Out line:

1. Objectives
2. Introduction
3. Definition and concept of disability.
4. Causes of disability in child
5-Types of disabilities in children

6- Complication that may occur due to disabilities

7- Special education for children
8- Level of prevention in children
9- service requirements and program needed in Egypt
10-Types of disabilities in adult
11- Level of prevention in adult
12- References

Objectives
After this lecture you should be able to:

Identify the Disability

Mention Types of Disabilities in Children
Mention types of Disabilities
in older adult
Level of prevention
Special education for children with disabilities

Introduction:
Disability studies understand their subject matter as social, cultural and
political phenomena. Indefining terms, describing positions and loying
foundation, we will integrate the literature in ways that encourages to
think about where we sit/stand in relation to pan-national and crossdisciplinary perspectives on disability that have the potential to support
the self-empowerment of disabled people.

Definition and Concept of disability:Anyone with a physical or mental impairment, which has substantial and
long-term adverse effect upon their ability to carry out normal day-today activities this includes cognitive impairment,physical disabilities,
intellectual impairment, sensory impairment, mental illness or chronic
diseases.

Anther definition of disability

Is expression of a physical or mental limitation in a social
context the gap between a person i capabilities and the
demands of the environment.
N.B: "handicap" it is considered to be synonymous with
"disability"
* There are many causes of disability, both biomedical and
socio-environmental.

Cause of disabilities:
There are two main reasons that professionals strive to find
the causes of disabilities:
First: the identification of as perfect cause can help in
treating the condition.
Second: Identification of the cause of a disability may help

1-Prenatal causes of disabilities:

-The prenatal period extends from conception to the time of
birth, disabling conditions can occur at any point in the
developmental process between those two events. Prenatal
biomedical causes of disability involve the basic building
blocks of life: the genes and chromosomes which the person
inherits.
a-Chromosomal cause of disability.
-Chromosomal abnormalities can involve the loss, gain, or
exchange of genetic material form a chromosome fair. Such
abnormalities

of

ten

cause

miscarriages,

but

may

occasionally regulation a baby with some kind of disability.

b-Genetic causes of disability:
-Chromosomes are made up of genes which alone or in
combination, govern all our inherited characteristics.

2-Prenatal environmental causes of disability:

-The prenatal environment is a almost always a safe and
nourishing one for a developing baby, but there are some
environmental influences which can damage a fetus these
influences include:
a-External agents.
b-Infection.
c-Toxins.
d-Maternal health.

a-External agents:
-Which can cause prenatal damage include injury and
radiation:
1-The mother's abdomen can injure the baby in an accident.
2-Any violent blow to the mother's abdomen can also hurt
her child.
3-Radiation such as x-rays can affect the fetus.

b- Infection and toxins:

That the mother suffers can damage the infant when the
disease organisms cross the placental barrio.
1-Rubella or German measles.
2-Immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

3-Many prescription and non-prescription drugs "heroin,

cocaine, medication as hormone.
4-Alcohal.

d-Maternal health:
Maternal

health

and

nutritional

eats

the

developing child:
-Deficiencies in iron, vitamins and calories intake can
place the baby at risk.
-The age of the mother is an the factors associated with
an increased risk of impairment.

2-Perinatal causes of disability:

-The perinatal period is the time immediately before and
after birth, disabilities originating from this time period
are primarily biomedical ones, they may result from:
-Prematurity.
-Injury.

-Oxygen deprivation.
Or infection acquired during the trip
through the birth canal

3-Childhood causes of disability:

Disabilities originating during childhood may be caused by
biomedical and environmental factors.
-Biomedical factors.

* Injury a cause of disability.

-Environmental cause of disability during childhood:

*Neglect.

* Poverty.

* Famine.
-Anther environmental deprivation:
* Language use.
* Adaptive behavior.
* Poor nutrition "malnutrition".
* Poor housing.
* Limited social interaction.

4-Causes of disability in late adulthood and

old age:
-Chronic health conditions.
-Limitations of mobility such as rheumatism and arthritis.
-Strokes "may causes brain damage which can effects
language skills, mental of lity or physical activity.
The prevalence of sensory impairment also increase with
age.
-The incidence of injury is high in elder laypeople.

Types of disabilities in children:1- Learning Disabilities as:2- Auditory Processing Disorder

3- Visual Processing Disorder
4- Speech Impairment
5- Physical Disabilities
6- Psychiatric Disabilities
7- Medical Disabilities
1-Learning Disabilities in children :There are different types of learning disabilities that affect children.:Dyslexia: Dyslexia in children is a condition in which the child suffers from
problems related to reading, writing, spellings and speaking.
Dyscalculia: Children who have math learning disability, understanding time
and use of money are said to suffer from dyscalculia.
Dysgraphia:
Dysgraphia symptoms includechildren with handwriting problems, who have
lots of spelling errors and are unable to organize their ideas.
Dyspraxia:
Children with hand eye coordination problems, balancing problems and
manual dexterity are said to suffer from sensoryintegration disorder or
dyspraxia.

2-Auditory disability:
Children who have trouble differentiating between different sounds and
comprehension of language are said to have auditory processing disorder.
1. Defeness
2. Hard of hearing (loss)

3- Causes of auditory disability

1. Congenital problem (partial or total occlusion of the ear canal within
the outer ear.
2. Fluid within the middle ear as result of colds.
3. Allergies.
4. Ear infection "otitis media".

3-Visual disability:
Children having trouble with interpretation of the visual information when
reading charts, pictures, maps or doing maths are said to suffer from visual
processing disorder.
1. Low vision.
2. Blindness
3. Color blindness

Causes of visual disability

1. Optic nerve atrophy (22%) due to perinatal hypoxia.
2. Retinopathy of prematurity (17%).
3. Congenital abnormalities of the eye global (11%).

4-Speech disability:There are various disabilities that affects their ability to speak. These
include:1. Memory disorder
2. Attention defect
3. Intellectual disability.

Causes of speech disability

voicelessness,
voice disorders like chronic hoarseness, shuttering,stammering,
language problems,
dysarthria in children and difficulty in expressing ideas.

5-Physical Disabilities:There are different disabilities in children that arises due to: a-congenital conditions,

b-traumatic injuries
c-or due to progressiveneuromuscular diseases.
Some neuromuscular diseasesthat can lead to Physical Disabilities in
children:- Paraplegia ,
- Quadriplegia ,
- Cerebral Palsy ,
- Spinal Bifida ,
- Muscular Dystrophy
- Cardiac aliments ,
- Paralysis ,
- Polio ,Post Polio Syndrome ,
- Stroke and Amputations

6-Psychiatric Disabilities: There are many psychiatric and behavioural problems that lead to
development of different disabilities in children. These problems may
persist for a short time or may lead to long-term disabilities such as
depression anxiety.

Causes of psychiatry disability:

1. Trauma
2. Violence
3. Neglect
4. Social isolation

5. Stress
6. Poverty, poor housing
7. Genetic factors
8. Chronic medical condition, such as cancer.

7-Medical Disabilities:There are many medical conditions that lead to :disabilities in children
include
respiratory,
circulatory,
neurological,
immunological systems, etc..
medical conditions leading to different disabilities include:

Cancer ,

Epilepsy ,

Multiple sclerosis ,

Systemic Lupus Erythematous ,

Juvenile diabetes ,

Multiple chemical sensitivity ,

HIV/AIDS and Epstein Barr virus .

Complications that may occur due to disabilities : Emotional disturbance
Multiple disabilities
Orthopaedic impairment
Specific learning disability
Speech or language impairment

 Traumatic brain injury

Visual impairment including blindness

Special Education for Children with Disabilities :There are various special education given for children with disabilities
1. Visual disability
Screen reader.
Images that haven't been described or have not alt.
Source 24 points bright yellow on a black background.
Possibility to enlarge the size.
Do not mix red with green, neither yellow with black.
2- Hearing disability
Subtitles.
Audio transcribtions.
Remove images full text.
Button to adjust volume.
Generate visual warning when sound is played.
Legends of voice and sounds that are played.

3-Physicial disability
Fill fields.
Sort tabs logically.
Do not restrict response time.
Option to control the pointer with the numeric keyboard.

4-Speech disability
Shipping line
Option screen magnifier
Set path of where he is
Clear and coherent organization
Reduce or canal frequency of animations.

5- Psychiatric disability:
Talking treatment
Psychotherapy.
Brain stimulation
Medication
Hospitalization

6- Prevention of trauma
Program features considered essential.
An ongoing injury surveillances system.
Well focused, multifaceted prevention activities including both passive
and active prevention approaches.
Education
Enlistment of other heal the professionally, local government officials
community leaders and the public.
Evaluation and refinement of prevention activities.

7- Rehabilitation program.

The aims of the teams are to:

Provide fast, intensive support and care to avoid a
possible hospital admission
Facilitate an early discharge from hospital
Prevent a marked deterioration in a person's health
and well-being. This is carried out within a person's
home, or local community
To do this, the teams may do some or all of the
following:
Arrange short-term care-intensive packages,
including night-sitting
Provide reablement, physiotherapy or occupational
therapy programmes at the person's own home
Provide intensive nursing support within the
person's own home, in addition to the existing
District Nursing teams
Rapidly deliver specialised equipment to the
patient's home in order to prevent a hospital
admission

Level of prevention:
*Defining the prevention of disabilities:
-Prevention means "To keep from occurring"
Prevention of disability is two. Fold. It first attempts to
eliminate the causes of disabilities and secondly
attempts to reduce the severity of phase already in
existence.
-There are three types of prevention:
*Primary

prevention

"To

reduce

the

incidence

of

disability"
*Secondary prevention "targets an existing risk factors
and
*Tertiary prevention "targets an existing removes or
reduce it:
*Implemented when pathological condition exist is.

I-Primary prevention:
There is close relation ship between the causes of disabilities
and disability prevention.
-Biomedical prevention efforts include services such as prepregnancy planning.
1-Prepregnancy planning.

2-Prenatal and obstetrical care.

3-Immunizaion.

1-Prepregnancy planning:
Once a couple decides to have a baby, they can increase
their chances of having a healthy, normal child.

a-Prenatal care:
Prenatal care helps insure that both mother and baby
are healthy as possible and that any problem are addressed
immediately.
Prenatal clinics provide a combination of primary and
secondary prevention.

2-Obsterprical and postnatal care:

Obstetricians attempt to ensure that all birth have safe
and that the infants are healthy.
Medical procedures at the time of birth can prevent
disabilities. Visual impairment is prevented by the use of
medication to protect the eyes of the neonate from infections
which may be picked upon.
Thee way through the birth canal, careful monitoring of
newborn babies and rapid treatment of anoxia can prevent
mental disabilities.
After a baby is born, the public health nurses visit
mother and child at home as soon as possible to give support

and help, later at the baby clinics, nurses monitor babies'

growth and screen.
Them

for

sensorium

physical

or

developmental

problems.

3-Immunizaion:
Immunization have reduced or eliminated many causes
of disability. Two good examples are rubella (German measles
land

poliomyelitis

leaving

legacy

of

babies

with

impairments such as blindness, hearing impairment and

mental

retardation

and

polio

may

cause

of

physical

impairments).

* Primary prevention in the environment:

The goal of primary prevention in the environment is to
remove those causes of disability that reside in the social,
cultural and physical aspects of out lives. Phase risks include
injuries associated with our daily activities, life style and
behavior. Such as alcohol and drug abuse, lack of parenting
skills, and the many characteristics of poverty which place
people at risk all of these sociocultural environmental areas
should be addressed through primary prevention methods
such as education, social and economic programs and
legislation.

a-Educational efforts at primary prevention:

The realization of risk, and there resultant change of

behavior, often comes from education, educational effort
include

school

presentations,

courses,
publicity

safety

programs,

campaigns,

heath

medical
education,

accident prevention and parenting and life skills courses.

b-Social and economic programs to prevent

disability:
-Low socioeconomic status is a powerful risk factor for the
development of intellectual impairment and other types of
disability.
Because of this, many social and economic programs to
prevent disability are aimed at reducing the prevalence of
poverty

programs

such

as

social

assistance,

income

subsidies, and unemployment insurance are intended to

alleviate poverty. An individuals opportunity to ear nasteady
income.

*Primary prevention in the physical

environment:
Many primary prevention effort in the environment are
associated with safety. Initiatives to improve streets and
roads

or

improve

traffic

control

systems

are

primary

prevention because they reduce the possibility of injury.

Community projects which provide safe playing areas, bicycle

paths well a way from vehicle traffic, and pedestrian over-or
under-passes are primary prevention efforts.

Legislation as prevention:
We have many laws intended to protect us from injury,
pollution, violence, and disease. However, more needs to be
done.
The special committee on the disabled and the handicapped
recommended the policy was to include four points:
1-Reduction of the incidence of birth related disability
through promotion of high standards of prenatal, perinatal,
and postnatal care.
2-Reduction of the incidence of or where possible, the
eradication of communicable diseases.
3-Promotion of safe and healthy work environments.
4-Promotron of life styles that enhance physical and mental
well being with particular emphasis on stress management,
on the effects of drinking, on safe driving, and on the safety
aspects of sport and recreational activities.

Secondary privation aimed at

biomedical risks

Genetic counseling:
- Some

inheritable

genetic

condition

can

be

identified

through medical procedures such as blood analysis. Some

high risk groups have been subjected to mass screening to
try to reduce the incidence of genetic condition common
within those segments of the population.
-Prenatal examinations check for another genetic cause of
impairment, Rh blood factor in compatibility.
Adolescent pregnancy:
-Babies born to extremely young mothers are more at risk
than those of alder mothers. These infants are more likely
to be small, premature, or have neurological abnormalities.
-Prevention programs for pregnant adolescents should have
the following goals:
1-

Minimizing the obstetrical complications for the

pregnant adolescent and the neonatal complication for

the infant.
2-

Fostering positive attitudes, parenting skills, and

Parent interactions.
3-Reducing the social isolation of the young mother and
her infant.
4-Eliminating repeat qut-of-wed lock pregnancies.

* Secondary prevention of disabilities in the

social environment:
- Educational efforts are varied and address many age
group, parenting classes to help new parents develop
parenting skills are an effective methods of prevention.
Provision of rich experience and nurturing environments
for

preschool

children

form

poor

environments

is

secondary prevention students are secondary prevention

efforts.
- The governments through socials services, inseverul ways,
it reduce the risk of disability caused by infection, poor
having and inadequate diet by providing funds to cover
basic needs for those financial straits.
- Social prevention efforts include protection to reduce the
injury and neglect of children.

* Tertiary prevention: biomedical

- Tertiary prevention in the medical field relies heavily on
the early detection of condition which may affect a child's
development. Once these condition have been identified,
they are treated by surgical, chemical or dietary means.
- Public health nurses offer parents advice on child care
screen infants for sensory or developmental problems and
make referrals to specialists at the parent's request.

* These specialists may include the following:

Pediatricians for medical, physical and growth concerns
early

childhood

assessment

psychologists

speech

any

for

language

developmental
pathologists

for

concerns with the development of language.

*Tertiary prevention indications:

The pertiary prevention in the education field has two goals:
-First : to peach a person to compeuith advisability.
-Second: to help the person achiever the highest possible
level of education, in spite of disability.
1-Parents are a child's first teachers, but many need help
with their children early in life.
2-The early childhood intervention programs provide both
secondary tertian preventions.
3-ECIP services are available to children and families in all
parts of the province, including the remote northern areas.
4-In the schools, tertiary prevention is beg us as soon as
possible after a problem has been identified.
*Schools provide placement for children who have
different types and level of disability. Variations
may include the following.
1-Regular class room placement.

2-Regular

class

room

with

some

form

of

support

or

adaptation.
3-Regular class rom combined with segregated placement.
4-Placement in a class rom which is almost totally
5-Placemnt in a special school for the severely or multiply
handicapped.

*Educational programming provisions may vary

from simple to complex as follows:
1-Assignments may be provided which contain a selection of
activities from which students can choose.
2-Special assignments may be provided for students whose
capabilities are significantly different from those of the rest
of the class.
3-Special materials may be used which allow partials
participation in the class.
4-Special programming provides an appropriate course of
study for the individual student.
5-Special services may be provided by speech and language
pathologists and educational psychologists.
6-Varying degrees of individual attention and supervision
may be provided.

The effects of being disabled

1-Emothional adjustment.
2-Social issues.
-Altitudes of others.
-Media Portrayal and public in formation.
- Personal appearance related to social altitudes.
-Behavior and social acceptance.
-Censure activities.
-Sexuality and disability.
-Sexuality identity of people with disabilities.
-Sexual education for people with disabilities.
-Love, marriage and children.
3-Practical considerations:
-Assistive devices.
-Employment and finances.
-Medical costs and concerns.
4-Rights of the disabled:
-The right to equality.
-The right to life.
-Life support
-Financial support.
5-Service Requirements:

Services needed by disabled child remand their families in

Egypt:
Organization working on disability issue in Egypt

1-AlNour Wal Amal Association:

Light and hope association.
16 Abou Baker El seddik street Heliopolis
Itfree boarding educational institution for blind girls and
women the primary aim of Al Nour Wal Amal
association is to fulfill the rights of build girls and women
by

providing

them

with

free

education,

literacy

programs, vocational training and job opportunities.

2- Asdaa's association for sering the hearing impaired 87
Dara st., Sidi Gaber Alexandria.
The Asdaa's association serving the hearing impaired
provides computer training, speech and sign language
training,

medica

exams,

sign

language

in

terrier

services, and train for teachers of the deaf one of the

association's main gloss is to eradicate illiterate among
the deaf and leering impaired.
3-Egyption Autistic Sociaty, digla, El Maadi Cairo
*Egyptian Autistic society is a non-profit organization with
the mission of providing early intervention services that
address autistic children's learning and development needs

and to increasing a wiliness and understanding of autism in

Egypt.
4- Learning resource center new Maadi Cairo
* The learning Resource center is an independent diagnostic
and therapeutic unit which provide assessment and on
going management services for children, adolescents and
limited

numbers

of

adults

who

may

have

learning

difficulties and/or developmental problem.

LRC consists of the educational services department to
psychological services department.
5- Move Childless center 23 Road sigla El Maadi Cairo
The move children center adders programs to lord to nicety
the physical, cognitive and emotional needs of children with
conceal palsy from birth to 12 years of age. Year round
programs. Screenings, evaluations, therapies, and assistive
technology are offered.

*The prevention of disabilities programs:

Rationale:
Throughout the program, two basic concepts are advanced:
1-Some people in our society have problem that require
these of special services.
2-Disabilities can of tem be prevented or made less
devastating to those who are afflicted.
a- When ever possible, disabilities should be prevented or
their severity reduce.
b- Every one can help prevent disabilities.
3- Organization of the peaching modules.
4-The prevention of disabilities program and the family life
curriculum

These

is the same name

of

disability

program:
1-Disabilities in programs Disabilities UNICEF file.
2- People with disabilities in Egypt over looked and under
estimated files.
3-UNICEF Egypt home page files.
4-UNICEF inclusion of children with disabilities where we work
plan.