the

by

originalconstitution

classes

for

our

sensitive

desires.

department
Such

those

are

particularobjector objects,such impulsivestates

any

certain

of the
states

"

denominated

are

impressions, made

any

mind.
states

any

sensibilitywhich

physicalorganization.
hand,

on

the

succeed

the other

Emotions^

thought

the

upon

201

CLASSIFIED.

of

states

immediately

cause,

any

SENSIBILITY

those

are

directlyand
by

THE

OP

When

the

loiie.
love

of

object of

such
voluntaryactivity,

conformity,or

in

opposition,to

propensitiesare

denominated

the

given

sity
propen-

intellectual

hension,
appre-

designated by
Such,

for

example,

knoicledge,or
a

such

the

is

sire
de-

given propensity, is
for
law

example
of

as

action

duty, such

pulsive
im-

general active principles.

202

When

very

given

any

and

strongly
becomes

to

have

forms

propensity,

permanently
leading

passion
of

2b

for

activity.

remark

finally,
and

developed,

object

denominated

is

propensity
said

SENSIBILITIES.

THE

desire

of

passion.

music,

for

and

Thus

painting,

its

becomes

tion
gratifica-

pursuit,
individuals

or

said

are

for

ticular
par-

PHENOMENA

ANIMAL

CHAPTER

ANIMAL

205

PROPENSITIES

AND

III.

PROPENSITIES.

AND

PHENOMENA

SENSATIONS.

Sensations,as

have

we

impressionsmade

by

cause

any

and

organization. Sensation
of

which

mind

that reason,

of the

those

are

or

external

is

each

accompany

Sensation

is

sensation, in its nature,

perceptionthan

do

we,

as

all other

some

because
and

are,

mental

perceiveit,on
Sensations

because

the other

on

we

action

of

one

class
any

upon
are

are

of the

and

ate
separternal
of in-

all acts

always

pany
accom-

no

case,

conscious

are

of

ings,
of feel-

hand, conscious

Perception,external
of its
we

hand, because

certain

appropriatecauses

for

telligen
of the in-

state

In
sensibility.

state, exists because

organization. Others
the

it is from

of the

feel

the other
of

states

state

distinct

more

experiencethem.

do

we

physical

separate, the

exclusivelya

internal,impliesthe priorexistence

object,or

of

states

suppose,

the feeling. We

any

other, but,

consciousness, which

perception,or
this and

of

ments
pertain to entirelydifferent depart-

mind.

external

from

states

perceptionare

a
sensibility.Perception is,as exclusively,

Nor

the

upon

causes,

the less distinct and

none

other, and

the

from

commonly

are

them,

directlyand immediately succeed

which
sensibility

the

defined

object.

perceiveit.

department

We

exist.

it does

induced

No

by
of

the

the

action

physical

experienced exclusivelythrough

specialorgans.

The

sensations, for example,

204

induced

by

tactual

mere

identical, whatever

by

action

one

other.

The

through
all

are

by another,
other.

that

Hence

beautiful

music,

desires

When

no

the

mind

forms

the
of

the

has

of

whatever.

and

induced

those

sounds,

of such

and

istics,
character-

the

of

absence
of

bitter

the
of

to

midst

all states

which

impart

Persons

sour

the

of the

of

hopeful visions

temper,

positive pain, there

and

the

of

being.

physical organization and

sensations

impart sunlight to

which

to

in

functions,

proper

dwelling place in

as

of their

absence

or

void

are

cheerfulness

countenance,

write

by

ful,
pleasurable,pain-

as

performs its

organ

sweetness

objects of thought.
quently

presence

desires

opposite state

presence

induced

positivecharacter,

which

its continual

future,

the

have

pleasurablesensations

in the

rank

take

for the

each

countenance,
the

smell,

physical organization is, throughout,

healthy state, and

the

of

sugg est t\\o?"Q of the

may

Others

respectivecauses.
occasion

like

clusively
ex-

unlike

organs
mind

any

etc.

of all classes

occasion

one

how

figurativeimpressions,sweet

Some
incUffereyit.

or

the

much

so

objectsof

the

Sensations

such,

the

be

may

through

and

of

states

through

experience

we

organ,

through

ultimate

class of sensations

one

taste,

same

received

the

Yet

the

and

one

these, to those

hearing.

of

sensations

varied

received

those

ing,
hear-

and

received

those

and

peculiar;

duced
in-

are

smell,

of taste,

organs

wholly unlike

are

organ

hand, which

other

quite

or

tion
physical organiza-

the

of

the

on

of the

special and

are

any

the

Those,

nearly

impressions,are

department

is affected.

or

SENSIBILITIES.

THE

tions,
func-

be the perpetual

may
the

In

den
temper, sad-

aspect of gloom

purest piety not

thingsagainst themselves,

for

no

to

all

unfre-

other

^06

THE

had

hunger

been

food

of

for

able,

been

have

the

is

These

is

are

number

of

muscular
stated

as

their
and

their

law

which

economy,
food

quantityof

that

just that

so

but

few

the

author

propensityfor sleep,and

The

the

apply to

for

reasons

already

those

appetites,as

the

for

properly,and

as

when
appetites,

our

of

tioned.
men-

latter

directed

are

the

of

pleasure

given

increases

and

grows

exercise,in seeking which,

these

in

as

which

accompanies
chief incentive

part of

strength

ends

The

Creator.

our

appetitewas

to

strikingindication

very

benevolence
is the

they

pleasureso great that the

indulgence,is the pleasure,and

proper

child

the

refer

we

"

for which

The

of

indulgence,

to

ascertain

requisite.

appropriateends, presents

to

have

we

animal

general observations

same

illustration

law

the

former.

The

2.

should

appetitesas given by

our

called

above, be

the

to

the

general

deemed

action, may
The

in

are

limited.

evidentlytoo

necessityof

how

our

and

body."

remarks

1. The

but

of

states

eating,or

for

observations

additional

of the

us

Reason

implanted principle,to

varying

the

salutaryto

satisfied

an

seasons

proper

constitution.

our

preservation;

our

without

according to
the

part of

no

experience might
use

SENSIBILITIES.

not

the end

our

nature.

from

constitute

food

and

part of

no

his motives.
3. The
of

highest physicalenjoyment through

the
to

is
appetites,
the

presents another

laws
and

of

most

when

the

gence
indul-

subordinated
indulgence is strictly

life and

health

strikingillustration

fact

which

of the divine

beneficence.
4.

and

When

directed

the
to

appetites have
their proper

been

properly controlled

their
objects,

demands

present

PHENOMENA

ANIMAL

limits to

the proper

when

and

feeding

appetitethe

his

food

of

best

of all the

of

unperverted state,

simple elements, will

in

in

nature

our

the

regard to

regard
here

common,

find

tity
quan-

the

to

gence
indul-

demands

ticular
par-

Properly regulated indulgence,while

increase, but rather

not

appetite,and

the

increase, rather
such

of

example,whose

eaten.

appetitesin

attention.
does

be

to

proper

and

possibleguide

speciallaw

5.

nature's

upon

for

man,

healthy

207

PROPENSITIES.

indulgence.

is in

food

appetite for

AND

the

than

diminishes

intensityof

diminish, the

Excessive

indulgence.

perpetually increases

the
its

painful intensityof

perhaps,the
its

power

action, tends

to

gratification
attending

indulgence,on
the

of

power

it

action,while

the

other

hand,

appetitesand

the

degree

of

the

ment
enjoy-

attending indulgence perpetuallydiminishes, and

ultimately,almost
is

by

it is to the

of

no

is attended

means

painful to

so

glutton,whiIethe

enjoyment

stranger.

quite entirely lost.

or

in

partaking of

Enslavement
with

former

temperate

finds forms

food

under

the

Hunger,

which

to

the

perpetual consciousness

the

of

power

and

of

deepest
had
its forms.

mental

forms

blessedness, but
mental

of

sounded

the

What

experience?

Let

the

him

And

dost

thou

Nor

ask,

thou

pang

even

love,

low

what

vainly
thou
It Is not

ambition's

must

sensual

secret
and

seek
must

woe

youth?
know

to
fall

to

hate,
honors

lost,

man

as

degrees

latter is

soothe?

self-

form

any
issue
for

in

his

or

in the
ple,
exam-

indulgence

evinced

for himself.

corroding joy

wilt

It Is not

of

ample,
ex-

of criminal

Byron,

result,as

speak

I bear,

And

wretchedness.

depths

was

which

for

appetite,also,

degradation not only utterlyincompatible with

degree

is

in all
dark

THE

SENSIBILIIIES.

bids

That
And

It is that

all I

me

It is that
The

But

To

The

blight

With

all my

What
What
In

pity
on

Man's

that hell every

worst?

from

"

the

and

heart,

appetitesand
to

the

laws

other
and

in
only participates

but

has

the

he

which

are

go,
;

view

the
ask

not

worst.
;

"

unmask

hell that 's there.

the

is not
who

of

already

has

debauchee

principlesof
the

highest
mental

wholesome

health
of

forms

by

purity,not
in

nature's

among

the

sciousness
con-

noblemen.

necessarilyarise

and

denominated

use,

there

and

are

which

from
others
quently,
conse-

acquired^or artificial.

this character

and

drinks.
stimulatingdrugs and intoxicating

the

tion
subjec-

physical enjoyment,

Of

are

The

APPETITES.

custom

properlybe

and

blessedness

physical system,

our

there.

all
wiselydisciplined

propensitiesto

appetites which

induced
may

curst

forbear.

to

reallyranks

those

constitution

search

he

ARTIFICIAL

Besides

to

known
do

nay,

hand,

perpetual

that

mine

livingdrunkard, glutton,and

the other

on

thought.

know.

venture

nor

rapidly descending, if

individual

is to

betides, I've

is that

Smile

his

solace

e'er

be,

demon,
't is

remote,

more

e'er I

retrospection

many

flee?

and

more

clime

tomb.

can

life,the

many

me.

before.

rest

where

of

for

bore;

the

himself

pursues,

Through

for

charm

wanderers

though

zones,

Still,still

is

from

see

gloom

beyond

hope

exile

And

look

cannot

What

careless

Hebrew

will not

or

brings;
a

scarce

settled,

fabled

That

Beauty

have

most.

prings

hear,

or

state.

the

prized

which

meet,

eyes

present

my

all I

pleasure

no

Thine

To

from

weariness

From

To

loathe

me

flee

appetitesfor

the various
The

narcotic

strength

PHENOMENA

ANIMAL

209

PROPENSITIES.

AND

"

of

such

is

abstinence

and

prudence

the

for

the

until

imperious,

more.

unequal

fettered

slave
14

struggle
to

only

voluntary

power

appetite

demanded
the

desire

the

and

such

to

principle

the

and

proportion

reference

indulgence

by
while

diminished,

in

general,
In

tendencies.

destructive
total

in

is,

appetites

deluded

passion.

propensities
by

will

morality
is

power

becomes
is

their

to

more

and
in

overwhelmed

victim

stantly
con-

becomes

210

THE

SENSIBILITIES.

CHAPTER

IV.

EMOTIONS.

Emotions
which
of

relations

to

the

upon

defined, as those

th"

of

states

and immediatelyswcceec? the

directly

thought

any

been

have

in

the mind.

thought,that

Emotions

sensations

presence

sustain

do to

the

AND

CLASSIFIED,

All emotions

impressionsmade

ELUCIDATED.

in their nature,

are,

pleasantor unpleasant,

joyfulor saddening,happifyingor painful,ecstatic

and

cla-ssified accordingly.An

be

may

simply excites,
pleasant or

without

agitating the

unpleasant,according
attended

are

called

with

certain

joyfulor saddening.
painful,while

Those

highestdegrees
ecstatic

or

by

as

the

moral,
favor

hope

good
or

or

fear.

apprehension
or

or

their

of

qualitiesreferred

are

ing
happifywith

\|When

attend

the apprehensi

represented by
which

represented by

induced

are

such

such

terms

or

as,

reprobation,delight or

or

any

the

triumphant,

which

emotions

hate, according
to.

with

attended

are

denominated

emotions

disfavor, approbation
or

agitation,are

positiveexcellences, natural

opposites,are

abhorrence, love

of

called
Those

nature.

attended

are

izing,
agonwhich

is

denominated

which

ill to come,
Those

which
are

are
agitation,

agonizing. Those
of

terms

of

those

its

to

or

emotion

mind,

degrees

still higher degrees of excitement

or

same

physicalorganization.
EMOTIONS

which

sibility
sen-

to

form

the character
of

good, once

of the

pos-

211

EMOTIONS.

sessed

hoped for,has

or

terms

regret, mourning,

as

and

thought,present

future

representedby

are

consciousness

such

regretfulemotions

good

or

ill

denominated

are

induced

in
gratification

view

CAUSES

The
classes

objectsof
of

vice, good

OUR

those

emotions,

Emotions

AS

and

mendation,
self-com-

joyful
contemplation of
When

emotions

EMOTIONS

emotions
of

regret
of

CLASSIFIED.

thoughtswhich

are

classed

as

induce

they

diverse

or

able
deformed, desir-

the

nature

or

and

execrable,
character

induce.

DISTINGUISHED

desires

to

these

able,
agreeableor disagree-

undesirable,lovelyor hateful,excellent

EMOTIONS

are

malign.

OF

feelingswhich

ill

or

induced

by others,such
When

nature,

sufferingendured, by others,such

of

perfector imperfect,according
of the

moral

then

the

pleasantor unpleasant,beautiful
or

tion.
mortifica-

contemplationof good enjoyed,or

the

called

of

or

remorse.

by

endured

or

induced,

and
self-approval,

as

comes
be-

lation
self-congratu-

as

are

virtue

sympathetic.

by

are

defects

induced

are

enjoyed

are

emotions

terms

and
self-reprobation

or

or

words

such

represented by

hope

of

defects,is attended

or

agonizing emotions

desert, the joyful or

of

depreciationand

of conscious

the form

taking on

and

form

then

of agony

such

self

excellences

If such

the

of

misery and despair. The

as

represented by

on

element

the

terms

self-esteem, or

and

take

personalexcellences

of

emotions

with

induced

emotions

wholly extinct,the

objectsof

prevailingaspect

the

When

despondency.

or

When

grief.

or

tending
at-

fact,is represented by

wear

emotions

unhopefulness,the
gloom,

such

apprehension of

the
such

lost,the painfulemotions

been

have

FROM

already

DESIRES.

been

defined.

We

212

THE

desire

the presence
excited

emotions.
the

existence

as

other

emotions,
well

HAPPINESS

is

MISERY

the

emotions,

happy,

unhappy

the

no

of
gratification

pain

when

instead

of

they

is

witness

that

from

than

object,

some

the

death

The
the

or

acter.
painful,char-

individuals,

some

have

of

which

for

The

may

friend,while

knows, give
revenge

very

the

of
gratification

emotions

sires
de-

many

example,

he well

desire

are

pleasant,and

for

man

and

We

of
gratification

otherwise.

sensations

pulse
im-

rived
happiness deupon

with

the

passive

which

such

is attended.
gratification

IDEAS

REPRESENTED

BY

THE

TERMS,

MISERY,
\i When

the mind

is in

of

gratifieddesire depends wholly

im2Jressions,the

state,

sensations

We

desire, will,as

pleasure.

painfulrather

on

SENSATIONAL*

our

of

are

by

the

happiness.
to

from

conditioned.

mistake.

stronglyimpels the will,while

is

causes.

active

an

OUR

of

defined

been

This

stronglydesire

very

character

"

or

to

are

are

STATES'.

great strength, desires

little

affords

and

has

gratifieddesire.
of

ON

EMOTIVE

miserable,

or

or

passive impressionsare

Happiness
as

impelled to

happiness or misery is
our

Desires

distinguishedfrom

sense,

CONDITIONED

nature

our

when

certain

AND

Upon

effects

or

or
pre-existed,

impossible.

what

viously
pre-

passive impressions. Desire,

the mind

OR

be

have

sensations, as

as

hand, is, in

in which

state

would

denominated

desires,are
the

desire

have

painful sensations

pleasurable or

us

and

Emotions,

objects which

of

pleasureor pain must

of

sensations

to

absence

or

in

The

SENSIBILITIES.

HAPPINESS,

NESS,
BLESSED-

ETC.

condition

in which

its sensitive

214

knowledge
that

them, lose their

of

renders
familiarity

therefore

and

which

while

circumstances,

the hatred
while

emotions

come

those

in their characteristic

uance.
transitorycontinin

arise

love

etc., have

in

accidental

upon

of

are

surpriseat

or

of

nection
con-

rightand

acteristic
char-

permanent
the

of

appearance

unexpected circumstances,

the

are

all,while

many

by

with

CONCORDANT

as

instantly.

emotions

part, are

rapid

the

decay

their

of

prise,
sur-

of

such
Other

growth.

ally
contemplation of objectsintrinsic-

the

Emotions

this

of

gradual decay, if they decay

of

are

increase

lapse of

AND

excellent.

or

and

of them

strength,from

maturity almost

terror; and
as

the

of slow

attended

most

EMOTIONS.

maturity gradually,such, for example, as

to

character

full

to

come

commonly

awakened

OF

DECAY

beautiful, sublime,

are

hand,

of

fear, and

wonder,
is

depend

wrong,

AND

character,for

emotions

originalprinciples

permanent

are

defects,and

continuance, disappear forever.

emotions

this

of

those

GROWTH

Some

the

the
affections,

strange,

or

short

the other

the domestic

objects new
after

upon

emotions, for example, which

with

them.

which

emotions, is

our

of their

in

nature

our

those

on

Those

duty, and

conscious

us

depend

of
propensities

over

power

interest

destroysour

Emotions

Of

SENSIBILITIES.

THE

permanent

continuance, and
diminution

than

rather

at

of

time.

SIMILAR

DISCORDANT,

AND

DISSIMILAR

EMOTIONS.

As
before
may

two

or

the mind
co-exist

distinct

more

at

in

the

the

same

objects
time,

consciousness.

so

of

two

Of

thought
or

more

be

may

emotions

co-existent

emo-

215

EMOTIONS.

of

mind

excellence

may

blend

they

two

blend, yet each

so

the

other.

the

upon
most

ones

is

of

commonly

character, and

hence

are

such

as

gloominess,as they
dissimilar

called

as

are

of

our

own.

extinguish
of

child.

emotions.

The

emotions

induced

Cheerful
causes

to

similar

induce

or

may

pride and

of

AND

that

existing in

feelingsin
acts

aware,

Some

by

is,

ant
discord-

tend

to

melancholy

be, are

this

of

emotions.

Other

humility,
gayety

oppositetones

of

and

mind,

emotions.

SYMPATHETIC

All

their

tend

will

wholly unlike, may

called

those

tion
admira-

crimes.

concordant

that

mind.

of

unlike

concordant.

painfulcharacter.

nature

tone

same

do

extinguishes wholly

discordant

by

of the

blend, as

one

for

emotions

misconduct

the

induced

mind

emotions, however

emotions,

often

love

Emotions

to

other,that

called

are

Emotions, in their
the

refuse

part, pleasing,while

for the

are

said to be

by

awakened

of this class

Emotions

induce

are

parentallove

Thus

resentment

effect

other.

tions,
emo-

intensify

are

Such

reprobation for

each

incompatiblewith

are

the

and

personalcharms,

and

class

the

co-existingemotions

Other
for

intensifies

consideration

under

kinds

this

Of

the

for

Other

meet.

his misfortunes.

for

sorrow

personal charms,

blend, increase

thus

not

emotions.

admiration

excellences

characteristics.

other's

friend,and

feelingof

such
do

with

state

new

blended

the

of

associated

common

in whom

while

each

speech

of

into

individual

not

with

concordant

Thus

each

unison, mutually inducinga

in

blend

tions,some

the

other
We

gratitude,courage,

REPELLANT

EMOTIONS.

contemplation of
minds,

tends

to

certain

induce

tions
emo-

similar

contemplate,for example, signal

heroism, or

benevolence

as

316

SENSIBILITIES.

THE

result,emotions
desire

similar

perform

to

of

induced

are

joy

or

ourselves.

thus

Emotions
minds

minds

our

tending
called

are

The

induces

tion
contempla-

similar

emotions

in

emotions

induce

to

the

prompting

ourselves.

acts

in others

sorrow

in other

in

ings
feel-

similar

sympathy,

of

or

sympatheticemotions.
There
tends

other

are

induce

to

in

Acts
of
of

of

emotions

which

contemplation of
unlike

minds, feelingswholly

our

selves.
themings
feel-

cruelty,for example, not only induce

reprobationfor

contemplation of

the

which

emotions

themselves, but

acts

individuals

for the

compassion

the

the

injured. Emotions,

induces

such

called

effects,are

repellant,or unsympathetic emotions.

CONGRtJOUS

Emotions
and

causes,

often

are

when
character

of said

they

do

in the

we

approve

as

high

out

as

the

accord
Emotions
the

for

esteem

in the

objects low,
of

presence
of

place,and

the

harmless

opposite of

and
real
in
what

circumstances, excite

of real

improper.

intensityof
merits

or

the

the

ludicrous,or ridiculous;such

the

afflicted,

ence
indiffer-

or

want,

prove
disap-

we

holds

same

of their
or

objects.
degree,

naturallybe expected
spectator, the

sense

manifestations

for

true,

do not,

feelingsdo, or,

demerits

their

triflingin

danger,

The

feelingssuch

nature, but, in kind

would
in

or

mean,

sufferingand

real

their

; while

proper

ex-

excellent

or

or
peril,
compassion for

in the absence

degree

with

of

suitable,fit,and

as

; of terror

nature

when

midst

the

admiration, for

of

amjDle,for objects reallybeautiful,sublime,

courage

congruou
in-

and

correspond,with

not

Emotions

objects.

objects,or

they do,

when

congruous

in kind

their

with

compared

deemed

are

EMOTIONS.

INCONGRUOUS

AND

in

the

of

the

example.

217

EMOTIONS.

of fear

emotions

as

of

trivial
of

move

of what

All

or

courage

they are

mind
well

of

those

as

When

pleasant

emotions.

Hence,

are

the

or

painful.

of

causes

if not

when

between

its

those

objects.
and

those

ideas

conscious

own

In

only,are

objects,as

is

agreeable,and

are, in

pleased
universally

mental

circumstances
fit and

the

nowhere

more

in the
and

states

in which

proper,

mind

themselves, pleasurable

fullyrealized

are

able
agree-

gruous
conquite universally,

disagreeableto

are

mind

disagreeable

agreeable,or

classed, like other

said emotions
The

emotive

own

contemplated,they become the

unpleasant, pleasurableor painful

propriety,and congruity,and
than

its

others,the objectsof thought and

incongruous ones

that whether

objects.They

EMOTIONS.

objectsof thought^ are

as

gruous,
spectator,con-

their

with

DISAGREEABLE

of

reprobation,of

degree,this compatibility

or

disagreeable.Almost,
emotions,

all of

harmony

of love

thus

or

as

emotions
feelings,
or

in

jects
ob-

tion.
indigna-

or

whether

to the

unfrequently makes

not

contemplation.
causes

horror

or

despair,are

or

AND

AGREEABLE

states, as

praiseworthy,as

feelingsof

in kind

incongruous when

The

and

and
suffering,

or

disgust,admiration

terror, hope

when

and

misfortune

us

or

reprobation.Emotions

or

emotions, in short, of every kind

hate, delight or

are

in

thought,excite

of

of

account

delightin things odious

of

trulyexcellent

is

pearance
ap-

surpriseat things not

or

disgust,
contempt,

our

hardly the

is

vanity on

or

wonder

pleasureor indifference,at

of hate

or

of

Emotions

strange.

or

pride

of

or

excellences, or

trivial
new

danger,

there

when

terror

or

with

ness,
fit-

ly
intense-

relations

their respective

painful emotions,

the mind

is

pleased with

218

SENSIBILITIES.

THE

their

Here

excited

by

of

thought^

the

mind

sensibilities.

have

we

in

"pleasure

would

and

presence,

tragic

such

conscious

the

grieved

are

such

at

explanation

scenes."

scenes

however,

be

of

The

indications

what

painful
are

of

conscious

emotions

exclusively
emotions

their

the

is

called

immediately
;

as

agreeable,
right

sence.
ab-

objects
being

state

of

to

the

V.

CHAPTER

MENTAL

PROPENSITIES.

AFFECTIONS.

THE

propensitieshave

The

or
principles

laws

of

the

or

habitual

is denominated
to

division

ing,
livingbe-

nature,

our

chapter is

phenomena,

and

this class of the

following :

the

enumerate

we

In

"

tain
cer-

ence.
experi-

our

this

object of

mental

of

characteristics.

their essential

propensityis

original

render

in

permanent

or

The

affection.

an

classifythis

which

nature

such

object of

those

defined,as

livingbeings,said principleof

class of

been

sensitive

our

classes of desires
When

219

PROPENSITIES.

MENTAL

give

sities
propen-

love of society^

the

of the sexes^ the love oi friends^

the love

of

hindred^ the love

the love

of

home^ the love oi country^ the love oi benefactors^

the love

of the

species^the

these in the order

above

love

specified.
LOVE

THE

OF

SOCIETY.

social

originalconstitution of our
sort, is so
beings. Society,of some

well

being

the

From

excluded

become

sought as

the

mental

necessary

which,

faculties.

utterlyextinct.
who

flies from

if

human

no

with

the

does

our

When

al
the irration-

alleviation of that

mind

are

we

essential to

long continued,

In

Even

nature,

is intolerable.

society,association

human

desolation

utter

down

is

solitude

absolute

that

from

creation
of

shall consider

We

of God.

would
this

sense

break

principle

thrope
blighted misansocially

societyto

the

solitude

of the

220

THE

wilderness

SENSIBILITIES.

of mountain

or

curses

the

upon

had

from

his

with

that

his

we

would
of

food

be

with

become

minds, andour

loathsome

in the

What

have

we

sort.

some

possess.

could

us,

ocher

we

of

form

no

societyof

all

to

painful to

thought

would

value

gives

encircle

will there

is almost

fullyenjoy without

he

race

he, in his exclusion

; but

There

precates
im-

lation
deso-

the

that

will

utterlyalone

pet brutes.

can

Society indeed
know

Nor

his mental

find

he informed

extinct.

kind, remain

himself

good

become

that solitude

from

would

race,

doubly desolate,were
curses

and

caves,

change
inter-

no

delicious

most

continued

we

absence

of

all social endearments.

LOVE

THE

The
for

term

kmdred

example, as

the

well

and

related
the

to

individuals

nearness

most

or

that

and

this interest

is

child, and
The

absolute

also

some

than

to

who

generally deeper

intense
most

next

enduring,it

of
universality

the

human

in

of

the parent
the tie

strengthis
the

of

being
parent

the

affection
which

from

for the

regarded

is the

that

affection
it

has

nature, and

not

under

its

The

eration
considin

cause

in ths

as

strongest

difficult to determine.
of

the

for

child
is

The

to.

between

their

that

form

undeniably evinces,
originalprincipleof

this

But

be

referred

exists

maternal

would

class not thus

same

relation

aff'ection

paternal.

than

deeper interest

derive

than

dition
con-

generallyproportionateto

which

that

together those

By

is

In the

the circle of recognized

of the

of the

remoteness

parentage.

parent.
more

the

binds

common

child

individuals

endearing of all,is
and

within

naturallyfeel

towards

us, and

fraternal.

and
parental,filial,

being of

entertain

can

KINDRED.

represents all relations by birth;such,

consanguinitywe
we

OF

mere

an

ex-

222

SENSIBILITIES.

THE

in

respect

When

good

to

massed

other, are

together

morals.
the

on

sexes,

in

hand,

other

of

intercourse

affection

for the

union

mankind,

of

the

of

has

this union
mutual

duty,it

of

form

or

one,

both

to

our

with

Social

associate.

induces

mutual

represented by
When

this

is

death

basis

takes

for
the
the

on

in its existence

on

the

the term
the

felt,as

we

meet,

from

spirit
possesses

whom,

as

of

the result

such

part

of

time

to

we

This

condition
social

delight

individuals

peculiar and

of

ity
specialgenial-

circumstances,

such

friendship.
exclusive

consequence,

between

attachment

genialityis

lays the

crime

by

intercourse,under

attachment

ourselves, an

the

it,that when, by

kind,

our

whose
with

and

own,

among

FRIENDS.

OF

LOVE

time,with individuals
for

limited

desire

partiesconcerned.

of the

intercourse

our

by

absolutelypermanent

becomes

THE

In

that

opposite

known

but

the

exclusive

of

partiesin marriage,it

the

activity,unless

and

affection

about
peculiarity

this
of

vows

dissolved

be

most

In

mutual

union

enduring

the

of

the

to

originaland

of

forms

induce

in

sure,

possess.

individuals

which

parties. The

and

account

on

between

to

never

the

of

all to be

can

nature,

our

and

intimate

most

one

of

of affection

forms

sexes,

that

society,and
generated

are

erate
degen-

families, in schools, and

communities

tendencies

necessary

and

genial manners

the most

of

which

perfect morals,

time,

properlyregulated intercourse

development

society.

of individuals

manners,

societygenerally,tends, unconsciously to
the

in

considerable

for any

vulgarizedin

they naturallybecome
in

morals

good

of either sex, to the exclusion

members

of the

and

manners

and

special kind,
conscious
of

tual
mu-

friendship.

intercourse, this

MENTAL

relationshipis established,and
exists.

never
relationship

and

Nothing, however,
induces

that

form

of

of

through
The

high

and

with

combine
of

is not,

their

intellectual

or

condition

in

lost for

among

the

obtain

among

be

known

there

even

as

aught

individuals

immutable

be

bond

forever.

As
the

bitterest

for

is, that
confidence

afi'ection may

malignity,the

friendship. There

are

the

of

relation

betrayed ;

natural

the

bonds

friendship,
however,
of

where

excellence,
all

are

ally
mor-

of

friendship
; and
of geniality
may
which
they may

forms
of

universally
specialconfidences,and

condition

endearing
case,

excellence

friends.

Friendship induces
one

real

cies
specialintima-

account

on

geniality

induce

name

know,

we

endearing

perpetuate

of

pass

genialityof
the

of

heaven,

the

by

the

viduals
indi-

are

into

specialforms

Even

even

friendship.

true

When

own.

perfect,specialgenialities
may
known

There

minds

this,to strengthen and

moral.

as

ration
specialadmi-

social

no

obtains, all forms

real

known

who
characteristics,

have

already stated, any

as

command

other

draws

friendship. The

geniality-

Individuals,on

experience of

no

They

consideration

under

or

with

intercommunion

mutual

friends.

many

men

esteem.

or

admirers, and

many

commanding

which

temperament

of

real friends.

no

is obvious.

reason

have

may

little

life with

admiration,

our

have

esteem, may

or

characteristics of

qualitieswhich

no

felt,that

endearing attachment,

but
disciples,

hand, with

other

Various

it is not

this sentiment

but

friendship.Individuals
attached

when

command

may

women,

223

PROPENSITIES.

few

be
same

perpetuity of
confidence

this

shall,in

betrayed

sunders

derly
tenno

the

supplanted by feelingsof
holds

individuals

true

of

towards

the ties of
whom

we

224

SENSIBILITIES.

THE

experience feelingsof deeper repulsion than

can

those

whom

ties that

have

we

united

once

known

once

friendshiprepulsivelybroken.
under

now

consideration.

obtained
the

is

of the

sources

in

pang

and

time

the

breast

love

of

friend, regard the

society,of kindred, of

distinct

and

and

but
society,
with

genial minds

that nature,

whom

"

originin

sensitive

our

naturallyseek,

as

lost

friends,

of

their

particular,have

principlesof

have

you

and

sexes,

originalprinciplesof

the immutable

desire

in

each

real

great calamity. The

the

gained

If

of

one

soothe,

can

have

you

as

formerly

its loss leaves

so

cause

indeed.

loss

ence,
indiffer-

friendshipis

hardly any
If

to

which

known,

ever

yourself happy

all in common,

From

which

changed

As

hardly remove.

can

friend, think
such

purest bliss

affections

the

to

tenderness

renewed.

again

never

if

principlealmost,

once

the

coldness,or aversion,

This

When

tion
of affec-

rudely betrayed,and

quiteuniversallyprevailsin regard

not

result

exclusive

blighted by cruelty,confidence

dered.
rudely sun-

been

having

is the almost

Misanthropy

special friends,the

as

them

to

us

towards

in

nature.

society,for

we

only

not

we

communion
inter-

recognizeas

can

friends.
THE

"

Home,
There

What
minds

in
which

LOVE

OF

home,

sweet,

is

It

generated

spot, which, in all our

one

specialdwellingplace,
"

as

our

term

permanent

home^ and

abode.

home

sweet

place like home."

no

is it that renders
common?

HOME.

is

that
an

the

sentiment

desire

wanderings,we
placeto
This

the affection

which

may
we

all

genial to

originalprincipleof
universal

the

so

to

our

have

ture,
na-

some

regard as
hope

our

to return

spot is represented by the

which

consecrates

it,and

ren-

ders it sacred

in

naturallydesire
so

we

the

civilizers of

LOVE

did

Mr.

institutions

to

send

Peabody

and

the

the

by referringto

of

other

which

We

love

minds,
This

It

being.
a

form

is natural

does

special love

of
to

man

affection of which

we

takes
the
one's

for whatever

country, and

together with

it harmonizes

country, rightor

wrong."
LOVE

By
to

an

will the

color.

OF

with

THE

original
principleof
good

Under
15

of

the

tends

to

all men,
influence

facts,
human

The

proper
other

of

of

any

in

all

birth.

our

The

its varied

ifestations,
man-

perfectionof
institutions

its

of

highest prosperity,

its honor.

the base

In

maxim,

"

its

Our

SPECIES.

our

nature,

without
of

the

to

these

of

for the

jealousregard for

perverted form,

given

existence.

administration,laws, and

government,

the

exist

land
of

zeal

of

does

interests

should
the

for

the

hatred

speaking,in

now

the form

on

involve

in all conditions
are

why

country.

what

to

universal

rightsor

imply

the poor

same

for both

of

not

the

to

and

of
principle

the

indifference

educate

he has

account

fundamental

giftsacross

devoting the

nations?

exercise of this affection does

human

great

PATRIOTISM.

his munificent

direction

or
patriotism,

nations,or

of the

one

and
institutions,

of

poor

commend

nature,

is

OR

COUNTRY,

of his benefactions?

mass

home

of

country, instead

of his native

world

OP

to enrich

the ocean,

we

society.

THE

Why

As

objectswhich we love,
ceivable
beautifyhome with every con-

love

The

charm.

home.

of

all

of
perfection

naturallydesire

as

is the love

esteem,

our

225

PROPENSITIES.

MENTAL

this

we

are

distinction
we
affection,

impelled
of

race

or

naturally

226

THE

in
participate

the

joys and

of

sorrows

in

being

lifts his manacled

hands

I not

and

Am

"

only to

not

of
as

if he

of

and

make

principlesof

is least

of truth

and

chief

stranger

ago
to

appeared

he
of him
to
on

he

and
that it

was

driven

At

the act

the

at

close

present

one

the

by

saw

ever

The

convinced

of the stranger, and

very

expressing his apprehensions,the

heard

or

record
and

mountain

deep
the

no

nities,
solem-

of the

passing alone,

highwayman.

some

during

grave,

deceased,

of the

Whilst

of the robber

the first crime

to

ciples
prin-

funeral,a

and

cloudy night,through

stopped by

hesitation

his

mourners,

God, and

papers

discovered.

was

was

no

the

the

of

deeper grief.

horseback, during

been

House

again. Among

gorge,

with

disappeared,and

this efifect

the

stranger clad in deep mourning,

"

At

died.

nobleman

his seat

in the

manifested

one

der
nature, activityun-

BENEFACTORS.

OP

Scottish

took

all the services

all the

Of

astray from

us

partial
im-

and

duty.

all present,

and

lead

obey

sensitive

and

mind.

of

sensitive

best

universal

of

frame

and

likelyto

LOVE

Years

sentiment

the

emotive

our

our

suppliant,

We

moral,
intellectual,
spiritual,
we

one

brother.

our

man,

philanthropyour
this

the

from

turn

we

violence,

originallaws

to

when

nature,

moral, but

munities,
com-

the question,

do

we

tice,
jus-

human

asks

"

brother

when

nature,

us, and

before

of

in all

wherever,

not

was

laws

man,

and

intellectual and

our

sensitive

our

the

Whenever

common.

triumph

nations, and

all

libertyamong

reprobate

we

the

injusticeand oppression,and rejoicein

truth,and

kind, rejoicein

our

regret their adversities

and
prosperity,

their

SENSIBILITIES.

ing
breath-

nobleman

that

he

had

pressingnecessity.On
nobleman

was

assured

that

he

you

relief ?"

and

the

the

would

money

the

asked, and

pledged
that

over

as

one

the

stranger

the

giver^ and

questions being

no

one

for the

returns

give^ than
those

benevolent
an

receive

to

which

good

conferred.

beauty

manifested

to

and

duly

and

perfectionhardly less
blot and

blank

cherished

more

forms

blessed

An

of the most

place in

the

to

than
The
part
im-

cherished
of

beauty

coldlyselfish

of God.

has

ever

ful
thank-

more

Gratitude

attractive.

of

recollection

joy lie deeper

character

in the creation

objects that

is

brance
remem-

appropriateacts,

in

recipientof kindlybenefactions, is one

odious

is,gratitude,

genuine gratitude.

character.

impart to

remitted.

and

was,

of

forms

manifested
affections,

ineffable

source

great relief,was

"It

the exercise of

attend

the

full,and

make

yet few

from

year

from

kindly

most

to

amount

always

always impliesa

strong desire

The

was

This

to.

giftreceived^the
a

sum

recipientof

which

succeeding anniversary

every

referred

mourner

at

appear

Just

promised.

identical

same

affection

of

and

would

him,

to

on

that the

doubted

an

So

named,

give a sign then designated,

handed

remitted.

No

if he

bring

was

sum

recipientnot being recognized.

of that event, the

is

The

day, the gift,principaland interest,was,

unknown,

the

and

day

be

handed

was

nobleman.

next

would

of money

amount

assured, that

was

place,the

certain

the

asked

stranger

What

"

correct.

was

227

PROPENSITIES.

MENTAL

mind

ungrateful
repulsive
sphere

of

thought.
THE

By
in the

nature

we

are

is the

perfect.
The

is

whatever

highestidea

sphere of thought.

GOD.

beings,and naturallydelight
religious

contemplationof
excellent,or

OF

LOVE

that

idea

idea

The

have

can

of

beautiful,grand,

an

of
a

eternal

and
infinity

place
mind

within

lime,
subfection
per-

the

possessed

228

THE

of every

idea

possible mental

of

perfect,is

infinitycan

conceive.

are
spiritual,

the

great, central
the

ever

must

be

Love

to

God,

form

and

of

the
a

different

sentiment

relations

days

in

We

terror.

few

suggestionsof

principlesof
resolved

into

into

one

any
The

2.

nature,
the
of

form

each

must
our

one

mind.

THE

assumes

divine

the

mind,

can

is

mind

everlastinglight,
ly
conscious-

When

object

respect

dread

of

with

to them.

AFFECTIONS.

and

original

class

Neither

nature.
nor

nature.

finite,become

referred, to distinct

others;

of the

they ail be

can

be

resolved

principle.
exercise

They

sympathy

OF

be

its

favor

veneration,

When

an

in

the

to

of the affections

general nature

of

with

is attended

and

but

elucidation

our

and

tion
contempla-

of

the

to

is its

nothing

sensitive

common

proper

and

the

ended."

CHARACTERISTICS

They

1.

it

to

close

GENERAL

to

be

can

God

are

be

nature,

of

contemplation.

mourning

moral

reverence,

infinite

"

the

must

emotive

our

attributes

heart,

idea, all

approbationand

awe,

the

of

and

of its

impure, He
and

of

different

as

consciously pure
the

God

His

of

the

the

nature,

all-overshadowing want

objectsof thought
and

one

object of thought

delight,wonder,
;

this

correlated.

consciousness

as

adoration

and

To

solutely
ab-

which

highest form

sensitive

our

immutably

; and

the

of

the

attribute

each

attribute,and

infinite and

higher departments
mind

SENSIBILITIES.

occasion

for the

the

is

affections

genialto

our

passiveimpressionshappifying
pain

suffering;

when

but

they
even

take
then

on

the

they are

universallyagreeable.
3. The

well

being

affections
of

their

are,

in

themselves, disinterested.

respectiveobjects,is regarded by

The
the

230

THE

SENSIBILITIES.

CHAPTER

VI.

THE

Our

"

from

Mr.

desires," says

do

after the attainment

cease

which

desires

of

in

possess

emotions

and

of

states

take

the

affections

The

which
sensibility

thought

desires.

denominated

the

following ;
desire

action,
"

The

of
of

of

The

"

desire

of

desire

"When

of

OF

DESIRE

the mind
the

these

we

or

"

The

THE

of the

authority,

desire

and

those

attains
fact

of

of
or

the

shall

CONTINUED

to

its

of

of

the

The
love

The

desire
of

desire
"

of

objects
consider

of

truth,
"

The
or

superiority, The
love

good

affections,

"

"

"

the

varied

from

or

"

imitation, The

hoarding,

physicalgratification

phenomena

existence,

knowledge,

impulsive

objectiveand subjective,

desire of esteem,

of power,

Among

continued

of

desire

The

to

sations
Sen-

Appetites

seek

to

they

sensibility.

nature.

Those

mind

the

towards

us

distinguishedfrom

as

are

The

tend

us.

the

impel

of

our

do

affections.

active, or

are

impel

around

existence

the

do

They

characteristic

object,"a

of

and

body,

2nd.

1st.

nor
intervals,

states

desires

department

same

distinguishable

are

body.

with

passive

are

their rise in the

sentient

their

common

Appetites,affections,and

of

the

after certain
operate periodically

not

"

following circumstances

their rise from

take

not

Stewart,

the

appetites by

our

They

DESIRES.

desire

ple
princidesire

order.

EXISTENCE.

distinct

and

reflective

sciousness
con-

existence, it experiences an

idea

the

of

presence

of that existence.

for the continuance

instinctive desire
the

231

DESIRES.

THE

the

of

its

of

cessation

In

physical

desire equally instinctive

arises for
irrepressible
of its mental
a continuance
being and activityin another
the hope of immortality"springs eternal in
Hence
state.

being an

seldom

this secret

of

"

this

Author

inward

of

"

when

no

ourselves
heaven

is not

the rest

activitythat

of

tire.

never

constituted,action
our

is

powers,
thus

alleviation.

and

desired,
As

"

For

soon

not
as

DESIRE,

the mind

sensitive

our

of the

nature.

immutable

to

OR

be

life of

mands
de-

inaction.

of

opposed
day

not

nor

as

the
as

powers
a

good

LOVE

without

OF

ful
bliss-

of

state

in

of

rest

As

of inaction,
we

are

taxes
violent, over-

pains of fatigue.

good

bestir

we

forms

or

; and

The

night."

long continued,
the

to

tial
essen-

mind

demanded,

seem

As

induces

however, action is desired

THE

to be.

speech which

of

inaction, but

utter

the

from

cease

form

one

weariness

^'rest
spirits
glorified
now

ing
long-

ACTIO:?^.

proper

of action

the

escape

and

true

forms
specific
to

desire, this

pledge

"

ence,
exist-

are
Thought, motion, activity,

the

of

is

"Whence

continued

never

principleof

physical,is

and

of that nature.
elements

will

poetic

mental

represents another
Action, mental

is

cries:

for

fond

FOR

DESIRE

of rest

"Weary

existence

into naught?
falling

absolute

an

mind

being, that

our

of

desire

pleasing hope, this

THE
"

horror

immortality,"is

after

the suicide

Even

instinctive

and

of continued

experience of unhappiness,and

hope.

dread,and

universal

This

desire

the

repressed by

extinction

the

This

breast."

the human

itself

but

tion
Inacas

an

invigorated,

become
in itself.

KNOWLEDGE.

knowledge

is not

good."

232

THE

human

Universal
maxim.
that

So

flies from
leads

"knowledge

pain,this

for

knowledge

in the

of

"Who
"

mind,

facts,or

is

that

lose, though
love

two

forms,

of knowledge,

in

knowledge

desire

information,and

mer^

mind,

assured,

This

assumes

that

of

in the

would

being ?

called,that

properly so

truth

knowledge

for

woe."

to

the

to

ignorance, when

intellectual

it exists

as

responds

nature

strong is the desire

it often

full of

SENSIBILITIES.

for science

systematic

form.
THE

The

desire to know
and

favor

ourselves,that
the

results

sensitive
the

love

of

is

forms

moral

desert
noblest

of

form.

any

moral

the

little

child,in

able

to

house, to
put

on

OF

of

state
to

universal

to

is called

named,

mere

actions

bad

or

indulged,to
To

As

such.

teem
Eswithin

mind, and

good

sacrifice of

the

reputation in

sacrifice

the

to enjoy
principle,

scious
con-

of

the

purest

and

most

tic
ecsta-

one

the intensest

the great

its shoes
of

POWER.

neighbor who

announce

that fullness
consciousness

first

our

of virtue.

excitement, rushed
father's

enjoy,are

we

principlesof

is
good sacrificed,

DESIRE

to

second, self-esteem.

prompt

to

forms

to

the approbation

conscious

which

form

in the

crime, be

principlein

be

to

lawfullysought as

order, by adherence

and

in the

it may

without

and

immutable

good

be

impulse,however,

possessed of

are

the esteem

and
reputation,

cannot,

we

ESTEEM.

others,minds,

Desire

limits may

proper

that

original and

nature.

of

OF

deserve

we

of

in both

and

DESIRE

without

joy

of power,

the

in that

to

which

had

called

fact,that it

aid of others.

child's mind
it had

at

was

What
It

was

justattained.

its

then
duced
inthe
A

similar

love

mental.

or

objectsaround

of this

individuals

such

exercise

of

in

power

Here
should
all

such

forms

entire

learn.

conscious

and

will then

You
future

after

find real

first

not, the

former

specialnotice.
either

The

mental

over

the latter.

this

nation,

wisest, nor
Yet

or

the

the will of

subjects,and

The
the

is

LOVE

so

OF

find

special

Aim

acquire

to

to

attempt

you

real

clerk,in

the

excellence

in

will

you

ever

AUTHORITY.

appear,

that

in which

the

Whether

this,in

of ruler

and

ruler

of

governor

of

kingdom,
a

love

ruler

this is what

is,in
is meant

many

is

the

not

former

president

always

nation

respects,

so

it demands

subject does
the

of

of power

fact

state, is not
in his

love

the

physical superiorityin

strongest individual
such

ment
depart-

that
peculiarin itself,

relation
or

any

therein.

itself.

manifests

dividuals
in-

principlewhich

of all that

it would

thought,

develops and

imply

after

ever

only possess

OR

DESIRE

abilityto

example

in

power

It is this

authorityis only a specialform

or

for

immutable

an

mastery

not

pleasure

THE

possessionof
the

sphere of thought and action, but

your

At

When,
of

stages of their education.

the

of the

and
student, the apprentice,

the

govern

When

preferred.

activity.

of

revealed

have

we

exercise

perfectedforms, they experience

its

thought or action, they will

pleasurein

the

impart

especiallyof

power,

excellence

acquirereal
of

of all others

ercise
ex-

material

possession and

its exercise.

specialdelight in

love to

whether

us,

conscious
distinctly

become

particularkind

any

the

of

prerogative,are

one

We

activitywhich

of

spheres

Those

distinct consciousness

most

all

over

power

in all minds.

dwells

of power

233

DESIRES.

THE

or

law

by authority.

the

state.
to

We

of

his
are

234

SO

THE

constituted
is

of real

source

the
prerogatives,

ruler

subjectis

the

relations,those

of these

of such

rogative
pre-

In the
delightand gratification.

public estimation,while

each

that the exercise

Maker,

our

exercise of such

proper
in

by

SENSIBILITIES.

is

fundamentally adapted.

in

subjectionto

The

debased.

not

ruler and

of

is ennobled

subject,our

ture
na-

light
people naturallyde-

while
authority,

wholesome

To

rulers

are

blessed in its exercise.

OF

PRINCIPLE

OR

DESIRE

THE

IMITATION.

is,from the immutable

particulars,
laws of his being,a copyist. The child copiesthe man, and
and to a great
imitative beings,our
as
speech,our manners,
extent, our morals, unconsciouslytake form from those of
the
We
us.
community around
naturallydislike to be
and he is a moral
hero who
dares to do right,in
singular,

Man,

in fundamental

oppositionto general example

vfhiGh

fashio7i sways

principleunder
this to

with

country,
the

community

over

consideration.

give it power,
of

reverence

Other

such

for

has its chief foundation

What
Hence

any

before

us

others
form

in

of

in

do,

we

has

influences

for

combine

are

naturallyinclined

tion.
considerato

constantlystands
almost

of

example^ also,

principleunder

livingexample, we

the

the love

the

which
activity

in

associates,and

of

power

power

its basis

example, as

ancestry, respect

principleof friendship. The

The

him.

around

copy.

revealed

unconsciouslytake

on.
THE

When

others, we
same,

have

but

witness

we

OF

any

SUPERIORITY.

form

of

naturallyinclined,

are
as

LOVE

naturallydesire

been. done.

The

desire

to
to

activityperformed
no*t

only

excel what
excel

does

we

not

to

repeat

by
the

perceive

to

imply delight

THE

in the

of excellence

want

less than

actuallyis.

ours

others

what

in

others, nor

On

the other

do,

can

or

are,

235

DESIRES.

that theirs

hand, when

know

we

naturallydesire

we

shall be

reach

to

higher degree of excellence,and rejoicein the thought that

have greater forms and degrees of excellence
than they
we
and

is action

Nor

constitution

it the progress

to

and

higher forms

and

is the

such

That

possess.

degrees of
this

under

thought

the

in my

wrong

excellence
in

moral

in any

but

in

violating,under

law

of

duty.

is to

Whatever

naturally
and
of

enjoyment

good

control
and

to

it,is

over

to

property,
human

our

the

or

and

we

have

our

minds

The

is

to

in the
action

proper

induces
is

sire
de-

mere

under

it,

desire, the

that

of

of

form

retain

to

delight,we

and

for future

idea, that

The

form

rightin it, and

of

source

any

use

great delight,

feelingnaturallyinduces

same

of

My

Where

desire

this

exclusive

an

such

control.

love

If

interest

object of

of
gain possession
under

now

to

itself.

HOARDIXG.

OF

possessed.

is ou7'S, that

attain

to

influence

possess,

when

enjoyment.

desire
not

desire

the

an

us

of

form

DESIRE

THE

in

consists,not

that wrong

entertained,nor

owing.
chiefly

engaged.

am

higher

detraction, here
or
jealousy,

envy,

and

wrong,

his ?

perfectthan

spiritof

is

deniable,
un-

given department

some

desiringand aiming

more

the

me

in

which

activityin

or

societytowards

excellence

well

is

nature

our

principlewrong

neighbor for example, does

of

of

of

forms

of

we

have

Thus

hoarding," a

good
the

universal

which
desire

the
are

of

of
principle

nature.

THE

"Order

DESIRE

is heaven's

OR

first

LOVE

law,"

OF

as

ORDER.

consequence,

the

236

THE

of order

love

mind.

is

SENSIBILITIES.

first and

There

is

natural

The

that all

absence

of

action, is
is the

are

of

1.

The

to

be

into

principleof

that the

not

of

all

seek

is

and
itself,
of each
3.
of
and

Our

action.
awav

the

of

they

of

such

as

Before

from

classes

every

; and

and

this sense,

good

any

as

do

not

the

self,
it-

such

or

general

pulse
im-

not, for

ample,
ex-

happy,

us

such

in

near

more

any

referred

impels

as

regarded

was

impulsive^

desire

in

consequences

make

account

Each

any

will

its

are

sake,

own

We

knowledge

desires

other

universal

as

appear

be

can

into any

nor

self-love.

reason.

other

classes,

neither

disinterested

knowledge

own

of these

that

under

nor

made,

of the

required upon

originalsusceptibilities

others

for its

account

on

on

important

sensibility.

sought

it for that

were

or

DESIRES.

each

reason

is
principles

nature,

our

thought

every

are

under
and

Yet

the

first say, that

So

nature

anticipatedfrom,

remote,

then

general

nature.

object

and

THE

obvious

or

any

of these

Each

of

order.

of

deep disquietude. Order

UPON

distinct

to

positiveimpulses of
2.

rules

to

efficiencyin

included

for the

our

general principles,

us.

referred

resolved

phenomena

nature,

our

of

for knowl-

action.

of

subjectbefore

the

under

department
of

REMARKS

remarks

few

desire

conformed

source

and

GENERAL

condition

thought

of

things be

mind

immutable

sphere

universal

order, in any

the

to

and

sal
of univer-

attribute

facts classified

edg"esystematized, for
and

fundamental

and

reflex calculations
as

it

was

good

in

desired.

to.

regulative principles
mind

other, object. The

towards

its own,

must
intelligence

238

THE

ondary,

when

desire,

of

have

we

our

portion

will
willed

impels

nature

of

That

artificial.

or

natural

SENSIBILITIES.

our

desires

which

desired

be

the

us

are

as

conduces

of

attainment
to

of

desire
this

to

means

and

class.

any
seek

gratify

to

that

object,
it.

So

end.

law

large

VII.

CHAPTER

GENERAL

the

Among

239

PRINCIPLES.

ACTIVE

GENERAL

PRINCIPLES.

ACTIVE

universal

general active principlesof

mind,

ples
followingrequirespecialattention;to wit, the princi-

the

the

conscience, and
self-defense,self-love,

of

love

of

justice.
SELF-DEFENSE.

That

the

may

under

slightestobserver
also

inquireinto
and
the

of

or

unintelligent.In

to

escape

to

remove

the

cause

case

the

stances.
circumthe

feelingsare

may

the first

be

our

lives

intelligent

feelingexcited

is

either

the

apprehension.
from

the

action

of the

intelligent
one,

an

to

prevent

the

Hence

presence

feelingsof displeasuretowards
impelling us

causes

if

impending evil,-^adesire impellingus

destroy
is

either

these

such

endanger, either

The

so

inquire into

to

under

excite

is,not

arises

or

ourselves
or

arise

impulse

desire

of fear
the

but

which

particularinterests.

our

the

nor
self-defense,

of

means,

powers

or

arrest

what

us.

individuals,who,

yield to

not

lawfulness

which

causes

of certain

the emotion

few

surround

present occasion

feelings which

The
action

by

the

tional,
ra-

existence,is obvious

are

the

My object on

lawful,when
nature

there

only of

law, not

facts which

circumstances, would

certain

to

the

of

that

remark

of this law.
much

universal

irrational,sentient

also of

but
to

principleis

this

cause

the desire
the
evil

of

the

cause,

itself.

In

is associated

or

to

case

with

agent himself, strongly

intended, by destroying

240

THE

to inflict it.

his power
to

SENSIBILITIES.

the

make
1. As

On

this

feelingI

followingremarks

it

important

originalimpulse

an

deem

of

nature, it has

our

moral

no

qualities.
2. It differs
aimed

at

the

aims

is

interests,real
It is under

4.

and

Virtue, and

us

except when

to

the

here

Within

impulse

under

prevent

the

injury
this,can

the

of

hearts

our

limits

laid

to

to

all

hated

by

mind,
to

as

opposed
darling

some

set.

are

passing remark

lawfully yield

we

Just
the

of

the

demands

may

far,I

so

impending

answer,

the

to
as

to

Whatever

evil.

in order

endure

antagonist must
be

things.

almost

be

never

will, or

our

consideration?

never

who

wrong.

can

before

placed

which

occurrence

individual

that
principle,

excellence

purposes

what

blow

perpetrated.

inquirypurely ethical

An

6.

rightor

are

moral

gratification
upon

totallydifferent

this

of

men

they are

inflexible

the

off

principleoperating in regard

cover

upon

ward

inflict positiveinjury

to

are

assumed,

the

injuriesinflicted
5.

disarmed,

universal

disarm

to

proceed

to

To

revenge.

simply

or

is

he

after

from

then

blow, and

3. This
all

body,

my

him

upon

in kind

accomplish

to

account.

our

SELF-LOYE.

This

is

former
of
as

under

feelingor impulse

with

connected

in

the

the

idea

of

The

applicable to

term

to

consideration, impels the

pleasure,when

necessary

to

nature,

be

"

secure

our

elucidated
tion
concep-

necessary

existence.
mind

impulse

an

idea

well-being should

entire

our

our

well-being; an

shown

chapter,and
reason.

of

to

be
The

sacrifice

stood
under-

feeling
present

general well-being,

GENERAL

and

241

PRINCIPLES.

present evils for the

endure

to

ACTIVE

same

reasons.

mark
re-

impulses,such
and

towards

mind

with,

all

are

lar,
particu-

happens, that
these

will

and

one,

the

propensities,

impulse under

the

of

conformitywith

in

These

of

the

to

determinations

The
sometimes

opposed

are

or

affections,which

it often

action

the

impulses arising from

other

spective
irrepresent gratification,

Hence

of the future.

all the

from

chapters.

in former

impel the

coincide

kind

in

desires,and
appetites,

as

illustrated

were

differs

impulse

1. This

eration.
consid-

accordingly

are

sometimes

with

the

other.
2.

The

distinct

Equally

simply impels the

former
The

when

is this

interests

our

will to choose
in

consists

latter

our

the

to

piness.
hap-

own

this

yielding to

opposed

are

selfishness.

principlefrom

impulse

higher good

of

others.
3. This

is

conditioned

is the

mistake

as

is

the impulse being

principle,

have

we

Wayland

has

desire,impellingto

of

only

one

among

many

idea

nature

seen,

of

is

for their

but

other

active

from

influence,

exist in the

acts
particular

this

becomes

now

totallydistinct

shown, would
no

well-being.

maintaining that

our

and
propensities,
particular

President

the

of

utilitarians in

principleof

Self-love,as

our

form

active

development
of

active

only

obvious.
all

rational
the

on

The

4.

mere

whatever.

It

principlesof

our

nature.
CONSCIENCE.

The
based
based

ideas
upon

the

as

16

right and

two

those

upon

considered

of

the

former;
of

merit

wrong,
and

and

testifyingstate

of

merit

of reward

and

and

demerit, and
of the reason,

demerit,

punishment
conscience

have

been

242

SENSIBILITIES.

THE

in former

illustrated
sufficiently

analyze the phenomena

here

to

with

the above
1. That

ideas.

in all
the

by

which

emotions
alone

perceptionis
the

the

by

to the

strong feelingof love

rejectthe

and

one

3. When
a

also

that

attended

attended

with

beauty, and

those

ful
delight-

of moral

beauty

That

ened
awak-

is wrong.

perceptionsthere
is what

is

always

choose

to

is called

of

the

the

sive
impul-

anguish

shall

we

pation,
joyfulantici-

the

or

the

always

are

called

are

good conscience,

always

receive

judgments

fear, which

and

is

punishment, and

or

feelingsof delightand

of

of

These

there

wrong,

reward

deeds.

our

joys

rightor

expectation,that

or

certain

or

is perceived

and
beauty, fitness,

hate, impellingus

deserve

with
or

or

done

we

judgment

reward

due

above

other.

have

we

judgment

there

conscience.

of

power

actions

intrinsic

what

contemplation of

2. In reference
a

remark

Preciselythe oppositefeelingsare

excite.

can

idea of

only remains

connected
sensibility

the

virtuous

certain

of

accomplish this,I

rightand

mind

propriety,which

To

It

chapters.

the

mony
testiof

pangs

remorse.

that

Now

judgments
the

function

above

conscience.
considered

the

the

one

the

to,

togetherwith

give existence

Conscience

is neither

by themselves,
hand,

which

reason

complex operations of

has been
on

referred

which
sensibility,
those

of

but

to

the

the

both

as

the

these

mere

denominated
the

nor

Hence

latter,
science
con-

susceptibility,

exclusivelyrational

an

of

constitute
feelings,

mind,

former

the

us

functions

together.

wrongly defined, as
and

gives

on
faculty,

other.
LOVE

In the presence

OF

of actions

JUSTICE.

right or

wrong,

all

men

not

GENERAL

only
but

universal

This

and

principle,
turn

stage

desires,

impelling

impulse

and

love

the

of

case

prey

the

and

necessary

in

human

feelings

happy,

called

is

inward,
of

or

reward

called

are

be

may

what

last

what

243

PRINCIPLES.

deserve

agents

feelings

"

virtuous

the

to

the

experience

opposite,

is

that

judge

ACTIVE

of

aggravated
upon

anguish.

the

or

good-will,

of

us

vicious

of

justice

choose,

to

or

of

moral

induces

itself.

that
This

and

nature,

our

the

or

miserable.

guilt,
mind

punishment,

stitutes
con-

order.
the

This

will
is

the

244

THE

SENSIBILITIES.

CHAPTER

VIII.

COMPLEX

We

come

the

to

to

now

second

our

the

of

phenomena

respects those

PHENOMENA.

sensibility,an
which

but
regarded as simple feelings,

states,
the action
In
to

before

us, and

would

which

all

with

the

inquiry

conclusions

subsequent

our

with

first direct attention

principlesconnected

upon

plex
com-

both.

or
will,or
intelligence

fundamental

generallybeen

feelingsassociated

approaching this subject I

few

of the

have

which, in reality,
are

certain

of

composed

inquiry which

"

mind

of

states

general inquiryin regard

will be based.
1. The

and

spontaneous

phenomena

necessary

and intelligence,
are
sensibility

alike

destitute

of

the

all moral

of

qualities.
2.

We

only, i. e.
which

accountable

are

for those

3. In

characterized

as

elements

are

rightor

wrong,

Hence,
The

place all
v^rong

all

complex

rightand
not

in
the

upon

and

perpetuity of

wrong,

the

themselves,
other

of

states

mind, which

moral
other

but

will.

our

and

are

voluntary

elements

being

their existence

because

voluntary element.

or

clearlyperceive,

we

of

error

certain

rightor

feelings^

whereas

nor

existence

mind

of

states

directlyor indirectly
upon

that is

rioht

voluntary

always identical, the

depends
4.

to

respect

the

states

either

depend,

for

wronof.

wrong

philosophersand
in moral

divines

agents,

in

right or

in themselves, are
feelings,

Also,

who

er
neith-

246

desire, when

towards

directed
such

parent

is numbered
prohibition

among

divine

of the

of

this

which

by

other

our

in

principle. Sin

of

the

will

other

to

who

subjectsall

impulses

virtue

of his

is

hand,

the

of

nature

sinner

is

being

the

word

the

of

of
The

love.

nature

of

forms

all the

expresses

one

will

the
the

is

forms

love, as

inquirein subsequent chapters.

will
invited

now

the
in

All

by

sin, to wit, selfishness.Of

Attention

one

in

nature

to

nature

Bible

presented,we

this

our

virtuous

holy or

the

or

that

will,so

consist

of

tates
dic-

strongest feeling,for the

expressed in

the other

will to the

God.

of

conscience.

on

for the

names

hand,

the

opposite word,
above

will

Holiness

subjectedto

apprehended by
are

of vice

tics
characteris-

to the divine

other

The

him.

the

the nature

other.

the

impulses

the

or

being, controls

as

the

are
principles

vice, on

those

different

words,

time

God,

vice, and

subjectionof

impulse.

mere

tions
prohibi-

important to pointout

in other

conscience

oppositionto
creature

and
the

subjection of

other.
an-

VICE.

realitybut

and

powers

AND

and

in the

conscience,"

of

to

consequently

the fundamental

distinguishedfrom

are

thing, consist

same

all

is

one

virtue, which

and

it

sin,virtue

and

crime, and

of

VIRTUE

deem

place I

holiness

belongs

law.

HOLINESS

At

which

that

it is the

As
its

SENSIBILITIES.

THE

to

few

general

remarks

upon

SELFISHNESS.

Selfishness
supreme
that all

as

very

regard for
men

our

unrenewed

selfish,is contradicted,

parentalaffection

which

generallyunderstood,
happiness.To

own

the grace

by
for

of

example, by

may

be

seen

consists

in

in this

sense

say

God,

are

all the

supremely

instances

of

throughout the world.

COMPLEX

But

the selfishness

above

of such

the

is met

ready subjectionof
all unrenewed

sense,

their

others.

their

We

to

the

In

selfish.

have

former

they

oppositionto

is

our

permanent,

as

permanent

or

of mind

have

ity
sensibil-

well

being

forms

two

ness
selfish-

of

is

Attention

of

vited
in-

now

to

Now

the

thus

; the

in

in

minds,

our

this

injuryby destroying
feelingwill be temporary

When

will coincides

the

with

perpetuates its existence, the complex

is called

malice

latter in the

hatred.

is the hatred
are

in what

former

power

oppositionin questionis regarded

induced

and

other
an-

the

prevent

personal objectsit
Wrath

whenever

necessarilyarises

temporary.

thus

that

seen,

interests,a strong feelingof

or

anger,

justas

impulse and

the

gard
re-

MALICE.

WRATH,

purposes

inflict it.

to

or

Bible.

of the

contemplated as exertinghis

feelingimpellingus

towards

general

coveting.

chapter we

called
displeasure,

state

They

gardless
regardlessof right,re-

go,

the

of

or

this

In

considerations.

stronger impulse

already considered

individual

his power

all other

in

third.

principleof duty,

some

supremely

the

own,

strong action

are

HATRED,

forms

when

of the word

former.

wit, lustingand

; to

this

sense

latter to the

them, thither

of

in the

the

men

direction

directs

by

above
gratification

own

whatever

In

persons,

explained,will readily appear

parental affection

of

247

PHENOMENA.

called

deliberate

directed

forbidden

hatred, in its

maybe

more

When

the

more

more

in the
excited

tuous,
tempes-

form.

GLUTTONY.

This
of food.

has

been

commonly

Considered

as

defined

state

of

to

mind,

be

excess

it is the

in the

use

subjection

248

THE

of the
not

will to the
the

only to

SENSIBILITIES.

and
impulse of appetite,

dictates

of conscience

that in
also

but

opposition

of self-love.

LICENTIOUSNESS,

Considered

in the

license

to

will with

this

reference

to

impulse,and
the

of

unlimited

impulse,whatever
such

of

the

ed
unrestrain-

its direction

the

of

concurrence

be.

may

the absence

nothing but

persons,

the

of

in

lust,consists

in the

sin, and

commission

full of

form

In
the

of

of indulgence,will prevent
possibility
fornication.

adulteryor

adultery,and

cannot

are

eyes

sin."

from

cease

Their

"

AVARICE.

in

Consists

hoarding
which

in

money

the

subjection of

reference
is

to

money

will

the
or

to

the

to

those

love

of

objects for

commonly exchanged.
REVENGE.

Revenge
of the

used

such

criminals

upon

it is attributed

it is to be
as

numbered

is not

to

God,

among

the

prohibitedin

the

designatethe operation

in their

forbidden

by inflicting
upon
correspondingto
I receive

them.
Instead

of
I

only wished,
and

of
spirit

blow

of

but

sought.

being wrong,
But
of

or

an

its influence

injury upon

the

currence
con-

wrath, and hatred,

described

above,

or

or

individuals

"

injury

an

supposed, received

injuryfrom

some

from

individual.

suppressingthe feelingof displeasurethus

yieldto

venge,
re-

is sought
of this spirit
gratification

injury,real

an

anger,

were

individual

an

instead

deserved

brightest virtues.

forms, which

in which

concurrence

which

Bible, consists in that kind

of the will with the

to

the operationin
principleof justice,

retribution
As

is sometimes

by seeking

offender.

This

to

inflict

is revenge.

cited,
ex-

sponding
corre-

The

various

are

infliction

the

in which

ways

the

of

directlythrough

; as,

249

PHENOMENA.

COMPLEX

our

endeavoring

divine

against the

own,

object of

others

of

the

assumes

with

last
der,
slan-

of

surmisings,evil speaking,

evil

detraction,defamation, and

our

the

form

by

or

power,

displeasure. In

our

commonly

most

revenge

sense,

influence

the

associate

to

sought,

instrumentality,

own

of
by imprecating the interposition

or

be

injury may

etc.
PRIDE.

Pride

when

ourselves

of

in
inferiority,

When

as

in which

contemplationof

such

heavy

The

command

in that

denunciations

he is
be

to

very

be

the

exalted,"

proud.

shame

degradation,the

very

the

author.

above

named

represents pride

Pride, as
esteem.

defined

If so, I

Further, the

not

in

; for

view

No

wonder

excusable

"

consequent

is

or

mere

the

tainly
cer-

that

in the

Bible.

degree rejoice

as

direct

mand
com-

infer,will

must

that

it is declared
of

their

conscious
defined

by

also,that this writer

merely,

by others, consists

reply it

is

wonder

humility,as

of

essence

as

low

spiritsalso, we

Lost

pride,it

well

be considered

must

filled with

of

attends

ately
that immedi-

this is
may

brother

ternal
ex-

understood

be

must

againstit

the resurrection

at

we

made

are

also,"Let

humble

they shall

feelingand

in the

or

single emotion

contemplation." If

innocent

very

the

to

the contemplation

emotion, which

excellence,

those

placed." Again:

maybe

we

"

as

superiorityor

our

body,

or

be that

to

our

phrase

the

follows

be

pride

define

limitingthe

mind

Brown,

attend

regard

we

of
qualities

any

circumstances

the

Dr.

by

feelingsof joy and sadness, which

vivid

"

defined

humilityare

and

in

blunder,

but

inordinate
a

worthy."
praiseself-

misjudgment.

effect,has, in the

above

250

SENSIBILITIES.

THE

mistaken

definition, evidently been

will

of the
love

pride?

is

then

What

the

choosing,or willingas
shalt

Thou

be

desires
are

universally. Pride

case

degradation,and
individual

the

things great
this

we

with

the

those

loftyairs
in

denominated

question is

excellences, such
a

graceful form,

feeling thus
Again

the

means

desired

the

the
of

are

regarded

object,the

feelingof regret

and

as

concurrence

hatred

thus

to

with

assume

the

When

ment
judg-

beautiful

is

that

called

when

which
the

barrier
of

excited

to

face,

with

will

the influence

others

self-exaltation,or

will

the

the

what

under

or

possessionof trifling
of

concurrence

possession of

elevation

individual

superior equipage, a

individual

an

individuals

the

the

upon

an

feeling of joyful

haughtiness.

based

When

possessionof

of

the

excited, constitutes

When

perceivesin
such

as

with

concurrence

feeling in question,induces

the

conscious

the

the

the

means

no

wealth, knowledge,

as

is attended

judgment

by

with

upon

really

self-esteem

obtained

is based

cause

he

is mortified.

have

the

as

and

is what

attended

themselves, such

in

this

ject
chosen, the sub-

this is

say
to

judgment

exaltation,which,

of

as

himself

judges

desired, and

power,

thus

tation.
exal-

own

essence

Inordinate

But

is often

our

Choosing

he

the

or

consists

essence

is thus

pride and

subjection

esteem,

good,

that

united.

commonly

very

of

very

is the

this end

hence

be, and

to

such

easily assume

very

may

Its

gods."

as

When

all sin.

of almost

desire

supreme

as

is the

It

answer

united.

both

or

great good, is pride, and

as

in
by pride pre-existing

control of the

the

to

of power,

"

or

The

cause.

mind.

the

in

evidentlycaused

is

misjudgment

the

for

the

vanity.
of

he

pride,
desires

possessions of
the

the

attainment

will

and

constitute

the
eiivy.

COMPLEX

in

Envy

its turn, becomes

burnings, detraction, slander,

host

nameless

other

of

251

PHENOMENA.

the

fruitful

and

evil

of

which

crimes,

of heart

cause

speakings, and

is the root

pride

fountain.

and

EMULATION.

When

other

individuals

them

the esteem

to

secures

to

seek

as

to

seen

to

the

that

possess

desired, pride induces

superiorityin respect

means

pride assumes

are

the end

desired

to

the

its subjects

same

willed.

or

which

sions,
posses-

In this form

aspect of emulation.

AMBITION.

Ambition
emulation

is

only

only in respect

its

to

exaltation,but everything else

that

to

is

supreme,
lawful
not

end.

which

contribute

to

of

virtuous

and

the

education

the

of

spiritof

existence

emulation

in

pupil yieldsto

the influence

formation,

merely

not

acceptationof
an

absolute

the

of

term, of

the

things
such

virtuous

individual

are

it is

ciples,
prin-

becomes

as

appeal

an

the

pupil.

"

to

bear

religious,but
virtuous

As

ambition,

to

far

upon

in

the

as

the

him, the
common

character,becomes

impossibility.
JEALOUSY.

the

Jealousyis the
subject to take

twin
from

sister of
others

becomes

As

of

self-

principleis so dangerous

brought

of

in

regarded as

All

the

young

be

from

consists

means

in view.

action,when
the

It

means.

No

differs

its control

end

subjectto strong temptation.

in

may

when
of

as

the

only incompatiblewith
but

which

Ambition,

perfectlyreckless

objects.

others

to
willing not only a superiority

means

pride,and

of

form

one

envy.

that

As

which,

envy
in

our

induces
posses-

252

exalt

will

sion,

us

exaltation,

our

the

others

them.

as

SENSIBILITIES.

THE

To

possessing
to

take

if

or,

possessed
leads

jealousy

the

envious

that

from

mind

which
him

makes

that

he

all

which

will

others,

individual

one

which

designs

same

by

is

are

he

towards

values

either

enemies,

wretched,

or

above

in

suspect

cherishing

beings
him

to

prevent

ing
design-

as

all

price.

254

will.

the

in

Here

the

we

In

convictions

that

when

any

form,

we

disbelief

take

the form

on

of

and

these

there

place,each
and

These

of the

one

will

of

supernatural,divine
theology,
these

designated

they

in the

we

they

prohibitedact
moral
in

wrong,

subjection,
in

the

next

are,

like

our

be

treated
to

other

they are

commence

functions.

reference

mental

to

not

and

dation.
following eluci-

also

pertainsto

agency,

and

remarks

that

its proper

will

whether

truth, or

bility,
sensifaculties,the intellect,
exercises

Whether

of

to

held

consciousness, without

cause.

results

be

induce

virtue.

religiousaffections

states

origin or

made

and

will, enters

The

pure

mental

in

then
objects,

religiousaffections,I remark,

functions

simple

moral

but
criminality,

all the

the

feelingsprompt

any

general,

feelingstending

their

when

as

In

will ?

ignorance

any

promptly suppressed and

are

is,not

Into

in kind

same

When

performed.

when

to
wishing relatively

is the
criminality

our

part, will

our

truth

to

voluntarilyentertained, so

are

wrong

So

in

relations

truth, then

said

of

criminal.

both

are

to moral

belief

and

knowledge

integrityon

honest

the

upon

remark

may

such

for his feelings

of his intellect

they depend

into

brought

are

that

do

great problem

accountable

man

inquirywe

an

the

judgments

or

sense

such

regard to

is

sense

words, in what

other

with

presented

are

what

In

theology :
and

is

SENSIBILITIES.

THE

the

the

as

their

states, the
results

science

science.

of

of Biblical

Having

elucidation

with

the

subjectof
REPENTANCE.

In

actual

mind,

every

violations

of

benighted heathen,
not

sinner

"

there
the

is
law

of

asked

when

replied:

immutable

an

"

Do

duty,
the

you

that

conviction
is of

suppose

that

sin.
Are

"

question,

of

am

you
such

fool

the

to

not

as

"

words,

of the

mind,

as

imposes;

be, neglected

may

all forms

abandon
with

its powers

demands

all the
it may
of

the law

of

of

real

and

resisted,and

be

The

mind

repentance,

for sin it has

of

the

all

with

involves,
"

hold

in the

on

with

other.

the

mind

then

with

sincere

the

immutable

abandons
"

ments
voluntary elethe

the

one

hand,

latter

state,

purpose
of

of

which

regret, hatred
obedience

emotive

of wrong,
to

the

as

and

and

in all its

bating
repro-

forms, and
of

activity. This,

its future

duty

acts, are

states,

and

desires

will of

God

for entire

and

the

state.

attended,

feelingsof deep
law

moral
of

as

repeat,

voluntary mental

fact

that

concerned, the

heart," adopts the law

contemplated

certain

all

to

rejectssin

convictions, purposes,
with

and

sion
admis-

and

personalsinfulness,

duties

before

and

rule

is repentance,
These

that

of transgression.

way

the

In

of

and

consequences

fact,and

or

hide,instead
self-justification,

of

voluntarily confessing,condemning,

this

all
to

time

in all future

inexcusableness

\\\Qfactand

cerely
sin-

as

conform

is,first of all,a voluntary entertainment

there

bate
repro-

yield up

to

impenitence^ on

on

as

may,

and

intent

duty

presented

are

we

involves,

and
ill-desert,

sincere

full and

the

characterize

which

it

doing, and

wrong

and
confess, its criminality,
Here

and

of

the attitude

assume

it may

criminalityand

inexcusable

its

the

tained,
voluntarilyenter-

conviction,that

the

intellect

exists in

consequences

or

viction
con-

the

sincerelyconfess, condemn

; it may

excuse

be

suppressed.

or

entertain
also, voluntarily
no

it may

all the

of

it

duties

all the

far

view

common

this conviction

universallydoes,

it

as

with
and

While

in this exercise.

takes

the

part which

is the

Here

race.

expressed by

sentiment

sinner," constitutes

am

The

that ?"

know

255

PROPENSITIES.

RELIGIOUS

of

cessity,
ne-

sorrow,

purity
duty,
"

256

emotive
the

on

SENSIBILITIES.

THE

hand, and

one

the

representedby

Scriptures"godly sorrow,"

hungering

"

Such

other.

the

on

state

in the

denominated

states

and

thirstingafter righteousness

is that

complex

mental

word, repentance.
FAITH.

mind, these convictions,among

In universal
a

"

prominent place, that God

is independent and
that God
and

is merciful
and

creatures,
all

all,and

them
to

to

that

available

relativelyto

all

convictions, and

by

of moral

sealingact

interests

immortal

and

its mortal

it
activity,

puts forth

then

will of

God

Faith

absolutely,and
his

obeying

universal

confidence

reposed

exercise.

In

for absolute
is the absence

other

is

in God

in
trusting,

is not

mind
these

in

the

in the

of this

of

absence

presence

words, faith

trustworthiness.

trusting him

of

valid

valid

in God

Unbelief,

the

law

nominate
de-

which

of

ascertained

universally
the

viction
con-

trustworthiness.

absolute

and

as

implicitlyunder

him

and

care

element

voluntarily reposed

confidence

trustworthiness.

Faith

meet

exercise

mental

"

of

to

election,intrusts

faith, faith the fundamental

"

law

the

divine

that

as

interests,God,

the

to

keeping,acceptingand trustingthe

is trust,

we

infinite,

are

fullness
real

our

that

the absolute

necessities

perfect and

God

creator

our

as

the

that

judge, and

our

him

voluntarilyrecognizes the validityof

and
distinctly

and

to

them, is absolutelytrustworthy. When

meet

of its

God,

his will

make

while

"

God

that

lawgiver and

bound

are

sustain

we

finite,

are

"

"

our

we

dependence,

sinners,

are

is

that

universal

activity; that

our

is in

there

and

we

preserver,

his
of

is infinite and

"

relations of absolute

others,have

reasons,

on

for its

reasons

is absolute
the

but

respect

other

hand,

respect; it is disbelief,or voluntarj^dis-

infinite

of

The

of

"staying

the mind
and

hope

the

A
that

few
form

his known

words

may

of

its basis

in

save

from

salvation
in trust

be necessary

revealed

their sins.
conviction

This

is what

Christyas they are

the

apostlePaul

whom

I have

is

of

specialand

Christ

is

to

save

in this relation

has

trust

of

the

Christ,to

in him

for

such

consists,in its essential nature,

him

of trust

all

of

voluntarysurrender
This

act

of

its

trustioorthiness

put their

other; and

sin.

on

nature

personal sinfulness,on

voluntarilyreposed in

from
control.

of

of the absolute

the

God,

explainthe

Faitli in him

their sins all who

on

to

mission

hand, and

one

committing

trustworthiness.

The

the

"

towards

respects Christ, as

from

men

phrases

its fundamental

faith which

specific
object.
lost

God," and

exercised
voluntarily

of

ground

in

hands," all implying,as

trust
characteristic,

and

the

In

subject.

God," "trusting in him," "placing

on

confidence

His

to
spirits

the

from

given obviously corresponds

Testament, it is representedby such words

our

reasons

respect withheld

teachingsof inspiration
upon

our

"

it is

assent;

faith above

of

view

the

Old
as

for

weight

in the presence

trustworthiness.

known

with

cherished

and

sent, entertained

257

PROPENSITIES.

RELIGIOUS

our

is also

by
in the

expressly teaches.

believed, and

am

one

the

end,

attended

and

powers

meant

employed

for this

tion
salva-

with

interests

to

his

words, believingin

New
"

Testament.
I

know," he

persuaded that

So
says,

he is able

I have committed
to keep that which
tarily
(volun(trustworthy)
him
unto
againstthat day."
intrusted)
ways
emotive
The
states
attending the exercise of faith alof the truth
apprehended,
correspond to the nature
and

the attitude

emotive

states
17

in which

it is

contemplated

represented by

such

terms

at the

and

moment,

phrases

as

258

"

"

THE

quietnessand

assurance,"

joy unspeakable
Into

the

the

of

truth

is

of the

and

its

susceptibility

will

intellect.

The

effect

the

upon

in accordance

are

correspond with
of the

Some

appropriatepart.

object of contemplation, while

convictions

the

joy in God,"

"

and

power

feelingsexcited

the

of

the

God,

glory."

bears

apprehended by

nature

heart

full of

and

the

with

peace

of faith every

enters

or
sensibility,

the

and

exercise

mind

SENSIBILITIES.

the

with

the

minations
deterthe

feelingsof

intelligence.

LOVE.

To
be

before
bring this subjectdistinctly

well

cite

to

contained.

hang

all the

example

law

and

the

All

"

of

passages

For

law."

the

of

few

On

"

these

law

which

is the

fulfilled in

is

it is

commandments

two

Love

"

it may

mind,

Scripture in

prophets,"

the

the

fulfilling
word,

one

love."
From

these,and
love

learn,that
state

embraces
the

law

of

passages

constitutes

that is

of mind

love

other

the

similar nature,

essential

morally virtuous.

element
The

only element

which

renders

law, and

obedience

stitutes
con-

that

to

virtuous.
Our

first inquiry is,What

of

love,

to

in the

that

"

That
of

element

of love

course,

fundamental

pure

tive states.

and

be

and primarilyreferred
particularly

which

found

holy.
If such

character, which,

element

requiringit ?

command
form

is the

is the

in

any

as

Nor
states
we

can

convictions

mere

did

have

it be

found

possess,
seen,

the

of
fulfilling

in

These, fallen spiritspossess

the

every

ing
precept requir-

precept of the moral

every

of

we

in

law
of

the

telligen
in-

with

common

in any

not,
can-

mere

e^no-

themselves, moral

is not

fact,they do

JiELIGlOUS

undeniably include

not,

all

if all the law

they would,

269

PROPENSITIES.

duty

God

to

and

is fulfilled in them.

That

form

of

all the

law

is

attended

with

correspondingintellectual

and

emotive

but
In

is not

found

love

voluntarystates

and

exercises

to

fulfilled.

"

and
"

This," we

constitutes

claims

God

science,and
in

unite
An

have

we

which

by
?
be

may

of love

To

moral

this

given.
will

The

acts

of the

the

The

intense
2.

upon

emotions
This

The

of the

emotions

wit, what
love

have

tures,
Scrip-

the

are

are

be

race,

subject.
the feelings
panied
accom-

to

the

nature

in

chosen

as

may

which

beloved

it is contemplated.

be

and

an

object of

imitation.

will
sensibility

of attachment

excellence

of the

exercise

contemplated as possessed of high

It is then

the

the

accompanying

contemplation,association,and
effect

who

this view

particularattitude

object may

excellence.

told,

will,is rightly

law.

will called

his

question,the following general answer

always correspond

object,and
1.

those

also

of

arises ; to

me."

keep

we

convictions

affirmingthe validityof

important inquiryhere

loveth

existences

fulfilled the

intuitive

the

the

all sentient

and

us, then

upon

When

mandments,
com-

my

are

is

affirmed

hath

that

God,

law

are

that

God,

to

whole

we
righteousness,

righteousbeings.

adjustedtowards

the

it is that

of

it ?

ments
require-

duty

obedience

he

find

we

the

"

"

love

is the

Doing

us

with

Christ,

states,

voluntarystates

forms,

and

Tceepeththem,

commandments."

all

existences, then

He," says

told, "

are

all their

love
Scriptures,

identical.

be

to

is
fulfilled,"

then, shall

fully accord

duty, in

of

In the

Where

mind

all sentient

and

man,

"

exclusively. When

of the

of the law

in which

these.

in

which

man,

be

the

The

ing
endearquent
conse-

excitement

of

delight.

contemplated

as

associated

260

THE

SENSIBILITIES.

with

high natural and intellectual

wisdom, knowledge, and power.
of

control

the
of

being superiorto
those

are

3. The

of esteem,

beloved

with

us

There

love, a voluntarysurrender

of

excited

characteristics

relation

of

be

and
high gratification

We

the

feelings

adoration.

and

ing
regard-

as

sustainingto

as

then

ercise
ex-

to

the

contemplated

favor, or

benefactor.

; while

veneration,awe,

and

approbation

ourselves

of

as,

in the

is then

ourselves

object may

; such

us

experience emotions

delight,and

the

ated
feelingdenomin-

gratitude.
We

4.

dishonored

or

and

contemplate the object loved

may

by

others.

Feelings of

are
gratification
experienced in

and
regret, indignation,

zeal

the

his

for

being

as

intense

former

delight

case,

injured

ored
hon-

honor

and
in

of
the

other.
5. We

the

object of

of sorrow,

in

as

the

affection.

our

penitence,and

The

6.

contemplate ourselves

may

objectunder

Love

consideration

of

sufferingand

attitude

of

sympathy

7.

Finally,we

guiltyof
return

crime.

feelingsof deep
The
virtue

effect

will be
and

CHRISTIAN

In

then

virtue, which

to

the

and

of

internal

favor

varied

or

affliction.

aspect

the

intense

of

mind

and

AND

is

of

assumes

beloved

accompanied

as

with

regret.
the

confidence

exercise
in

the

of

this

bation
appro-

beings.

VICTORY,

circumstances

object

and

sorrow

consciousness
peace,

then

consequentlywill,his

desire, and

state

Love

pity.

of all virtuous

WARFARE

the

assumes

maybe contemplated

contemplate

may
We

then

offended

contrition.

state

having

as

AND

SELF-DENIAL.

of life, events

occur,

and

262

SENSIBILITIES.

THE

just and

estimates

true

demerits, excellences
ourselves

as

we

of faith."

measure

real and

our

and

defects

and

are,

soberly^according

of

not

as

God

as

part, to be

all

ourselves,and
its

and

real

and

known

"

be

that
this

spirit?

full and

by

and

and

that

the

become

What

as

the

kingdom

as

sustainingthe

Father, and

of

God,"

in all their

remark

in

and

interests,and
their

love, and

in

pure

and

perplexities,as
teacher

"

all,by
with

similar

sorrows,

being

and

tions
posi-

bringing

them

own

shield

heaven,

that

Much

and

is said
all

What

is

Jehovah,

Judge

men

which

imbued.

only

not

all,but

of

He

is revealed

and

exceeding great

tenderest

sympathy

pleasuresand
present
affectionate

direct

their

as

with

them

guardian

of prayer,

of

and
their

as

of all their

opening
his

ward,"
re-

them

pains, cares

with

Spirit,visions
into

immutable

an

lations
reendearing jt"are?z^a/

propitioushearer

minds, by his

of

reply,reveals

ever

the

it is

characteristics

heart.

their

guide, and
as

on

others, those

occupy

become

intimate

most

Friend,

joys

of

filial spirit,
with

its essential

are

entertainingthe

as

assent

Judge

little children."

as

Creator, Preserver, Governor,

all the

this real self-

all

taught, that

are

to

born

"

I
Inspiration,

to

the

man

cordial

the

think

"

we

every
to

know

we

SPIRIT.

of adoption^the
spirit

truly

are

attains

FILIAL

of admission

also of the

to

and

regard.

Scriptureswe

converted,

not, that

dealt

shall
especially,

THE

condition

short,that

are

esteemed

deserts

ourselves

in universal

In the

in

merits

in perfect accordance
intelligences,

relative

superiorto

we

the mind

knowledge, humility consists

its

; in

hath

When

relative

on
up-

glory and

fellowshipand

inter-

RELIGIOUS

communion

with

"

263

PROPENSITIES.

the

Father

and

with

his

God

in all the

Jesus

son

Christ."
when

Now

relations

above

exercise

habitual

"

all

that "in

cares

acquiesced in,then

and

the

spiritof adoption,
When,
the

eternal

scrutiny,and

fear which

spiritof
all the
and

stern, the

eynotive

filial spiritof

with

in

to

their

confidence,
the

Christian
which

states

and

cordially
of the

consideration.

attributes

sterner

of

their

shadows

repose

of

"the

subject to
When,

finally,

relations,the

mild

inspiring,are

awe

naturallyexercises

the

the

the

hand, and

one

constitute

the

highest

character.

such

of

assurance

it is

and

attend

are
Christianity,

God,

on

other, which

quiet acquiescencewhen

ised
prom-

dwelling place of

true

it

the
as

hope,

providence, filial gratitude

cast

the

will is

bondage."

mind, then

possibleperfectionof

joy

the

of

assurance

sought

are

habitual

shadow

God,

is in the exercise

judge-ship,then

the

Godly fear," on

and

when

divine

sweetly attractive

and

filial affection

The

deep

fidence,
con-

ally
habitu-

it,as

spirit,under

gendereth

habituallybefore
"

the

the mind

perfections,in

divine

the

with

of the

filial

with

when

illumination

hand, the
the

trust,

the

justice,unapproachable purity, all-searching

his

"

other

is under

mind

God,

the

on

of

and

is afflicted ; "

indication

every

forms

intercommunion

Him,"

upon

teachino^ and

enjoyed, and

varied

experience ;

afflictions He

our

divine

met

in its

all its

casts

the

of

endearing

distinctlyrecognized by

fellowship,and

prayer,
become

of

to, is

referred

the

mind, when

fatherhood

the

they

are

over

the

spirit,and

for

exercise

the

these; deep delight

universal
favors

satisfaction

received, and

withheld, and
mind

of

; all

fullness

of

when

tions
afflic-

together

stituting
con-

blessedness,

264

SENSIBILITIES.

THE

which

make

remains

the

for the

people
A

When
the

same

we

find

the

OF

if he

as

in

offender

offender, is repentance.

the

properlyspeaking,is
The

of

case

under

who

which

duty

another

another,
condition

Without

consents

to

requiredof

this, forgiveness,

continues
shall

we

the

for

if possible,
or
a
impossibility,

an

offender

an

of

The

Here

us.

love, which

of

well-being

innocent.

as

offended

never

with

is treated

offender

element

the

that

FORGIVENESS.

had

fundamental

taken

the

treat

SPIRIT

kindness

the rest

"

to

God."

of

injury is forgiven,the

an

interest

possibleapproach

nearest

sin.

comes
incorrigible,

shortlyconsider.

FORBEARANCE.

This

consists

in

of deserved
him

into

holding back

towards

in which

the

he

offender

is this

character, it is impossible for

treat

is,that
you

may

you

as

show

regard

of

God.

had
"

ever

The

to

this is

virtuous; when

offense

to

such

been

With

received.

present

and

desire

guage
lan-

quently
conse-

however

forgiveness sought,

rectitude

done,

Its

your

regard
My

man.

humility,and

by repentance,

no

thee

virtuous

as

^ou

cution
exe-

bringing

forgiven.

to

me

of

purpose

be

can

the

the offender

the

for

vengeance

that state

from

that

I may

you

will be

to

Such

is the

goodness, (orforbearance)of

me

treat

if

as

forbearance
God

leadeth

repentance."
CONDESCENSION.

This
persons

virtue

is benevolence

occupying

descending

to

stations

level

ourselves

to

with
their

love

or

beneath
them

exercised
us,

and

and, in this

towards

con^sts
sense

in
forming
con-

capacities,cultivatingtheir

their

friendshipand

stands

It

placesitself
others,
a

society for

upon

opposed

to

pride

the

of

the

apex

respectfuldistance

the

for the

base,

prospects

this virtue

enjoy.

sense

selves.
our-

pride

that

placesat

occupy

descends

others

The

of the

mind

the

to

this

with

pyramid, choosing

helping

of

ourselves

we

in

elevating

level

Condescension

below.

purpose

to

be, may

may

of

purpose

worth

being

their worth

whatever

the

and

scale of

in the

them

305

PROPENSITIES.

RELIGIOUS

the wide

to

up

to

following truths
Christian,as

sent
pre-

duty

and

privilege.
essential

1. The

2. Hence
the
of

which

of

has

in ours,

men.

they

in their

made

the

possess

may

the

and

case,

those

difference

leges,
privi-

possession

between

them

ourselves.

and

3. The

the

that

the desire

want

which

equalityof

that

fact

we

what

are

infinite condescension
universal

4. The

of

example

we

in consequence

are

of

God.
of God.

MEEKNESS

Has

reference

to

etc.,

the

exercised

are

which

gentle spiritwith
of

repentance
returned

Christian

God,

hence

"

sought

CHRISTIAN

STERNER

character

the

this form

it the mild
and

the

to

kind, mellow,

injuriesare

offender

the

scension,
forbearance, conde-

endured,

and

"soft

and

and

the

answer"

to his abuses.

THE

of

in which

manner

and

finite
of

is

AFFECTIONS.

reflex of

receiving and

"

the

and

reflectingthe

character, like its divine

the stern, the tender

delight in goodness
justice,

image

and

and

glory

infinite ;

has
original,

the severe;

in

mercy

reprobation of evil,

266

harmonious

in

blended

all

kind

that

of

good

of

the

falsehood,

and

The

mistaken.

with

encircled

hail."

While

long

suffering,

"

angry
its

divine

with

radiance

circle

the

voices,

and

thunderings,

are

is

God

and

the

perfected

original.

of

to

wicked

and

as

in

full

God

and

the

bow

the

of

he

is

also

Christian

correspondence

truth

is

Lamb,
and

peace
"

and

and

an

mentally
funda-

are

however,

bow,

"merciful,

day."

vile,

oppressed,

earthquakes,

anger,"

every
is

that

of

revealed

slow

forms,

of

up

with

the

and

just

the

throne

mild

the

Within

promise.

the

and

oppressor

made

contemplates

which

complacency

suppose,
is

forms,

perfected

nature

immovable

equally

its

in

who

Individuals

unity.

character

Christian

that

in

SENSIBILITIES.

THE

there

great

gracious,
revealed

as

character,
with

its

III.

PAUT

WILL.

THE

EXPLANATIONS.

mind

all mental

which

to

presented

be

questions

noio

in

adopted

threefold

the

faculty. All
in

view

of
and

action

of

of

these

each

of

the

peculiar sphere,

and

OF

There

They

are

considered

every

kind,

as

the

by

Each,

others.
that

in

sphere,

is

gence,
intelli-

the

of

however,

dependent
in-

an

put forth

are

movement

some

regarded

faculties, also, is influenced

AND

AGREEMENT

certain

in which

all

generally

agree,

science,

with

be

is to

sibility,
sen-

faculties,

mental

apprehended

end

the

sibility.
sen-

the

by

has

its

governed by

own

laws

peculiar.

equally special and

POINTS

or

in connection

Each

of

its acts

object

some

will

equal

an

distinction

any

be

to

means,

no

of

of the

the

While

treatise.

this

at

hand, and

one

division

need

considerations

philosopher

No

other.

separate^ it is, by

the

intelligence,on

the

on

resolutions^

faculty stands

this

that

the-

referred^

be

to

are

additional

No

prove,

the

from

remove

as

to

facultyof

i7itentions^purposes^

as

choices.

volitions^ and

that

as

determinations

such

determinations

"

defined,

been

already

will has

The

questions

in the

philosophers
as

stated
^267)

OPHERS.
PHILOS-

AMONG

DISAGREEMENT

of

department
any

note

of mental
now

agree.

above, in the validityof the

^68

THE

threefold

division

WILL.

mental

of the

will.

and
treatise,the intellect,sensibility,
in the

harmonize

whether

will is also

the

libertyas opposed
issues

in the

to

of mental

enable

by

the

opposed,the

terms

one

to the

other.
the

the

of

the
I

that

now

truth

of

leading
pose
prosettle

to

are

these

terms,

when

when
necessity,

stand

sented
repre-

they

The

servitude.

the

to

idea

stand

which

which

that

from

it

necessity.

term

opposite ideas

and

all,most

libertyis sometimes

term

opposed

they

first of

appositeideas

two

The

term

it stands
distinct

the

What

represented by
the

opposed

the

to

one

These

two

supposed

to

distinct

given, but

necessity. The

second

being given,

opposed

to each

other,

which

may

given

antecedent

and

its

is this

consequent

exclusive

thus

oppositerelations

first relation

one

is the

and

exist between

The

identical

when

terms, T answer,

represent

This

to

DEFINED.

represents is wholly diverse

represents when

other

differ,

question,

or

What

must,

libertyand

oppositionto

then

one

NECESSITY

AND

define
clearlyand specifically

it

is

science.

accomplish this object, we

in

law,

inquirer after

the

LIBERTY

TERMS

THE

used

this

subjectto

the

to

one

to himself.
satisfactorily

this issue

To

faculties first

necessity. They

of

necessity. This

to

sphere

do, is

to

also perfectly

They

two

fundamentally,in regard

them

of

some

law, that

immutable

and

fixed

doctrine, that the

this

fact, governed, in all their activities,

by

are, in

named,

presented in

faculties

can

antecedent

the

arise, and

represented by

relation

referred

and

antecedent, either

in
of

to

connection
two

or

more

is this
with

sequent.
con-

being

that must

relation

be

arise.

the
:

term,
the

the

tecedent
an-

same

consequences

270

THE

do

peal originatingas they

be

must

In

harmony,

in

far

as

the

from

positivemental

they relate

as

have

states, we

the

states

themselves,

the

subjectsof

them.

Now

relations

the

absolute

not, have
ourselves

of

by

cannot,

or

can,

do

or

if,in this

do
in
either
the

truth

have

we

we

of

see

if

we

us

suppose

choice,an

distinct
What

and

diverse

power
are

this

of these

where

the

other, then,

affirmed.

of

source

we

appeal,should

that of
thus

pothes
hy-

Let

in

proof

us

sion,
succes-

CONSCIOUSNESS.

ourselves

of

in the presence

to

that

But

We

one

are

as

regard

we

might, in

exist
do
the

at

all.

it with
same

When
the

in

conscious

put forth either,in distinction

we

absolute

more

or

put forth.

be

can,

object

some

of two

must

answer

just

of

one

in

consciousness

our

question.

determination,we
we

OF

determinations

given to

that

one

plicatio
im-

true, then

of

objectin respect to which

opposite determinations

is the state

we

undeniable

be

to

If,

agents.

inquiring.

are

Let

as

either

we

cannot, find the truth after which

or

can,

deny

each

to,

other

sources

the

of
joroo/"

of the actual

appeal,determine

an

either,and

TESTIMONY

of

other,

these

thoughts to

our

and

both

If

absolute

turn

now

lies.

the

or

one

the

as

consciousness,

necessary

teaching,or

such

by

cannot,

the truth

affirm

affirm

not

oppositionto

or

can

do

or

all

in

consciousness,determine

to

also, the Scriptures,by express

of

referred

free,or

are

we

that

ourselves,

knowledge

states

appeal

any

question,whether

the

to

of

state

facts.

consciousness,

also

but

author,

same

seen,

absolute

only of
do,

the

to

have

an

not

we

infallible

same

we
part of this treatise,

former

WILL.

from

put

these

to

truth, be
of

the

lute
abso-

other,

forth

one

consciousness

circumstances, have

put forth

THE

either

that

act

accompanied

with

we

might

we

did

When

others.

of the

is undeniable.

which

To

Author

the

of

We

of

the

all have

the

before

are

wrong

absolute

obligationsas
other.

When

of

good
acts

our

Upon

the

or

in
ill,

of

choice

absolute

facty^'eeand

will suppose

put forth.
for any

not

is,hy

placed
of

the

to

immutable

one

acts

necessary

We

can

such

intelligence. The

of

God

we

can

the

the

forth,we
ing
deserv-

as

the relations

affirm

An

in which

conceive
thus

we

will of
but

none

him

sonal
perare

individual,we

the

and

our

wit, that

to

agents.

himself, has

immutable

eschew

put

with

we

choice;

can

and

duty.

conceive

more

act, than

and

of

the

recognize our

ourselves

accordance
law

we

not

are

right

been

affirm

possibleto him,
no

we

and

one,

fault of his,but by

no

is

the

has

condition

in circumstances

choice

of space;

choice

of

which

itself.

the

the act, and

for
responsibility

act

choose

will

subject

integrityof

objectsof choice,we
to

act

condemn

or

approve

as

us,

lie.

ness.
conscious-

own

testimony

When

agents.

clusion
con-

the

the

consciousness,also,that

moral

The

of

upon

the

absolute

absolute

an

our

consciousness

of

power

only free.,but

in

interior

what

necessary,

doctrine

the

to

of

not

is

receive,is, in fact,to impeach

here

of

free,and

validityof

always

from

choice.

testimony

in the

the

deny

choice

of

acts

regard

absolute

all receive

we

of

acts

are

member
re-

equally absolute,that

consciousness

in

is

consciousness

our

We

theory

our

be, this is the

may

all

universal

the

Whatever

remembrance

absolute

accompanies

or

that

consciousness

the

originate. This

agents,

subsequent times, we

put forth different

have

free agency

in

choice,

of

271

WILL.

to

of

be

ited
prohib-

that act

dence,
Provi-

he

must

thy
blamewor-

the annihilation

constituted

characteristic of all

so

our

called

272

THE

rests

acts,

wrong

universal

of the

of

and

by

known

subject

doing
without

sanctions

the

agency,

that

it is

for him

not

to be

from

the

constituted
revealed

he

do

nature

it,can
to

should

wrong

wholly

the

eye

of

one

has

"

namely,

responsible
is

this

and

true,

in circumstances

in

the

doing

for
it

it

that

impossible,

exclusively,and
as

the

Is

wrong.

rendered

Most

good

has

himself

God

creation,

that

even

necessityis

of

mind,

rational

to

wrong
is it

suppose,

condition

of

or

be

blameworthy

universal

the

of

should

is,choose

judgments

the

righteous altogether;

be

absolute

man

right

creature

God

Upon

he

doctrine

sin, that

in

conditions

will

we

places a

impossible,and
to

that

God,

but

cannot

conceivable,

that

infinite

For

good.

does

other

no

do, if the

does

he

he

which

which

and

of

is affirmed

he

seen,

choice.

will suppose,

we

On

have

we

as

of

his acts

just what

when

power,

opposite.

the

conceivable,

God

the

teachings undeniably imply

such

choose

for

commands

excuse.

All
free

of moral

all the powers

choose

therein

government^

under

circumstances, he

all

under

of moral

by

evil and

tions
revela-

stands

Man

addressed

prohibitions,requiring him,
weight, to reject the

gence,
intelli-

validity

the

immediate

and

possessedof

as

general

man.

of mind.

everywhere

is

He

the

as

consequence,

agency.

direct

no

the science

pertainingto
revealed, and

us

tution
consti-

INSPIRATION.

FROM

Scripturesgive

The

free

are

and

laws
and

of

free agency

EVIDENCE

we

responsiblefor

Himself

of the

doctrine

the

fundamental

the

consciousness

made

thus

has

supposition,that

the

upon

himself,in

God

agents.

WILL.

High
"

as

and

stand

true

evil

and
are

THE

and
equally,

at all

sible to all whom

God

times,and

God

treats

does, in fact,let

273

WILL.

under

all

moral

as

agents.

add, place creatures, and

me

without

their

choice,in circumstances

sin.

then

expresses

He
and

astonished

be

the

astonishment,and
with

him

the

circumstances,they do
is true, God
the

upon

he himself
is

to unite

with

and

free,and

not

is

lie,and

heaven

If the

that

him

even

and

der
won-

earth

those

doctrine

in wonder

do

they

to

tical
iden-

of

sity
neces-

deepest regret, and

the

occur

has rendered

sin.
the

that that should

which

fact,that,under

entertains

universe

in

deepest regret, and

calls upon

at

circumstances,
2^os-

calls

and

ishment,
aston-

of which

non-occurrence

absolutelyimpossible. Man, then,

agent,

necessary

a
inspiration,

or

the
of

mass

human

gence
intelli-

contradictions

absurdities.
OBJECTIONS.

Against the

doctrine

above

elucidated,many

objectionsmay be urged, and have been

lying within the sphere of theology,on
of
are

the

philosophy,on
all

It is
acts

not

be

of

real,were

the

events.

is

hand,

one

and

objections,however,
followingforms.

the

foreknown

the

will

to

free,and

God,
not

fact which

subject

I reply,rests
objection,
divine

that

foreknowledge is
is.

ours

How

subject to

do

we

the

W^e

can

the law

to

the

upon

based

foreknow

could

limitations

same

but

none

revealed, fact

knowledge
fore-

As
we

sumption
as-

the

upon

know, that the divine

absolutelyconscious,and also,as
18

the

These

are

necessity. This

necessary

urged, objections

fact,it is urged, in the first place,that

of choice

conditions

grave

FOREKNOWLEDGE.

DIVINE

revealed

that
same

under

comprehended
THE

our

other.

and

an

Joiovi

274

THE

that

are, not

we

of

God.

to

have

each

for thus

other, we

conditions, limitations, or

WILL

It is further
all

THE

choice

strongest motive^ which

and
fix

not

in

would

the meaning
definitely

the

argument

which

its

logicalform,

and

then

thus.

stands

which
it

this

Whether

God

will,".this

truth

acts, does

follow

it does

If the

be,

to

affirms

the

truth, tiiat
the

the

we

free,

asked

the

to

is the

fact,follow.

in

to

words,

this; that

is

will become

the

Let

put in

be

self-evident.
the

follows

motive

all its acts,

has, or has not,

still remains,

motive, and

some

"

this

that

words, strongest motwe^

be

with

were

case,

always

will,that

It

motive

that

it does

which

subject to

this

the

left free

faculty, in

human
all its

is the

motive

one

one

follow.

mean

to

knowledge.
fore-

follow, it is subject to the law of necessity;

it does

follow; therefore, it is,in

which

of free

attaches

does,

does, in fact,invariablyfollow

law.

the

divine

objectoris

the

reply

will

the

If

the

of

objection rests,

absurdity

Their

understand

not

the

he

will

cause
real,be-

as

accordance

be

which

are

MOTIVE.

When

the

which

on

do

fixed

strongest motive, his invariable

strongest motive

acts

thority
au-

profess to explain,

doctrine

not

agents.

necessary,

free

holding them.

STKONGEST

are

the

hold

we

modo^

quo

our

not

we

urged againstthe

of

acts

our

AS

do

that

all-adequatereason,

THE

facts

two

evidence

On

free, agents.

believe^that

These

valid

compatibilitywith
for the

but

necessary,

we
inspiration,

foreknown
we

WILL.

strongest

best^it

will

in neither

strongest

motive.

of

defined, as they should

desire^or

then
these
In

be

acts

stand

what

the

revealed,

senses,

of moral

is the

as

intelligence

will

wrong,

absolute

an

always

the

as

will fol-

THE

the

lows

the

strongest /eeling

275

WILL.

in

intelligence. In doing rightit

while
subjectionthe strongest feeling,

to

the

We

are

of

unfrequentlyholds

not

in

behests

dictates

the

oppositionto

it yieldsobedience

of conscience.

coxscious

of

in

liberty

of

not

but

choosing,
choosing.

In
of the

doctrine
of

wholly
which

in

conscious

and

sensitive

but

of ourselves
all acts

same

of

in

of ourselves

In

we

are

them,

scious
con-

not

at

all of

as

as

only

intellectual
of the

law

All
in

acts

view

of

of

of said

conscious

of

No

agency.

necessary,

before
kind.

some

is

In

; to

to

be

wit, that

not

the

any

given motive,

cause

shown,
In

such

acts

2^'i'operoi
the

acts

the

of

motive
will.

question what

are

of any

this

general agreement

while

ness.
conscious-

of

the

kind

all
are

subject,there

among

is the
In

put forth

absence

the

respect pertaining to

one

coming

now^

no

other

MOTIVES.

TO

WILL

THE

motives, it is self-evident,tliat

possible.

acts,

tions
exercising the responsiblefunc-

will,as has been

motives

same,

necessity.

of

expositioncorrectlyinterpretsreal knowledge by
OF

only

subjects

as

only conscious

not

tal
men-

not

seen,

our

the

all

to

respect

In

subjectto

free,in opposition to

RELATIONS

is based

knowledge

the

have

we

states.

not

are

in them

as

are,

to, said

choice, we

are

facts,but of ourselves

as

states,

we

objection,I remark,

This

we

relations

our

facts,and

mere

consciousness.

from

in favor

consciousness

to

misinterpretationof

common,

of the
of

of

choice, as

total

upon

states

but

of

made

will,it is affirmed, that

oifree choice.

is derived

of, and

appeal

of free

acts

our

the power

In

the

reply to

phers
philoso-

occasion^ it is
presence

act
specific

of

shall be

276

THE

put forth does

In

must

of will.
in

act

the

acts

direction.

relations

free

the

must

do

the

all.

In

respect

freedom

is absolute.

motives

of every

other

is

power,

of will

as

at

tives
mo-

will

is

all.

It

free

at

not

do, here

its

true, in respect to all

TO

THE

its

LIBERTY

activityis

absolute

choice

of

OF

strict universality
free

; and

the law

between

intentions

are,

subordinate
carried

those

far

so

all^ sa

cit
as

it,or

it is,in
necessity,

or

are

are

out

are

which

to

in which

acts

objects presentedto
acts

Volitions

of choice
are

attempted

will suppose,
executive

intentions^choices^volitions^

those

are

ETC.

PREFERENCES,

acts
controlling

different

Preferences

intention, we

VOLITIONS,

Choices

strongest desire.

to be

WILL.

subjectto

are

subordinate.

election.
the

THE

classed,as

are

Intentions

is made

REGARD

CHOICES,

INTENTIONS,

are

of

free.

sense,

etc.

it shall

such

to

the

act

far,it is

holds

IN

far forth

So

of free

Acts

to

will,this principlewith

the

to

far is its power

no

not

So

the will

kind.

obtains.

any

other, or

same

proper

presence

example,

question,which
The

cause

sustain

the

for

wrong,

wrong.

PRINCIPLE

regard

In

the

the

to

far motives
In

the

is the

given motive,

causes.

or

one

right,or

UNIVERSAL

of

So

the

right and

do

to

real

of

the

upon

itself.

will

the presence

In

soyne

for the
not

motive^ but

respect, however, the motive

one

of acts

the

upon

in the

choice

offree

power

depend

not

WILL.

acts

called

to

executive

which

acts

journey.

that intention

volitions.

selection

the mind's

accord

be, realized.

is to take

by

which

others

with

by

which

man's

All those
is

sought

278

THE

2. That
action

the

of

3. That
for acts
acts

is

those

as

action

for

that

to

the

upon

which

of

moral

moral

free

are

in

the term,

ments
ele-

held

impulsionsof

and

duty.

We

are

propensitiescontrol
and

conscience
the

and

in

will in

the

The

duty.

of

state

the

all

The

ascendency.
designate

employed

to

it,in the

exercise

of
does

the mind

always

in.

latter state,

the

term

former

and

conscience

the behests

upon

the character
and

animal

or
liberty,

of

ing,
result-

thus

lowest

the

the

most

in

freedom

man

is

state, because, that, in

high prerogativeof self-control,

the
that
on

in which

that

being

our

propensities

of

servitude

degradation implied,depend

degrading of

all

servitude, when

controllingpropensity,the

the

the

oppositionto
of

In

conscience

law

moral

form

one

servitude.

the

the

idea

necessity,but

only when,

with

to

SERVITUDE.

only an

not

term,

and

when,

in strict subordination

are

the

harmony

all the

duty, and

OF

represents,

represented by
we

THAT

TO

representedby

sense,

of

obtains

depend

states

OPPOSED

AS

voluntaryactivityis

The

character

the

of

far forth

so

predicated,the voluntary and

that

to

latter

of

accountable

are

libertysometimes

term

law

viz.,those

states:

mental

complex

LIBERTY

OF

IDEA

opposed

the

and

of all suck

identical.

opposed
the

we
sensibility,

characters

intentions,

mental

other

be

can

The

moral

ultimate

our

our

all

in

are

THE

the

to

will.

of the

5. That

the

existence

their

character

that

of

intelligenceand

only, as

all,only in respect

at

directlyand immediately responsiblebut

will,and

That

4.

free,if free

will.

he

of

are

is

man

WILL.

which

the

other

it approves

and

delights

hand, is represented by

THE

the

enslavement
it

is

It

fixed

action

that

in

will

the

we

are

but

we

wrong,

blame,
tend

is

to

direction.

the

form,

repetition

are

constantly

These

the

habits,

for

all

which

the

desert

time,

formation

the

to

is

right
of

creased
in-

this

Under

the

or

praise

in

the

of

which

same

"

are

of

responsible,
change

totally

at

length
disappears.

become

so

fixed,

that

all

or

which

habits

fixed

future

common,

tendency

act.

doing

In

forming
in

same

incurring

action,

perpetuate

which

HABIT.

tendency

the

acting.

only

that

in

generates

of

not

OF

faculties

form,

same

constantly

does

LAW

mental

the

all

given
in

each

by

of

any

action

continued

law

law

THE

TO

SUBJECT

AS

WILL

THE

it

conscious

abhors.

and

reprobates

necessarily

of

state

propensities,

lower

the

to

in

that,

because

servitude,

term

279

WILL.

prospect

we

INDEX.

81 ; form

of, 81,

bitrary?
ar-

plained
81.

Action, desire of, 231.

Affections, detined, 200;

fied,
classi-

characteristics

219;

of,

228.

Affirmations,
Ambition,

universal,

Appetites,

kinds

defined, 200;

of, 205;

and

artificial,208.

Association,

defined,

96;

ferred
pre-

67;

law

explained,

106;

different

69.

individuals, 107;
of habit, 107; danger
of vicious
associations. 111;
of, 112.
permanence

264.
Condescension,
defined,
Conscience,
the

233.

of, 163;
Bible, 164;

Consciousness,

mind,
153;

Benefactors,

love

Blessedness,
idea
Body,

idea
of

151; in

the

of

his
sense

of

and

the

matter,

validity

44.
178.

idea

of

18;

Choice,

and

19;

and

distinct

ulty,
fac-

dents,
antece-

of

validity of, 44;

50 ; of

choice, 275.

Contingent,
defined, 9 ; given by
perception, 21.
of propositions, 89.
Conversion,
love
Country,
of, 225.
ideas
the
of
Cousin,
beautiful,

events,

245.

effect, 19.

conditions
Deductions,
of, 91.
Desires, defined, 200, 230; remarks

276.

faculties

object
sophical,
philo-

and

essary,
nec-

upon.

Classification, principle of, 1;

of

tion,
percep-

155.

conditionally

16,

1 ; the

or

objects of,

Covetousness:

C.

Cause,

35;
39;

consciousness,

Brutes, intelligenceof,

natural

37;

contingent, 10;

idea

of

of, 32;

of, 155.
of, 226.
of, 212.

finite, 12.

Brown,

of,

of omitted,

internal

24, 25; facts

universality of,

152;

antecedents

in

nature

supposed,

faculty
of.

thority
au-

used

facts

no

none

idea

162;

as

241.

B.

Beautiful,

specific,
absolute,

positive, privative and

negative, 68; characteristic,
and
68; inferior
superior,
69 ; not
perceptions recalled,

in
fluence
in-

love of,
Authority,
Avarice, 248.

and

and

concrete

dividual,
in-

68;

plained,
ex-

jects,
ob97; cf different
103; accidental,
105;

mistake

reflective, 66;

generic

95;

suggestion, 95;
of
phenomena

to

of,

90.

251.

mistake
Coleridge,
concerning
the understanding,
70.
Color, a primary quality, 53.
defined
Conceptions,
; classified,
60 ; validity of. 66 ; complete
and
incomplete, 66; spontaneous

verified, 4;

Dreaming,

phenomena
99.

ex-

(281)

236.
of

plained,
ex-

282

INDEX.

agent, defined, 263.

Friends, love of, 222.
Free
defined

Emotions,

of, 210;

causes

from
of

source

200; classes
tinguished
of, 211; disdesires,211 ;

happiness

or

and

212; transient

and
species, 82.
rules for, 84.
Generalization,
permanent,
with
109
and
Genius,
judgment,

ery,
mis-

213; growth
of, 214; concordant
and
discordant, similar and
dissimilar, 214; sympathetic
and repellant,215; congruous
and incongruous, 216; agreeable

decay

217.
disagreeable,

and

Genera

incorrect

with

school, fundamental

German

Gluttony, 247.
God, being and perfectionsof,27
-29; love

W., his definition

qualities,47; representative
knowledge, 48; error
concerning color, 53.
Happiness, idea of, 212.
idea of, 156.
Harmony,
of, 61.
Hickok, error
desire
of, 235.
Hoarding,
Holiness, 246.
of

F.

Facts, faculties inferred from, 2;

province of philosophy, 43;
to
science, 90; relation
principles,91; finding general,
in

169.
character

and

ber,
num-

obtained, 1; how
classified, 4 ; classification
verified by consciousness, 5;
how

by

Sir

Hamilton,

of consciousness, 30-31 ; his

is not
idea that consciousness
classification
a
faculty, 37;

Existence, desire of, 230.

5;

of, 227.
H.

Events, idea of, contingent and

relative, 19.

verified

ror
er-

of, 28, 60.

Emulation, 251.
Esteem, desire of, 233.

Faculties,

taste, 110.

ated,
appropri-

terms

defined,

6; diverse

Home,

love

of, 224.

Humility, 261.
Hypothesis, when

regarded as

law, 2; relation to facts, 3;

ence,
deductions
from, 3; in sci-

stance,
in subfunctions, not
7; primary, 24, 26;
intuitive,26; secondary, 64.
Faith, 256.

in

91.
I.

ination, Idea, defined, 136; of right and

distinguished from imag143; of right and
129; productions of,
wrong,
144; ideas
improved, 141.
140; how
necessary,
wrong
logical
chrono108.
145;
standard
dependent
of,
on,
Fashion,
antecedent
145; of
of,
thought
Feeling, distinct from

Fancy,

and
Filial

fitness, 147;

will, 5;

Fitness,

idea

of, 147; synonymous

with

right and

wrong,

148.

Forbearance,

264.

Foreknowledge
273.

Forgiveness, 264.

of

the

148; of libertyand

spirit,262.

and

free

will,

useful,

necessity,

of the beautiful and the

sublime, 151; of harmon}^
150

156; of truth, 157; of law,

158; of science, 162.
Idealism, basis of, 58.
Ideals, defined, 136; particular
and

general.

137;

not

con-

283

INDEX.

fined

beauty and

ty,
sublimi-

Kindred, love of, 220.

dation
137; not fixed, 138; founBjiowledge, direct and implied,
vine
of progress,
plied,
138; di21-24; direct prior to imand human,
139.
direct
or
23;
by perception
tinguished
diate
defined, 127; dis24; immeImagination,
classified,
from
mediate
and
defined,
fancy, 129;
and
direct
reflective,
30; by consciousness
spontaneous
of
remark
and
31
ject
oban
131;
valid,
Coleridge,
; implies
and a subject,45; repre131; not always fiction,not
sentative
confined
to poetry, 134; law
and
presentative,
of
taste
48; of matter, 49; validity
concerning, 134 ;
of
out
withsource
of, 58; a priori,59; love of,
ideals, 136;
231.
taste, 140; productions
of, 140 ; how
improved, 141.
Imitation, principle of, 234.
Infidelity,its basis, 27, 58.
Law, idea of, 158 ; objectiveand
Infinite, the idea of distinct,12;
subjective, 158; antecedent
implied by the finite,13.
sal,
of, 159 ; discoveryof univerInduction, in respect to facts of
171.
of
mind, 1;
phenomena, 167;
Liberty, idea of, 150; in act of
for classificatioj,168.
of 150;
will, 150; antecedent
Intellect, relates to thought, 6;
defined, 268; of will, 2697 ; phenomnot
a compound,
ena
279.
in
of, classified,8;
brutes,
Licentiousness, 248.
178.
the
the
Locke, his error
to
concernmg
Intelligence, relation
mental
idea of substance, 17 ; fundaqualities of matter, 49; in
27.
error
of,
brutes, 178.
Love, 246, 258.
character
Intention, moral
of,
Lusting, 245.
276.
65.
Intuitions, validity of,
M.
Investigation and reason, 166 ;
to

laws

of, 169.
J.

Jealousy, 251.
defined, 71 ; acts of,
Judgment,
72; quantity of, 72;
classified,
quality of, 72; relations of,
73 ; modality of, 73 ; intuitive
and deductive, 74; empirical
and

istic
rational, 74; characterof, 75; incompatible, 77;
in abstraction, 77; inferred,
84; how
improved, 93; and

understanding confused, 93.

Justice, love of, 243.

Malice, 247.
Materialism, basis of, 58.
Matter, relation to mind, 45;
qualitiesof, 46 ; real or ideal,
50; knowledge
of, 51; not
force, 51.

mere

Meekness,
Memory,

265.

distinguished

conditions

of, 116; diversities

of, 118;
philosophic, 118;
artificial 119;
local, 118;
retentive, 119;
ready and
diverse

powers

provement
of, 120; im-

of, 120;

aged, 122;
Kant,

his idea

58;

of

substance,

34,

prioriknowledge, 59.

from

recollection, 114; states of

mind
in, 114; distinct, 115;

Mental
and

duration

phenomena,
relative, 14.

of

the

of, 124.

contingent

284

INDEX.

Mind,

laws

relation

defined, 2; self-

of

conscious

of
to

33;
personality,

Poetry, defined, 157.

versal
Power, defined, 20; idea of, uniand

matter, 45.

Misery, idea of, 212.

Motives, in relation to will,275.

desire

necessary,

20;

of, 232.

Preference,

276.

Prejudices, explained.111.
Pride,

N.

Necessary

ideas, defined, 9;

conditional

249.

Probable
and
improbable, 170,
Proof, nature of, 160.
mal,
Propensities, defined, 200; ani203; mental, 209; religious,

or unconditional,
16; implied by perceptions,
25:1-266.
21 ; origin of, 79.
elements
Propositions,
idea
Necessity,' of, 150; antecedent
conversion
of, 89.
fined,
of, 150; of action, de-

of, 87;

268.

Notions,

defined, 64; classified,

66 ; validity
of, 66 ; complete
Qualities, given by sense, 42;
and
incomplete, 66; spon
objects of perception, 43;
and
taneous
reflective,66;
47.
classified,
individual,generic and specific,
67; subjective real,70;
general, how
formed, 78;

abstract, 79.

Reason,
of,

defined, 25, 55; sphere

56 ;

primary

relation
common

Reasoning,
P.

Passions, defined, 200.

Patience, 260.
Patriotism, 225.
Perception, objects of, 43;

identity,idea
13; necessary,

and

easy,
of, 116.
ory
the-

of in the

like
mind

unlike

in

the

same

Reflection, defined, 141.

ideas, 14.
254.
Repentance,
Revenge, 248.
Relative

144.

"

classified,4;

of

differ in

S.

kind, 4; of intellect classified,

8; mental
tingent
conphenomena
Scepticism, basis of 58.
and
relative,14, 17;
Science, idea of, 162; pure,
relation to substance, 34; induction
mixed, 162.
of, 167; as to parSelf-defense,
239.
ticular
substances, 167, complex,
Self-love, 240.
244.

Philosophic idea, 161.

Philosophy, province of, 43.

tions
condi-

Right and wrong, idea of, 143;

sary,
universalityof, 143; neces-

separated
class, 1

115;

tuitive,
in-

15;

33.

Phenomena,

conscience, 164
all
165.
to
men,
inferred
an
ment,
judg-

to

84; basis of, 85.

tinct
Recollection, defined, 114; dis-

of, 45.
mind,

ary
second-

ideas of. 57 ; validityof

57; secondary ideas of, 142

Observation, defined, 41.

Order, love of, 235.

Personal

and

162;

Selfishness, 246.
Sensation, distinguished from
40; defined, 200, 203.
sense,

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