Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
SHIVAJI
^r
S.
N.
THE
m.
COLLEGE,
A.
WILSON
a.,
BOMBAY
WORK
MARATHI
ORIGINAL
WRITTEN
TEACHER,
EMPIRE
bv
WILSON
FROM
K.
ATM
TAKAKHAV,
PROFESSOR,
ADAPTED
MAR
THE
OF
FOUNDER
OF
LIFE
THE
BY
KELUSKAR,
HIGH
SCHOOL,
BOMBAV
BOMBAY,
MANORANJAN
PRESSj
1921
10
s.
Rs.7
Printed
by
Bombay
R.
4,
and
Mitra
at
published
Press,
Manoranjan
the
by
K.
A.
Keluskar,
3,
Dadar,
Road/
Sandhurst
Bombay*
SHRI
SHAHU
CHHATRAPATI
G.
G"
S.
I.,
G.C.LE.,
KOLHAPUR
C.
V.
STATE
MAHARAJ,
O.,
LL
D.,
etc.,
TO
H.
SHRI
H.
CHHATRAPATI
MAHARAJ
SHAHU
STATE
KOLHAPUR
THIS
OF
BIOGRAPHY
IS
ANCESTOR
AND
MOST
RESPECTFULLY
GRATEFULLY
BY
MOST
HIS
THE
DEDICATED
PUBLISHER
ILLUSTRIOUS
PREFACE
At
entering upon
of
of
Continent
Indian
the
politicallife and
re-consbruction
political
and
social
of
phase
new
whole
the
when
time
is
bold schemes
being daily
are
to be necessary
pressed for acceptance, no apology would seem
life of Shivaji
for
the
For
publication of a new
the
adorn
names
India.
forth
this
And
is
of
bold
relief
that
fact
allowed
the
all
by
the
name
of
author
of
destinies
of
the
as
changed
whose
kings
History,
revival
a
mighty
Indian
in
national
momentous
of
pages
stands
Shivaji
a
glitteringmultitude
the
among
historians,even
in the
ever
that
anything
of Western
movements
which
that
And
originalityof
and
Such
But
few
fragments
rest
has
crumbled
remained
the
growing
name
of
manhood
Maratha
^native valour
He
architectural
Inspired by
the
world
behind.
temples,no
and
Of
for the
presided
ot
all
genius
the
over
breathed
life
disjecta membra
of
and
the
empire which
escaped tbe ravages
have
down
and
have
gone.
has
left
marvels
But
way
attest
to kindle
his
and
of
that
spiritof
the
pyramids,
no
to
the
gone
he
no
rock-
greatness*
inspire
the
of Maharashtra.
the
soldiers
on
Swarajya.
institutions.
Shivaji.
in the
it not
chaos
clay
only
Maratha
who
of
out
movement
political
utterly destitute
mind
dead
was
man
great empires
it has
cut
The
time.
nation
societyand
Maharashtra
been
national
great
the
was
of the
have
master
the
into
purpose
built up,
the
were
significance,
one
event, built
whole
all
and
glory
it
countries,
would
movement
with
compared
its national
and
be
might
the
of
stirringevents
were
called
battle-fields
the
upon
of
the
late
to
war,
display
West,
this
when
their
work
IV
Marathi
as
original,
founder
of the
work
gratefultribute
Maratha
nation.
undertaken, there
was
Englishlanguage
the
specialrequestof
at the
undertaken
was
of the
author
of
the
genius
of
the-
to the
At
was
the
the
time
when
this
worthy biography in
no
life and
of
career
the
great
the
night of Mahomedan
despotism
of
national
dream
and
realized it.
the
independence
dreamt
It seemed a standing reproach to the Indian
community,
awakened
their newly
politicalconsciousness, that
with
during
who
King
be
there should
record, commensurate
biographical
the national hero, in that language
greatnessof
the
has done
than
more
and stimulate
our
Englishversion
This
taken
was
in
Keluskar's
found
hand
and
discoveries which
the
last fourteen
Englishversion
and
work
has
by
already served
Mr.
and
in his
as
It
the
present
and
dent
indepen-
revised
and
of
course
the
new
was
material
new
second
considerably
It is
from
time
to time
quiteup-to-date,so
the
men
and
of wisdom
or
action
who
far
things of
the
regards the
men
retouched
Shivajiand
of
and
extends
necessary
as
years.
seven
knowledge
in
of
final draft
a
seven,
originalMarathi
in
become
practically
thoroughlyrevised
the last
its
nation
enlargedform,
the
In
which
about
found
mass
accumulated
have
edition, which
Marathi
as
notice of the
years.
has
to take
necessary
into
us
As the work
proceeded it was
years ago.
considerable alterations in the
to make
text of Mr.
with
no
counselled
been
he
or
during
as
our
his
time
proposed
and
strove
co-operated
plans.
in its various
preparationof this work was
on
stages of progress, three important English works
has already gone
Shivajiappearedin print,one of which
While
into
the
second
necessary
to
edition.
Some
explanationwould
justifythe publicationof
fourth
eeem
work
to
on
be
the
subject. The
^ame
these
that
works
is to
exhaustive
first and
be called
can
and
traces
is that
answer
faithful
biography
say,
obvious
biography
which
is
at
of
none
of
Shivaji,
full
once
and
the
"
"
author
to
seems
down
Chandragupta
of
form
there
a
a
are
bureaucracies
with
bureaucracy,
both
Kincaid, who
History of
authors
of the
career
have
of
the
and
Shivaji
in form
at
and
some
Maratha
taken
170
ceases
Mr.
Rao
with
pages
People to
have
head
of the
the
chosen
to
that
to
be
C.
A.
Bahadur
D.
first volume
the story of
of
evitably
in-
that
and
substance.
little notice
Shahaji and
its
must
forgets
author
bureaucracies
in collaboration
of his
The
writes
bureaucratic
and
India
and
Ashoka
of
to
bureaucracy
B.
the times
Shivaji.
stirring events
ignore
many
VI
controversy which
full of
feeling
lore
folk-
legends and
much
importance to
to matters
of serious
as
history. Its highest virtue
picturesqueness.Although Mr. Kincaid has repeated
them
is its
orthodox
himself
as
version
to ascribe
He
achievements.
patrioticand
such
and
has
had
representationof
the disciplewould
The
is his enthusiastic
of
merit
to see,
as
as
not.
the preceptor
national
the
some
have
between
hero
Kincaid's
of Mr.
to
work
of the Maratha
admiration
unreserved
extent
scholars
reduce
tion
infatua-
Shivaji'sglorious
relations
the
the
an
enough
sense
supreme
and
such
to
Maharashtra
over-zealous
puppet.
mere
him
tion
consola-
some
allowed
not
the
to
has
Shivaji enrolled
it is
Swami,
cult to blind
Ramdas
of the
Ramdas
Kincaid
Mr.
that
as
date, when
to the
as
discipleof
to think
of
tension
acute
an
historyis
apparently attaches
tales and
that
caused
This
scholars.
among
the
has
people.
Prof.
the
last of
triad.1
this
strange flaw?.
method,
great.
British
and
had
which
fault of the
amount
vast
His
the
outlook.
had
has
not
been
work
is
sympathies
His
work
Prof.
is
with
Sarkar's
of Sarkar's
merits
to
wealth
authorities, the
of
is that
it appears
the
with
the British
of
fundamental
of
the
collected
for
hi?
His
of the
commanders
Mahomedan
overflow
an
had
he
Aurangzeb.
upon
and
as
work
existence
very
previouslysuspected. The
are
"
Times
marred
and
History
of historical material
Moguls
and
noble
The
access
and
sources
work
monumental
with
one
other
He
Shivaji
"
of historical method
oppositeextremes
in conceptionand uncritical
is romantic
in method
and sceptical
is hypercritical
two
intellectual
in its
are
the
It
Kincaid's
Mr.
Shivaji stand at
and style. The
in
Sarkar's
Jadunath
factors
sympathies are
Mogul empire.
at
Surat
anc
has
Since
been
chieflyon
Irs Preface
published by
the works
went
Mr.
to
S. V.
the press,
Raddi,
of Prof. Sarkar
and
another
monograph
A., which
Mr.
Kincaid.
appears
on
Shivaji
to be
based
VII
Sarkar's
back-ground.
in unstinted
praise
in honour
now
measure,
of
pseans
poured forth
are
of Shaista
Khan,
now
in honour
familiar
underlingwith
intended, but
net
estimate
such
the
of
name
is the effect
Shiva
"
produced.
".
This
is
critical
The
of
which
givesthe
are
found
interspersed in
work.
By
Sarkar
is his
vindication
of the
generalizations
part of the
earlier
the
valuable
service rendered
of
from
Shivaji
Again he has
by Prof.
charge of
the
of
spirituality
Shivajiamong
India.
which
In
and
must
are
the
noticed
of Prof.
manner
hence
guished
distin-
which
nation-builders
be said
it is
of
Finally,it
the
outlook
rulers
and
work
Sarkar's
to suit
arise the
of
that
the
purposes
contradictions
above.
present work
Shivajiis depicted as
the
director
shown
to be
of
student
of Roman
Roman
authors
the
same
sort
as
those
with
which
the
he finds
History becomes familiar when
like Livy and
Cicero
passing uncalled for
VIII
strictures
between
Hannibal.
upon
these two
Both
were
both
In
genius.
for their
between
brings
out
fulness
resource-
biassed
their
historians
But
the
of
conquerors
Maratha
hero.
the
much
army,
less to
And
nation.
which
lasted
than
longer
in
build
did
he
that
make
himself
for
everything
empire
an
and
and
of these two
an
to make
Maratha
found
and
nation
the
talents
treacheryand cruelty.
make
to
liberty
vigilance of
by
superior mettle
not
to build
order
denounced
acts of
Shivajihad
nation.
and
the environments
the
had
Hannibal
been
for the
foreign aggression.
invention
understanding
imaginary
contrast
of
parallel
brilliant
most
their powers
have
Both
enemies.
the
close
hard
strove
country from
with
the
baffled
their
endowed
is indeed
Both
heroes.
independenceof
and
There
the
compare
Alexander
the fashion
in
to
then
It has been
Carthage.
or
with
him
to compare
ardent
but
obscure
in himself
combined
fervour
with
of leaders
the
like Bruce
Hannibal
the world's
and
Alfred
and
to unite
of Hannibal
and
together to
in
certain
an
world
Maratha
were
likeness
and
so
and
these
as
two
are
groups
in the character
the
unique
one
whom
we
of
measure
that
may
accuracy.
the life-work
unique,
two
of the
it is idle to
comparison.
any
The
alike
be
with
approximate
make
far
so
to
compare
But the truth
both
fact is that
the
patriotic
Vercingetorix
statesmanship that
extent
seems
patriotslike
best with King
and
the
qualities
characterizing
hero
and
and
now
Bonaparte ;
different sets of
seen
righteouspurpose
superiormilitary genius
characterized
found
the
quarters
like Caesar,
some
present work
of
Shivaji
and
is
an
an
attempt
estimate
to
give
of his
great
faithful
work,
JX
chieflybased
Marathas.
chronicles
chronicles
will be found
foot-notes
and
Maratha
all the
Nearly
laid under
which
indigenousbakhar
the
upon
of
are
giving the
cited in the
authorities
text.
The
works
Sarkar
have
been
of
other
authorities,
of
these
illustrating,
supplementing,
Mr.
the
been
have
foot-notes, Most
critical kind,
of
made
the
in
Prof. Jadunath
and
of
Records
in the India
in India.
V*. K.
Of
Rajwade
of the Bharat
Jedhe
B. G.
great
and
otherwise
been
the
writingsof
Sanshodhak
the
to
able
availMr.
Bahadur
be invited
may
the present work :
not
Chronology publishedby
Itihas Sangraha.
or
Attention
have
use
Rao
Itihas
Shakawali
are
Office,which
Mr.
late
the
followingfeatures
in
"
(a) It
gives
complete
Shahajiand
towards
(o) It
Afzul
attitude
of
version
the
Chandra
tragedy.
from
Shiv.iji
the
charge
of
murdering
Khan.
(d) It
Jedhe
{/)
the
Dadaji
Kondadev
Ramdas
Swami
relations
and
in the
between
between
lightof
of
the
chronicles.
the Mahomedan
Chronologyand
le) It examines
and
of
career
his
expositionof
re-constructed
More
clears
critical
the
Shivaji.
(6) It givesa
Rao
of
account
Shivaji
and
Shivaji
and
authorities
modern
discoveries.
It throws
new
Khanderi,
light
from
upon
British
Correspondence,hitherto
previoushistorian
of
the
naval
Factory
not
Shivaji.
battle of
Records
handled
by
and
any
(g)
It re-constructs
the
military
Shivaji'sgreat commanders,
fallen
into
Bhonsle
(h)
( Appendix
It re-constructs
whose
unmerited
an
the
II
of
career
of
one
services
have
oblivion, Anandrac
"
).
of
of
Shivaji's
great
Mogul Court-Ragho
Ballal Korde-wrongly charged with
murdering
Chandrarao
More
( Appendix IV ).
career
one
at the
plenipotentiaries
(i) It
vindicates
(j)
It
gives a
explanation of Shivaji's
new
so-called
plundering campaigns.
(Jc)It
discusses
the various
origin of
the
I have
above
for
of the
Swarajya
and
kindred
to express
my
thanks
the assistance
PrincipalG.
C.
and
Swarajya
the relation
derived
theories
others
about
ita
movement,
from
ship,
author-
School
Bhagwat
topics.
Mr.
towards
mentioned
works,
the
as
G.
also to
S
Sar-
Khare,
host
of others
whose
works
different
parts
of
D.
Litt
of the
and
United
the
Free
Dr.
Rev.
Church
of
N.
have
this
been
book.
Macnicol, M. A.,
Scotland
Mission,
distinguishedscholar and a sympathetic critic,for kindlyrevising and correctingthe MS. and the proofs and for the
valuable
have
suggestions he made which
greatly
many
advanced
the usefulness
of this biography. The sympathetic
Foreword
he
which
has
to this
so
kindly contributed
work
be taken
not
only as index of his genuine
may
interest and
sympathy in all Indian
aspirations,but as
z.
"
"'
noble
tribute
to the
Y921.
eth^ay
}
greatness of
NILKAXT
our
great national
S. TAKAKHAV,
hero.
THE
M.
A.,
for
difficult
and
arduous
Takakhav,
history was
He
not
was
compiled,
the
recent
of
calculated
notions
about
gained
concerning
that
of this work
the
Revd.
Dr.
and
the
appended
the
loan
Bahadur
the
of
him
this work
of
want
of
out
was
Rao
of
he
was
another
very
grateful
alias
out
For
and
State
of
Barcda.
publisher
Vishram
to
advanced
who
Sadashivrao
the
large loan.
with
Major
Shrimant
Gwalior
helped
Harischandra
years
Jadhav
and
generous
gratitude.
of Gwalior,
Member,
and
for several
Shrimant
exhausted
which
of
difficultyby
Bhagwantrao
soon
publisher is
to
Sitole
the instance
Saheb
advanced
funds
this
debt
lying
was
high-souledand
this noble
For
deep
MS.
passed
work
the
from
tribute
of
the
revise
as
guished
distin-
Church
Free
to
fact
the
by
appreciative Foreword
and
India.
Powar, Home
fix,from
friend
of
Khaserao
this fund
who
friend
at
Khasesaheb
noble
proofs
kind
Maloji Narsingrao
large
in
His
is
helped
was
challenged,
un-
literature
Litt.,
United
the
through
press.
publisher for
Sardar
a
MS.
is
and
uncharitable
and
gracious enough
was
publisher owes
The
has
work
form
D.
M.A.,
of the
scholar
go
hereto
sympathetic
life
the
enhanced
been
has
Macnicol
N.
Mission,
through
the
historical
the
in
all
hitherto, almost
have
it
almost
regarding
exhaustive
which
text.
which
from
hands
of
land.
our
work
student
contribution
his
S.
this
original Marathi
groundless
many
value
of this
He
and
The
Scotland
the
critical
currenc\T
missionary
act
In
hero
our
as
discoveries
hero.
dispel
to
the
under
and
highly
undertaken
readily
He
N.
Prof.
to
of information
brought
national
due
are
task.
with
researches
our
assumed
and
thanks
sources
very
NOTE
having
content
to the
went
story
cordial
Publisher's
The
very
PUBLISHER'S
by
his
these generous
But
again
was
esteemed
Rajwadkar,
this
Rao
J. P.,
helpgentlemen.
financial
XII
His
o"
thanks
the
which
acceptable
and
The
it
to
is
work
earnestly
see
sectarian
this
he
reasonable
true
has
due
the
to
for
the
printed
facilities
co
great
this
and
Proprietor
bring
it
the
English
and
care
work
in
interest
afforded
and
out
Manager
this
very
him
decent
form.
is
before
now
that
hoped
image
prejudices,
patriotic
also
Press
Manoranjan
with
all
are
attempt.
of
all
Shivaji,
will
be
love
who
not
generous
reading
fair
distorted
enough
public
play
by
to
and
and
wish
racial
patronize
or
XI
The
view
Shivaji
the
and
is,
as
makes
only
in
India
high
'and
the
When
standard.
has
every
place
among
by
position
injustice
of
purpose
Greek
the
to
his
king
fair
only
17th
you
but
century
we
right
those
that
set
whom
that
Maratha
the
she
judge
by
must
away
necessity.
soldier,
lowered
agree
that
warrior-king
remembers
with
pride.
Mly"7m.}
aspects
takes
of
to-day,
we
loyalty
the
to
it
should
this
being.
hateful
the
region
even
remember
to
we
that
as
statesmanship,
and
of
the
partial
the
said,
in
assassination
as
himself
has
that
super-human
One
subjects.
puts
and
foresight,
the
affirms
treachery,
of
historian
it
that
unhistorical
as
the
to
and
fact
That
is
of
freedom
your
"
courage
war
not
of
tenacity
the
of
do
Hunter
supremacy
him
views
Both
William
"
fighting
exalts
which
Sir
his
won
hard
and
of
"
MAONICOL.
gratitude
in
CONTENTS.
Page.
Ancestry
The
The
The
The
The
...
Career
of
Shahaji
Childhood
of
Education
...
...
...
...
Shivaji
with
"
84
...
91
...
109
...
120
...
Moguls
of Javli
Capture
130
...
Other
Events
137
.
of Aizuikhan
Tragedy
Adilshahi
the
68
...
...
The
53
of
Development oi Swarajya
Shahaji Entrapped
The
16
...
Shivaji
Preparation for Swarajya
Beginnings of Swarajya
Relations
...
Nobles
Discomfited
150
178
...
The
Government
Bijapur
Knees
...
and
its
J94
...
of Father
Reunion
on
...
Son
...
Sea
Power
...
...
The
The
The
...
of Surat
Invasion
Shivaji at
and
The
247
...
270
...
...
against
the
...
...
...
...
Renewed
Crowuing
Wheels
237
313
...
Bijapur Wars
220
298
...
Campaign
Moguls
213
...
Reconquests
The
Barselor
of
the
Renewed
Khan
of Shaista
Campaign
Sack
...
204
of
337
Shivaji
348
...
of Government
370
...
Renewed
Wars
Moguls
Chapter
XXVI
The
Chapter
XXVII
The
Chapter
XXVIII
The
Chapter XXIX
Chapter XXX
Appendix to
Chapter
XXX
With
The
"I
with
...
Bijapur
and
...
the
...
Karnatic
Campaign
Final Campaigns
English and the Abyssinians
...
Saint
and
Seer
411
421
...
466
...
...
...
...
...
...
486
514
545
End
...
Wives
Shivaji's
and
Daughters
554
...
XVI
Chapter
XXXI
Shivaji's
Fortunes
and
Possessions
55t
..,
Chapter
XXXII
565
Character
...
and
Appendix
Maloji
Appendix
II
Anandrao
Shahaji
625
Bhonsle
and
Mohite
Appendix
Appendix
III
IV
The
Battle
Raghunath
Hambirrao
62"
of
Khanderi
Ballal
Korde
634
636
OF
LIFE
SHIVAJI
MAHARAJ
CHAPTER
ANCESTRY
This
origin.
It is said
uplands
of
by
rana
modern
the
as
t}ieancient
Kshatriya family
became
era,
ruling
Bhonsle
prince
annexed.
kingdom,
of these
banks.
and
Narbada
of Mewar
There
she
in
found
keeping
his
duties
to
his
origin
and
and
to
his royal
L.S.
2.
in
the
boy
fall.
power,
and
or
giving
his
across
inhospitable
family,
out
hidden
him
Brahman
to
to that
her
engaged
treasure.
with
listened
him
gions
re-
Mountains.
acquainted
him
The
of the
six years
while
discovered
new
and
queen
Brahman
exhorted
ing
ris-
Narbada.
Vindhya
Once
of
the
defeated
the
the
The
fortunes
afflicted
in
patron and
dent
indepen-
an
before
of the
poor
kine.
encouraged
sympathy
recover
asylum
turies
cen-
princes
inaugurated
of five
shelter
of
The
was
son
now
for
Sesodia
wane
crisis the
vicinity of
Brahman's
the
disclosed
story of
the
an
his cow-herd
he
sought
to
time
young
ruled
founder
south
the
this
her
with
prince escaped
the
At
of
is
of
family. They
Race, which
along
of
genealogy
every
who
Shalivan,
Mahatale
what
there
the
the
is still current
In
Solar
One
long
the
to
Sesodia
royal
mythical
and
which
Hindu
This
of the
land.
the
tells
Oudh,
comprises
famous
of the
glory
on
of
this
son
in
Narbada
the
crossed
the
Race
Lunar
the
with
from
descent
transferred
was
vicissitudes.
province
princes
family.
Kshatriya
ancient
an
tradition
and
Bhonsle
family
The
adventures
chequered
claimed
by
of the Maratha
the renowned
family
the
Maharashtra
name.
known
that
founder
claimed
house
Maratha
noble
from
his descent
derived
Power,
the illustrious
Maharaj,
Shivaji
the
with
endeavour
end
every
the
When
a
of
named
built
and
Bhavani
another
within
fort
the
this
about
prince
five
said
are
hundred
afterwards
became
of
honour
in
to
years.
in history
famous
as
followed
Then
establishment
the
emperors
had
mountainous
of
for
Chitrakote
fort of Chitrakote
This
was
descendants
The
Eklingji Shiv.
have
reigned at
at
It
region
possessionof the Bhils,with whom
they had to fight.
the conquest of the country was
ted
completed, they erecthose mountain
fort upon
heights under the shadow
This
fort
goddess Bhawani.
they
temple of the
the
ancient
Chitrakote.
temple of
They restored
assistance
in
MAHARAJ
means.
his
within
SHIVAJI
OF
LIFE
with
the
boast
of
Rajput
state of
independence very
Singh
affairs of the
rulers
carried
Chitore, but
Hindu
succeeded
to the
administration
wars
little success
to
and
kingdom
Maharana
the
1275
Chitore.
of
charge of
in the
were
medan
of the Maho-
their
throne
kings
constant
on
with
princesdefended
bravely. About
power
dan
Mahome-
the
vassals
become
Chitore
The
Lakshman
between
wars
defeat and
These
emperors.
Mahomedan
the
acknowledge
to
of
his
The
uncle,
of
one
Singh had for his consort
Singh. This Bhim
in the
This
Padmini1.
the greatest beauties
land, Rani
from
come
putation
Ceylon. Her
great reprincessis said to have
for beauty reached
the ears
of AllauddinKhilji,
the
conceived
of Delhi, who
an
unholy passion for her.
emperor
Bhim
With
immense
an
the fort.
siege
to
which
they
invested
The
forces.
of his whole
and
meet
i
Some
Maharana
Chitore
upon
and
The
still Allauddin
the fortress
would
all sides
on
garrisonhad
not
to make
army
warrior's death
chronicles
Lakshman
describe
Singh.
raise
sudden
on
the
the
Rani
laid
valour
for
in all their
the
siege. He
powerful
very
with
exhausted
now
to
Driven
he advanced
are
but
advances,
had
army
all their
resolved
resources.
at the
head
sortie upon
the enemy
field of battle.
All the
Padmiui
as
the
wife
of
the
ANCESTRY
Rajputs
to
applauded
man
the whole
desirable that
not
The
perpetuateit.
himself
to
known
as
he
his father
according
Thereupon
But
the
obliged
to
father's
his
at
Chitore, the
forth
upon
them
of
hands
the
to
were
When,
he
took
as
the
with
him
He
eldest brother.
the
formed
courage
entreaties
cut
and
enemy,
The
of
The
the
whole
teen
four-
fort
place
fell
was
posed
gates comfive metals, celebrated
Singh
Singh, the
rallied the
nearly
pieces.
to
above, Ajay
then
the
advice
Mahomedans.
Humbir
tains,
Moun-
This
of
race
take
to be-
Aravalli
urgent
related
royal
him
the
prince
his
himself.
the
throughout
all vied
lives upon
commanded
save
by
overcome
of
their
that
was
part of
and
to
hundred
into
it
palatable
dashed
to
Kailwada,
was
found
second
the
inaccessible
an
by no means
Ajay Singh.
kinsmen
sacrifice
to
totallyextinguishedand
be
should
of
desire
be
They
sons.
was
should
be
must
means
it
surely
Sesodias
the
twelve
specialfavourite of
undesirable
to
him, how
the
was
the
But
battle-field.
the
had
king
in
other
each
with
of
race
But
plan.
the
earth, and
the
extirpated from
of the enemy.
made
his
minor
remnants
of
escape,
son
his
of his
people
and
again
Chitnis's
Lakshman
with
two
chronicle
to
gives a different version
Singh's desperate sallyhis queen
escaped to
who
subsequently
princes,
propagated the race.
the
effect
the
Bhil
that ab
country
to Chitore
return
royal drum
insolent pride
their
of
hostile
those
resolved
before
and
to
couches, and
of Islam
hatred
made
power;
established
the
On
Udaipur
independence.
their
of
demise
with
With
southwards.
prince advanced
conquered by him, and
was
his descendants
Among
his
it
read
we
Sajan Singh
for
the
tion
parti-
glorious
to
design, this
territory
Singhji Maharana,
Maharana,
capital,they
son
more
there
This
consolidated
cousin
this
The
and
his
Singh,
considered
himself.
for
realms
Ajay
quarrel
beards.
their
as
he
of
luxury
posterity. They
forts
new
decimated
hereditary
the
their
their
to
at last with
and
to
thought it unwise
of territory,and
new
transmitted
they
the
their war-standards
trim
to
even
curbed
their
themselves
to
the enemy
had
who
to carry
new
their
not
had
capital of
not
deny
from
they
bands
the
were
plate and
retrieved
insignia. Until
kingdom, they
them,
MAHARAJ
had
they
desecrated
and
race
until
and
the
SHIVAJI
OF
LIFE
his
of
Bhosaji
brave
of Sondhwad
made
names
win
capital.
Dilip Singhji
Maharana,
and
succession.
in
All these
Devrajji Maharana
constantly
Mahomedans
and
the
with
their
preserved
fought
kingdom.
with the frequency
But at length Devrajji,quite exhausted
of
the
Mahomedan
coming
down
pendence as
the
name
to
foundations
to content
the
Bhonsle.
of
carried
Mahomedans
was
south
in
not
himself
descendants
gave
maintained
the
valleys
Decean
Mahomedans
and
to
his
up
the
coming
for fear of
ambition
the
polygar
On
Bhima.
Bhosawant
the
invasions,
His
of
object was,
new
sovereignty in
everything before
destined
with
the
to
be
kingdom,
precarious inde"
the
Krishna
he
changed
assumed
if
and
his
that
of
possible,to lay
this land.
them
realized.
and
At
and
But the
his
high
last he had
Patelshipof Singnapur.
afterwards
"
LIFE
ajahgir made
He
had
great influence
and
of his forces.
to him
over
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
OF
councils
in the
indeed
of the
ernment,
Gov-
Nizami
generals in that
state who
in bravery and power.
could compare
with
him
Jadhavrao
was
delightedto welcome
Malojiand Vithojiinto
his service,offered them
a salary of five hons
(pagodas) each"
and ordained
that they should
at table*
keep him company
there
were
CAREER
THE
could
MALOJI.
OF
strong and
Maloji was
horses
few
very
bear
few
his
He
was
therefore
his
talents
and
brilliant
Jadhavrao,
who
introduced
and
tegrity
of inroyal iavour as a man
The
Sultan
houour.
was
pleased with him and
or
as
a "shiledar"
cavalry officer in his service
of his
at the head
Maloji served the Nizam
chosen
recommended
and
retained
him
Henceforth
foot
own
to mount
married
to
was
True
of
source
gods
to
Dipabai,
the sister of
their home
his
rise
rapid. His
position of
was
great affliction
the
with
of
Shiledar.
children.
no
wife
his
rite
brother,
Dipabai.
endless
vows
religiousmerit
children.
At
length
the birth
the
After
vow
at
celebrated
to
had
practised many
might be blessed
Jagpalrac
his admission
After
of Phaltan.
sentiments
and
Nizam
still remaine
have
promoted to the
but Maloji as yet
eight sons
to Hindu
to the
that
of
favour
the
won
Murtezashaha
to
seems
Deshmukh
army
also been
Vithoji had
This
soon
Jadhavrao.
Vithoji,had
him
horse, but
and
dependent of
Maloji was
Nimbalkar, the
parts he
outposts. With
at the
to the
him
sentry
of the child
Sharifji.
time
he
as
an
at
act of benefaction
child, after
the
had
shrine
second
son,
on
the
the Pir,
whom
part
of
Shahaji,
he named
THE
Shahaji
made
he
people.There
was
Jadhavrao
voice.
He
less than
no
ways,
was
handsome
MALOJI
with
and
boy,
his
sprightly
with his sweet
childish
prattleand precocity,
favourable
all
most
a
impression upon
in his manners,
charm
a peculiar
gait,and
for the boy.
conceived
a great fondness
him
often took
OF
CAREER
home,
decked
ous
of vari-
clothes
with
him
On
the
of the
day
received
called the
knee
was
of
and
handsome
strange
that
near
The
other.
and
house
in
have
company,
indeed !
in
company
were
that
exclaimed
Scarcely
had
he
of the red
plate,began
present
were
other
nothing
was
girlasked
husband
powder
much
in
her
they would
spoken when
throw
to
the
from
pretty and
so
for her
boy
his
on
the
on
that it
age,
the young
the
him
seated
sat down
social
rao
Jadhav-
son.
running
the children
Both
standing
and
him
his
had
who
the
attended
durbar, with
equally matched
Jadhav
addressing
the
pair
proper
the
those
Among
He
all his
invited
had
daughter, Jija,came
she would
jest whether
turning to
of
kind
of
father.
her
house.
youngster towards
apartments
he
Maloji.
was
after his
Soon
inner
to his
invitation
the
function, which
lap.
Rang-Panchami,
relations
and
friends
embroideries, and
which
and,
be
the
was
each
it upon
at this
amused
right
display of childish fun and
spirits and laughed outindeed
a
pretty match.
exclaiming that they were
At this, Maloji and
men,"
Vithojistood up, and, "Listen, gentleand ourselves
they exclaimed, "from this day, Jadhavrao
our
have
related
become
Jija is now
by betrothal.
has
daughter-in-law. You have just heard what Jadhavrao
His
said.
from
resolution
declaration
is
made
made.
in
Great
public."
men
Thus
never
recede
callingall the
LIFE
"
at this
he made
terms
are
Jadhavrao's
resented
common
Shiledar
alliance
into
was
Mhalsabai
be the
uttered
It
What
Mansabdars
and
up
do
never
the
houses
Deshmukhs
and
"
her.
any
"I
bound
before the
Maloji :
Our
people
assembly was
it into
The
upon
numerous
in honour."
to
message
construe
When
and
of
insolence.
unguarded
ed,
exclaim-
you," she
still not
wrong
to
we
Mahadiks,
rank
stoop
over
pass
and
so
the
wealth-
low
this
as
way
union
now
us
spoke. Maloji is a
to give our
daughter
equals in
our
our
of the rank
say, if
of the
of
proceedings,
Maloji. That a
of a marriage
for his
husband
her
for
these
of these
folly
of
wrong
words ; more
will
from
and
of
was
those
fumed
But
dinner.
to
till then."
us
to learn
height
Maloji stood
eligible youths
she
jest.
marriage
rich mansabdar
with
assembly. "It
repliedwhen
dependent of ours.
of
in
time
proper
came
the
eyes
remonstrated
his house.
the
by
invite
net
of
house
have
house
would
one
repliedin
impertinence of
dream
Maloji should
like
the
have
he in return
this
in her
in the
"to
that any
his friends
to be related
now
wife, Mhalsabai,
she
into
But
wedding will
together; kindly do
Jadhav
astonished
was
uttered
invited
; the
feast
words
upon
invited.
was
"We
children
words
imagined
never
Jadhavrao
day
also
Jadhavrao
sat
reply.
next
Maloji
had
occurred, they
had
what
to
construction
no
The
to
He
scene.
place such
MAHARAJ
spectatorsassented.
The
down.
witness
bear
to
company
SH1VAJI
OF
gods
this,
a
"A
"A
truce
cannot
to
in
"
affiance with
your
this insolent
reply.
how
house."
After
could
What
it.
jest.It is
made
Do
marriage
I
spoke
preposterous to
tion.
accept the invita-
in
it be void
Jadhavrao
peremptory
talk of
the future."
pronouncement
company
this
declaration.
know
sent
entertain
merely
solemn
alone
he
Then
was
Maloji retorted
of
presence
We
?
claim
very
the feast he summoned
so
an
at
angry
his clerk
him
to
ordered
and
OF
CAREER
THE
him
MALOJI
make
to
and
This
felt the
he
degradation all
Jadhavrao
that
was
had
firmlyresolved
This
man
of
than
the
the
forced
to return
farm
become
to
to
wealth
only
thus
rank
and
desire
because
and
he
now
his fortune.
effort to retrieve
every
one
him
treat
he dedicated
To
of his loftyaim.
days to the realization
his spiritand character
better
death itself seemed
he
of what
ignominious repudiation by Jadhav
solemn
considered
assembled
chiefs
The
out
night
in the
first
watch
to
was
hand
armlets
to
their
ant-hill
an
of
after
the
It
Now
He
as
saw
once
"It
he
or
remained
moon
turns.
ing.
watch-
he had
saw
tioned
sta-
and
is all
as
he
in his dream
silver
and
described
himself
the
to him
asked
and
asleep he had
goddess Bhavani
white,
decked
out
illusion," cried
an
was
ing
beckon-
it vanished
twice
watch
to
in
by
watch
his brother
full
the
was
went
bright and
goddess Bhavani, bejewelled
out
soon
brothers
two
spot where
while,
the
waving
of
wondrous
at the
gold,coming
Malojito sleep.
mind,
crops.
little
like that
him, and
of
society.
this agitated
In
his heart.
Magh.
They kept
to sleep while Maloji
After
of
in
Maratha
of
month
himself.
with
frame
Vithoji went
There
lustrous
rankled
of the
in the presence
and
disconsolate
night
one
of betrothal
avowal
of dishonour
sense
and
At
high positions of
nights and
his
a
notice
more
to
without
to make
became
now
the
were
to the
the
dared
dependent
and
baggage.
Verul, again
at
great insult
and
them,
to
service, with
his
of
accounts
land.
till the
was
due
arrears
and
the
up
lost
now
earned
nobly
so
paternal homestead
hinds
He
brothers
the two
with
with
the
the
red-
richest
10
LIFE
jewels.
He
thought
OF
she
stroked
him
I have
accord
of mine
favours
on
ant-hill is
it thine to
thou
the
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
him
in these
terms:
and
awoke
"Behold, oh mortal,
become
propitiousand lavish my
thee.
The
snake
thou
wilt find haunting this
nought but my divine self in another
guise. Be
salute the snake and dig up the ant-hill ; and take
own
gold
reptile,for
thou
shalt find
therein,
it shall
descendants
go its way.
in the direct line shall
awoke
his dream
to
the back
on
from
Vithoji. The
two
and
now
harm
not
the
Twenty-seven of thy
land ! "Maloji
reignin;the
described
brothers
but
the marvellous
resolved
vision
of the wonderful
behind
their house1.
This
stimulus
to
a
new
unexpected windfall
gave
be circulated
to
Maloji'senergies. He caused a rumour
had been pleased
the people that the goddess Bhavani
among
in
to be speciallypropitious to
and
had
him
put him
of gold, and had
given her
possessionof an untold amount
house
divine promise that there
would
be born in their
an
in the
invincible hero, who
would
era
inaugurate anew
of a
at the house
land.
They then depositedtheir money
Pande
Naik
by name.
great banker at Shrigonde, Shesava
With
his
They had an old family connection with Shesava.
help Maloji purchased a thousand horses and enlisted many
the
bargirs and shiledars in his service. From
beginning
for his piety, and this new
accession of
he had been known
he attributed
which
to divine favour
wealth
only served to
accentuate
to devote
for religion. He
predilection
his natural
a
great part of
He
benevolence.
made
his
bountiful
ed
resolv-
acquisitionsto objectsof
presents to deserving
have
acquired his riches by
Maloji must
nothing strange
plunder. But the imputation is quite gratuitous. It was
hidden
discover
a
treasure, and
in those exciting and revolutionary times to
the common
ground as theit was
practice to bury precious things under
of
the spoilers.
only effectual way of saving them from the hands
1
Grant
Duff
thinks
that
CAREER
THE
Brahmans
discovery of
his
hill of
fair in the
persons
used
suffered
from
had
five
over
themselves
to
this
He
place.
built
and
he built
in
much
restored
a
reservoir
the various
charity at
The
500,000
they
pilgrims
devout
from
distance
water
upon
work.
On
of
suitable
the
tion
comple-
to Brahmans
and
dharmshalas
some
etc. at different
tanks, wells
than
that town.
near
gious
great reli-
dilapidatedtemple
the
top of
to
also erected
he
fakirs;
the
trict
Dis-
time, but
this
gueat feast
gave
less
water
view
On
year
No
temple
Satara
the
every
liberal alms
way
with
With
of the raservoir, he
at Verul
held
of the
scene
beautiful
Mahadev.
great reservoir of
this
spent freely upon
He
site.
built
Maloji
to be
the
is in
to
six miles.
or
There
of Chaitra.
month
provide
to
been
erected
Shambhu
used
there
11
had
he
and
the ant-hill.
the famous
this mountain
which
treasure,
site of
the
upon
farm
the
upon
MALOJI
OF
of
at
Krishna
In the
places
and
same
spent
shrines.
By
munificence.
the
He
of his life.
great scheme
how
had
he
twelve
begun
he
retinue, and
when
renewed
demand
his
which
would
to
not
upon
to
He
found
any
practice
maintain
for
into
put
It has
retainers.
hundred
Jadhav
commenced
now
the
himself
well
of
daughter
terms
established
Jadhav.
to this
consent
he
But
proposal,
him
he could
with
insolence
his
reinforcement
of
promise.
Maloji
now
of two
These
concerted
thousand
had
horse
caused
negotiations proved
a
systematic war
and
Jadhav
curb
to break
successful
of
the
invasion
and
and
12
LIFE
Jadhav's
depredation upon
do to molest
could
his
behind
place, they
killed
down
poured
Godavari
the
had
of the
the
that
Maloji
from
swerve
to
recourse
strange
cavalry
the
past
nothing
Jadhav
Vithoji marched
up
their heavy baggage
them
crossed
But
make
Maloji
the head
stratagem. At
kars, Maloji and
jahgir.
would
him
Then
decision.
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
OF
Shrigonde. Leaving
to
and
of
pass
villageof
artilleryat
this
Nimbdevara
and
Nevase.
There
they
the carcases
into the
pigs and threw
their
at Dowlatabad, having previouslytied round
mosque
necks letters enclosing a petitionto the Nizam
Shahi
Sultan
of Ahmednagar.
the grounds of these
The petitionrecited
of
couple
disturbances,
deference
how
basely discharged
and
how
taken
they
missives
his
to
Nimbalkars
the
and
his
anger
no
and
it
"of
it
betrothal
owing
was
of
mosque
him
the expense
on
Islam
the
of the
peremptorily to put an
signalizing the event
end
with
threatened
improper
most
was
his
on
then
and
to his
had
his service,
and
The
support.
this desecration
knew
had
disturbance
of further
presence
expostulated with
dispute at
with
against Jadhavrao,
declared
sacred
from
directed
declaration
that
brothers
of
news
Shaha
made
off,and
threats
the
that
it
shelter
in
and
of his house
encouragement
with
told him
a
the
Bhonsle
the
When
curiously
was
ladies
their
with
of Nizam
ears
of
sought
concluded
desecration.
the
had
revenge
had
whims
to the
himself
forsworn
Jadhavrao
and
to
came
bounds, but
whom
he
moned
sum-
He
menaces.
part
it
to
to have
have
broken
headstrong obstinacy
been
desecrated
so.
He
to it
and
ordered
by conciliating
Maloji
him
and
standingas
his
own.
LIFE
14
Now
Maloji
and
Jadhav
could
no
ordered
both
the
to
and
himself
sultan
in it
interest
grudged
truth,
charity
secured
had
mansab
at his court,
sultan
The
and
and
the
Under
and
relations
personal
Omrahs
of the
such
auspices
Jijabai. Maloji
He
gave
distributed
fakirs.
had
took
of his life.
and
and
Maloji
1604.
of
cause
glory
Omrahs,
the
Brahmans
to
this
on
crowning
and
for all
cause
of expense
to
place in April
but
wedding
exception.
marriage of Shahaji
the
was
grand banquet
in
the
it without
the
the
espoused
celebrated
with
nuptials were
great
The fact that the
royal presence.
sufficient
amount
no
the
in
was
celebrated
was
the
attended
to attend
court
in
eclat
and
pomp
had
exalted
rank
an
given him
the demand.
longer withstand
partiesto bring their families
had
Dowlatabad;
MAHARAJ
himself
sultan
the
that
SHIVAJI
OF
largesums
wedding took
This
only
not
title of
the
his
won
object,
into the
Rajah
bargain.
After
dar
the
to that
service
useful
the Nizam
of
commander
or
a
Maloji,now
Shahi
kingdom
Rajah
the
marriage,
government
talents he
did
troublous
those
in
mansabvery
times.
gained an
overwhelming
earned
the gratitude of the
He
court.
that
difficult operations of war
in the
most
state for his
success
both
became
civil and military. It soon
and his services
was
originally
apparent that though the high command
account
of the sultan's
conferred
Maloji merely on
upon
well
obstinacy, the recipientwas
displeasure at Jadhav's
By his bravery
ascendency at
worthy
and
his
on
terms
with
all
in
him
conciliatory and
by
the
lavished
of the honours
consulted
now
Shahaji
his
fine
penetrationand sagacity,
soon
and
the court.
for him
won
He
became
figure
the
a
the
the
golden
Besides
always kept
high officers of
court
noble
and
habitual
his
state officials
he
manners
attend
to
The
of moment.
questions
courteous
used
His
father.
him.
upon
cordiality with
of the utmost
court.
soon
in company
bearing,his
courtesy and
siveness
persuaof
the sultan
opinions
"persona
grata"
with
all the
THE
great
Omrahs
mansab
and
influence
Shaha
Shahaji.
conferred
CAREER
and
the
for
state,
his
15
After
courtiers.
prosperity
in
MALOJI
OF
fifteen
and
with
years
died
Maloji
jahgirs
enjoying
in
honours
his
ing
increas-
ever
The
1619.
upon
great
the
Nizam
Rajah
CHAPTER
CAREER
THE
It is
State.
of
notion
the
state
The
defence
placed
upon
Mogul
hands,
did
this
rallied
front
stood
II1.
Shaha
of
Most
Murteza
of the
However
supported by
the time
of Khan
nath
Sarkar
in his article
) cills
the
of
eve
The
infant
of
the
Sultana,
and
stabbed
by one
prince she
of
had
captive in
the
prison-fort of
lost,but
prince was
was
the
heart
its
now
of Malik
Ambar,
who
and
this
king'scourt
new
Nizamshahi
prince
recognized
be
Meadows
Sultan
Shah
rebellion
as
up
as
Murteza
II and
the
Sultan
Shah
Murteza
the
the
at
Shah
of
to
Sultan
as
by Shahaji
speaks
Taylor
Murteza
of Murteza
name
set
puppet
then
the
1II#
puppet
reigning
III. Prof.
at
Jadu-
in the
Modern
Review
( September
the
Malik
of Buran
Ambar
name
by
by
prince supported
calls him
Murteza
II.
Shaha, against the authority of Ferishta who
At
1601
to
1632.
rate
Murteza
period,
a
over
long
prince reigned
any
Nizam
This
might
throne.
been
Grant
Hoosein
the
in
Jedhe
put
The
to
Ambar
was
other
callinghim
name
as
page
the
178 )
the Sultan
grandson
II. The
the
states,
Buran
article of Prof.
Shaka
by
to the
chronicles
Fatteh
Khan
of
be here
Mandal,
1553, that
him
noted
Chaturth
Fatteh
Shaha.
Nizam
Sarkar
year
I, and
speaks
It may
Bharat-Itihas-Sanshodhak
under
Marathi
Sarkar
Shaha.
Nizam
Shah
succeeding
set up
puppet
Jadunath
Prof.
Bahadur
before
including
historians
Nizam
of Buran
Shaha
Nizam
Murteza
III, though
and
Buran
as
chronology,( see
to death
gist of
Shahaji
and
Nizam
this
on
known
Duff
concurred
under
of Malik
SammelanvHtta,
came
as
Lodi's
Jehan
been
gone,
call
confusion.
Ambar
Malik
had
transferred
the
general
the admiration
within
noble
would
dynasty
1917
Khan
excited
succession
II, and
is much
there
into
theShahi
some
the
on
throne
chiefs
He
to have
stage
Bibi
had
chroniclers
the
Shah
Nizam
extinction
in
next
Nizam
illustrious Chand
invaders, having
the
Nizam
the
Ahmednagar
the
to
who
that
of it
daunt
not
of the
hands
being immured
capital was
The
Gwalior.
both
the
mamab,
the
Nizamshahi
the
head
fallen
Mogul conquerors,
perfidious sardars.
own
to the
Ahmednagar,
of the
her
was
succeeded
this
had
town
1600, and
about
noble
envy
have
of
SHAHAJI
at the
was
indispensableat
extinction.
Moguls
OF
Shahaji
Ambar
Malik
renowned
whose
when
time
the
At
II
above
referred
to is that
Shahaji
to the
Bijapur
entirely owing
the
all
of
Ambar's
party,
of Malik
Ambar,
state, which
the
it all their
this and
nobilityresented
of
in
had
now
fiant
again unfurled the decentration
Bheiry. This led to a con-
in the hands
power
element
Abyssinian
the
17
and
the house
of
standard
SHAHAJI
Dowlatabad
of
strong fort
OF
CAREER
THE
factions
own
The
The
arose.
Malik
was
way.
and
Maratha
leader of the
party
Mian
was
south
country further
The
desire
no
remained
to
Ahmednagar.
to
under
Malik
Nizam
Ambar.
Shaha, but
their power.
Murteza
Nizam
fort of Avsha, and the revenue
of
surrender
kept in the
territoryadjoining the
Shaha
the
down
to
outwardly professed allegiance
Both
had
south-wards
and
was
fort
ceded
was
of his court.
time
Some
with
afterwards
Moguls
the
this contest
and
victory
find Mian
we
waging
at
war
last smiled
Raju making
peace
with
Malik
Ambar.
upon
Malik
Ambar, and
In
The
Raju himself was soon a prisonerin his hands.
Maratha
to give up their oppositionand
nobility had now
Ambar.
of Malik
After overthrowing
acknowledge the supremacy
all oppositionMalik
Ambar
devoted all his attention
to the
reorganizationof the state. He had in a short
time restored order to the different departments of the state,
but the crowning glory of his administration
his reform
was
of the revenue
made
a
system. By this reform he at once
Later in 16 iO he founded
name
throughout Maharashtra.
a
Mian
town,
new
ministers
Khadki,
K.hawas
Khan
and
patron, Fatteh
rao
to
were
Khan,
crushingblows
all Marathi
in the rest
Chronicle
to
the murder
him.
The
can
any
that
the
is
the
fall of
his
Lukbji Jadhavis
opposed
for it be
justification
seen
itself
to contradict
appear
that between
1620-30 Jadhav-
would
information
that
states
under
article,which
he
famous
of his father-in-law
nor
the further
and
Murarpant,
by giving us
fought under the Moguls,
L.S.
more
authorities;
of Prof. Sarkar's
in terms
rao
and
afterwards
against Ahmednagar
and
againab
OU
SHIVAJI
""!
This
Aurangahad.
Shalti Kingdom.
name
am
of
Moguls, many
capturedtho town
tho
Moguls. While
"
lie
now
Ho
waged endless
with
thorn
AhmednagW,
Malik
placo between
took
inent
Rajah Shahaji
of the
undaunted
Mogul
by
No
court.
one
prolioioncyin
high
tired
received
he
valour
and
24,000
solid
hlsenvv
the
in
their
MigOtO
According
(UJU,
to
it a
MojmiK
to
daneo
As
pa^e
in
roae
the
.Jadhav
Lukhji
Ambar
nobles
had
and
of which
DO
he
received
.ladhavrao
writers
attribute
Shahaji
sul^LMnient
in the
to
the
tho defection
Ni.'.aiimhnhi
death
of
the
nobles
oi her
These
side.
Mogul
and
were
great
was
mansab
tin.
of
relations
in
l(lk21
of .hull..
Btal
like-
Sultan
Mui-m
I
appointedM
nrnrShahaji being practically
who
was
only
an
Jadhavrao
Ni/.unn
cii"i
infant,
prince
ning
U) tht
attendanee
Khahaji, and therefore went
OVOI
upon
bO fiOJ
j.rot.Jndanath
'J41"and
once
thorn
iu)t. liko
ditto
at
his braver
of his
Moguls, and that many
own
right1. This occurred
v'mv of
sudden
oi Lhr
He
Nizamehahi
lie,therefore,began to BOW
Malik
with
of (lie Bakhar
some
it.
tho
to
over
from
got mansabs
left about
war.
perBever
the
as
subvert
It is said that
horse
this
at
deserting a sovereignty
scruplesabout
mainstay.
For
the
on
was
long as tho Nizamshahi
strength of tho Maratha
power, it
that
saw
disaUeetcd
ulroad)
raid
Rajah Shahaji,
Ambar.
corrupted
them
drew
and
great, bra
after raid
doubt
taction pi
lie
with
made
honour
tho
supported by tho
impossibleto
was
intrigues,
Mogul I
the
the
great
now
Jahan
Shaha
recomjuer
rotiro,still
out.
to
them
had
of Malik
est.eem
to
reverses,
any
and
camp
had
and
defeated
indeed
was
hil
sent,
the
first,
were
her,
anot
desp.-rateen;
and
fought
that
battle
this
in
was
Delhi,
re-
DecOftO
Ambar
nobles
after
of
(1617).
Malik
Maratha
The
in 1620.
it
doininions
the
II"
success.
thus
to tho
with
wars
army
emperor
capitaloi* tin
was
Mogul
great army
Shahi
Nizam
tho
and
with
.lahan
the
which
Ambar
chastising One
Johangir, the thou Mogul
Shaha
made
conspicuous
and
Hources
MAIIARA.I
total ninoun
of the
Klliot
Vll,
i a/e
it.)
mansab
Modetn
obtained
by
Jadhavra
Keriew, (September
1917*.
Tin:
The
who
adhered
to
of his
party
Ambar
was
Ambar
Mogul garrisonsand
Jahan
The
fields
old
reconquer
returned
soon
the
to
by Malik
the Mogul Empire.
resources.
Shahaji
all his
chief.
military
of
of
remnants
than
the
decidedlyunequal
He
after this.
of
died
his
content
to
little 1
Mali I:
of the
remnant
operati
war
the
territory so
under
came
had
the
exhausted
now
loyallysupporting hia
submission
upon
He
of his life.
of
sudden
the
chances
favourable
did
of
live
not
tunity
opporhe
peace
in 1626
malady
now
master
honourable
He
greit
save
Shahi
uncertain
This
day
and
Nizam
found
soon
peace.
in
the
and
Ambar
all
of
success
territory. Shaha
again
his
war.
was
the
of these
territory for
for overtures
observed
the
stake
to
cede-
still kept
make
to
the
Malik
efforts
resources
ifc proper
thought
rather
his
all
But
expel
Ambar
recently recovered
rule of
to
again
still
nobility,
of
to Delhi.
return
scene
fought
were
Maratha
territory.
to
He
ha
Ambar.
of the
of
peace
events
corruption.
invasion, and
by a large cession
Jahan
compelled Shaha
seized this opportunity
make
this
great Marat
little prospect
Mogul
of
tide
the
stemming
of the
patron, Malik
there
saw
i"
one
desertion
this wholesale
After
Malik
the
was
was
the
shahaji
only
proof against
Rajah Shahaji
nobles,
Of
ai:i:kk
"
at
the
age
eighty.
Immediately
their
Jadhav.
Shaha
Jehangir.
force to
of
the
marched
Nizam
attendance
all
Shaha
upon
his
valour
for
succeed
in
the
forces.
forcingthe
but
enemy
At
Mahuli,
at
Jadhavrao
with
to
and
this
small
Mogul
the sultan
Shahaji was in
siegeto Mahuli
all his
raise
Lukhji
abjut
this time
laid
defended
of
Moguls
Delhi, leavingbut
Shahaji
six months,
Delhi
to
of his
Jadhavrao.
Sultan.
the
death
was
Arnbar
return
to
to
co-operate with
Murteza
with
He
had
Jahan
account
on
of Malik
death
hostilities with
renewed
time,
the
on
the
efforts he did
siege.
great
not
However
LIFE
20
'lie
resolved
was
was
SHIVAJI
OF
indeed
the
last of
of
the
Nizamshahi
service
the
will and
Jier for
For
of
"account
mother
of
pretence
of
at the
good
Jadhav
reconciliation
Nizami
affairs,but
himself
had
sultan
of
and
lost
Murteza
and
idea
oppositionsinglehanded, perhaps
His
loyaland
When
it.
bent
devoted
service
in vain.
Why
to
the
and
should
he
now,
the
the
advantage
to continue
of his life ?
seemed
state
an
sion
submis-
upon
the risk
at
to
reality to
the
changed
for himself
it, he reflected,
was
on
in
saw
of honour
the
due
foot,under
but
the
Shaha's
was
on
was
what
rendered
This
set
of
been
Nizam
only regret
heart
sacrifice of every
avail
loyal servant,
Shahaji
could
he
forsaken
singly
come
peace,
power.
the
kingdom.
to have
and
had
the
himself
Nizamshahi
againstShahaji.
Lukhji
"extinguishthe
in
never
strange prejudicethat
intrigue which
aspect
misfortunes
as
conceived
now
still left in
combined
the
save
Shahaji
enemy.
services
the
who
to
fortune
ever.
lost
state
the
capacity
good
the
But
give in to the
loyal officers
to
never
MAHARAJ
have
to
when
the state
and
of his intention.
his mother
He
sallied out
of
fort
the
and
broke
night with a small band of loyal veterans
Jadhavrao
through the besieginglines. This is just what
He
and
wanted.
continued
the pursuit for
pursued him
several
until the
barriers
days with great earnestness
reached.
There the vengefulJadhavrao
of Phaltan
were
had
one
to
of
the
ihat
old
alliance
of
Shahaji,
were
son
the Nimbalkars
re-inforced
upon him, he
in dispersinghis pursuers.
Nimbalkars,
At
the
the
fortress
to
turn
time
of
that
Mahuli
in-law.
the
he
with
would
For
and
the
he
knew
militia
have
knew
well too
of
the
little difficulty
22
LIFE
his army
Thus
place
Jijabai'sprotection and
to
high-minded Jijabai continue
the
chosen
all persons
against
for
her
in the
her
husband
her,
she
in after
more
was
reached
the
life did
she
in
He
did
had
previously
the
at
intrigue
Mahuli.
Murar
meditated
The
and
Rajah Shahaji.
his
and
Bijapur
to
of
of
inkling
Shaha
Bijapur state,
ability of
received
him
with
dynasty
a
on
Nizam
co-operate
with
him
first
the
Sultan
to
Durbar,
the
knew
he
trusty officer,
the
small
the
with
him
from
in
utter
complement
the
of
after
insolent
possessed all
his
gave
long
the
south.
the
seldom
but
the
lease
Nizam
Takrib
with
He
of
sultan
Shahi
ways
tendencies
was
or
over
The
with
had
of Fatteh
of his
the
the
Mogul
military
Nizam
He
arduous
waged
concluded
of life to the
Khan
won
success.
charge
peace
arbitrary
autocratic
genius.
in
was
timely
new
and
himself.
Ambar,
father,
had
in
place
viziership.
his
he
which
by
towards
Lodi
Jahan
Khan
Not
Moguls,
the
to
ability of
and
tact
taken
of Malik
death
the
succeeded
Khan,
nobility
in the
On
considerateness
and
had
great revolution
of the
.generalKhan
without
of
Nizamshahi
the
Ahmednagar.
none
with
resent
Shahi
Adil
meantime
and
courtesy
Fatteh
The
Fatteh
possessed
wars
got the
jahgir.
forces.
son,
gentry
had
Khan;
re-inforced
affairs at
his
RanduJla
preserve
and
In the
the
he
never
flight till
Bijapur
mother
the
by
sent
the
cordiality,promised
labours
extinction
as
father's
his
all
raging
were
to
principal statesmen
Jagdeo
honour
soon
as
forgive.
never
in her
slack
not
Balkrishnapant Hanumante,
political mission,
foot
her
hostilities
Shivneri, and
at
the
in
father, of
her
these
that
war
staying
set
Shahaji
Bijapur.
of
tumults
dwell
could
she
forward.
went
That
prosecute
offence
an
persevered
Meanwhile
husband.
her
by
world, should
Notwithstanding all
round
MAHARAJ
for
escort
an
did
SHIVAJI
OF
tions
opera-
him
by
Shahi.
reason
Khan,
great
to
who
father
accordingly appoin-
CAREER
THE
led
supersede him
to
service
of the
started
overtures
SHAHAJI
vizier1.
as
Jadhavrao
induced
OF
to
and
for
change of ministry
allegiance and the
his
to
return
Nizamshahi;
This
with
23
reconciliation.
view
in
end
this
Nizam
the
But
he
by the impulses of
in the
passion. With him desire for revenge weighed more
he
than counsels of prudence; and againstJadhavrao
balance
hatred
and
the bitterest
had conceived
animosity. It did
to him
that the exigencies of the state might not
not
occur
his grudges. A
permit him to nurse
great general of the
coming back in sack-cloth and ashes. True
empire was
statesmanship required the sultan to forgiveand forget the
the
repentant general with open arms, to
past, to receive
of his state.
him a pillar
and make
unite him
to his interests
Shaha
Murteza
was
who
man
led
was
too noble
thoughts were
pusillanimous spirit. He chose
treachery for
intrigueand return
But
and
these
himself
revenge
him
to
reply
of
consultation
secret
plan of treachery,drew
were
risen
Khan
to
Khan
Modak's
different version
sprung
up
account
Moguls,
of the
account
on
power
Fatteh
Khan
history
of the
in
son
they
had
the pretence
ministers, and
a
three
previouslyconcerted
instant
an
mind
of
of the incarceration
apprehend
the
and
sultan's
keep
him
Khan,
fascination
as
of this story.
in the
and
Hamid
that
says
sultan, succeeded
2
with
hall,on
his
the
ing
unsuspect-
deprived them
Alarmed
swords.
drew
after
and
In
of their
odds
their
his son,
and
Jadhavrao
son
Soon
his
with
nobles,in accordance
Mahomedan
by
attended
ushered
been
to
fort of Dowlatabad.
durbar.
to the Nizam's
Achloji,came
Eesolved
Jadhavrao
invitation
the
to
treachery.
in the
personalinterview
work
to
for his
Jadhavrao
on
for his
generous
and
in darkness
too
of
had
the
vizier.
Adilshahi
It
an
represents that
Jadhavrao
of Fatteh
and
kingdom
a
the Maratha
Khan.
He
feeling of
nobles
intrigued to
had
unrest
generallyon
secede
to
the
to
he determined
roused
suspicion being once
of
the
treafollows the story
in custody. Then
*wife of Jadhavrao
reservoir
murder
at
to
mansab
When
husband
and
jahgirof
and
reached
son
Mogul
force
afc the-
ous
story of the treacher-
the
husband
her
small
little army
once
reply
the town.
of her
with
encamped
was
outside
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJ1
OF
LIFE
24
her
she
ears,
In
to Sindhkhed.
transferred
court
his
to
the-
brother, Bhotaji-
of the Jadhav
true
to
family remained
the
Mogul sovereigns to the last day of the empire and
rendered
distinguishedand loyal service to their Mogul
This
rao.
branch
masters.
then at the fort of Parinda
and
Rajah Shahaji was
having conquered the adjoining territory reigned there an
The
absolute
When
master.
useless any
Shaha
lead
or
to
try
the
standards,
past,
in the
with
as
stances
circum-
that
saw
reconciled
get
Nizami
the
battlefield in
many
to
more
treacherous
he
murder,
father-in-law's
of his
of the
heard
be
it
was
Nizam
the
he had
done
impending
on
struggle-
that Murteza
convinced
was
an,
Moguls. He was
and
vindictive
man.
irredeemably treacherous
Shahaji
whatever
accordingly resolved to conquer
territoryhe could
and make
himself independent. In consequence
of this plan
he reduced
all the country from
Sangamner to Poona under
his personal sway
and captured all the forts in the
bourhood.
neigh-
with
the
In
parts of
of
confusion
the
of
these
conquests,
in for a share
Bijapur kingdom came
violence. It was
but natural that the Bijapur
should
the
resent
his
encroachment
upon
their
certain
of his acts
authorities
and
dominions,
to
chastise
his
general at the head of a large army
of Shahaji'sdistricts
audacity. This general conquered some
and captured Poona, consigning to flames Shahaji's mansion
in that town.
Shahaji did not yet feel himself strong enough
to challengethe large Bijapur army.
He, therefore, again
send
chery
in the durbar.
murder
Some
the
in
full,and
chronicles
same
as
Basatin-i-ScUatin
The
this version
change
Jagdevrao,
the
name
Vide
agrees
of
Abdul
relates
with
Bhotaji
Hamid
the
into
one
the story of
followed
Jadhavrao
in the
text.
in Elliot VII,
page
11.
THE
had
When
tide of
the
Shahaji once
Junnar,
more
on
of
career
new
OF
SHAHAJI
25
the
to
recourse
CAREER
adventure.
fort
the
found
He
tion.
condiand abandoned
Pamegad in an utterly dismantled
it Shamgad
He repairedand fortified this fort,named
of
and
head-quarters1.From
it his
made
he
fort
this
covered
re-
About
Khan
and
Jahan
Delhi.
Jahan
Khan
the landed
his
of
made
prolonged
and
cause
a
and
cause
long
war
the
When
Shaha
Jahan, he
the
the
the
Mogul
gad
of
names
was
The
at
forces
the
marched
for
of
to
names
Shamgad
is found
of
avert
assistance
the
Jahan
Lodi
With
danger.
and
Bhimgad
441).
(Basatin-i-""alatin,--p"ge
are
variously given
as
set up.
Shahaji
ruled
his
and
of
tion
conjunc-
nobility
ta
tion
annihilaconfederate
proclama-
Pamegad
for
confusion
authorities.
afterwards
ears
the
this conviction
issued
This
his
for
disaster
immediate
an
person
sinister
portended
Jahan
in
the
Maratha
the
and
the
up
that
reached
events
but
the
was
espoused
beginning
little head-way in
sultan
Khan
the Deccan
prince he had
valuable
nothing
from
him
Shahaji took
perceivedthat
once
who
kingdom,
made
of
government
partisans among
This
these
emperor
the
Moguls.
armies
news
and
crown,
partisans would
such
forces of Khan
with
he
him
imperial
the
after
warm
own.
the
Nizamshahi
the
of
their
commander,
of the
the
sent
was
nobilityof
Ahmednagar
Mogul
field.
with
many
with
rendered
time
of
it
service
army
found
of the
the
shelter
mighty
gentry and
jahgirdars
and
from
found
Ahmednagar.
an
Mogul
eclipseof
suffered
deserted
had
He
favour.
redoubted
the
Lodi, had
Jahan
Shaha
time
this
in the
and
or
Bhimgad
name
Shaha-
variation
or
gad
Pame-
of the puppet
LIFE
"6
tion
that
Lodi
be
be considered
fled
southward,
But
that
state
held
northwards
re-inforced
between
former
the
frustrated
all
on
to make
Mogul
with
to
utter
handful
Lodi
The
and
Nizami
his
result
chosen
and
was
a
was
armies, in
with
Thus
north
the
and
sultan.
with
to
way
directed
Bijapur.
his flight
of Dowlatabad
victorious.
sides, Lodi
forces
of
assistance
Mogul
the
confederates.
tremendous
these
then
ent
differ-
three
his
and
Shahi
were
his
armies
divisions, under
Lodi
and
personalenemy
He
Mogul army.
the
direction
Nizam
the
by
the
sympathised with
or
his
imploring the
wisely aloof.
in
pitched battle
driven
him
to withstand
and
The
by
against
weak
too
was
which
abetted
or
in three
army
commanders,
again
MAHARAJ
utterlyextirpated by
despatched his
Lodi
SHIVAJI
aided
whosoever
would
would
OF
his
hopes
mined
horse, deter-
escape
to Kabul.
that at length
pursued him so relentlessly
his pursuers
despair, Lodi turned
upon
fell fighting
of his loyal supporters and
bravely.
Upon the
Shahaji was
carry
to
his
upon
himself
save
to tender
amnesty
in the
these
in
his
and
from
such
submission
dire
to
He
Azim
memorialized
the
Khan,
the
Shaha
found
but
Lodi
Jahan
should
of the
Mogul
one
expedient
past and
began
Jahan
of Khan
vanguard
the
turn
He
lest
possessions. He
Mogul army.
lines,through
court.
of the forces
terror
extreme
his threats
out
army
destruction
his
a
offer to take
overtures
nobleman
emperor
to
an
service
for peace
of the
was
on
Mogul
he
of
his
to
life,namely, the
kingdom.
extinction
to
of
the
Ahmednagar
Shahaji'srequest
and
giviDg
royal promise
to
Shahaji went
of
thousand
He
his
him
conference.
of two
corps
and
honour
in addition
him.
Jahan
went
far
so
to
to
with
his
with
great
conferred
was
upon
districts2. Shaha
some
mansabs
give
him
emperor
received
was
he received
even
as
invited
th6
of five1 thousand
which
to
27
pardon
meet
horse.
mansab
SHAHAJI
OF
CAREER
THE
relatives
to the
them
to Kheloji, the son
dependents of Shahaji,among
attended
of his uncle Vithoji, who
sion.
Shahaji on this occaThe
took placein 1629.
This event
districts of Junnar
under
and Sangamner now
came
Shahaji.
and
this time
About
the
there
was
Shahi
state.
To
famine
great
fell upon
greatestseverityof which
Nizam
the
in the
Deccan,
inhabitants
of the
of famine
the horrors
added
were
the
himself
his
that
misfortunes.
him
Some
at
of the Marathi
5000
These
later date
at
was
thousand
horse.
districts
laid claim.
Badi8hahinamah)
chronicles
were
of his
bottom
Shahaji'smansab
describe
horse, and
Khafi
present
Khan
as
mand
com-
it at 6000
rates
sonal
per-
(ElliotVII. 15.)
probably
Some
include
Bakhars
that
to which
Shivaji at a
Ahmednagar
state
(and this is supported by the
Kheloji mentioned
apprehended and executed by Aurangzeb.
chronicles have exaggerated the value
of
amounted
Badishahinamah, Shahaji'smansab
relatives
the
of twenty-two
and
vizier
He
vizier,released
placed
new
this connection
in
It would
seem
mansabs.
the
to
in their
was
that
right.
on
the Marathi
According
five thousand
own
later
to
the
Takribkhan
not
was
SHIVAJI
OF
LIFE
28
to brood
man
for the
operations of
No
had
sooner
than
he
upon
the sultan
mad
gone
this
to
Khan
been
concert
him
in their service-
him
restored
to the
vizier-
be circulated
to
had
pretence. The
The
retained
heartless
his
and
degradation in
Moguls appointed
war.
rumour
his
over
enemy.
and
Fatteh
for
caused
He
the
began
ship
had
of 6000
commander
MAHARAJ
that the
sultan
placed in confinement
thus
placed at his mercy
sultan
under
was
Jahan
aims
secret
that
were
or
most
to
the
between
and
objectsof
astute
lines
his grasp,
and
already
less strongly fortified,
remained
could
to
all his
secure
Fatteh
Fatteh
get
Khan
objects.
that
jewels from
elephantsshould be
the territorywhich
state
Temain
under
Khan
the
Nizam
to
With
Shahi
few
into
this view
to
Shahi
the
still remained
kingdom
hill-forts,more
to be taken.
play
the
reflected
He
were.
only
could
petitionwhat
He
his
he
the Nizam
sent
of this
the
He
statesman.
Khan
Fatteh
provinces of
of the
in
he
as
read
once
and
shrewd
was
treasury
thought
hands
sen*
that
and
the
so
orders
all the
state
that
all
imperial camp,
with Ahmednagar
should
Nizam
Shahi
king, and.
LIFE
SO
that
8H1VAJI
Of
MAHARAJ
interests
that
fort with
the
carry
failed him
never
of
of
like
that
midst
this
accession
the
that
thought
the
in
approved
government
in person
to
the
serve
bravery
of
war.
plan. The
powerful
Bijapur
and
strategy
The
Bijapur
Bijapur
sultan
and
of
experienced
fortunes
his
would
be of
Shahaji
inestimable
advantage in confronting the Mogul armies.
sultan
Adilshahi
The
under the command
placed his army
with
of Shahaji and ordered him in concert
Murarpant tc
advance
against Dowlatabad1.
commander
The
Bijapur
of the
of
consternation
he
when
to
learnt
that
in
full
was
Adilshahi
Khan
Fatteh
Shahaji having
march
made
scarcely had
bounds,
no
friends
with
the
head
Dowlatabad
upon
He
army.
knew
at
the
strength to
negotiations
He
tried
them.
challenge a conflict with
the fort
with the
Moguls and promised to yield to them
if only the state were
saved from the Bijapur
of Dowlatabad,
Jahan
Shaha
invasion.
Mohabat
ordered
Khan
to march-
This
beaten
aid
Fatteh
of
back
Khan.
forced
and
to retreat
on
of their
account
whelming
over-
numbers2.
Shahaji
gain by craft
and
Adilshahi
the
ministers
thought to
gain by arms.
tiations
Negonow
chief
Hamid's
Abdul
minister
Xcdawant
what
at
Badishahnamah
Bijapur
( musician
was
) named
then
Daulat.
Elliot
VII, 3".
( Elliot
Khawas
Vll, 23,
28 ) says
Khan, originallya
Khawas
was
Murarpant
that
the
slave and
Khan's-
CAREER
THE
the
fort
Dowlatabad
of
Shahaji for
quite won
OF
the
losses
he
their
had
these
by
over
in
SHAHAJI
ft
hands
and
sustained.
Fatteh
and
promises
indemnified
had
Khan
was
the hardihood
break
to
himself
of every
fixed
raised
of
means
Moguls. He
and compelled
to the
influence
and
fortunes
Khan's
Fatteh
Deprived
his
annual
at their
now
resistance, he had
divested
to
Thus
year
dynasty of
Nizamshahi
the
of
life-dream
the
been
of
thrill
went, his
1633
As
anxieties
now
exultant
were
the
the
vanquished Shahaji
fall and
attempt
did he dream
fought
over
that
the
same
as
the
was
was
fate
of the
territory
the Mogul
to
of
year
conquest
the
had
experienced
far
Little
emperor.
revive
to
Its
He
Jahan.
Shaha
state
last
Ahmednagar.
thought
now
the
was
gratifiedambition.
and
cares
to surrender
Nizamshahi
of the
throne
the
ebb.
of all
of Gwalior,
relegated to the prison-fortress
of most
political
prisoners,and the remnants
of that state were
now
permanently annexed
Empire.
lowest
authority
retire into private life with
he had
puppet prince whom
was
The
pension.
insecure
to the
were
at
did
as
the
an
end.
he
all
Deccan
dream
Thus
that
his
again rise from
Little
extinct
monarchy.
would
the
old
battles
would
have
to be
again.
had
campaign the Mogul commander
difficulties. While
tried his utmost
to bring Shahaji into
the Mogul siege-lines
were
lying round Dowlatabad, Shahaji
During
the
Vide: Abdul
last
Hamid'a
badishahnaman
in
37.
32
LIFE
caused
constant
attacks
and
diversions
these constant
MAHARAJ
them
amongst
surprises.In
Shahaji for
the
SHIVAJI
OF
order
his
by
nightly
wreak
to
revenge
Mohabat
Khan
incursions,
upon
hit
unohivalrous
fortune
had
would
just deserted
iiis services
have
to the
Mogul
to the emperor.
"and
loyaltyhe was
Byzapur, and he was
imperialfavour
These
he
conditions
wanted
of his
earnest
an
to
be
good faith
of Jijabaiat
trust
so
fort
to transfer
asked
should
Nizamshahi
and
camp
As
ordered
of
fortunate
to
as
to the
this
pass
and
service
indeed
was
naturallymuch
with
interceded
the families of
in the
had
what
at
itself.
camp
general,urging as was
Jadhavrao
and Shahaji were
and
that
and
this account
on
and
son
had
He
occurred.
just
the
wife
his
present
irritated
other
each
with
were
was
He
well known
that
daggers drawn
doned
Shahaji had abanat
two
or
three
years
much
very
of his wife
other
in
was
hand,
at variance
as
no
she
way
was
with
This
over
Jijabaito
would
back
be
in
Shahaji.
career
the
safety
Thus
of the
to
was
protectionof
Kondana,
a
the
Jadhav,
of
one
the
who
sent
hill-forts under
from
the infant
is the
her
subject of
biography1.
our
or
tfezapur is
Abdul
Hainid
Byzapur
inferred from
occupation after
the Moguls when
Junnar
and
he left Khan
25
miles
west
of
lElliotVIl,
Sangamner, perhaps
Aurangabad.
15, 17) it
Jehan
Lodi
and
was
as
came
As
into
part of his
may
be
Shahaji's
jahgirfrom
co-operatingwith Azam
CAREER
THE
the
Repulsed in
with
But
them.
as
ever;
His ardour
been
extinguished by
to himself
with
encounter
of
it
the
fort
had
way
formidable
all
and
been
the
from
in his
were
all the
dynasty
Bijapur
to
retire
that
fresh
as
more.
had
task he had
It meant
He
just
posed
pro-
deadly
like the
Mogul. Instead
retreatingarmy, he left
Nasik to Bhimgad.
This
control.
fastnesses, and
in its mountain
army
foe
with
marched
along
them
Moguls. The
a
lightone.
not
was
a
the
enthusiasm
to enkindle
the
returningto Bijapur
on
and
Nizamshahi
the
to restore
above
not
resolved
32
he did
disappointment.
SHAHAJI
described
manner
forced to
troops were
OF
He
when
mustered
his muster
an
had
to devise
to
way
some
put
an
end
to these
encroachments
of
Shahaji. Shahaji'suncle Vithojihad a son of the name
He
formed
a
friendshipwith this man"
Maloji Bhonsle.
he
with
and
opened communications
by his mediation
Shahaji. He offered again to bestow on Shahajifrom the
of
the
emperor
is
mansab
of
twenty-two
thousand.
This
Khan
in
old
and
other
by most
Kheloji's wife
is described
of the Marathi
lends
Sangamner and other lands which he had held under the Moguls,
after defying their authority, it might well be that Byzapur was
even
livingthere as one of the places in her
of these placesand Jijabaiwas
one
with
her mother on account
and
not
of estrangement
husband's
possession,
-with Shahaji at his second marriage.
Trimbak.
L. S. 4.
^such
Shahaji.
brought
acceptable to
not
was
offer would
an
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
OF
LIFE
.-34
have
The
him
at
this time
Shahaji maintained
back
and had already won
thousand
had
provincesthat
knew
the
strong enough
the active
hands
prepare
knew
likewise
named
minister
Khawas
and
^Nizamshahi
restore
Moguls.
attack by
an
that
he
that
saw
not
was
ambition
out
withcould
Bijapur court
Through the good
Khan.
the fortunes
shahi
Nizam-
the
at the
Shahaji opened
Bijapur, promising to
with
ten
of the
for
must
Murarpant,
offices of
allianoe
chief
The
eight to
portionof
single-handed.He
co-operationof Bijapur his high
nobleman
was
He
when
gone
force of
them
to meet
realized.
be
not
he
was
over1.
that
enough
well
He
time
for
overtures
the
revive
of the
of
House
an
fallen
Bheiry2.
the
Bijapur doubted
expediency of
all their objectionsand
Shahaji answered
"this plan; but
of the
assured
soon
They were
dispelledtheir doubts.
and the generosity of his plans,and subscribingto
wisdom
him
to render
these views
they undertook
every assistance.
entered
into to the
both
was
Between
parties a covenant
of
descendant
select an eligible
"effect that Shahaji should
and conthe throne
duct
the Nizamshahi
family, instal him on
Itfany
the
;princeof
vardhan,
this
to
the
the
representingthat the
-version
Shahaji
who
was
released
on
in his
young
parole at Shria
Modak'a
districts
him
took
as
proclaimed
Nizamshahi
covenant,
crowned
event
the
of Murteza
name
and
This
been
of
government
True
name.
of
statesmen
Shahi
proposal
here
and
that
referred
treaty was
to
struck
emanated
between
different
from
Shahaji
to receive a mansab
of 22000
Bijapur Durbar by which Shahaji was
of
the
Nizamshahi
the
and
state
recovered
the
territory
by
joint
horse,
co-operation of Shahaji and the Bijapur forces was to be equally divided
the two parties.
between
and
the
Bheiry
or
"ehahi dynasty
enan
converted
Bahiry
of
was
the
Ahmednagar,
to Islam.
nickname
who
of
is 3aid to
the
founder
of
the
Nizam-
CAREER
THE
continued
the
Admiring
allegianceto
his
of
reconquest
pluck
SHAHAJI
other
35
forts
and
provinces.
and
of the
to
over
OF
The
Shahaji.
state, who
for
had
of adventures
from
to
been
flocked
to
party
continue
resources
all the
did his
day
Konkan
soldieryof
time
some
in search
day
disbanded
to
country
Nizamshahi
the country
roving over
standards. Thus
Shahaji's
in
wax
tary
strength and his mili-
Shahaji
augment.
which
the
had
been
once
under
south.
the
Shrinivasrao
have
the
seen,
was
Shahaji's next move
ruled there in independence.
great friend
of
kingdom
Nizamshahi
Shahaji.
could
But
He, therefore,tried
an
to
with
his powers
those
stratagem.
ungenerous
an
of the
He
was
gave
mountains
fallen
had
who
that
power
declared
under
its allegiance.
Shrinivasrao
sultan.
Shahaji
the east
on
Shahajisaw
suzerain.
acknowledgment of his Nizamshahi
was
entirelygoverned by selfish plans.
to unite
to
to conciliate
the
Junnar.
upon
He was,
as
we
regain its
not
subdued
now
But
He
He
nivasrao
Shrirefused
declined
obligedto
that
out
into
resort
he
was
of
he
there in
came
arrest.
others
The
which
towns
were
to the
answer
of
invitation, he
was
put under
under
Shrinivasrao
were
now
captured.
young
sultan
was
SHIVAJI
OF
LIFE
36
Shaha
the emperor
and learnt that
in the Deccan
MAHARAJ
Jahan
When
heard
of
these
events-
the Nizamshahi
dynasty had
its territory all but
and
restored
been
reconquered by
launched
A
Shahaji, a great army was
against him.
great
between the Mogul army
battle took place at Perinda
and
aided by Bijapur. The Mogul
the forces of Shahaji who
was
crush
to
also
with
start
much
were
the
Khan
supported by Randulla
Bijapur kingdom and had besides
his
own.
the
enabled
This
Jahan
him
to
army
of
Shahaji. But
by Shahaji,who
Murarpant of
and
considerable
defeat
Khan
large
harassed
well
was
ordered
emperor
insurrectionary attempts
the
commanders
tnese
the
Jeman
Khan
and
Dowran
and
Then
overthrown.
was
army
all
the
forces of
attempts
of
was
and
protracted war,
the
adversary
In the
he
when
incensed
of
height
that
saw
mettle
more
of his
the
and
fury
with
he
had
mighty
all
the
deal
to
now
of
superior powers
host,
to
more
with
an
enterprise.
his resolution
declared
he
all
was
emperor
take
to
Shahaji
crush
of
sent
surrender
by
him
force
and
him,
first
to
manoeuvre
Bijapur
an
the
restore
the
ambassador
Nizamshahi
to return
to
was
from
the
alliance
with
Adilshaha
to
fortresses
the famous
Adil-
separate Mahomad
piece of
Shahaji by
requiring
that
had
ordnance
threats.
him
been
to
taken
called the^
LIFE
38
Thus
at
one
fronts.
of
inch
He
end.
the
by
been made
ground, and
general. His
Shahajihad
armies
large Mogul
did not
to
he
for
waver
to bear the
two
on
different
instant.
an
His
solution
re-
or
fightwithout flinching
yielding
persistedin this noble resolve to the
all the
put forth
MAHARAJ
moment
same
two
his courage
But
had
an
and
of attacks
brunt
SHIVAJI
OF
arts
of
redoubted
warrior
and
ments,
strategy.therapidity of his moveand
his
from
unerring tactics drew
praise even
bitterest foes. He did his best to harass the Moguls, but their
of time,
great advantage of numbers
began to tell in course
and he had to face defeat in different directions.
The
Moguls
took
of
in
his
forts
the
districts
of
Nasik
and
twenty-five
Chandor.
All the territory between
Sholapur and Bedar
slippedaway from his hands.
Many outposts in the Konkanseized upon
were
by the Moguls. Repulsed from the Konkan,
wait
in ambush,
and
to Ahmednagar
Shahaji had to move
Both
the
effected a
now
Mogul columns
junction and
marched
Driven
to great straits,he
him.
together upon
made
their battle lines, by
good his escape from between
a
consummate
dexterous
most
districts between
enemy
followed
Chambhargonde
on
his
rear
fell
and
movement,
into
and
those
back
upon
the
Baramati.
When
the
parts,
he
diverted,
his
ments
reinforceflightto Kolhapur and Miraj. Receiving new
back
turned
from
against the
Bijapur, he now
and
began raiding their army
pursuing Moguls and
supplies. They had no energy
intercepting their fodder
left to give battle or to pursue
Shahaji any further.
When
he
the
orders
sent
of these
news
to Khan
Jaman
events
to
reached
let
Shaha
Jahan,.
Shahaji alone,
since
his
attended
with
losses to the
such
severe
pursuit was
his forces against the
imperial armies, and to concentrate
Bijapur territory,as on the fall of that kingdom it would
little time
take
to subdue
with
Shahaji. In accordance
the Bijapur
these
orders, three Mogul generals invaded
forts
in all directions.
dominions, causing havoc
Many
and
towns
fell before
of the
inhabitants
THE
CAREER
OF
SHAHAJI'
3"~y
were
the
between
two
powers,
terms
on
favourable
rather
to
had
demand
also
as
of
had
before
been
once
watered
Chakan.
sultan
Adilshahi
made
be transferred
country
fort
the
upto
the
that
kings should
shahi
been
In
by
the
Nizam;
the Nira
and
territory
tribute
annual
the
sultan
Adilshahi
an
pay
; that
war
the Bhima
return
to
was
held
to the
by
the
of 12'
the
and
(pagodas) to the
Mogul emperor,
to receive pardon
Rajah Shahaji with his followers was
and
of surrendering ail his forts and cannon
condition
on
lacs
hons
of
of
munitions
obtain
who
from
was
shelter
any
within
he
the
do
not
he
so
not
ta
Bijapur state,,
of the
limits
was
to look
were
less
Should
war.
he
still held
the enemy.
with
him
upon
By
He
on.
the
as
was
bent
on
it out
fighting
Jahan's
concentrated
They were
against Shahaji. They dogged bis footsteps. Shahaji
availed
himself
of an
opportunity to descend into the^
Konkan, and put his remaining fortresses in readiness for
Soon
after the Mogul armies
a
long war.
poured down
armies
The
Sarkar's
were
now
ruthlessness
Life of
of the treaty at
free
of the
to
move.
Mogul campaign
Aurangzeb, Vol
length in the same
I page
37.
be
can
Prof.
volume, pages
seen
Sarkar
38 to 40.
from
Jaduuath
40
LIFE
OF
and
took
after
another.
SHIVAJI
MAHARAJ
Khan
found
co-operated with the Moguls. Shahaji soon
himself in great extremity, from which
there was
no
escape
submission.
He
the
for
possibleexcept by
petitioned
emperor
His
pardon and offered his services to the imperialarmy.
not
In his reply the emperor
request was
complied with.
reminded
him
been
once
of the mansab
conferred
this he had
no
more
lie
was
this
the
upon
declared
brought upon
it
that had
militarycommand
him, and how notwithstanding
or
hostilities
immense
losses
employment
expect
free to enter
the
service
the
Nizamshahi
followers
throne
at
down
to
came
SHAHAJI
IN
Shahaji
shahi
He
Khan.
could
but
Bijapur. On receiptof
peace by surrendering to
whom
he
raised to the
had
with
the
rest
of his
Bijapur.( 1637 ).
UNDER
with
BIJAPUR.
great honour
of that
statesmen
retained
was
his
SERVICE
the
and
sultan
He
had
Mogul empire ;
the
Mahuli, and
received
was
empire, and
of
sultan
puppet
the
his rebellion.
by
under
with
in
the
Adil-
like Randulla
court
service of
the
by
the court
with
the acce"sion of
They indeed considered
great retinue.
such a brave, daring, and
experienced general a peculiar
ihis
pieceof good
fortune
to the
State.
Adilshahi
By
the recent
force
1
with
Rairi Bakhar
Abj'ssinian officer.
Hilal, an
was
The
the
Muzumdar,
Junnar
Subha
of Multhan,
in records
he is mentioned
"
made
by
Murar-
Patwari
was
been
to have
as
"
Mouza
Subhedar,
of Poona
Fort
19 and
Kondana
Prant.
"
or
Chitnis, 19).
CAREER
THE
order
to
been
had
which
for this
set out
well.
he
good
as
politician as
gifted assistant,and
close friendship. On
his
the
his return
extolled
royal
the
of
when
of
Murarpant
took
proved
of
virtues
the
recommended
He
of
mark
the
in his power
means
had
he
whom
now
the
and
made
the
place
the
as
an
in his article
about
] 635
or
took
the
36.
story belongs
the
Shahaji
under
eclipseof
an
Nagargaon
at
the
on
was
Indrayani;
and
occasion
Bijapur
at
the sun2.
the
for
to
Modern
dispensing
Prof.
Review
Sarkar
bases
this
story
on
fluence
con-
Hindu
to
true
the
march
chronicles
assistant
in the
of
place
eclipsean
Marathi
The
favour
the
over
won
the army
encamped
Bhima
to
While
anecdote
following
under
Sarkar
Murar
was
in
passage
Easatin-i-Salatin.
2
This
eclipse took
in the month
given
page
make
to
fort of Dowlatabad
the
there
then
was
According
executed
day
with
master
suggestion
against
that
superstitionhe
the
all
by
mention
the
Murarpant.
of the
Bijapur
at
sent
happened
Bakhars
the
period
command
sultan
the
every
Shahaji had
ingenuity by which
Shahi
Adil
minister, Murarpant.
was
army
the
duty he highly
fortunes.
his
Some
of the
by
into
ripened
this
of
talents
soon
degree.
him
general.
brave
in himself
services
encourage
loyally with
to remain
of the
and
favour
staked
his
so
assistance, for
manifold
urged
eminent
an
to reward
sultan
the
in such
peace
and
when
the district
from
combined
officer who
an
and
war
has
was
That
general,
knew
appreciation
abilities
Shahaji's
of
much
it
their
he
restoring
the Nira,
Moguls.
valuable
very
of
and
the
by
province, as Shahaji
him
task
Bhima
The
to
the
it
to
over
rendered
Shahaji
was
made
41
government
he
SHAHAJ1
The
"
OF
in
69.
the
of
place
in Shaka
Bhadrapad
Bharat-Itihas
year
1555
(September).
Sanshodhak
(1633 A. D.)
An
Mandali's
account
Year
on
new
of this
Book
moon
event
for
is
1912,
OF
LIFE
42
SHIVAJI
MAHARAJ
the
arose
No
of
kinds
one
to weigh
Shahaji's
turn, who hit upon the followingmethod
the unwieldy beast.
Shahaji suggested that the elephant,
should
be embarked
of the extent
to which
of the beast.
Then
filled
boat
water
should
be
arrived
with
the
to
on
boat, and
it sank
mark
elephantshould
large stones until
extent
out
and
should
in the water
the
same
taken
under
the
be removed
it should
before.
made
weight
and
the
sink in the
Lastly
severallyweighed, and
as
be
the
stones
the
total
at
done, gave
ceremony
was
the
of the
weight
After
make
thus
returning from
long sojourn at
placed
to
in
Brahmans
lands
worth
silver.
the
to
extend
command
this
Shahaji did
expedition,
Bijapur. Immediately
Adil
Hindu
Shahi
to
in the Karnatic
Randulla
expedition
the
determined
polygar chiefs
his dominions.
of this
sultan
in
not
with
Khan
the
was
title of
), and
sent
Shahaji was
that
him
with
his deputy. In order
as
Shahaji might
in co-operationwith
devote himself entirelyto this cause
Randulla
Khan, the sultan promised to give him a jahgir
out of the conquered territory. By Shahaji'senthusiastic
crowned
with success.
The
the expeditionwas
co-operation,
three
and
or
with the polygars lasted for two
war
years,
The bakhars
mention
of them
were
utterlydefeated.
many
two of these contests.
They speak of a certain Raya
or
one
Sir
Lashkar
( Chief
Commander
This
of this
Aurang-
OF
CAREER
THE
SHAHAJI
43-
of the royal
Rayal, who was probably a distant survivor
Shri
known
as
Ranga
family of Vijayanagar, otherwise
Rayal. He was raisinghis head in the Karnatic and harassed,
the districts there that had been conquered by Bijapur.Shahaji
defeated him in two decisive engagements and
conquered the
districts of
and
Shirta
from
him.
these
By
the
Rajdurg
added
were
jahgir likewise
villages in
Shahaji.
two
Thus
at
to all
his
to
good
credit
district
of
the
for
arena
be
it
of
and
his servants.
establish
and
under
the
Dravid
It
said,
was
Indapur, Baramati,.
no
good system
of
parts that
had
of
twenty-
conferred
was
upon
display of
the
loyalof
Maharashtra
his
and
this,the deshmukhi
Karhad
in the service
last found
and,
the
jahgir.
the addition
received
In addition
Maval.
and
his
to
mean
sultan
most
task
so
was
competent
administration
been
talents,
showed
sultan
The
his
had
to restore
in the
high
vinced
con-
and
order
natic
Kar-
recently brought
that non"
The sultan also saw
Bijapur kingdom.
but the most
would
be
capable and devoted of his governors
able to administer
ing
the newly
acquired territory. The leadin the opinion that
politiciansof the state concurred
the most
Shahaji was
competent officer for this high post,,
and Shahaji was
duly appointed and sent to this new
vince
proThe province, having been
toannexed
but
lately
the Bijapur kingdom, was
full of disorder and anarchy. It
ments
elethe
task
of the new
was
to extirpate the
governor
of disorder
establish the
and
and misrule
authority
of Bijapur on
sound
In
short
time
basis.
Shahaj i
a
a
LIFE
44
achieved
before
province, which,
the
In
treasury.
orde"
Shahaji brought
Brahman
these
brought
Shahaji
still to be found
are
had
Shahaji
learnt
there
in
of
of
of
times
the
bearing the
office
various
Shirestadar
etc.
feet of Malik
at the
in finance
his lessons
order,
descendants
The
Karnatic
the
in
royal
battalion
Deshpande, Kulkarni,
Deshmukh,
of
names
to
the
to
finances
karkuns.
or
over
addition
Maharashtra
from
over
and
people happy
the
maintain
to
away
introduced
in
was
the
substantial
finance-clerks
men
it made
while
in
resulted
properous,
settlement
revenue
new
melted
misrule
and
objects. Anarchy
these
him.
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
OF
master
discipleof such an illustrious
not to be dismayed
was
problems of the
by the finance
in him
is not
commended
Karnatic.
is truly to be
What
his Karnatic
that he did not harass or oppress
subjects,but
it a
that in all his endeavours, he made
particular point to
Ambar,
and
cultivate
the
their
send
to
On
and
the
going down
at Bangalore.
resided
the
and
Karnatic
to
retain
was
ful
care-
quota of
substantial
himself.
surplus with
to
He
friendlysympathy.
regularly to Bijapur the annual
love
from
revenue
true
country
he
the
to
Karnatic, Shahaji
at
first
restored
tranquillity was
Balapore his headquarters. At
When
made
of Vijay Raghav
powerful prince of the name
the
at enmity with
Rajah
reigned at Tanjore. He was
alliance with Shahaji
of Trichinopoly. The latter made
an
united
war
a
against
against Tanjore, offering to make
bute
its territory,and promising to contriTanjore and conquer
five lakhs of rupees
his war
to Shahaji for
expenses
the principality
of Vijay
all the booty. Shahaji invaded
and
that
time
Raghav.
battle.
immense
was
indeed
retain
defeated
The
prince was
Tanjore fell into
an
to
fertile
it.
that
He
he
gave
meant
on
the
Shahaji, who
Shahaji saw
wealthy country
and
possession of
to understand
of
hands
there.
treasure
a
the
fell
and
and
found
Tanjore
determined
nopoly
Rajah of Trichikeep Tanjore and
the
to
that
field of
LIFE
-46
such
mighty
Under
the
interest
the
MAHARAJ
to
invite
was
powers
acquire
It
"entered
SHIVJI
it seemed
circumstances
to
events.
OF
doubt
no
was
service of the
destruction.
own
far
with
such
his
to
more
jahgir and
permanent
his
watch
motives
own
future
that
he
had
Bijapur Government.
When
he had
earned
Adilshahi
sultan
and
obtained
he
come
into
favour
the
and
confidence
of
the
the
governorship of the
Karnatic, Shahaji began gradually to develop his higher
Some
historians
rambition.
confidentlyassert that it was
of an
his objectto lay the foundation
independent principality
His
in
Karnatic1.
in
the
object
endeavouring to
the popularityand gratefulaffection of his people was
earn
that he might confidentlyrely upon their zealous co-operation
should
That
-sultan.
other
extant
his conduct
evident, when
becomes
and
ever
sanads
the
among
consider
he
with
the
the
the deeds
of
Bijapur
such
some
that
issued, some
people of
proceedingfrom
collision
shaped by
was
we
that
motives
of
which
Karnatic, make
grants
still
are
mention
no
the
collusion
to
with
Shahaji
rebel
court
son
to
his
on
the
sense
that he had
audacious
the
sultan
wrote
communication
and
son,
with
that for
them.
time
some
The
and
her
he had
government
was
at
the
and
son
no
his
kind
of
liberty
"
againstthem
such
steps
as
(Vol. I, page
75
et
acq)
CAREER
THE
OF
But
had
student
to be in
it
his
no
his
prise.
enter-
pretext that
he
refusing responsibility
real
feelingsunder
Shivaji'srebellious
The Bijapur kingdom
of time
course
father
the
in
Shahaji's
michievous
his
under
only masked
both
within
to
and
son
pronounced.
longer and determined
more
end
an
47
of
In
put
with
acts, he
for his
it was
upon,
excusing himself,
to do
nothing
cloak
to
interest
and
power
SHAHAJI
for
the
of
assurances
The
durbar
view
of
the
the
time
son.
in the Karnatic
and
for the
accomplishment
of his
the
put up with
the
Notwithstanding
the
to
re-awakened.
suspect collusion
to
in
achieved
practical independence
Mmself
became
punish
was
inclined
more
could
suspicions were
their
Shahaji
was
the
of
acts
it
that
attitude
by Shahaji
he
measures
was
pursuing
The
rities
object.
Bijapur autho-
easilyinto
the
resorted
He
guest2.
his
greatness
was
of his claims
eclipsedby
to
greatness
him
that
not
called
MaraMias.
Vide
157, second
Mr.
He
invited
son
"History
has
proper
to
differs
an
by treachery,
but
the
fact
that
been
partly the
acknowledgment.
India"
widely
feat.
Shahaji to an
unsuspecting
be realized
of Modern
Bijapur
such
made
king-maker;
beginning
(Marathi).
History
in Modak's
as
thus
was
receiving the
Sardesars
edition.
achieving
of his greater
i"nlynow
of
arrested
capture
page
had
officer of the
second-rate
stratagem.
and
When
of
dreamt
never
to
entertainment
of
hands
Ghorpade
state.
task
the
from
even
among
his
cause
It is
the
generally
to
Modak's
account
Shahaji,
According
accepted story given
his colleague in the
himselt independent of Mustapha Khan,
having made
and
apprehended by Baji Ghorpade,
suddenly fallen upon
Karnatic, was
2
The
account
in the
text.
LIFE
48
Shahaji was
When
at
thus arrested
Shahaji was
meditated
the sultan
Jirawady
at
was
it
aperture; and
Shivaji should
be for
threatened
was
not
closed and
ever
story will be
Suffice
chapter1.
had
have
in their
given
it to say
here
small
time
aperture would
The
the
stone
certain
details of this
place in
that
in
except for
alive.
proper
discussion
be confined
the
will
Bijapur,
to
much
in
father
treachery
that if within
he be buried
his
brought
his submission
make
of
After
of
and
his execution.
Chandawar
near
command
Shivaji at the
the Ghorpade for this act
the proper
place.
upon
be described
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
lying eDcamped
( Jinji). How
retaliated
OF
subsequent
Adil
Shahi
sultan
substantial
the
of
some
decided
Shahaji, still he
natic, but
detain
to
sultan
the
emperor
him
not
as
to
did
send
under
of
orders
and
Shahaji himself
the
scene
of
the
that
was
Khan.
captured
unexpected
Itihas-Sanshodhak
that
Mustapha
Mandal,
him
prisoner
dare
not
an
at
disturbance
no
encounter.
Chaturtha
attempt
The
the
to
Vide
According
intervention
Chapter
to
taken
was
and
mount
Jedhe
Sammelan
in
the
of
politicians
the
by surprise
ride off from
Chronology (Bharat-
Vritta, page
arrested near
Jinji by Mustapha Khan,
Shahaji was
acted
as
Ghorpade
Mustapha's agent.
i
execute
Shahaji'sparty
in
to
which
179) says
would
mean,
VIII.
some
Bakhars
Shahaji's deliverance
Khan.
The
Rairi
was
due
bakhar
to
the
improves
of Shahaji's impending
account
execution
by a romantic
upon
the
had
decreed
sultan
(who
by
already
prepared dispatches to that effect
uddressed
to Baji Ghorpade) beiDg averted
by Randulla, threatening to turn
fakir and leave the court service for a pilgrimage to Mecca.
In this way
said
have
the
sultan
he
is
to
his
adroitness
to
obliged
yield to his wishes?
by
the story
"nd
thus
saved
comrade.
CAREER
THE
SHAHAJI
"
state
Bijapur
OF
faith,recovered
his
governorshipand
again sent
was
to the
Karnatic.
from
relieved
Thus
immediate
danger,Shahaji kept
meet with
meagre, and here and there we
services of Shahaji. The
references to the brave
are
occasional
very
from
jahgirhe
the
Bijapur government
he enjoyedfor life and it was
considerablyaugmented from
We have
time to time.
alreadynarrated the circumstances
of Tanjore and Trichinohe had got possession
under which
poly. In addition to these places,he exercised sovereignty
had
the fort of
over
from
Away
to time
time
of
Porto
Ami,
far-off Maharashtra
the successful
other towns.
and
Novo,
tales
were
of
endeavours
broughtfrom
his son
Shivaji
of an independentmonarchy, ^hahaji
lay the foundations
was
exceedinglygratifiedwith these earlyindications of a
and
had a vehement
noble career
yearning to embrace such a
the western
But the activities of Shivajilay on
valiant son.
of the Bijapur kingdom, and
outskirts
Shahaji had no
to
opportunityfor
few
later,a
years
Bijapur,and
and
long time
opportunityto visit
of the sultan
permission
on
account
no
Vide
L.S.
and
tu
he
was
to unite with
Chapter XIV.
5
hostilities gave
Shahaji
with
the
meet
when
visit Maharashtra
understanding that
and
Shivaji
in Maharashtra
his home
nately
Fortu-
effected between
to
permission
sultan's
was
desire.
Shivaji1.
Shahajimight
wishes
and
Shivaji'surgent
stayed in
complied with
Maharashtra
truce
suspensionof
the
an
have
gratifyhis
to
to
his
return
son.
it
he received
was
on
to the
Had
he
the
the
tinct
dis-
Karnatic
broken
LITE
50
possessions in
his
MAHARAJ
would
Karnatic.
the
toils,and
so
certainlyhave
Shahaji had
not live
long after
years.
The
this
story of
Two
two
forced
these chiefs.
had
he
a
him
to
conquered
sultan
to his
son; he
is as
follows:
Naik
and
The
Shivappa
sultan
the
with
Sarja Khan
Shahaji defeated Bhadrappa
terms.
from
Bijapur with
vassal of
shahi
to
come
desire to
no
and
Shahaji
subduing
visit
his death
within
confiscated
to the Karnatic.
returned
died
Naik
"
SHIVAJI
sultan
Shahaji did
OF
the
He
surrendered
certain
jahgir
pleasedwith this
congratulatory letter
duty
Naik
the
Bijapur kingdom
last service
of
and
territory
and
lands.
missioned
com-
became
The
Adil-
of
Shahaji,
him a
his victory and
wrote
upon
presented him with a robe of honour, horses,elephantsand
and
marks
of the royal favour.
ornaments
other
The
of the state, each in his turn, sent congratulapoliticians
tory
these
engaged upon
epistles.While
operations,
went
out
on
a
Shahaji one day
hunting expedition to a
He
Bandekir1.
was
village named
hunting a hare, and
while
his horse's hoof
riding impetuously after the game,
was
caught in a fissure, and both horse and rider came
kicked
the
to
ground. Shahaji was
by his horse and
immediately killed. His followers came
searchingfor him and
seeing him dead, brought up his son Venkoji,who performed
his funeral obsequies. Shahaji was
seventy years of age
took place in January 1664. The sultan
at his death, which
sent to Venkoji a letter of condolence
and robes
of honour
confirming his succession to his father's position. A tomb
erected on the placewhere
was
Shahajidied and under a
charter of the Bijapur state the revenues
sanad or
of the
set apart for its maintenance.
villagewere
Shahaji
born
was
was
had
three
sons,
at Dowlatabad
On
the
of whom
in 1623
that
had
to
fort.
him
the
his
eldest,Sambhaji,
first wife
Shahaji loved
in his company.
Jijabai,
him
In
very
1653.
THE
Sambhaji
gin*. The
CAREER
killed in
was
of
chief
OP
assault
an
Kanakgiri
SHAHAJI
the fort
upon
had
of
Kanak-,
upon its
His death
was
fell a
great shock
victim
Shahaji.
depths. He
to
stirred to its
was
vengeance
a force against
Kanakgiri,utterlydefeated
fort
the
On
assault.
by
this
to
His
desire
himself
for
headed
the chief
occasion
shot.1
cannon
took
of Kanakgiri
guished
distinKhan,
a
secretly aided by Afzul
officer in the Bijapur service.
Shahaji had a great
himself
Afzul Khan, but, dreading
desire to avenge
upon
the
this step.
displeasureol the sultan, abstained from
been
had
did he dream
Little
destined
to
death
Sambhaji
of
that
shortlyto
was
be
his
Afzul
Khan
life and
was
that
his
avenged by
the
ger
youn-
greater brother2.
but
The
at the
at that moment
circumstances
fort of
under
Shivneri, at the
which
Jijabai was
critical
left behind
period when
Lukhji
have
already
pursuitof his son-in-law
been described at the beginning of this chapter. Shivaji,
the subjectof this history, was
born here
in 1627.
This
the
second
was
son
Shahaji had by Jijabai. In 1630
Tukabai
of the
Mohite
Shahaji married
family. By her
Jadhav
was
he had
in hot
son,
Venkoji,who
was
born
in 1631.
On
the
The
is b*sed
the
question
ais's
date
on
1653
the
is raised whether
"History of
-jote at page
23-
the
Vide Paraslive up
to the year 1663.
Dynasty" in his "Itihas Sangraha' 1912, foot.
he did not
Tanjore
52
OF
LIFE
the district of
conquest of
On
Venkojithere.
and
to the entire
Some
Karnatic.
wards
after-
years
chronicled
from
son
younger
"Thy elder
the
jahgir, but
paternal
return
jahgirin
Shivajimarched
be
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
the proper
at
and addressed
to him
of advice
words
as
Shahaji, "has by
brother," exclaimed
his
his
follows
his heroic
Thou
art to
enterprisesecured a kingdom for himself.
in these parts,and as such thou
succeed to my
possessions
and my
uncle, Vithoji,
shalt look after the family of my
shalt govern
brother Sharif ji. Thou
thy possessionswith
justiceand mercy. It is the grand plan of thy elder brother
to be a
world-conqueror and if by God's grace his noble
is
ambition
family.
realized,he
if
But
vicissitudes of
acquired for
of
sanction
trust
my
mischance
sultan.
and
Vide
protector
should
Remember
thou
art
of
all
with
meet
Chapter XXVI.
that
shalt
have
our
any
Hearken
and
leave
it in
its immediate
favourite
my
Shivaji.
trusty servants
he
of the valorous
chosen
the
I have
that
son,
my
both this jahgir,with the full consent and
Remember
usufruct.
be
fortune, remember,
you
the
for you
brother
by
will
son
to the
and
advice
the
of
be thorn-
64
LIFE
The
momentous
took
place
Deccan.
He
secluded
Shivneri
of
event
in the
events
at
of
time
MAHARAJ
child, reserved
birth of this
such
SHIVAJI
OF
by the
historyof
call of heaven
the Indian
for
Empire,
great politicalupheavalsin
born, however,
in
the
the
comparatively
and at that time neglected
neighbourhoodof Poona.
miles
is within
of that town.
This was
an
fifty
in the
little colony of exiles and
great rejoicing
was
refugeesat Shivneri,
and
was
celebrated
with
such
pride
and
tained
entervillagescoming to the fort with provisionswere
with
hospitalityin honour of the joyful event aud
presentedwith giftsat their departure. Shahaji who was
sent to him by special
then at Bijapur had the news
gers,
messen-
received
who
father
child
for the
handsome
of the
consequence
the
delighted
christened
was
from
rewards
made
vow
to
the
that
her
son.
from
this
place,for
The
goddess Shivai, in
effect by Jijabai.
in
Jijabaispent
with
him.
it will be remembered
that
company
to
Byzapur
in
1633,
as
captured by the
from
the
Mogul
Mogul army at
she was
removed
to the fort of Kondana
by Jagdeorao
camp
again to have passeda part of her life
Jadhav, and she seems
It does not
at Shivneri and the fort of Mahuli.
transpire
she found safety during the tumultuous
where
periodof the
between
the
contests
interminable
Moguls and Shahaji
in
described
which
then
set in.
cannot
agree.
the bakhar
of the
day
text.
last
the
So much
at any
rate
In Wilks's
Maratha
Calculations of
an
astronomical
character
upon
is
clear
the
that she
Chronicle called
is followed
certain data
as
in
the
furnished
Lele to the
in accord
Kavyetihas tSangraha are
by Mr.
with the time followed in the text here. Vide Rajwade's "Maratbyanchya
(Materials for the History of the Marathas, Section
Itihasachi Sadhane"
IV.) The Shedgaokar bakhar gives Saturday the 3rd of the first half of
the birth-day,while the Jedhe chronology
1549 as
Vaishakh, Shaka year
Kashinath
-dates
1630
the
A. D.
event
Krishna
in
shaka
year
would
be
February
CHILDHOOD
THE
side, in order
father's
to
the roof of
herself
save
also be
It must
considered
with
Mogal
emperor
have
been
it would
whom
the
she
when
was
to the
could
and
sufficient
well
might
her
which
fort
imagine
she had
enemy,
drama
figurein
that
which
show
of
to himself
sense
of
instant.
was
her
which
courage
dignity as
The
annalists
Jijabai conducted
It is, however,
occasion
to Shivneri-that
she
of
taken
was
choose
she had
her
paternal
no
dreadful
prisoner
accept
necessityand
that
the
to
in
the
distress
for any
One
relations.
desire
perils
and
cares
was
own
step. It follows,
turmoils, moving
numerous
in her
would
nor
life
fort,in
to
which
family
at that time
hands
the
of Shahaji
Jijabaiindeed desired
family-she,who had spurned
father
That
proof to
and
war
Had
Mogul
protectionat
to
an
and
son.
Jadhav
camp.
hospitalityof Jadhav
is
led
when
surely presenteditself,
had
at open
the
son
family.
such
to
vassals of
were
the
sphere of Shahaji'sinfluence.
from his head-quarters to ensure
within
of
from
Jadhav
protectionof
her
on
evidence
Mogul domination,
the
ever
fortress to fortress
of
the
hazardous
approved
therefore, that Jijabaiand her
hazards
midst of great political
have
shred
Shahaji was
extremely
upon
under
entirelypassed
Shahaji
child
her
herself
to throw
55-
her relatives
or
that
show
had
SHIVAJI
of the
wrath
the
under
shelter
sought
never
OF
and
mother
make
the
-and
bravery
did
no
not
falter
own
of her
he
lady
manner
son
seems
refined
for
even
of the
mention
education
her
sides.
confidence
strife her
and
the
an
in
Shivaju
to have
LIFE
36
made
considerable
archery
and
patta, the
progress
exercises, as
also in
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
in
riding and
the
marksmanship,
Maratha
national
When
OF
reading and
Shahajibecame
horse
and
use
javelin,and
writing.
management,
of the
exercise
warlike
other
sultan
his wife
and
to
son
in his
company.
On
Shahaji'sreturn
to
his
from
Bijapur
successful
to Dadaji Kondadev
campaign in the Karnatic, he wrote
brate
expressinghis desire to bring Shivaji to Bijapur and celehis marriage there.
Shivajirepliedthat as Bijapur
lay purelyin a Mahomadan
atmosphere, he preferredto have
his marriage celebrated at
of
Poona, where the ceremonies
the Hindu
with
religion could be performed unobstructed
due pomp
and solemnity. Such being the wishes of Shivaji,
obtained
to have
the
Dadaji Kondadev
Shahaji's consent
In
at Poona.
of this
marriage solemnised
consequence
arrangement tbe marriage of Shivaji took place at Poona
in
1640, with
Sayibai,a daughter of
In
and
the
eclat.
The
bride
chosen
distinguishedNimbalkar
was
family.
seems
years.
and
great pomp
As
the
boy
kept
them
watched
with
the
him
for
two
persecutionand
or
three
sectarian
CHILDHOOD
THE
SHIVAJI
57
this Mahomedan
"bigotryof
rudiments
The
OF
evoked
afterwards
continent,
of the Indian
also
were
instilled
mind
his
into
early
age
Handsome
was
his
agilein
With
movements.
this
he
most
was
combined
unique
From
was
infancy
of horses and
elephants and
examining the qualities
behaved
magazines. He
military depots and
observation.
of
powers
remarkable
learning
acquire knowledge
wisdom,
with
for
eminent
persons
endeavoured
experience, and
or
and
to win
their
in which
manner
respectful
and
ing
visit-
towards
courtesy
favour
their
to
the tactful
by
inquiredinto
he
of
fond
he
the various
vice
He hated
mastered.
subjects or studies they had
and
luxury. He treated age and experience with the
him the
won
These
honour
qualitiessoon
they deserved.
high regard of the nobles and gentry in the neighbourhood.
The
nobies
that
manners
were
in
great enthusiasm
expresseda
therefore, decided
by
meeting
modesty
or
presence
desire to
Shivaji was
see
means
the
king,since they
youth
that he
prostrate himself
to
of the
of
Shivaji's
sultan, who
such
with
him
at
once
It was,
promise.
But
Shivajito the court.
the prospect of
pleased with
sultan.
He
pleaded with
great
submission
and
by the young
they spoke of
to introduce
no
with
occasion
one
on
fascinated
so
were
so
was
inclined to flatter
the Mahomedans
before
mean
not
and
or
their
could
The
Adilshahi
Sultan
not, he
Basatini-Salatin
sultans
Mahomed
towards
Adul
Shaha.
Hindus,
even
in
the
halcyon-days
of
58
LIFE
OH
he
passed to
and
across
the
When
came
his blood
BH1VAJI
fro
hideous
boiled in his
MAHARAJ
in
the
streets, he
constantly
and
cow-slaughter,
spectacleof
the
nobles
with
contact
could
not
princesor
or
them.
breathe
When
such
freely
till at
in
a
coming in
place,he
changed his
any
way
meeting took
least he
had
clothes !
teen
Strange fancies these in the case of a youth of four! It was
pointed out to him by the officers in the
service of Shahaji that his ancestors had risen to greatness
by doing service to Mahomedan
princes,that under the
circumstances it
Mahomedans,
and
towards
reverence
becoming
not
was
in
that
his
in
doing so
elders.
Shivajito
he did not
This
sort of
show
hate the
proper
persuasionwas
also
him
of his
practised upon
through the mediation
equals in age. Jijabai herself strove
to persuade him to
At last
change his stubborn attitude,but without success.
Shahajicalled
strain:
land.
"The
What
to his presence
Mahomedans"
is the harm
observances
that
him
of one's
in
said
he
It
him
addressed
is
while
a
in this
rulers of the
"are
serving them,
faith ?
own
and
keeping the
divine ordinance
in these
fair that
the sultan." To
deference
down,"
I
towards
should seek
you
all these remonstrances
to win
the
Shivaji,with
and
he
cannot
kine
shrines and
look
and
on
the
passive spectatorof
desecration
"
priesthood!
and
of
favour
all due
"I
bow
but I test,
prothe cruelty
degradationof
our~
It is
plain that
taken
in the mind
root
other
to overshadow
deem
the
5fr
regrettedthan
sentiments
which
had
by this
of Shivaji and already threatened
could
one
anti-Mahomedan
Shahaji the
time
no
SHIVAJI
OF
CHILDHOOD
THE
have
more
But
considerations.
he did
Not
youth.
Mahomedan
he
that
but
excesses,
himself
was
it had
been
always
promising
of
admirer
blind
under
crush
it
not
part of his
down
by bowing
himself
by his father.
itccompaniedby a
and
seated
that
Shahaji was
Shahaji'sson,
was
was
ground, as
Shivaji only made
But
it
to the
and
for
durbar.
This
answer
given
was
came
so, and
was
Shivaji
young
he
as
slightsalaam,
The Sultan, observing
boy, inquired whether
told that it
was
soon
to
that
it
to the
come
be provoked
should
by Shivaji, unaccompanied
it was
as
by the courtlyprostration. The sultan presented
to the
jahgirdar as a
jewels and robes of honour
young
But as soon
of his favour.
mark
as
Shivajireturned home,
been
he discarded the courtly dress and, as though it had
an
a contamination, had
expiatory bath.
salaam
made
Shivaji
often
at the scant
After
the
this
durbar, but
salaam
and
on
took
naturallyexcited
doubting
whether
seat
in
suspicion in
this
he
occasion
every
his
accompanied
was
the
the
done
made
only
hall.
This
mind
on
his father
of the
purpose
aside and
to
slight
conduct
sultan, and
to
affront
questioned
Shivaji
him
point-blank about it. But Shivaji repliedwith great
tc
of mind
that
though constantly reminded
presence
make
his salute accordingto the
etiquetteof prostration,
once
called
LIFE
"60
at
salaam.
that
He
could
the
salaam
Besides
he
father, and
would
continue
into
fit of
On
cattle.
In
the
with
cooked
with
blows
same
flesh
taken
the
for
was
the salaam.
difference
The
and
prostration.
the sultan
between
there
usual
this
for
stand
to
learnt
this
the
set out
were
he
made
apology
an
difference
make
to
and
forgotit
no
until
to
way
MAHARAJ
only make
might be
laughter at
the
in which
he
he made
his
and
SHIVAJI
critical moment
the
beg
OF
sultan
burst
witty reply.
court, there
heads
hawkers
manner
butchers'
were
shops,
of slaughtered
sat in
their
booths
for sale
oppositethe palace gates. Shivajiwas much offended at the loathsome spectacleand could
scarcely restrain his indignation. But he had to restrain
his angry
Once
it happened that
feelingsfor a long while.
the way
to the palace,he came
while Shivajiwas
on
across
of
in the
butcher
act
a
slaughtering a cow.
Shivaji
fell
the
him
instantly
offendingbutcher, belaboured
upon
sultan's
of in the
talked
much
was
but
ears
the
delivered
and
the
bazaars
and
the
of
account
on
from
cow
This
axe,
event
reached
even
of
weight
the
Shahaji's
state
his father
the
not
durbar,
Shahaji
to press
him
the
on
think
of his son,
that
connive
attending
For
and
the
what
Shahaji
friend at
if
him
the
sultan
the court.
was
was
After
Mir
some
at home
look
was
sure
he
him
of the
things,there
that
until
put
was
he
in
to
cow-
state
was
cruel
could
great
the absence
to remark
In this plexity
perold and tried
give ?
Jumla,
an
deliberation,it
for the
this
stop to
Shahaji
to
the
upon
servant
these
at
court.
answer
consulted
as
entreated
accompany
to
and
traffic in cow-flesh
of
perplexity.
bear
that
obligationupon
such
to
more
not
way,
obliged to
was
formed, he
resolution
any
could
he
slaughterand
not
this
as
flesh booths
no
With
durbar.
day
was
and
decided
that
they
OF
LIFE
"62
and
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
favour
occasionallysignalisedhis
robes and
basketful
iriends
just
to draw
butcher,
of
sword
The
moment.
and
lamentations
and
out
his
called
the
it,
as
coming
was
have
cow-flesh
of
work
would
ill-luck
As
of honour.
marks
other
presents of
with
and
him
to cut
butcher's
to
went
one
down
lodge a complaint
gate-keepersto
with
air
the
court,
the truth
to
swear
at
the
was
of her
This
arose
fixed
and
event
small
medans
had
become
hononr.
dead
allow
?
by whom
prostrating himself
monarch
What
as
insolent
the
the
capital
the Mahomedan
before
vassal
subject,this
the
deported
limits,to
rule
madness!
balance.
innocent
Mahomedans.
this state
of
of
there
was
was
and
was
was
in
he
the
Was
son
the
in
incoherent
soon
murmurs
with
could
talents of his
violence.
this
These
filled him
loftyvirtues and
wayward acts of
truth
abuse.
and
rage
*3uch earnest
to
a
town-
Bijapur.
doubt
Shahaji'sears
And
loyal Mahomedans.
of Shahaji'shad
lost
running amuck
among
in
rotten
something
son
There
lord.
from
impotent
already
figure-headof
same
Such
no
Maho-
of
This
He
his
butchers
honest
great inconvenience
depths of
and
Murmurs
such
this
Had
of.
letter?
And
humour
Mahomedan
maintenance.
talked
naturally much
was
no
her
payment for
on
should
not
strain
of
came
to
with
the
thoroughfares,
language;
these
noble
erratic
and
life,of which
CHILDHOOD
THE
race-hatred ? Had
only
that
his
own
career,
of
mind
this
and
and
qualities
Shivaji
He
These
with
hand
put your
is this the
we
followed
such
to have
addressed
man,
young
the humble
eminence
which
and
that
the
trials and
to
powers
exceed
serving
cow,
must
we
in
"
success
be
Had
matters.
the
to
to
achieve
in these
to the full
tread
that
your
in
be
tribulations of
of the Nizamshahi
times
of this Adilshahi
you
can
rose
vocation.
pro-
Mahomedans
action, where
by
was
without
Mahomedans,
ancestors
your
of a peon in the
rank
the uncertain
I have
of
course
no
understanding
slaughter of
you
to them
have
the
world
Mahomedans,
greatness from
Reflect upon
the
the
humbly
a
which
himself
following effect:
the
at the
by
or
instincts. Armed
the
to
before
serve
been ? It
I have
should
to
are
submit
prepared to
I
of conduct
he
Shivaji. The
appreciation of his noble
his dutiful
sword
how
of
that
as
an
down
to your
sort
in life ? If
bow
to
thoughts
dismay.
effects upon
teens, young
man,
your
experienceof life. It does little credit to your
commit
to fly into a passion and
excesses
Not
the
rebukes
mere
still in
are
not
and
him
to
undesirable
most
ment,
prefer-
his father
that
saw
is said
and
filled him
Jijabai'spresence
in
fortune
suggested
with
he
bigotry and
shining virtues
his
ruin
and
impetuous
resolution
this
of his
drag
into
livelyappeal to
83
puerileindiscretion
but
the
be seasoned
must
"You
to
such
case.
have
proud
so
advice
to
road
life-time
would
punishment
with
of
Shahaji?s mind
experience of men
deal with
should
much
across
wide
His
the
on
achievements
flashed
so
he
wreck
only
made
he
high
might by
placedhim
and
the violence
destroyed by
be after all
zo
SHIVAJI
OF
state.
my
and
your
father
dynasty, and
in
count
had
that I
please
foot-steps,
extend
your
and
fortunes.
should
desire
conciliate the
Nothing can
father's
LIFE
64
Continue
themselves
will not
in exile and
away
be able
to the
is due
save
us.
intervention
if
But
at the court.
to
We
disgrace,despoiledof our
such
a
catastrophe has
possessions. That
averted
with
wild
in these
MAHARAJ
behave
example,you
SHIVAJI
OF
have
we
of
our
friends,
shall
be
sent
fortunes
thus
ancfe
far
been"
influential friendswe
have
enemies,
the
moment
Shahaji did
the
here, but
got Jijabaito
advise
with
privacy of her
apartments
and persuasiveeloquence. She dwelt
the
on
elders, the virtue of obedience and the gratefu
in
man
young
tender
her own
respect for
rest
not
the
labours
of a father
like
the ambitious
co-operationwith
Shahaji.She appealedto the high traditions of his ancestors
noble
stain the
to
not
escutcheon,
and
conjured him
of illustrious ancestors.
from
a long line
coming down
of love and
replied that
Shivaji listened to these words
the
least
him
and
he
was
"But
wishes.
sacred commands
parents were
always ready to act according to
this matter," he protested,"I cannot
of his
wishes
in
I
cannot
my nature.
or
before Mahomedans
insults to my
eyes fall upon
breast
and
be
may
the
clear I cannot
me
heaven,
from
Mahomedan
alter
bend
but
Forgive me,
when
my
passions rebel in my
no
am
longer myself; I am helpless.Whatever
inscrutable
dispensation of Providence, it is
such
atrocities,my
continue
an
to eat
tells
obstacle
me
to
bread
the
of
Mahomedan
a
fallingoff
pollution,
To save
ideals
religious
it
is
my
let
me
I pray,
be sent away,
this place,yes, far beyond the barriers of anyIf I say
this, in all sincerityami
state.
such deeds
far off*from
tolerate
instincts.
religious
prince. Something
from
to
their
my knees
cow-slaughterand other
myself to
reconcile
to
in
future
CHILDHOOD
THE
my
SHIVAJI
65
frankness, it is not in
but
OF
these wishes
to Shahaji and
Jijabaicommunicated
of punishingthe boy for this
pointedout the undesirability
and docile
sort of eccentricity,
though otherwise so humble
of Mahomedans, she
His mysterioushatred
and obedient.
of a Hindu
must
be
woman,
thought,agreeablyto the feelings
from a former birth. It was
clear
a legacyinherited by him
he could not be happy doing service to Mahomedans, and there
She suggested
to change his nature.
to seek
was
no
use
to placehim.
that the best plan under the circumstances
was
at a distance from
the Mahomedan
capital. If from love tchis son
he should keep him any longer, there was
risk of
his fortune and
reputation being ruined.
Shahaji sighed
to hear this opinionof Jijabai
and
consultation with
upon
a
few
nobles who
conclusion.
happened
and
he
4-kout
to
was
confidence
in his
were
^ae
time,
same
the
to
came
Dadaji
same
Kondadev
to
come
ordered
Poona.
Before
at
at
to
the
sultan
asked
Shahaji whether
Shahaji repliedthat
Poona.
The
the absence
that he
sultan
married
be
son
far from
again in
married.
was
Shivaji'smarriage was
ridiculed the marriage
should
his
as
the court
presence
celebrated
at
celebrated
in
and
of
insisted
the court,
with
second
bride chosen
of the
the
omrahs
the
wedding,at
bridal
named
from
court
which
presents took
Soyarabai.
L. S. 6.
the select
and
the
Maratha
sultan
nobility.All
himself
attended
exchanges of
of Shivajiwas
LIFE
4)6
described
As
and
his wife
OF
SHIVAJI
above
who
son,
MAHARAJ
Shahaji
back
came
had
to
farewell
bid
to
to
This
Dadaji Kondadev.
parting was final : they never
roof either at Poona
.iived again under the same
or
Bijapur.
that
is
afterwards
fact
The
marched
to the
Shahaji soon
of
or
had
and
Karnatic
this
Bijapur. Upon
raised
have
the
old
Jadhav
lend
plausiblecolouring
of the events
observation
these
in
For
pages
of
will
under
this
to
they
as
historians
brought
Lukhji
a
foundation, some
at Poona
quarrelbetween Shahaji
quarrel between
Shahaji and
story
been
has
to reside
more
any
slender
fictitious
Jijabai,and
and
occasion
no
show
contribution
theory.
been
have
the
after
But
thus
close
far
of
absurdity
to
nicled
chrosuch
the birth of
Shivaji,
in such
involved
political
complications that
Shahaji was
to
leisure whatever
he had
no
give to family life. Nor
second
the
to
marriage of Shahaji lend countenance
"jan
of polygamy
For
the
custom
in
much
this view.
was
theory.
the
among
vogue
prevailsamong
necessarilymean
Shivaji began
years
Maratha
them.
families
Hence
in those
second
estrangement from
his
attacks
natural
upon
the
the
times
and
marriage
first wife.
borders
of
the
does
still
not
When
Bijapur
self
Shahaji tried to relieve himof all responsibilityby giving out
that he had
no
with Shivajiand Jijabai. But
connection
this at best was
Had
been
there
real cleavage
a
a transparent pretext.
and wife, Shahaji would
husband
between
certainly not
taken his wife and son
to
liave
Bijapur, as he did, as soon
territory it
as
was
his fortunes
Bijapur state.1
were
that
well
If in 1613
establishsd
in
the
service of the
again Jijabaiand
Shivaji were
the
of Dadaji
care
permanently stationed at Poona under
credit Shahaji with
Kondadev, we mu^t
having done so, on
of the insuperabledifficulty
of keeping Shivajiat
account
i
Grant
^between
lor
not
j?age
( Ch.
Ill ;
sets
forth
the
theory
of
disagreement
assumes
Duff
159. )
It
JBijapur.
virulent
find
we
for
account
of
and
Jijabai's
sharer
this
it
affection
the
for
not
the
of
and
follow,
Shivaji
were
of
theory
remained
however,
that
any
way
his
by
and
father
this
with
Shahaji's
to
son
stago.
Shahaji,
ambitions.
less.
feud
family
from
commences
of
was
circumstances,
of
fortunes
supporter
in
these
by
Bijapur
obsessed
man
always
Sambhaji,
toils
the
which
wife,
that
young
accept
G?
convinced
was
Judging
divergence
son,
his
Islam.
SHIVAJI
OF
for
to
and
elder
doos
Shahaji
reason
husband
in
clear
of
hatred
no
CHILDHOOD
residence
congenial
no
is
THE
From
love
and
CHAPTER
EDUCATION
THE
A
IV
gkeat
OF
SHIVAJI
is determined
career
growth of genius* It
Both
good education.
is also
for the
by
measure
great part
first ten
Q?he
of
influence
the
and
plastic,
of life.
only
deep
and
to render
serve
favourable
of
train
months
of
When
lived
through
great
revolution
husband,
her
with
once
flightand exile,and
blindly in league with
and
scorn
own
and
her
excitement
reflected
Here
Shivaji from
first ten
The
virtues
and
strained
and
filtered
into
can
in which
and
stress
he
womb,
in the
was
Jijabai
in
revolution
and
one
foundation
the
see
yet
evil of the
or
herself
the
played
the
ungrateful Nizamshahi
her husband's
and
of the puny
his
sultan
enemies,
own
Mahomedan
powers,
transfused
and
into
the
mind
of the
hero.
all
the
capacity
pusillanimity and
grovellinginindignation at their impotent cruelty and
delicate period of psychical
at that
most
were
and
and
latter.
We
was
evil
or
their
barbarities
future
Whether
father
the
her husband
disdain
of
contempt
her
of
alarms^
Living in the midst of constant
the mainstay of the Nizamshahi
state,
in
her
are
time
conspicuous part.
in their
on
events.
in the circumstances
of
and
tion
founda-
productive of good
the
on
hero
in that
state, and
and
character
the future
a
roll
they
Shivaji'sgreatness
born.
to be
of the other.
that
on
tender
life
mother
of her
character
depends
the
the
the very
are
as
years
Shivaji.
on
is most
formed
circumstances
these
disposition of
mind
played
these
and
character
the
of
great
in his mother's
vital
impressions then
The
character
spent
when
in
influences
these
and
stances
circum-
shaped
were
of most
It is the age
man.
course
life
of his
years
an
company,
the mind
moulding
in
favourable
by
years
his
of
then
is
some
earliest
years.
life were
Shivaji's
Nor
was
passed in
this all.
the
midst
The
of
J70
LIFE
And
then
family
the
SHIVAJI
OF
tradition
Ho^se
MAHARAJ
would
Bhonsle
of
flashed
ever
world-compellinghero
Shahaji'stemporary
prophecy which
given
produce
her
across
"
had
Maloji
which
to
mind,
a
a
"
had
all but.
ing,
suffer-
this
awake.
with
its
tradition
believed
She
all
kept
passionsand
it with
in
heart, and
religious
her
success
faith
the
aspirations
of
forward
she looked
woman,
to
wistfully
accomplishment.
What
to the
and
not
seceded
his temporary
stantJyrecurred
poured
forth
royal power
in her
contrast
the
ingloriouspresent
former
Bhonsle
and
him
love of heroic
and
laid stress
over
the
enkindle
on
in his
could
that
the
heart
enterprise. In
the inherent
worldly splendours, of
She
son.
the
fall from
Houses
and
itself upon
his sensitive mind.
recitals of the story of Shahaji'sheroic
sought to
her
story of
the
pictured to
of
with
conversation
achievements, she
noble
daily
ambition
discourses
degradation,however
service
to
an
trude
ob-
Again by repeated
same
her
but
not
she
great
alien Mahomedan
rise had
been
marked
by the
power, the steps of whose
overthrow
of many
Hindu
a
sovereignty and whose
gress
proattended
with
the slaughterof kine, the polluwas
tion
of
temples and
shrines
and
the
violation
of the
Brah-
"
crueltyand
his earliest
these
ings,
infancydeveloped a strong taste for these readrecitals. It was
with rapt attention
to the
listening
readingswhich infused in him an overpowering sensa
EDUCATION
THE
piety,religiouszeal,
of
and
Ramayan
of
"Go
words:
with
It
and
thou
do
as
7*
His
kindled
eyes
as
self-sacrifice from
and
mother's
was
JI
religiousfervour
chivalry and
his
inspiringlegends.
SHIVA
enthusiasm.
the Mahabharat
and
undulation
and
and
throbbed
breast
his
OF
followed
he
voice,
if she
likewise".
had
The
said
seed
the
tone
every
related the
she
as
he
in
many
so
not
was
cast
great intellectual
both of understanding
a woman
Jijabai was
of
a man
Shivaji was
By nature
strength and alertness. His powers
of a high order.
and memory
were
of
and
great earnestness
and
esteem
the
was
had
assimilated
She
watched
was
careful
in
these
him
over
to
see
with
with
virtues
all her
that he followed
and
company
of vice in
good
force
conversation
noble
kept
the instinct
and
great motive
and
By daily contact
courage,
away
all her
his
mother,
their
best
the
From
Shivaji
perfection.
solicitude
maternal
from
actions.
in
in all
the
for honour
example,
snares
and
and
moved
ishments
bland-
early boyhood,
Thus the
provision for his military education.
evolved
character were
highestimpulses of life and human
in Shivaji'sheart
by his close contact with this noble
truth and
love of
matron,
bravery,enterprise,
courage,
religiousfervour. But more
important than all the rest,
his mother,
there was
from
to him
one
impulse that came
an
impulse upon which all his greatness was founded, and
will for ever
which
in the temple of
obtain for him
a niche
fame and an honoured
placein the world's great roll of patriots
-his unquenchable thirst for liberty. He never
faltered in
his opinion of the intrinsic
unworthiness
of the
highest
that a servile allegianceto a Mahomedan
glory and honour
and ingratithat indifference
tude
prince could bring to a man,
she
made
"
"
were
the
invariable
return
for the
most
loyal and
OF
LIFE
72
devoted
service
SHIVAJI
sultan,and
to the
stood
states
alien
an
for
despotism
all that
was
had
childhood
own
that
and
vindictive
mean,
MAHARAJ
with maternal
exhortation
to inflame
experience combined
In boyhood already he had
him with a passionfor freedom.
made up his mind
to defy foreigndomination
if it should
even
how
cost him his life. It is well known
Dadaji Kondadev
endeavoured
to turn
but
no
find
we
aside
him
in
account
from
his determined
any
course,
chronicles
him
the
of any attempt to dissuade
on
part of
This very circumstance
strengthensthe view that
Jijabaiherself
Shivajiwith
from
of Islam
stand
need
As
as
husband
is the
her
whatever
due
was
husband
her
to the
noble
convictions
and
her
son's
future,and
of
world
impress the
that
which
record
the
Hindu
from
the
In 1637
of
while
this
be.
fell upon
Dadaji,
and
to the
In short,
with
allowinghimself
passions could
was
made
possible,by
peninsularIndia
entrusted
by
his
lead
of his mastermind,
with
rated
libe-
was
the administra
Shahaji, and
Shi vaji'seducation
also made
was
young
From
this time forth,therefore,the burden of
"education
to
subject.
mother, who
charge of
him.
taken
out
the
carry
his mouth-piece,
resources
career
was
Dadaji Kondadev
of the jahgir lands
and
the
be
sion,
conclu-
inspireand dominate
who
population of
yoke of Islam.
the
of
moods
with
to
subjectmight
son,
ments
senti-
obedience
become
ideals could
and
had
combination
rare
her
to
and
she
and
the
feelingson
Bijapur
againstthis
devotion
highest dower,
of
instructions
standard
at
that occasion
upon
of her real opinion upon
was
inspiring
revolting
unfurling the
militate
wife, to whom
it
his anti-Mahomedan
any manner
conduct
her
enterprise of
and
to suppress
indication
an
Hindu
in
not
in
Jijabai endeavoured
liberty. That
does
nor
and
enthusiasm
the
persuade Shivaji
to
primarilyinstrumental
was
the domination
of Maratha
it
who
Jijabai.
mother's
over
the
to
Shivaji's
influence be-
EDUCATION
THE
of
came
He
was
The
ambitions.
her
that
of
Jadhav
the
and
that
mean
upbringing
all
of
instincts
her
the
foresee
to
7S
course
prop
mysterious
enabled
had
heart
SHIVAJI
OF
her
his future
often
hopes
and
maternal
with
In
ecstacy
tion
the restora-
whom
to
son.
greatness.
thought
man
of her
the
of
Jijabai
sovereigntieshad been
divine prophecy current
Bhonsle
reserved
the
by fate,the hero whom
in the family had
been
ever
beckoning on to the task of
national emancipation. She, therefore,continued
to watch
solicitude.
him
in spirit,with all the
zeal of maternal
over
It was
left, however, to Dadaji to initiate Shivaji in those
that
arts and sciences
and
practicalknowledge which was
essential to
It will not
the great
dev
It is not
entered
with
him
into
place
known
at what
districts he
these
the
and
Moguls
to
parts
horrors
of
from
once
an
and
influx
the lands
aspect. The
swelled
crops
a
and
survey
revenue
*
and
for
of
in
short
people
the
were
This
districts and
in the Padishahnamah
were
of years.
succession
from
had
time
contented
the
ia referred
of Abdul
to
at
was
adjoiningdistricts,
changed their forlorn
and
happy.
and
Bumper
instituted
then
essence
in Jedhe's
Hamid.
There
the
the land
Ambar,
immunity
of
inducement
the
classification of
terrible famine
this
To
granaries. Dadaji
system of Malik
had
Mahomedans
Deccan
terrible famine
cultivators
a
great efficiency.The
wildernesses.
mere
most
in Maharashtra.
tracts
the
by holdingforth
the land-tax
of
with
and
Dadaji re-populatedthese
cultivation
Maval
the
of
account
administered
of the
reduced
of his
brief
thus
Shivaji was
period Dadaji Kondafied
early satisShahaji was
Shahaji'sservice.
Indapur
long wars
give
to
education
the
management
Baramati,
added
position.
to the
These
of
be out
to whom
man
confided.
his
in
person
introduced
of
which
Chronology
the
was
(page 178)
LIFE
74
that the
OF
dues
revenue
SHIVAJI
MAHARAJ
to be
were
This gave
of the year.
made
The
settlements
based
the
on
ascertained
great stimulus
to
agricul-.
with
the agriculturists
ture.
gave
them permanent proprietaryrights subject to the payment
and
of revenue,
a
large residue of the income after the
still remained
for the enjoyment of
deduction
of revenue
crops
the
peasantry.
prosperous
district
The
Maval
of
inhabited
was
the Mavalis.
peoplecalled
stricken
Even
by
poverty-
by toiling
day
and
work
set to
them
remissions
of
his service
as
collection
end
mischief
the
to
Dadaji maintained
them
Many
wild
reward
beasts
country became
The
of
trees
grew
Shahaji in
on
an
garrisonsin
is for
of Maval
the
All the
and
the
orchards.
all sides.
excellent
each
most
bushel
vari.
lb
animals.
to
that
in
this way,
or
was
To
year
wolf
put
year,
gave
slain.
was
and
the
of
and
Chitnis, page
with
Groves
He
kept
of
state
them, and
generaldefence.
jahgir
the
the
brigands. Dadaji
evil by establishing
watches
encouraged the plantation
police.1He
balance, that
Vide
infested
also
of the different
1
tiger or
to minimise
fruit-trees
in
settled.
was
sort of rude
them
javelin-menand
exterminated
were
more
country
endeavoured
and
corps
for each
or
from
caused
of Mavali
and
wild
by
they
enlisted in
he
engaged
nachni
as
country infested
by granting
them
month,
rupees
millet,such
encouraged
satisfied with
were
two
or
pay, one
of the coarsest
mountainous
an
They
revenue.
meagre
two
and
soldiers
or
of
Many
assiduously
He
soil
barren
and
taxes.
revenue
people and
their condition.
rocky
peons
of
these
ameliorate
to
till their
to
of
habits
industrious
of
the
and
mango
fortresses
repair,installed
recruited
other
under
suitable
small
army
In this way
tered
Dadaji adminisconsiderably augmented its income.
accrued
to
charges,such
29
and
the
after ment
paysalaries of peons and
Shahaji'scredit
as
Tarikh-i-Shivaji
(page
9 (a) ).
EDUCATION
THE
clerks
soldiers,
and
OF
executive
SHIVAJI
officers and
other
incidental
to Shahaji'shead-quarfaithfullyremitted
ters.
An anecdote
illustrating
Dadaji'sextraordinarysense
of duty and uprightness has been
recorded by the Maratha
chroniclers.
It is said that
while
Dadaji was
going one
of Shivaji through one
of Shahaji's
day in the company
he happened quite casuallyto pluck off a mango
orchards
from
its stem.
to his mind
that
Instantly it occurred
was
expenses,
he had
what
done
his attendants
committed
misdemeanour,
mutilate
to
the
On
its master.
hearing
and
hand
with
cultivated
this
reply he
to the
time
commanded
he
and
the
his
and
he
was
of the
one
death
had
reasoning
park
shortened
of his
he
which
Shivaji repliedthat
the offence.
not
was
was
wore
sleeve1.
shortened
and
extraordinaryintegrity;
the ruling passionof his life.
devotion to his master
was
in age
He was
and
already advanced
experience when,
him
to the jahgir. He was
Shahaji nominated
very pure
and
of his religion.
in his morals
piousin the observances
article of faith with
terests
that his personal inhim
It was
an
and
identical
with
those of his
prosperity were
natural that Shahaji felt not the slightest
It was
master.
lage
misgivingsin his heart in giving over his son to the tute-
Dadaji
of such
then
was
who
man,
of
man
united
with
of
and
Needless
interests.
of the trust
beyond
the
to say
most
exalted
most
'sense
to his master's
person
that Dadaji acquittedhimself
sanguine expectationsof
his
master.
He
labour
under
should
son
i
making
to
spared no
have
The
no
have
should
Shivajiand Jijabai
privation. He thought that a warrior's
the best militaryeducation
obtainable,and
pains to
Rairi bakhar
gives a
see
the mango
the property of
heard of the inoident
and
Dadaji's integrityby
his sleeves
( P. 29. )
as
usual.
The
present
version
that
marked
of
his
sense
followed
in
the
of
appreciationof
urged
text
him
to
wear
is that of Chitnis
LIFE
76
SHIVAJI
OF
MAHARAJ
and
progress in Urdu
in the elements
and
Persian
and
Sanskrit
of the
considerable
Shivajimade
to reside at Poona.
coming
son
this
made
had
beginning
that
is said
language2. It
devotional
The
But
there
He
revenue.
from
had
his
excelled
and
that
as
the tact
the
Vide
too
the
with
of
knew
judge, and
took
his
the
in
much
decisions
that
if the
While
too
successfully unite an
military "raft,a boy brought up
the
puranic lore might have
conclusive
were
in the welfare
for
extravagant
class
all round
with
received
of
credence,
the time
intellectual
such
an
a
that
be admitted
it may
warrior
the best
feelings.
their
paternal interest
(page 28).
Shivdigvijaya is
to assume
treblingthe
to extract
wounding
could
puranas
He
courtesy
Chitnis's bakhar
account
it is not
and
without
servants
impartial. He
1
finance.
was
by Jijabai.
Dadaji was a
the art of keeping
the
He
another
was
work
odes
of
the
culture
tion
admira-
absorbing
fairly good literary
sducation.
2
Vide Mr.
Raj wade's
of the Maratha
on
the
subject
Magazine,
of
"Saraswati
',Vol.
work
in
Marathi, entitled
same
Shivaji'sliteraryeducation
Mandir"
( Vol. 5, No.
"Materials
author
in
contributed
5
), has
tory
for the his-
learned
article
to the Marathi
completely exploded
Maratha
of the
Shivaji'silliteracy.
who
with
preceded or
Shivaji, as also those
nobility contemporaneous
of
arts
the
of
knew
in point
reading and
followed him
simple
time,
of Mr.
Rajwade, and the present author
writing. This is the contention
Duff's
Grant
bas
no
hypothesis
of
Most
SHIVAJI
OF
LIFE
78
MAHARAJ
He
thought, and from the ordinary
simple contentment.
prudence rightly thought, that his
stand-point of human
with
submission
and
duty was in the first place to behave
that power,
owing to whose favour and
humility towards
benevolence, his master
enjoyed his jahgir,and in the second
of
administer
To
master.
rulers-were
the
jahgir to
incur
the
the
highest
of
wrath
the
it
"
"
wealth
the
resolved
to
if I add
no
of
worth
life of toil
see
manly life,what
Not surely in
?
of Hindu
have
land, and
soil.
resolved
have
to
been
champion
no
the
''How
and
family
fortune's
has
tried to
how
dreadful
smiles
The
whole
in
not
Do
and
The
not
you
the life out
Brahmans,
desecrated
in
the
gods
all the
groaning
this
this
his mind
impossible",he exclaimed,
am
in, if
forth from
over
divert
escutcheon
has crushed
sprung
right hand.
Bhonsle
family,
found
religion. I cannot
hands."
Dadaji
our
service.
own
my
in the
religion? Kine
polluted and
is in my
proposaland
their
is it to be
life to
my
independence and
but the future
born
pondered deep
devote
with
domination
societyand
shrines
in
the
to
the Mahomedan
how
^nd
been
honours
new
fortune
my
have
it to
earned
has
out
carve
good is
What
father
my
"is the
recall
was
past
astonished
from
task
the
the
you
at
project.
speak of
land lies
your
fortunes
publicenemy,
and
and
that
you
moment
will involve
you
will
your
father
be
declared
in your
ruin.
Later
forming
the
filled with
Dadaji was
and began
a
the
great Mahomedan
jahgir to
in
What
Don't
are
you
you
see
that you
to retaliate
jahgir and
in the
For
your
will be
You
value
repeatedfrom
you
It
time
his counsels
Shivaji, on
day bringyou
"
continent,
their power
from
wUen
the
in the
enemy,
acts the sultan is sure
land.
to time.
he did
his
"
estates.
from
This
Shivaji,as
chilling
allow
his
was
to the eternal
not
your
It is to your
the Adilshahi
with
silence,but
Maharashtrians,
is said that
vehement
will be evicted
your
Shivaji
holdingundisputed
and
power
glory.
bye-word
maintain
loyalrelations
advice
of all
one
of
rash
indeed
to
before
in the
dynasty,if
was
will
midst
your
father.
on
interest to
fortune
he
are
is there
most
said
resources
puny
your
of the sultan.
power
own
and
He
position?
he
sovereigntiesare
plenitude of its
the
called
On
ruin.
your
He
in the
which
enterprise,
and
each
bim
embarked,"
have
hazardous
sway,
Even
"
consternation.
expostulatewith
to
"You
most
fiery valour
to
terms.
his
79
when
on
an
same
SHIVAJI
the Mahoniedans.
before
to bend
had
father and
of your
Just think
OF
EDUCATION
THE
good
himself
in
glorious enterprise.
Dadaji
how
saw
ineffective all
the
the
-so
to
The
innocent
right to
head
ask
of the
excesses
of
of him
frenzied
the
how
his
And
father.
he, of
son
bound
were
son
to
whom
run
had
he
to recoil upon
not
Shahaji
had
expected
wild, governed by a
the blame
would
rightly
80
LIFE
fall
him.
on
and
for it.
atone
sickened
and
the
not
to inform
now
awakened
MAHARAJ
would
past services
remorseful
thoughts
the
avail tc
good
man
circumstances,
was
all his
such
With
indeed
Dadaji
SHIVAJI
OF
the
only thing he
to shield
Shahaji of
himself
could
from
do
under
blame, and
that
the proper
it in time.
steps to suppress
Shahajidid not
take particular
notice of the warning and ordered no change
whatever
in
or
Shivaji'sdiscipline
mode
of
living. The
the true state of affairs at Bijapur
truth is that Shahaji knew
of his time, and he was
better than any man
himself secretly
preparing for the inaugurationof an independent sovereigntyr
of which
will
at its
be said
more
appropriate place.
The
minds
our
upon
Hinda
new
is
the
that
dynasty
by Dadaji Kondadev,
hard
to
with
them
counteract
common
and
sweet
a
have
from
loving
word
deeper impression on
Filled with
hearken
inevitably
who
; and
on
indeed
had
laboured
Dadaji
to
deal
without
man
thoughts would
impulse then came
itself
were
mind
thrusts
from
the heart
the ambition
lips of
the
than
to do
ten
mother
thousand
makes
speeches!
not
round
l
to
the different
In
the
of the
jahgirvillages,
explaining the
Maratha
of the
Marathi
revenue
nicle
Swarajya ( Chrohave
resorted
to-
this consuming.
EDUCATION
THE
duties
of his
many
forms
the
systems and
Shivajiwho
to
cherished
his
from
mind
into immediate
But
with
contact
other persons
created
in him
the
It
them
with
divert his
within
the limits
greater sense
entrusted
revenue
of rank
He
executed
schemes.
and
jahgirand
s"
of administration.
enthusiasm.
SHIVAJ1
OF
of the
of confidence
work.
for administrative
merits of
officers
voice
individual.
every
into
brought
them
exhorted
his
to
adjured them
settled these
to
look upon
He
also
had
and
presence
Shahaji
serve
claspyoung
him
as
with
with
clerks and
his
dying
loyaltyand
Shivaji'shand
their
is said
public duties, he
the
Having
master.
to
he
have
exhorted
have
education, the
Kondadev.
But
one
described
two
sources
there
was
third
the
source,
of
other
and
Shivaji's
Dadaji
that
was
of this
True, the period of the operation
force was
brief,but, brief as it was, it was of tha
Shahajihimself.
educative
L.S.
far
so
OF
LIFE
working
the
watch
Bijapur Shivaji
at
the
methods
of the court
and
the
Shahaji commanded
of
terms
on
and
Mahomedan
idlinghis
had
fashions
great influence
at the
cordialitywith
many
Maratha
nobles,
and
of the
nobility.
Bijapur
of
the
Shivaji,
and
court
leading
instead
of
of the other
sons
to good
opportunities
In his short
endless
and
manners
like the
time
career.
Shivaji's
opportunities to
various departments of the Bijapur
of administration,the etiquette
of the
o-overnment,
was
MAHARAJ
highestvalue
sojourn
SHIVAJI
turned these
nobles,
frequentlyvisited and
He
account.
of the
observation
cantonments,the Wi.r-horses,
the artillery
parks and the batteries,and, constantlymaking
constant
"made
expert officers,
inquiriesof
registeredall
to
learn
hi3
often
war
information
vital
Shahaji himself
and indulged him
memory.
him
beside
son
He
attending
the
his
the
upon
in
doubts
and
tablets of
his
at
gratified
was
his
son's desire
pursuits. Shahajihad
arguing subtle questionsof
these
when
had
him
durbar, where
his
diplomacy.
or
resolved
he
his
in
when
company
remarkable
faculties of
active exercise.
All
comprehensionand observation found
this produced two general effects: first,
by being always in
useful information
of his father,he got much
company
of vital influence
; and secondly,
upon his subsequent career
the
his
disgustof
by
all he had
rule
Mahomedan
witnessed, and
was
and embittered
accentuated
the
became
passionof
master
his life.
Such
moulded
and
disciplineby
the
was
possible.It
made
and
administrative
an
to
authors
made
this, he
or
not,
-chronicles.
-digvijayais
The
we
was
a
more
great
or
career
less
discipline. As to whether,
a
systematic study of
have
account
very
which
much
no
information
in the
in
chronicle
exaggerated
and
the
in
moral
tion
addi-
any great
authentic
called the
is not
was
Shiv-
supported
praisesof
From
the
of information.
by any other sources
and
Shivaji by such saintly poets as Vaman, Tukaram
his contemporaries, it might be inferred
Ramdas,
among
But it is plain
iihat he had a fair acquaintance with books.
EDUCATION
THE
that
action,
if
to
is
little
set
refer
ever,
convey,
often
of
biographers
the
it.
to
knowledge.
And
others,
among
times
Shivaji,
by
store
more
8HIVAJI
OF
being
bookish
the
this
efficient
8S
more
knowedge
life
of
lesson
factor
this
that
of
less
or
and
great
practbal
success
of
men
scarcely,
ha8
man
wisdom
than
rary
lite-
CHAPTER
chroniclers
Marathi
preparations
of
Shivaji
ambition
That
plans.
of
deliverance
Mahomedan
his
on
with
but
raising of
caution
extreme
ambitious
his
and
fabric
the
of
of
material
scanty
'laid
dependent
in-
an
expulsion
The
and
unbearable
very
the
the
under
tion
contribu-
in the account
reserve
follows.
that
Poona,
to
his return
On
from
who
mountain
tracts
of
jahgir.
his
familiar
were
upland parts of
acquaintance with the
town
regions
with
places of
and
glens and
he
zeal
manifested
in
girdar should
beasts
and
other
motive
wandering
with
the
for
his
other
than
an
Young
from
to
inaccessible
fortresses
He
examined
the routes
mountain
about
the
the
of
phical
topogra-
thirst
and
whole
for
risingjah-
shower,
the
ardent
natural
was
heir
and
sun
defiles, the
admired
It
young
and
tions
condi-
mountain
Shuraji spent
foot
persons
ing
surmount-
attacks
of wild
dangers, apparently
forest to forest
of
men
the
and
insatiable
of
ing
ghats, and formof position in
all those
precipices,defying
the swiftness
to
and
companions
this
by
geographical
mountains.
himself
hundred
imormation.
the
informing himself
that
expose
and
ascents
His
of these
to be astonished
Attended
surveyed
by-paths
valleys.
the
conditions
them
chiefs
scrutiny into
military advantage.
the
chapter,
pretence
Western
close
communication,
under
with
the
village,he
and
in the last
of the
every
described
as
various
on
personal inspection
of
Mahomedan
early
comprehended
from
government,
the
upon
of
essence
country
national
silent
furtherance
its
the
SWARAJVA
are
in
in
tyranny,
available
FOR
PREPARATION
THE
The
with
no
for
geographical
days and nights,
mountain
to
mountain,
gliding movement
It
peculiar
was
these
not
easy
tours of
S6
LIFE
the
did
Shivajigo
and
dependents,every
his
a thorough faith in
enthusiasm
kindled
passion
a
for
revenue
largestpossible
Thus
of
one
and
into
the
they
rude
were
but
confidence
large circle
whom
to year.
of clients
imbued
was
with
felt towards
him.
of those
who
In this circle of
had
won
the entire
of
the Mavalis.
These
Shivaji were
and semi-civilized
people, with an aspect anything
But
under
their
rude
prepossessing.
exteriors,
They
faithful and
had
of their master
with
year
master's
dependents,a largenumber
favour
Shahajifrom
forming
on
towards
strange attraction
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
OF
strong
and
uprightamoung
faith in
executed
his
the
most
Shivaji's
dom
unerring wis-
difficultorders
for which
could
no
one
displayof sagacityand agility
have given tnem
credit.
They were
brought up in the
creed of passive obedience
and
unquestioningservice. To
them
Inured
to poverty
once
a master
always a master.
and
frugal in their living,the employer who provided
them
the
of coarse
subsistence
and
with
means
clothing
earned
fro-n them
such
a
gratitudethat they would court
the greatest dangers and sacrifice their lives in his service.
virtues
the first to detect the sterling
was
Dadaji Kondadev
a
in the heart
of these
mountaineers, and he
rude
tained
main-
in his service.
Shivajidid not take
corps of them
ascertain
their
to
qualities.By his affection and
a
long
these humble
generositytowards
own.
These
mountaineers
obtained
peoplehe
lived in the
made
them
his
highlands of Shivaji's
jahgir. They
centuries
and
with
one
sylvan
who
manners,
courtesy and
was
not
but
repelledby
who
affection.
on
the
This
their
rude
rusticity
conviction
bred
in them.
PREPARATION
THE
FOR
for
persona]
affection and
a
many
was
great, could
master.
The
among
their
tribes, were
They
had
of
ambitions
the
Shivaji,and
the
of three
all
exigenciesof
and
of them
were
These
Mavalis.
the
among
in
rank
earliest
the
beginning
the
as
occupying
names
great influence
from
share
Malusare1
commanded
men
The
in Maratha
from
away
Mavalis,
famous
for whose
master,
render
spirit of self-surproof,and no adversity,
of these
them
turn
Their
the
to
put
Shivaji'sfriends.
become
have
their
leaders
of de8hmukh8
closest of
their
life itself.
time
however
3WARAJYA
the
young
his statecraft
developedthemselves
from
encouragement
various
of
deshmukhs
towns
came
or
procurators of
business
on
to
loyal
that
closeted
the fascination
from
revenue,
their
upon
minds
the
for
Shivaji was
asking
projects,
Poona,
with
exercised
in
financier.
scant
succeeded
he
Dadaji Kondadev,
over
the
When
designs received
Shivaji'sambitious
Although
winning
of time,
course
by
his
was
speech and
in
invariably terminated
Shivajihimself went
a league of enduring friendship. When
his paternal
his tours
of inspection over
in person
on
viewing
no
estates, he allowed
opportunity to elude him of interand drawing them into his
the
various deshmukhs
courtesy, that
alliance. Such
the
in
occasion
had
such
lavish
He
was
Mavala.
Tanaji
a
Malusare
deshmukh
however
of
Umrathe
gentry in the
nobilityand
Maratha
of the
neighbourhood as
entertained
conversation
his
in
him
at
Poona
were
magnificentstyle,that
friends and
sympathisers.
comparative youthfulness
and
fast
was
visit
to
not
the
strictly a
Konkan
Mavali
lowlands
deshmukh.
beneath
the
-88
LIFE
to his courage
help testifying
of the
acknowledging the practicability
to their
approval. Their assent was
their cordial sympathy and co-operation
and
could
inexperience,they
and
enthusiasm,
schemes
or
he submitted
promptly given,and
was
secured
indeed
singularpersuasiveness
lity
youthful hero, which, along with the cordiawas
religiousenthusiasm
sincerityin his hatred of
and
ring of
made
not
There
to the cause.
in the
of
3V1AHARAJ
SHIVAJI
OF
the
even
self-centred
most
of
takable
the unmis-
rule,
Mahomedan
partake of
them
embrace
enthusiasm,reciprocatehis feelingsand
his
his proposals.
of Shahaji's
They had besides the object-lesson
easilybred in them
great triumphs; and the conviction was
that the son
of such a father would certainlylead them forth
the
of Islam.
from
thrallom
deliverance
to victory and
Thus
they became willingpartisansin the causf ; and the few
hesitated
who
refused
or
had
soon
occasion
to
repent of their
error.
It is time
seemed
to
favour
independence of
very
id for
Shivaji possessedwas
that
of the
the restoration
cause
of the national
the
the
influences
brieflythe
which
national
Maharashtra.
The
had
review
to
example
him
regeneration
of his father.
He
defender
the
of the
of
both
that
only
in his victories
and
failures,had
established
followers
proper band of disciplined
possiblebut easilypracticableto overthrow
with
power
Hindu
desire
to
in
Maharashtra
and
sovereignty in
its
outshine
his
to perceiveand
-sagacity
to
it
the fact
was
not
the Mahomedan
establish
an
pendent
inde-
with a
place. Fired
father's greatness, Shivaji had the
to remedy the defects in his system.
PREPARATION
THE
*He
FOR
SWARAJYA
"9
often
ambitious
chiefs
circumstance
resolves,
and
which
the
was
procurators of
Mahomedan
and
discontent
revenue
government.1
disturbance
confirmed
of many
Emboldened
misrule,the inevitable
parts. It
almost
was
of revolution
and
uncertain
indeed
and
war
time of
the
Bijapur government
rightsof a sovereign state over
gether
an
impossible feat to unite to-
little of the
exercised
these
omnes"
contra
of the local
precursors
carried on an
change, these men
themselves.
It was
brigandage among
omnium
his
or
and
"bellum
Shivajiin
standard
or
to
warring chiefs under a common
bellicose spirita higher purpose,
ceeded
Shivaji sucthe seemingly impossibletask, healed the scars
of
these
give their
in
private feuds
into action for
The
third
their
concentrated
and
the
higher
of
ideal
the districts of
other
tracts
of
state
had
for
under
the troublous
and
to advert
been
long time
Ahmednagar,
invasions
it is necessary
circumstance, which
to be brought
powers
national
a
enterprise.
and
the Nizamshahi
times
of the
Mogul
the
rapid vicissitudes through which
Ahmednagar state had passed had produced a generallaxity
the part of
of administration,with next to no supervision
on
and
the central
had
the
government. It is
at the time
of the
passed under
and
recent
that the
the
dominions.
transfer
its direct
There
economic
volumes
good
deal of
condition
of his work
territorial
of the Maval
been
thrown
deshmukhs
( Vol. 15 to 18).
was
so
its
way
parts of
to
its
insufficiencyof
the
and
hill-forts,
the
the
upon
by
ment
adjust-
complications,
frontier
these
equipments in
light has
change
scarcely felt
had
marked
this
such
created
had
authority
was
militarygarrisonsand
A.
partitionand
Bijapur flag,but
the
districts
that these
indeed
final
Bijapurgovernment
bring under
true
the
Air.
and
ocial, political
Raj wade
in the later
LIFE
80
growing dissensions
to
improve
had
the
OF
SHIVAJI
Bijapurcouncil
in the
situation.
MAHARAJ
But
the
were
not calculated
government
belief in its
of
Bijapur
security
by continuing
these districts in
time
to time
administered
jahgirwith great
skill and
wisdom.
from
had
The
under
happy and prosperous
a
practically
Hindu
regime and had no desire to pass under the direct
wonder
then that when
authority of the sultan. What
they saw a noble spiritlike Shivaji,himself the son of an
approved leader like Shahaji,embarking upon the ambitious
plan of a revived Hindu sovereigntyand marked his neverin all his operations,
genius and enthusiasm
failing
they
people
were
forth
came
to
unreservedlyto
acclaim
his
cause
the
and
hero
and
devote
themselves
service ?
That
a
new
shown
as
of which
he
had
learnt
at
home^
in
CHAPTER
BEGINNINGS
THE
In
VI
chapter
last
the
SWARAJ
OF
brief
sketch
of
friends
the
and
outset
the
IV, page
thas" ),
principal of
the
historians,
with
meet
we
activities
for
the
These
given currency.
that
the
beginnings of independence
and
Shivaji but by Dadaji Kondadev
Sabhasad,
parts
which
certain
made
not
by
officers at
the
were
that
at
time
of age. In
years
when
support
chronicler,
the
quotes
Mara-
maintain
historians
his
( Vol.
to
return
from
twelve
Mavali
the
the
wm"
were
It does
the idea of
that
mati
and
Indapur,
services
eminent
from
return
of the
the defeat
his way
to
not
Bijapur
of
the
added
were
in the
to
Dadaji
already
Kondadev
aji'sjahgir
that
in
it
makes
Bara-
with
Mavals,
Si"a*
Kondadev
been
statement
twelve
Karnatic, and
Bangalore, Dadaji
had
ordershe
was
districts
the
to
that
statement
had
state
Sabhasad's
of
context
this
entrusted
its execution
The
from
Hindu
independent
an
by Shahaji.
clear
follow
however
not
and
conceived
he
to
this
as
Raj wade
History of the
have
instance
In
is Mr.
whom
of his "Materials
73
hill-
and
mustering together
heresy
o"
of his
supporters.
to trace
his earliest
chapter we propose
of a premeditatedaggressiveprogramme.
At
realization
fastnesses
defiles,and
of devoted
band
and
attempted
was
the
the
forts, mountain
YA
1638
in pursuance
for
his
on
his
of the
at. the
from
imminent
risk
of
wrecking
his
new-built
LIFE
92
fortune.
As
SHIVAJI
OF
motive
MAHARAJ
this
for
an
at his
command
evidence
that
Karnatic.
in the
a
large
army
was
Nor
ever
is there any
sent
shred
under
of
Dadaji
sideration:
Lastly there is this conBangalore to Maharashtra.
confided
an
why should
Shahaji have ever
of such
to
another,
gravity and
enterprise
consequence
the greatest military leader of his
himself
he was
when
from
shadow
theory is that
upon
In
it is
an
can
attempt
be said
to cast
the originality
Shivaji's
greatness by transferring
line of arguOar
design to a lesser personage.
ment
himself
is quiteconsistent with the view that Shahaji
his own
designs of independence, a subject which we
of his
had
LIFE
94
the
Shivajisaw
as
others
but
Mahomedan
he
were
MAHARAJ
and
Mogul
ghats,
the western
over
SHIVAJI
OF
foundations
It
their
outposts on
defence
publishedby
dan
Mahome-
without
mountain
about
He
or
the Mahomedan
fastnesses
strengthening
garrisoningthe
or
to see,
deep enough
foreign power
themselves
with
rooted
not
little of these
the frontiers
enough
of the
apparent that
was
shrewd
was
spread
power
therefore
hill-forts
resolved
Mr.
From
papers
History of the
particulardistrict.
date
most
we
find the
other Mival
The
Khopdes
result
on
deshmukhs
they
of this intervention
the side
or
of Afzul
at least
also assisted
their
in the
181 ). Another
that
was
Khan, while
followers
war
with
at
later
the Jedhes
remained
the Mores
of the Jedhe
on
and
the
of Javli
family
enemy
usurped their lands. Dadaji
marched
Kondadev
agaistBandal, but was defeated (Rajwade's Vol.XV,316,
retreat
to his head -quarters at Shivapur. In the end with
had
and
to
)
393
made
his peace with Bandal
the help of Kanhoji Jedhe, Dadaji Kondadev
about
a good
and brought
understandingwith the leaders of the twelve
Mavals, excepting the Khopdes, and after the death of Dadaji we find them
co-operatingwith Shivaji in all his operations. In 1648 we find Jedhe Naik
arrested
with
Shahaji in the South and was
along with him by
was
who
had
BEGINNINGS
THE
to direct
his
first
subjugate
the
hill-forts
mountain
land
along
Mahomedan
the
therefore
^o
long
failed
his
The
of
purposes
to
knew
chose
first
his
and
of
what
and
and
manent
per-
until
the
entirely
Shivaji'sprogramme
the
the
use
what
get
ver
put themselves
to
part
own
that, do
nf
highlands, unless
dominate,
defence
He
them.
to make
was
95
ghat country,
adjoining tracts of
the
carry
with
over
hands.
their
in
and
population itself
Hindu
SWARAJYA
powers
eontrol
OF
Mahomedans
had
hill-forts both
for
offence, as ^strategicalpositions
entire
commanding
not
interest, nor
Shivaji's
to
declare
enmity
open
with
it then
was
He
them.
in
his
resolved
power,
to
carry his
the southwest
to
twenty miles, to
point by stratagem. About
of Poona, lay the fort of Torna.
Shivaji despatched
and
to
Baji Fasalkar
YessajiKunk, Tanaji Malusare
open
the
the
of
with
him
to
fort,
negotiations
asking
governor
the fortress for the present to Shivaji,who, it
make
over
with
the
was
representedto them, was in communication
sultan for the purpose.
By these insinuations, reinforced
fell into Shivaji's
by persuasive gold, the fort of Torna
in 16461.
hands
him
thenceforth
support him
and
After
Khan.
Mustapba
to
with
anchor
all his
the Bandals
his
liberation
his fortunes
Shahaji
with
Thus
power.
those
was
of
him
Shivaji
and
at
exhorted
Poona
and
with
in the
Shivajienthusiastically
with
Chandrarao
and Afzul
More
Khan
wars
( Vide Jedhe Chronology pp.
This
that
is clear proof
179,-180 ).
Shahaji not only secretlysympathised
with
them
ing
the plans of Shivaji but did his best to promote
by furnishhis son
with the services of a most
loyalbody of auxiliaries. It will
Kondadev
be seen
that in his petty wars
Dadaji
only follod out the policy
that able administrator
eventual
of Shahaji, the
complications of which
did not probably foresee.
kars
even
Khafi
/Dhandanwandan.
Khan
says
co-operated
it
thanked
that
the
first
fort
captured by
Shivaji
LIFE
96
This
SHIVAJI
OF
MAHARAJ
act of
spoliation
againstBijapur,
and to lend it an ostensible colouring and retain possession
of his prize, Shivaji promptly despatched his deputiesto
Bijapur,representing to that government that the taking
over
by Shivaji of the fort of Torna
was
entirelyin the
was
interest of the
better be in
government, that
of
charge
sequesterediortress
preferenceto adventurous
of
positionas governor
the deshmukhs
that
officers,and
the
to reader
true
undertook
to pay
than
revenue
took
which
meanwhile
new
compel
the
to
revenue
annually to the
money
of his good intentions, he
government
far
larger
average
long time
was
just
agents
the officers of
among
in
Torna,
the
his
the
to
over
had
of
sums
practicalproof
Asa
like
be able to
of
accounts
like him
in virtue of his
fort,he would
government.
loyalservant
what
were
the
for
Shivaji wanted,
lavish with
and
court
the
in
secured
favourable
and
the erection
To
the south-east
of
fort of his
new
of Torna
three
miles
there
of considerable
transform
into
mountain
The
1
was
fort,
barren
mountain
strategicalvalue.
a
fortress-town
spurs
projectedon
and
at
This
with
three
own.
distance
of about
called
Murbad,1
Shivaji resolved
to
impregnable defences.
sides.
Durgadevi
calls it Musaldev
Mount
They
by
( p. 19. )
were
also
other
niclers.
chro-
BEGINNINGS
THE
fortified with
strongly
palace.
Padmavati
Sanjivani,and
that
only
vijay states
of Shivaji. The
won
was
by a stroke
reclaimed
had
Khedber
between
of
culture
into
it
projecting
The
SWARAJYA
ramparts.
and
Rajgad
christened
OF
the
The
9T
central
adorned
was
redoubts
with
named
weie
respectively.The
projectingforts were
fort
central
fort
existed
wa9
spacious
Suvela?
Shivadigthe
before
tion
crea-
and
of
mango
in
groves
under
wilderness
the
name
converted
it
of
Shivapur, after
town
the name
ot his master
was
Shivaji.This new
peopled
by inhabitants from the Mavai and Konkan
regions,who
gladly acknowledged the authorityof Shivaji.At Shivapur
he
thrivingcentre,
this
gave
laws
While
progress,
and
the
heard
cases,
warrior
of
entrenchments
report of these
explanation of
civil and
these
acts
repliedthat
things,nor was
criminal.
fort
in
Rajgad were
doings of Shivaji reached the
sultan immediately issued orders
the
fortifications
from
neither
Shahajiin
had
and
demanded
the
Karnatic.
Shivaji consulted
he doing anything upon
him in these
his
father's advice;but he and his family were
loyalvassals of
that
the Adilshahi
state, and
being so, whatever
Shivaji
was
ment
doing in the way of fortification must be for the improveof
his
or
jahgir.The Bijapur state possessed nc
safety
reliable fortress in the neighbourhood of his jahgir,and
Shivaji might have thought of curing this defect. In this
Shivajicould not be said to be doing any disservice to the
the purport of Shahaji's
was
Bijapur state. Such
reply.
At the same
time he wrote
to Dadaji and Shivajiprotesting
againstthese acts of his son and exhorting him to reform
his ways.
Dadaji had already notified Shahaji of the latest
his eloquence in vain to
doingsof his son and exhausted
bring back Shivaji to the paths of worldly wisdom
and
effect, has already been,
security, with what
easy
"
described.
L.S.
Shivaji took
personalcharge
up
it in the
agents
to demand
them
Shivaji dismissed
aDd
of
source
resented this
with
the
It would
early promise of
of
conduct
his
and
Some
son.
maintain
does
himself
career
he
to
seem
he
both
were
on
have
gratified
was
in the
later
time
not
that
seem
great
tration,
cost of adminis-
of his father
better
Shahaji
revenue.
answer.
for the
estates
had
fertile,he
and
extensive
Dadaji Kondadev,
of the
scarcelysufficed
Karnatic
the
as
of
ing
jahgir, administerhis father.
Shortly after,Shahaji's
of the jahgir revenue.
the arrears
the curt replythat the produces
with
of
name
came
that
the death
after followed
Soon
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
OF
LIFE
38
resourceful
voluntarilymade
rashtra
Shivajithe entire charge and usufruct of the Mahajahgir, with an expression of delight at the skill
his
had
son
and statesmanship of which
already given
And
this step
unmistakable evidence.
wisely indeed was
civil dissensions
at Bijapur
taken by Shahaji. There were
and anarchy reigned in all departments of government.
to watch
events
The wiser plan for Shahaji was
calmly,
with a firm grasp
possessions. Shivaji's
upon his Karnatic
to
over
to
his
personalsecurity. By
Shivajiand
in full
himself
in Maharashtra
and
to
moment
this
was
putting him
danger
between
authority over
his Maharashtra
With
also
progress
at any
any
the Karnatic.
Now
the
by
in
it
district
happened that
of Supa, which
Baji Mohite,
fact
the
brother
the
of
brother-in-law
his
of
second
of
of
Shahaji, being
wife.
He
was
also
a
horse.
On
the
death
squadron
charge
to him
of Dadaji, Shivaji wrote
to bring the squadron
,and the jahgir accounts
Mohite
did
personally to Poona.
,not obey this order and, instead of replyingto the message,
in
expressed his
"hat
astonishment
to
300
the
landlord
bearer
in
of the
the
despatch
life-time of
BEGINNINGS
THE
his
OF
SWARAJYA
99
father, whose
hitherto
screened
him
from
counsel
can
understand
well
The
crepidam.
report of these
faithful
ultra
mtor
: ne
utterances
to
blood
his
how
made
messengers
and
Shivaji,
boiled in
have
must
one
had
no
force
at last sent
was
to
his followers
with
Mohite, who
Shahaji in the Karnatic, with a proper
with
escort.
small
minds
both of
sort of
man
so
this,but
event
supporters and
they
faithful
not
aroused
to deal
had
sternly towards
withal
it had
the
and
with.
brother-in-law
zealous
of
officer of
had
who
man
his
the
acted
father, and
Shahaji,was
The
the
tainly
cer-
circumstance
fear
among
his
followers.
fort of Chakan
The
the
line of communication
of Poona.
between
Poona
It
and
manded
com-
the
Deccan
plateau.
other
capture and
The
bakhar9
speak of a midnight
imprisonment of Mohite and
gives a very
Sambhaji Mohite.
late
date
to thi9
raid
Sabhasad
calls him
100
in the
That
Shahaji.
of
career
SHIVAJI
OF
LIFE
MAHARAJ
redoubted
warrior
had
first
When
sultan.
jahgir from the Nizamshahi
Shahajihad to fly the country from the vindictive pursuit
of this important fortress passed
of Jadhav, the possession
of two
into the hands
turbulent
polygar chiefs. Martand
Dev and Honappa Deshpande. These
reduced
chiefs were
and taken prisonersby Shahaji's
friend, Murar Rao Jagdev
of Bijapur, who
made
the
fortress again to its legitiover
mateowner,
Shahaji.Dadaji Kondadev, in his administrative
of affairs,had
capacity as Shahaji's minister
appointed
as
havaldar, or garrison commander
FirangojiNarsala
obtained
it in
On
of this fort.
the death
of
self
himDadaji,Firangojimade
Shivaji opened negotiations
independent at Chakan.
the
him
to surrender
in a conciliatoryspiritand
induced
rewarded
with
fort.
Firangoji submitted
quietlyand was
of the garrison command
of the
fort in
continuation
a
in
Shivaji'sservice. The old officers under Shahaji threw
Bilal
their lot with Shivaji,
exceptingan old cavalry officer,
permitted to revert to his old allegiance
Pagya, who was
at Shahaji'shead-quarters.
In
of
course
Shivneri
and
entrusted
to his former
the
command
and
command,
it
was
improved
of this
fort,in
left to him
to
system
revenue
neighbouringvillages.
vicinity of
in the immediate
instincts,he
of this
seizure
fort
of
at
was
this
possessionsaround
capture
his attention
turned
Shivajinow
The
with
Kondadev's
Dadaji
introduce
in the
Shi
planted
Fir"ngojiwas
addition
time, FirangojiNarsala
this fort.
to
Poona.
the fort of
With
his
Kondana,
innate
tary
mili-
how
indispensablethe possession
for the permanent
of
security Poona.
fort would
strengthen Shivaji's
jahgir
Poona.
But
it was
no
light task to
The Bijapur government maintained
a
once
saw
Mahomedan
officer,
a
strong garrison upon the fort under
Shivaji was not yet powerful enough to advance openly to
would
which
have
with such a force,an event
encounter
an
been
the
prelude
to
larger movement
on
the
part of the
102
to
LIFE
bringin
SHIVAJI
OF
MAHARAJ
This, at any
its train.
rate, he
resolved
was
to
prevent.
While
Shivaji,with
Purandar
the
district.
of
apprised
this
the
temple
to avoid
as
brothers
the younger
openlyjoin Shivaji. In
officers cf the
evils of the
arbitrate
upon
under
invite
to
dispute.1
the
had
this
no
uncertainty,the
to reflect
upon
strife.
at
men
march
sudden
to
courage
in
tour
and
Nilopant*s suspicion,
much
as
possible. On the
garrison began
fraternal
sent
the
brothers
quarteredhis
fort.
the
younger
they
and
of
purpose
than
halt
height,
Mavalis, entered
the two
were
to
Narayan
might rouse
Shivajiwanted
hand
sooner
Shivajimade
of
his
their
at
were
the ostensible
Purandar
the fort
upon
No
of
Shivaji'sapproach
fort
to
Upon
band
chosen
with
territory,
Supa
him
dissensions
fraternal
the
this
other
descend
and
soldiers
and
the
growing
driftingthey
Things were
could
not
and
how
see
might end in the seizure of the
fort by an
outsider.
Far
better they thought if the fort
under
to
were
Shivaji, their neighbour, than
pass
under an
the surrounding
utter stranger. Shivaji owned
and
fast becoming the lord of the hillwas
country
forts round
Under
his iron hand
about.
anarchy was
chivalrous could
valiant and
impossible. What leader more
they ever
hope to serve ? Such thoughts were
passing
mined
through their minds.
They concerted their plans and deterto invite Shivaji to the fort.
They representedto
the dissentient brothers
the wisdom
of cultivatingfriendly
and that
between
of Shivaji,
their family and that
feelings
.
the valiant
the
time
time
of
leader
being
beingthat
of the year
of the
in the
courtesy
common
under
Divali
festival, the
be
Deccan, it would
to
cf the
walls
the
him
welcome
to
but
obtained
The
from
of the
Raifi
bakhar
that
says
and
exercise
an
partake of
country
at
the
brothers
abide
Shivaji asked
the autnmn
Purandar,
company
author
and
festive
most
the
of the fort. They further
advised
hospitality
to lay their mutual
complaints befor Shivajiand
1
fort
by
for and
under
the fort
in
bis decision.
THE
BEGINNINGS
Thus
from
OF
SWARAJYA
l)%
descended
welcome
the
welcome
extended
was
the
time, it is but
to
arts
due
to
he could
two
brothers
at
justice
he used
that
pleaded
their
of
the
third
all persuasive
had
they
brother
were
company
retired
that
brothers
younger
and imprison a brother
in vain.
tried
were
and
The
hopes of
no
offered
to
put
night of the
conversing,Nilopant
protection. On
Shivaji's
under
day, while
feelingdrowsy
that
say
oil upon
the
troubled
waters, but
think
of could
heal the feuds in the
hands
the
themselves
Shivajito
of reconciliation
arts
younger
whole
pour
nothing that
family. The
to the
the
who
turned
deaf
ear
to all conciliatory
arrest.
which
Their
they
the
three
itself
were
fort.
ordered
In
were
to
of
marched
were
out
of the fortress,
possessionof by Shivaji'smen.
taken
was
lands
inam
brothers
equally divided
reside
time
on
the
among
lower
them, and
heights under
given offices in.
they were
Shivaji'sgovernment and prosperedin his service. Thus was
the fort of Purandar
a
drop of blood,
captured without
with the result of a great accession of military strengthtoShivaji'sdistricts of Supa and Indapur.
course
capturedthe:
Mankoji Dahatonde
An
fort of Visapur under
Abyssinian
Shivaji'sorders.
rity
in authoofficer of Shahaji, Sidi Bilal the Abyssinian, was
at first to continue
at this fort, and Shivaji intended
Soon
after
this event,
*04
LIFE
OF
him
in command.
the
Abyssinian repliedthat
his
But
the
when
of
one
career
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJ1
Shivaji was
unrestrained
to end in ruin : he
ultimatelybound
under
Shivaji's
flag. Shivajishowed
scathing criticism
father.
but
Without
the
with
many
rather
the
on
part of
least insult
profusionof favours,
Shabaji.
no
or
the veteran
lawless
would
to
violence,his
take
not
course
service
his person,
laden
allowed
was
turer,
adven-
officer of his
indignityto
and
him,
at this
resentment
veteran
of esteem
marks
made
proposalwas
with
to
to return
rous
Shivajiproceed to reduce the numehill-forts bordering upon
his jahgir and render
his
and
impregnable as possible. Upto this
positionas secure
period he had had no occasion to court open hostilities with
Bijapur. True indeed, two or three forts,such as those of
seized directlyfrom the military
Torna
and Kondana, were
of the Bijapur government; but they had been
authorities
taken without
shedding a drop of blood, and there was this
in their case, that
excuse
they lay immediately upon his
in the higheststate
jahgir estates. While their maintenance
of efficiency
was
possiblefrom the fact of
naturally more
the retention
their being vested in Shivaji'shands, and on
of them
to a great extent
depended the permanent security
and tranquillity
of his jahgir, the turbulent deshmukhs,
or
In this
did
manner
lords, of the
revenue
no
of the
government
and
longerbe
several
others
neighbourhood
what
able to
dues.
had
was
of far
avoid
The
would
greater moment,
paying
forts
be under
now
of
their
they
contribution
Chakan,
Purandar
passed under
usurping chiefs who
defied the government.
In reducing these restive chiefs,
Shivajicould make it appear that he was in realitydoing
to
a service
Bijapur. It was therefore quitenatural that
made
the Bijapur government
little of
this apparently
of Shivaji.
How
could they be induced
movement
insignificant
and
to believe that young
inexperiencedas he was, the son
of a loyal veteran
lend himself to
like Shahaji could ever
the prosecution of any seditious designsagainst the state ?
BEGINNINGS
THE
His schemes
interest of the
sultan
in
absorbed
Another
result
same
erection
beauties
of
Adil
Shaha
of monumental
which
in
circumstance
fact that
the
was
( Mahomed
the
KB
government.
to the
Adilshahi
of
must
SWARAJYA
OF
the
buting
contri-
the
reigning
1626-56
was
tectural
the archiedifices,
still redeem
of the
the ruins
such
service
expatiateat large
stage of his
this
deep
whose
the
arch
freelythe
forts
dominion
of their
upon
to
purposes
Suffice it to say
he
foundations
was
of
The
rocky walls,
of
this
his
deshmukhs
it
as
of
under
Kondadev
settlements
all the
could
alarms
the
of
war.
under
the
in prosperous
his
Nira.
rule
Each
the
fort
The
murmur.
introduced
was
were
fort to
thrive
was
without
revenue
realm
own
Chakan
under
high efficiency
Dadaji
ing
lay-
was
imperialedifice
Shivaji brought
manner
re-entrenched
of land
at
able to breathe
were
people of Maharashtra
tain
spiritof libertyand independence. The mounthe
were
keys that opened up before him the
of the surrounding territory. Under
the shadow
territoryfrom
whole
of that
that
to
the
in spiteof
security,
In
is needless
It
state.
Shivaji's
objectsand
career.
firm
the
made
with
the
system
revenue
everywhere.
ryots, with
able
Favour-
the
result
of
and
a
great regularity in the payment of revenues;
desire to improve the land was
bred in their minds by reason
of the sense
of securitythey began to feel about
thein
provement
estates.
Shivaji activelypromoted this instinct for imand his efforts made
him the idol of the people.
The Hindu
cultivators
in
all directions
hailed
him
as
an
106
LIFE
ideal
sovereign. His
sagacity. Admiration
of
as
ready
king,
to carry
Not
and
less
territorial
out
his
his
wisdom
gratitude ripened
the
Mavilis
They
almost
sacrifice their
to
resolved
but
MAHARAJ
officers admired
intense.
most
their
SHIVAJI
Among
reverence.
was
OF
this
looked
sense
him
upon
their
into
and
a
of
not
ing
feelrence
reve-
only
father.
They were
lives for his glory. They were
behests,regardlessof consequences.
as
important than
the efficient
another
possessions was
management
of his
of his
policy,which
the retention
in his
was
service and favour of as
largea
number
of followers
of abilityboth
as
possible,and of men
zeal to join
emulous
military and civilian. There
was
an
his service. Shivajiwas
an
extemely good judge of character
and
deft in assigning the right duty
ability. He was
to the right man,
and wherever
possiblethis was done by
let slipan
Shivajiin person. He never
oppori unity of
extending his patronage to a brave soldier or a capable
civil officer. Men
of honour
and
round
ability swarmed
him from all parts, and
to
Shivaji left no stone unturned
infuse his own
in them, and
convert
spiritof enthusiasm
them
into efficient instruments
of the great cause
looming
before
In
Mavalis
him
a
in the
short
and
cavalry left
together.
and
under
he
thousand
behind
There
others
future.
time,
three
part
were
nominated
was
head
at the
of
by Shahaji,
which
civilian officers
now
was
rendeied
him
thonsand
scattered
mustered
deputed by Shahaji
by Dadaji Kondadev,
Shivajiand
ten
who
every
stillcontinued
assistance.
enthusiasm
fired with
nerved
action and
to
They were
their master
by the exalted spiritwith which they saw
for the glorious stake of national independdash
forward
ence.
talent for enterprise and
They recognized that
geniusfor invention which swayed Shivaji'scompara:ively
Shivajion
They obeyed his least wishes.
youthfulform.
and
honour
to
slow
his part was
not
appreciate,where
due.
and
Acknowledgments of
honour
appreciationwere
For the
in quick succession.
merit and promotionfollowed
BEGINNINGS
THE
resolved
present,Shivajiwas
independenceshould
view
the rank
)* to
general),Sonopant
and
the idea
of
Swarajya
and
Raghunath
to
Ballal
office
to that
idea, and
as
that
of
Bokil
of
taste
fore-
Rajekar
of Peshwa
of
or
the boundaries
with
to instil this
Dikshit
minister, Balkrishna
tant
that
107
of the
( Kanzekar
SWARAJYA
be commensurate
with
jahgir,and
his
OF
prime
or
Muzumdar,
(acountary)
(foreign secre-
Dabir
to that
Sabnis
of
( paymaster
and
Malusare
Tanaji
to the command
of the Mavali
appointee!
of
troops,Shivaji himself being the commander-in-chief
Baji Fasalkar
his
were
The
army.
of
honour
of
( marshal
Simobut
the
dual,
indiviroyal drum) had not yet been conferred
upon
any
chronicles
describe
the appointment as
though some
this period.2 In short,
as
early as
having been made
had
not
yet extended beyond the
though Shivaji'spower
laid
natural boundaries
of his jahgir,the foundations
were
and the machinery of self-government
was
alreadyin motion,
the outline was
with
added impetus, when
to work
more
an
fully tilled in and the entire superstructure was complete
in all its
i
parts..
The
this
seems
does
not
Peshwa
Ballal Korde.
commander
and
Chitragupta, the Maratha
According to Sabha^ad
conferred
the
Sirnobut
of
the
honour
had
Supa district,Tukoji Chor,
of the
on
was
him.
But
conferred
Foot
Raj wade
"the
the
note
to
the
"united."
at
page
word
The
bound
*'bonnd"
irrigatingthe
from
It
literallyseems
and
subdued
the passage
are
mountain
referred
has
to
the
been
"bound
in the passage
to
little valleys
generally
by
to
Mr.
that
mean
lawless
).
raiders
preted,
differentlyinterthe
cause," or
to
are
in the
named
bourhood
neigh-
after
the
declivityin
referred
Sabhasad
being interpretedas
Mavals
They
But
and
the honour
Dahatonde
passage
7 of that bakhar.
killed."
twelve
record
The
were
were
of Poona.
rivulet
91:"
page
deshmukhs
them
amongst
Mnnkoji
upon
occurs
Maval
authorities
same
each
Bhor
case.
and
(12) Pavan.
There
were
108
LIFE
similarly
other
Bhimner,
1907,
fact
of
Mr.
by
the
by
glory
of
like
such
evidence
the
of
seal
set
the
might
motto
it
index
Shahaji,
monarchy.
building
is
to
important
the
seal
hidden
the
viz:
Beyond
actually
Messrs.
at
even
the
in
as
light
motives
in
began
there
as
early
of
other
the
mind
desire
is
as
his
no
16^9.
for
warrant
own
seal;
of
of
and
moon")
the
to
us
per
and
infer
the
that
as
se
the
that
it
language
ever
How-
possibly
an
an
since
furnishing
as
founding
of
Shahaji,
extravagance
Shivaji,
to
son
taken
circumstances
of
language
kingdom,
conventional
year
the
seems
be
the
as
glory
crescent
As
ner.
published
the
independent
have
piece
of
Shivaji,
cannot
an
to
irrepressible
this
date
and
date
it
or
early
as
Sardesai,
jahgirdar
taken
the
and
inaugurate
to
every
he
like
early
so
of
seal
world
Kincaid
the
Riyasat,
khore
document
on
dated
from
the
is
the
over
and
drawn
("This
purpose
for
customary
was
inferences
waxe3
historians
use
of
and
XV
volume
suffix
impressed
Shivner,
as
Marathi
Sardesai's
characteristic
found
being
his
in
(Vide
such
Junnar,
of
etc.
the
have
seal
the
of
motto
whose
wade
D.,
A.
1639
Mavals
Shivaji's
Raj
neighbourhood
Jamner
Parner,
These
166).
p.
the
in
Ghodner,
the
to
Mavals
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
OF
an
also
independent
the
empire-
of
5H
OF
LIFE
110
YAJI
MAHARAJ
of the
western
this
of the
service
in the
the
jahgir with
had
admiral
staff
of
the
of
time
of
these
there
officers and
of
arose
Abyssinianson
of
the
commerce
the
on
of Mecca
of Abyssinian origin.Thus
generally
course
tained
contingentmain-
pilgrims to and
was
a hereditaryjahgir in
naval
officer of the Abyssinian corps
Nizamshahi
state
generally enjoyed
style and title of vizier. This high
conveyance
Not that it
best
The
origin.
the
Sea.
the Red
from
its
and
sea
defence
for the
them
by
naval
the
Abyssinian
sailors, who
it
small
naval
in
to pass that
came
powerful colony
but
Konkan
were
littoral.
squadron
quarters
head-
The
Danda-
was
Tala, Ghosala
over
Rairi.
These
forts
were
all in
charge
officers.
of Maratha
The
and
Bijapur government
parts of the
considerable
Konkan.
districts
in
had
That
jahgir to
for
long
government
the
time
had
deshmulchs
ruled
ceded
of
the
OF
VELOPMENT
to
jahgirshad
the
and
Peccan
They absorbed
son.
handed
down
major part of
of
command
collected the
Predominant
over
family
Sawant
master
of the
which
owned
under
Sawant
Hi
the
the
in
the
the
of
these
rest
mountainous
the
was
officers,
surrounding territory.
deshmukhs
the
was
virtually
was
the
frontiers of Goa,
Next
in power
of
Shringarpur.1
jahgirthe Surves
of their
were
of
towns
Rajapur
Portuguese.
isolated state
of the
among
harbour
the deshmukh
Surve,
father
government
regions on
of
rule
the
from
revenue
Deshmukh
This
Wadi.
of
of
revenue
was
account
hands
the
in
stillcentred
however
On
YA
Dabhol
who
the
chief
The
themselves.
been
SWARAJ
the
Mores
of Javli.
and
order
in
and
deshmukhs
the
made
had
purpose
the
was
to sound
in that
the
of
governors
of
views
the
to
his
announce
For
own.
forts, as also
and
region
his
similar
Konkan
make
mukhs
desh-
sances
reconnais-
general intention
of
adherence
several
Shivaji
several
more
had
by
number
"
how
of followers.
Grant
Sabhasad
and
cognomen
and
Duff
this
to
The
gives Dalvi
to
an
agnomen
throw
revenues
him
their lot
in
with
him.
this
steadilygrowing
accruing from the terri-
the family
as
nobles.
large followingand
very
maintain
Chitragupta style
Dalvi
Maratha
and
time
ready
were
difficultywas
The
deshmukhs
name
Surve.
of this family.
We
of this chief.
think
Surve
Chietni,
was
the"
LIFE
112
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
Of
war.
meant
it
and
money,
essential
was
in
the
that
of his
way
to procure
scale from
the
money.
wealthy
While
in this
the subhedar
Ahmed,
of money
sum
through
to
and
the
it to
30J
in
to
the
by
subhedar
treasure
25
every
being cut off
hundred
rewarded
i
ten
wounded.
men
and
Kunk
had
about
lost
ambitious
own
and
flower
the
the
the
of
reason
to fear the
by Shivajior
In
the
the
Shivaji
something like
ensued,
his
followers
and
On
Mullana's
side about
wounded.
gallant
With
had
his wonted
soldiers who
chiefs of
marauding
that
contest
of the
emergency
had
and
purposes,
his Mavali
of
neighbourhood.
the
his
horse
Mullana
that
news
Kalyan, was
forwarding a large
Bijapur government by way of Wai,
Resolved
to intercept this
precious
divert
received
of
the Konkan.
treasure
he
anxiety
25
killed
were
liberality,
Shivaji
rendered
was
looted
him
this
by Yessaji
DEVELOPMENT
OF
devised
SWARAJYA
means
families of
those who
proofof
still further
liberality
his
were
111
killed
wounded.
or
enhanced
of the
This
his
fresh
popularity.
followed
lities
by the outbreak of open hostiMullana.
with
who
Abaji Sondev
was
despatched
againsthim captured Kalyan by a surpriseattack, seizing
all its forts, and taking Mullana
did
prisoner. No sooner
than he proceeded in
Shivajihear the joyfulnews
person to
Kalyan, and liberatingMullana sent him with all honour to
Bijapur. Now in the assault on the fort,Abaji had seized
of Mullana.1 Abajiinformed Shivaji
upon the daughter-in-law
of distinguished
that he had made prisonera woman
beauty
and prayed that Shivajimight accept her as a fit
person
for his zenana.
Shivaji bade him introduce her in open
beautiful lady was
when
the
durbar; and
introduced,
apparelledin the loveliest raiment, Shivaji smiled and
Would
mother
that
had
exclaimed,
my
equalledher
in beauty, for then he who
born
of her might have
was
This event
was
"
been
beautiful!"
as
words
These
caused
great
ment
amaze-
mortals
as
the
his children."
These
king look
the
words
of
wisdom
all persons
upon
created a great
whose
in
whose
his followers
would
rectitude
service
find
ever
1
The
Mullana
of
no
money.
would
act of
never
swerve
an
and
The
been
9.
the
text follows
Tarikh-i-Shivaji,
page
L.S.
of
inch,
14 (a)
and
could
of
tne
truth
man
her
daughter
father for
of
sum
LIFE
114
SHIVAJI
OF
MAHARAJ
honour
father-in-law
her
escort to
Abaji Sondev
of
was
here, and
introduced
misrule
breathed
now
were
adverse
Hindu
Mahomedan
of
merciful
This
and
anarchy
to temples
this
the
of
of
beginning
remained
The
beneficent and
Shivaji'sregime, and
benignant ruler spread far and
and
was
institutions
confirmed.
were
gratifiedat
and
hope
had
those which
circumstances
subjectswere
proper
important
speedily
was
atmosphere
new
commencement
auspicious
a
revenue
ryots oppressedunder
restored, and
were
despite the
poor
that
villageorganizations and
had disappeared
during years of confusion
The
annual
revived.
grants once conceded
Brahmans
and
of
old
The
confidence.
that
of
system
the
ment
gratefulacknowledgthe conquest of Kalyan
governorship
reformed
with
of
the
for
master
province. The
as
earned
his generous
with
rewarded
the
her
sent
robes
Bijapur.
at
having
and
ornaments
his fame
wide.
Shivaji'sgreat triumphs.
exaltation
and
emulation
of noble
now
entirely
spirit
Mullana
having been
possessedthe hearts of his followers.
further
career
was
so
cheaply got out of the way, Shivaji's
by the capture of fort after fort. The officersof
signalized
different forts
the
proved
were
won
in
obstinate
their
possible
; if they
opposition, a surprise attack
followed, leadinginevitablyto
Mavalis
full information
with
armed
vulnerable
pointsof
information
sentinel
other
corrupted where
supply
the
the
capture of the
as
a
Shivajiwere
concerningthe intricacies
different
outside
the
guards
means
fort. The
under
and
fortresses,
lacking,it could be procured
was
experts. The
of
chiefs
warrior
and
where
over
of
the
fort,who
undertook
and
where
this
from
local
hill-forts could
rule
be
contractors
provide the
expected monsoon
to
roof-material
thatchiDg and
against the
for the buildings within, could be won
to the
side of
over
the assailants
against the garrison who employed them.
In this
on
manner
their
warriors
Shivaji's
heads
bundles
of
could
enter
hay,
under
fort,carrying
which
their
OF
DEVELOPMENT
swords
concealed, and
were
who
were
already
with
in the
SWARAJYA
115
the assistance
nels
of the senti-
make
an
the fort.
onslaught on the rest and conquer
By this plan
the forts of Kangari, Tung, Tikoni, Lohgad,
of operations,
and
Rajmachi, Kuwari, Bborup, Ghangad, Kelna, Mahuli
others
in this territory
were
captured. The deshmukhs
who
of oppression tc the ryots
were
a
perennial source
reduced
to
either
were
allegiance,
by conciliation or by
force,and the Maval region was delivered finallyfrom
their
tyranny. The Hindu
population of these districts hailed
with
delightthe advent of a capable Hindu ruler, who
put
end
rule of Islam and
to the
the reign of terror
and
an
license that had accompanied it. They had
foretaste of
a
freedom
under
strained
Shivaji's banner and rejoicedin the unreexercise of their religious
rites.
Hindu
The
of the southern
inhabitants
of
now
under
half
their
their brethren
in
of the
lekar,
the
Abyssinian
at the time
province. There were
rank
of Jamedar, Sodawlekar
officers of the
half
of
the
vince
pro-
ruler
northern
Maratha
two
and
Kodaw-
in the
direction,with
mentioned
fell before
the
result
With
him.
over
this
conquest,
powerful chief.
the chief
fortifications,
was
prospected for
and
low-lands
this
above
The
Sidi
was
at
the
conquered
commanded
maintain
firm
his
Abyssinian
account, Shivajierected
of which
the purpose.
was
difficult to
for the
On
them
the
fortresses
the
that
or
Birwadi, upon
fortifications of Rairi
ruler
new
spot
were
LIFE
a 16
also
fort
became
It
famous
in
was
sword
the
his
Shivaji maintained
this
Lingana
afterwards
was
under
famous
MAHARAJ
the fort of
strengthened,and
This
SHIVAJI
OF
of
name
built
upon.
there-
further
entrenched
and
Raigad,
In all these
forts
garrisons.
own
campaign
Bhavani.
was
As
Shivaji obtained
Shivaji was
returning
that
his
from
told that
temple of Harihareshwar, he was
worth
there was
300
hons (pagodas )
a famous
long sword
It was
Sawant
with a chief,Gowalkar
by name.
suggested
to Shivaji that he should wrest this sword
by force. Shivaji's
brave man
should
He
characteristic.
said, "A
reply was
You
will remember
covet what
never
belongs to another.
that precious stone called the
the puranic legend about
from
the theft of that
The
feuds that arose
Syamantmani.
diamond
required all the energiesof the Lord Shri Krishna
a
to
visit to the
We
settle.
'
for trifles,
had
mortals
poor
better not
his austere
raise such
storms
attitude his
peoplekept
silence.
Now
while
these conversations
were
going on in
received
the Sawant
independent advice
Shivaji's camp,
from his ministers to seize the opportunity for conciliating
Shivaji and seal the compact oi amity by making him present
the wisdom
of this
of the precioussword.
The Sawant
saw
with
Shivaji presented
proposal and seeking an interview
with
the sword.
him
with
highly gratified
Shivaji was
the
giftand in return presented to the Sawant, as an
of his good will,a
hons
of 300
and a robe
earnest
purse
of
Impressed by
honour, and
be said
also
received
him
Shivaji,
without
this
exaggeration,simply adored
started
sword.
He
never
on
it.
an
expedition without
it the name
of his tutelarydeity Bhavani,
He gave
From
knew
of the acquisitionof this sword, he never
the time
defeat in any
campaign. This he attributed to the sword,
and
adored
it as something divine.
"nd he loved
During
nine
3)he
ship
days preceding the Dasara, dedicated to the worof the goddess Bhawani,
he placed the sword
the
on
to the image
consecrated
altar
of the goddessand
next
"Itmay
worshipped
it
as
visible
favour
from
Heaven.
On
the
LIFE
118
OF
SHIVAJI
MAHARAJ
Upon
at
Rajapur
to be
he
brought
the
cause,
maternal
Shivaji
and
full
so
gave her
to look
upon
all to
them
?"ith
their
try
the
accordingly
of
an
assurance
to their
his
in
formed
life.
her
up
fourth
of her
at the recital
as
fortunes
with
self
prostratingher-
deep emotion
pathos, called
as
ture
conjec-
to
came
tragedy
himself
him
ordered
and
terror
conqueror,
narrating
and
sons,
with
the
overwhelmed
entreatingher
send
before
narrative,
younger
and
Balaji was
presence.
filled
was
him
was
BalajiAvji
solicitude
before
of this
his
into
brought
before
after
inquired
two
safety,,
and
son,
service.
to
The
about
Balajifrom his
terview.
greatly heightened by the personalin-
hand-writing was
Pleased
with
and
the
able
honour-
BalajiAvji was
was
the
of the
first person
most
secret
well-merited
his
in the
highest favour
in
confidence
his
of his
of
reward
with
and
Shivaji.
the
He
repository
was
plans. This confidence
his unimpeachable loyalty
the
and
and
uprightness.Despatches of the greatest consequence
Possessed of great
passed through his hands.
significance
activityof
once
grasp
mind
and
considerable
could at
literaryability,he
the vaguest thoughts floatingin the mind
of his
them
and
with
a lucidity,
appositeexpress
royalmaster
and precisionthat
ness
told about
some
with
him, whether
In the
simply astonishing.An
true
or
false, is very
of
dote
anec-
teristic
charac-
busy campaign he
from
received orders
Shivaji to write despatches on
somehow
time was
affair of moment.
Balaji's
occupied
until
other
night-fall he
urgent affairs, and
of
had
was
the
man.
course
DEVELOPMENT
found
OP
SWARAJYA
119
no
summoned
ready. Balaji
were
in
was
that if he were
quite aware
Shivaji would make an example of
and negligenceas
regards his express
was
somehow
he must
tide
the
over
great perplexity.He
to confess
his fault,
for
him
orders.
inadvertence
He
thought
and without
present difficulty,
affirmative.
sign of dismay replied in the
that he
should
read it aloud.
Shivaji's next order was
Balaji opened his desk and, taking out a blank piece of
out the despatch from the blank
paper, pretended to read
any
and
paper,
for
a
did
word.
despatch
which
he
he
this
Shivaji
praised him
supposed him to
for the
for
have
torch-bearer
no
leisure to write
the
marvellous
for
once
proof of
excused
or
with
deftness
the
He
burst
lighton the paper.
on
Shivaji's
inquiring the cause,
bag. Balajihad to confess his
had
halting
pleased
was
and
too much
without
executed
who
into
it.
stammering
the
and
But
supposed
skill with
this
was
holding up the
fit of laughter,and
was
a
he let the
cat out
of
the
fault and
explainhow he
out the despatches. Gratified with
Balaji'spowers of memory, Shivaji
this dereliction
on
the
secretary.
Fooi
Note
to
page
116:"
The
Bhawaoi
was
It
was
of Toledo
"firang"i. e. a sword of
a
long straight-bladed
in Spain.
CHAPTER
SHAHAJI
disturbances
The
VIII
ENTRAPPED
caused
by Shivaji
for two
territory had been overlooked
the Kalyan affair was
the last straw,
and indulgent government had now
the
plunder
the
conquest of
of the
that
rumours
projectshad
against the
royal treasure
Kalyan and the
were
caused
and
of
that
even
tic
apathe-
itself.
the
to
way
; but
years
to bestir
great consternation
lethargy
Bijapur
For
capital,
bruited
now
the
three
or
the
on
in
the
and
raised
out-cry
an
The
government.
sultan
9
Mahomed
that
Adil
the master
this affair.
the
Shaha, hastened
Nor
retirement
had
of
mind
Shahaji
this
was
the
must
be
Khan
from
conclusion
wrong
bottom
the
at
suspicionquite
of Kandulla
succeeded
to
unreasonable.
the
of
On
haji
Karnatic, Sha-
consummate
chapter, he
of
to the
was
half
now
way
described
as
towards
the
independent sovereignty,under
Adil Shahi
to
dynasty. Added
the
country
an
activities
the
which
was
under
in
which
one
practically
natural
the
was
absolute
these
scene
in
nominal
this
allegianceto
fact
the
was
of
second
establishment
the
that
Shivaji'sincipient
quite recent
authority of
circumstances
the
times
owned
had
Shahaji.
It
Mahomed
that
was
Adil
Shaha
was
should
have
for
time
jumped to the
and inspirerof
the
Adil
Shahi
conclusion
that
Shahaji
could
do
nothing
declare
To
suspicion in secret.
hostilities against Shahaji was
really not in his power;
under
to despatch a sufficient force against Shivaji was
more
than
nurse
his
open
but
the
of
act
overt
an
quite as inexpedient. Such
against his son
hostility
might possibly precipitatetheof Shahaji into active defiance, and Shagrowing ambition
and
the north
the Mogul on
haji'sdefiance might, between
circumstances
ENTRAPPED
SHAHAJI
foundations
decided
Adil
the
in the
Shahi
The
empire.
that the
should
all round
atrocious
interest
for such
vassal
sultan
and
that the
son
make
to
was
pointed out
of a loyal
his
seizure of
marauding
and
submission
make
became
loyal
vassal of the Adil Shahi state.
This injunction
in threats
of reprisals against Shahaji in
his son, and a hint that
if Shahaji was
not able
his son, he should hand him over
to the Bijapur
career
citizen and
culminated
and
person
him
to
very
fore
there-
to manage
as
government.
Shahaji replied
power.
himself
He
not
was
that
Shivajiwas
responsiblefor
answer
forces
It
and
he
was
was
in any
direct
to His
him
under
him.
had
the tenDr
sultan's
the
handed
as
Marathi
of
Mudhol
to
Grant
from
Shahaji
was
179)
Only
down
Duff
to
says
arrested
as
to
cause
posterityby
acceptedby
Kincaid.
with
near
thus he
of the
account
chronicles, and
chronology( page
that
would
He
is the traditional
incarceration
historians
or
mind.
Shahaji by stratagem.
could bend Shivaji to his will.
other
arrest
distrustful
of
Such
art
was
part
or
be
charge
Majesty
He
He
made
presence
to
move
his
wreak
his
to
not
oppose
no
sultan's
the
to
upon
had
his
for His
was
to
manner
and
any
open
againstShivaji,put
royalwill
it.
It
state
longer in
no
sent
secret
the
procure
thought he
of
Shahaji's
Chitnis
and
all
leading
the
Jedhe
But
characteristic brevity
Jinji,along
with
the
Mavali
deshmukh
-Mustapha Khan.
SHIVAJI
OF
LIFE
122
Naik
Kanoji
The
MAHARAJ
Basatin-i-Salatin
by
Shahaji
Rohida
of
Jedhe
that
states
Asad-
arrested
Rao
by Baji Ghorpade and Yeshwant
orders from
by treachery under
Mustapha
was
Khani
disobedience.
for
that
the
orders.
to
Muhammadnamah
was
of
scene
the
in
371-372
( pp.
Adil
the
the
Jinjiwas
Mustapha was
arrest
Shahaji
Prof. Jadunath
Mustapha
of
authorities
these
from
seem
that
Ghorpade
the
would
neighbourhood
and
arrest
It
Khan
that
show
to
in the
commander-in-chief
Shahi
in charge of siege-operations
Shahaji was
his
to
retire
own
around
to
Jinji. Shahaji wanted
country leaving the siege-worksincomplete and said he
would
do
without
so
writing for permission, when
Mustapha got him arrested and had him sent to Bijapur. As
will be seen
from a foot-note at page 47 in the second chapter,
in his History of the
this version is also followed by Modak
Adil Shahi
constantlycopies
Dynasty (Marathi ). Modak
south
and
that
the
Basatin-i-Salatin
the
Muhammadnamah.
and
But
independentpiece of
altogether
it is
orders
of the sultan.
Whatever
have
the
submission
the
the Marathi
of his
us
the attitude
son
had
chiefs
an
of
entered
in
latter
treated
the
Mustapha
acted
the
upon
of
captiveas
Shahaji
hostage
it may
light Incidentally
to
of
originalreason
chronology is an
if Baji
However
the orders
treacherouslyupon
just possible that the
Khan,
for
evidence.
acted
Ghorpade
might
Jedhe
the
like
chronicles
Shahi
Adil
the
array
be
remarked
that here
Shahaji as
upon.
son.
regards
There
Shahaji'scamp.
time of his career
particular
beyond
the movement
his
There
is the
Shahaji
his
doubt
great
of Mavali
fact that
wanted
is presented
at this
to retire to his
superiors. There
after
his
liberation
is
he
SHAHAJI
family ( Vide
the Jedhe
bound
) by solemn oaths
againstthe Mogul and
to
180
Ghorpade
How
described
been
to
Bijapur and
the
Shahaji to
128
Jedhe
179-
chronology, pp.
Shivajiin all his wars,
serve
the
Adil
Shahi
effected his
even
armies.
ready
object has alin the second chapter.Shahaji was
ght
broulious
rebelenjoinedto put a stop to Shivaji's
nobles
Other
acts.
ENTRAPPED
same
treacherous
of the court
But
purpose.
asked
were
all of them
to
exhort
to
Shahaji
strain as before.
At length the
replyin the same
in his royal presence an
sultan compelledShahaji to compose
callingupon him to come
way
straighturgent letter to Shivaji,
of all forts
to Bijapur and make
a complete restitution
from the government, and apprising
and
territories seized
returned
him
of the
forlorn
to which
condition
had
he
reduced
been
by Shivaji'sdisobedience
receiptof
The
a
hand
in the
before
great dilemma
it
unfilial to
was
disobey
perilous situation
the other
hand
obedience
disgrace,forfeiture
his
to
command
father's
meant
submission
to declare
territories,
his nobler
That,
exchange
spring of
all his
frame
upon
of mind
the
hatred
actions, a
the
he
recoiled.
And
state
could
what
of which
of
of Islam
powers
observed
was
by
had
sordid
his
In
On
the
surrender
To
surrender.
one
himself.
found
he
sented
pre-
desert him
and
father
his
in which
and
forts and
hard-won
paternal mandate
On the
mind.
Shivaji's
he
been
and
this
and
to leave
which
gain
in
the main
servile dependence
disconsolate
LIFE
124
affections must
vate
Shahaji
he not
to
himself
exile
an
foreignsoil. This
on
officers concurred
these
his
coming
he had
-the
in person
he
made.
inevitable
This
to
must
fortune
useful
no
to surrender
the
father
follow-the
of
lines
serve
ordained
pose
pur-
conquests
and
the
for
them
son
by
destiny.
letter
submitted
was
fresh
sultan, with
and
that
liberty,
againstShivaji as he
the
at
satisfied with
not
and
mother, ministers
Bijapurwould
prepared
They
divergent
His
re-assurance
some
reasoning. Strengthened
letter that
Shivajirepliedto Shahaji's
not
was
mind.
was
this line of
in
re-assurances
and
MAHARAJ
Shivaji'sperplexed
by
SHIVAJI
OF
deemed
these
sultan
He
might
take
But
proper.
such
the
Shahi
set
action
sultan
was
large enough
confined
was
for
to
accommodate
in this
niche,which
was
Shivajidid
Twice
from
during
the
The
his father
filled him
death
threatened
closed
his submission
make
not
seated.
person
all but built
in with
within
released
day he was
and again confined in
for
the
niche
of
this
that
that
a
a
Shahaji
in, except
even
this
if
masonry,
given time.
few
minutes
livingtomb.
horrible
news
of his
maddening!
father
His
should
high
be
ambition
due
and
to
his
acts
was
enterprisehad
most
thus
from
this
his father, and
provoked any censure
he had so long interpretedas a mark
of his acquiescence
of his approval.Inspired by this silent sympathy
and even
his
and
approbation,he had zealously carried forward
lead him to such
designs,never
dreaming they would
far not
LIFE
126
this
as
power
OF
SHIVAJI
asylum
an
MAHARAJ
in
for
reserve
extreme
any
emergency.
Apprisedof
to the Deccan
intentions
the
of the
Shivaji saw
powers,
Moguls
that the
with
regard
temper of
the
that
such
aid he might solicit
was
Mogul emperor
any
be granted without
demur.
With
against Bijapur would
of political
this knowledge of the currents
thought,Shivaji
decided to assume
towards
a supplicatoryattitude
the padi
and
instant
aid
against the
had
to time
time
favourable
Such towers
enterprise.
afford to despise in his
With
Golconda.
valorous
reportsof Shivaji's
of
these
Shivaji'srequest.1
Emperor Shahajahan accordinglysent peremptory
that the Rajah Shahaji Bhonsle
orders to the Bijapur durbar
informed
that
be immediately set at liberty.2Shivaji was
The
Shivaji
his
with
out
by
son
history, where
the
as
Mogul
Raghunatb
the
for
and
MS.
Appendix
by a strange mistake
Shahajahan's letter to
authorities
Ballal
it
is
Korde)
Junnar
rights
Shahaji ( Vide
over
but
at Agra,
negotiate directly with the emperor
the
of
This
is
borne
Deccan.
Murad, governor
amply
not
Parasnis
the
described
did
Prince
note
Prof. tSarkar
and
on
clear that
to treat
thinks
government
Mogul
Shahaji.
did
Kincaid's
page 149 of Mr
under the seal of Murad
is
at
letter
Shahaji.
From
Snivajisent
about
Sangamner
page
the
which
one
Ragho
restoration
had
been
of
the
Pandit
of
the
letters of
(
probably
deshmukh
formerly granted
to
SHAHAJI
under
to
preparedto
were
empire,and
the
grant
him
dared
sultan
Shahi
The
Mogul.
depended on
Moguls. In
the
of
recent
treaty between
were
risks to
he
but
thereafter
years
his
on
Bijapur.
He
tried
march
the
Karnatic,
to
Adil
mandate
of
precariousand
was
himself
he
power,
and
was
the
to
sure
independence. Shahajiwas,
givingsureties for his loyaltyin
to remain
took
and
in
to
it
as
For
1649.
enforced
in
expedient
every
Bijapur
at
place
remained
sultan
the
The
his
event
Shahaji
power
latter
oriered
was
parole.1 This
on
his
prepared
horse.
displeasingthe
future,
of 5000
tenure
gravest
therefore, released
the
command
or
not
the
incur
to Shi
as
mansab
127
had
imperial court
the
ENTRAPPED
four
inaction
at
get permission to
his friends
tried
inexorable.
At
to intercede
length after
four years when
obvious
that
it became
the slackening of
government control in the absence of the powerful grip
of Shahaji had
encouraged all the elements of anarchy
and
in
una*est
head, and it
the
orders
march
did
further
to
to the
these
of such
is
have
no
ground
been
dead
Randulla
foot-note
to think
veteran
tried
state
to
by this
Khan
in
the
in
other
the
friends
Randulla
no
time.
Khan
tradition
of
for his
Prof.
Jadunath
is
right when
Khan.
jahgir.
Shahaji's
and
The
them
eliverance
JVlurarpauh. It
that the cruel
the sultan
intercede
attempted to
second
chapter.
molest
way
induce
among
both
for
story,
The
pelled
com-
was
and
would
redound
to
disaffection
a
and
promise; but
experienced commander
such
again
this
crediD of
representedto
cause
with
power
he
his
or
with
attribute
Chituis
Ramrao
that Malhar
of Randulla
the mediation
Shahajito
Mudhol
each
to
deal
to
of his
would
himself
and
and
experienced
the south, he
scene
he
that
ministers
believe
of
tia
come
and
proceedingsouthwards
them
bakhars
of the
the discredit
the
to
content
of the
brave
deshmukhs
word
execution
There
not
to
safely trusted
be
Ghorpade of
reconcile
Some
is said that
his
treacherous
sultan
in
before
But
pledge
to
which
to
Karnatic
the
but
none
could
and
greatness.
to
felt that
was
rebellious naiks
received
the
province of
the
like him
commander
was
these
the
ministers
seem
strange device
friend
is
Sarkar
by
referred to
is inclined
"
128
to
bygones be
let
of
with
the
he reach
that
as
unnecessary
spur
with
Ghorpade
waiting for
About
an
the
Karnatic
of
than
Shahaji
mortal
opportunity to
father.
In
fact this
and
him
he had
against Shivaji,
Baji Ghorpade were
and
that
upon
lent to them
left
Shivaji
on
from
word
sent
was
hate
avenge
But
he
to wait
No
to
to him
was
hated
an
the
only
dastardly
for nearly
was
his
change
ex-
oblivion.
it
willing horse.
than
his
an
of Karhad.
in
past
Baji Ghorpade.
on
more
make
received
of his wishes.
nine
Lakham
and
bury
son
to
towards
the
not
true
vengeance
eight or
to
wreak
conduct
got them
his
did
Shivaji
he
this
Shahaji did
But
sooner
of
MAHARAJ
and
inam
terms
all his
him
SHIVAJI
bygones,
their
Shahaji all
so
OF
LIFE
Sawant
Desai
help of Bijapur
the
the
occasion
services
of
was
Mudhol
kin
The
executed.
thousand.1
of
Savage
waste
Ghorpade
with
fire and
perished or
is said to have
massacre
before
Never
Shivaji'swars.
laid
was
or
as
since
the
did
such
punishment
of
were
reached
sword.
seized
three
cruelty stain
meted
to
the
his
to make
Maloji, managed
Baji Ghorpade, named
to
rose
great eminence
escape during this crisis. This Maloji afterwards
succeeded
and
the paternal jahgir. At
to
a
subsequent date Shivaji
to
conciliate
him
and
addressed
from
in a
letter
attempted
Bhaganagar
made
to
him
to
with
and
Bhonsle
overtures
the
unite
Hyderabad
)
{
power
the scale against the
But
Mahomedans.
jointly turn
Maloji remained
A
obdurate
son
and
to
the
end
sultan.
SHAHAJI
ENTRAPPED
i29
sidered
Ghorpade familywas, it illustrates the price Shivajiconbe paidfor the treachery
which had all but exmust
tinguished
before its time the glorious
of Shahaji. It
career
illustrates above
sense
of filial duty.1
During
Shahajiwas
extended
more
From
it would
seem
Baji Ghorpade.
proposed
and
movement
Khem
L."I0
scale.
Sawant
It
was
of
clear
Shahaji himself
Baji Ghorpade
of Wadi.
to
mandate
who
carry
Kincaid
vol
J, page
for vengeanoe
informed
succour
i2sj
againao
Shivajiabout the
to Lakham
Sawano
CHAPTER
WITH
RELATIONS
to be
destined
which
knot
have
of any
stroke
proved
he
had
had
to remain
resolved
was
service
do
to
never
gains or
emoluments.
But
Shahajahan,
his
the terms
of his
mansab
an
his
that
sirdeshmukh
family
the
over
for
He
should, therefore, be
family rights
acknowledge
when
Shivaji
the
to
came
and
receive
the
empire.
He
sent
Murad,
withheld
been
ing
alleg-
the
to
from
at
the
imperial
them.
enjoyment
provinces.1 Shahajahan
demands
these
had
restored
these
over
the
Murad,
tact.
Prince
youth:
according to
the
Mogul service
militaryforces of
dues
these
time
offer, he
whatever
should
great
once
but
some
at
viceroy, Prince
proposals with
imperial governor,
to the
this
ruler
these
met
envoy
in the
command
or
Shivaji
promise
enter
the
desired
of his earliest
Shivaji
that
both
service
with
vow
his
through
to enter
of his father
Mogul
Mahomedan
demands
continued
to
fulness
resource-
realityhe
Padishaha
to the
true
readiness
deliverance
for the
the
tempting
While
cooled.
the
ardour
his
achieved,
once
was
When
kind.
the
politics.
gordian
deceived
In
was
of
for the
His
a feint that
Mogul service was
Bijapur and the Mogul governments.
of
Moguls
cut
serious
too
the
nothing
the
Shivaji'sgame
of the time.
statesman
1650-57
and
in
move
diplomatic
might
MOGULS.
Shivaji
deceptive
this
By
THE
between
alliance
The
IX
of
did
his
not
his
rights would
In
this manner
Shivajiput off to a
duly considered.
the question of entering into the service of the
future date
be
empire.
Shahajahan deputed
experienced general Mir Jumla
In
1657
Vide
Parasnis's
Murad
acknowledges
Ragho
Pandit
be
considered
MS,
the
(Raghunath
when
and
his
to
son
Aurangzeb
lead
demands
Kincaid, Appendix
of Shivaji made
Ballal
Korde
he reached
(?)and
an
B.
page
in person.
the
the
against
army
through
replies that
and
149,
his
same
where
envoy
would
RELATIONS
WITH
THE
barrier
the
on
Kalyani, Bedar
and
preservation
the
owed
he
that
frontiers
others.
of
his
service
prepared to
render
of
MOGULS
131
ing
conquering and annexin rapid succession
the
that kingdom, such
as
Shivaji,ever
watchful
interests,wrote
to
the
head
Aurangzeb
to
of
the
all
for
empire and
to the Mogul
possible assistance
generalsin their present campaign, on condition that the
secure
possessionof the Bijapur forts and territories already
was
under
his
would
be
in
the
assured
was
power
to
Dabhol
conquest of
It
He
him.
with
other
his
on
part
the
Mogul forces
positions on the
of things
nature
quite in the
that the
knowing Shivaji's worth
imperial commander
with
this
should
close
assured
proposal. Aurangzeb
Shivajithat he did not meditate any interference with the
and
informed
Bijapur territories already under his sway
him that he should by all means
turn
his victorious arms
to
in the Konkan
low -lands. 1657 A.D.1
the Bijapur possessions
sea-board.
Konkan
Such
the
was
Aurangzeb
seems
conference
with
his
of
making
Bijapur and
the
to
was
Shivaji
been
and
common
numerous
anxious
urge
cause
upon
with
benefits that
to
him
have
to
a
Shivaji.
personal
the
expediency
the
Moguls against
to him
might accrue
alliance.
to
Aurangzeb at a later date wrote
Shivajiupon this subject. His desire was to yoke Shivajito
too astute
active service under the empire. But Shivajiwas
the alluringbait.
to swallow
He kept up his
a statesman
of loyalty and service to the padishaha,
repeatedassurances
to avoid the abject dependence of an
but always managed
imperial courtier. Thus playing adroitlyupon Aurangfears he secured
the .peace and tranquiland
zeb's wishes
lity
from
the
of his possessions
grand Mogul's invading
the
With
hordes.
Mogul and Bijapur forces engaged in a
for the
deadly conflict,he set about concerting measures
expansion of the Maratha
power.
from
such
an
"
Grant
Prof.
LIFE
Q32
It will be
SHIVAJI
OF
remembered
The
hereditary claims
former
was
reputed
The
emperor
far
so
wealthy
turned
Shivaji determined
claims.
With
towns.
this
plan
Junnar
upon
a
and
town
deaf
to retaliate
he
often asserted
Shivajihad
that
certain
had
MAHARAJ
suddenly
Ahmednagar.
in
those
days.
Shivaji's
these
by surprising
ear
to
fell upon
Junnar
by
He carried away
the
pagodas, 200 horses
parts and
suburban
the
the business
quarters of the
town
in his
gallantlittle army.
With
these
capture of
many
his
had
horses.
his
authority of
was
Ahmednagar
forces.
above
These
The
described
sack
of
resulted
Junnar
in
the
besides
generalin
The
dar.
as
to entertain
began
to
cavalry
purchases, and
own
he
additions
enlarging
Ahmednagar
upon
and
first onslaught,the
after the
in his
command
he
Kambu's
On
the
representtwo
These
his
liorse lent
horse
own
by
the
and
state.
classes of
being
the
cavalry soldiers,
sort
of cavalier, the
shiledar
taining
main-
bargirusing
134
LIFE
he reinstated
claimed
in
the
certain
over
also the
now
under
deshmukh
Junnar
SHIVAJI
MAHARAJ
zamindary rights
or
privilegeshe
that had
jahgir lands of
the imperialpower
Moguls,as
come
OF
passedunder
family which
his
and
the
the
over
commission
districts
the
had
of
of
and
of these rights
The restoration
Ahmednagar.
and dues would
be an ample return for his profferedservice
he pointed out that
to the imperialcrown.
In conclusion
the
districts had
long been
government of the Konkan
and
neglectedby the Adil Shahi power
represented that
be of very
the transfer of this province to himself
would
great advantage to the empire.
These
serious
were
couched
demands
in the
adulatory
in the
but the great excitement
language of court etiquette,
Mogul camp did not leave to Aurangzeb sufficient leisure
to indulge in resentful feelings.He
rather
chose for the
gard
present to leave Shivaji in a state of expectancy with reto his
demands
and
encourage
him
to
continue
his
to pursue
in the
this line of
Aurangzeb
conduct
made
answer
in
most
These
1
Parasnis
negotiationsled
M
to
no
tangible results
in
the
RELATIONS
only
"nd.
It
side.
In fact
was
WITH
THE
make-believe
there
was
friendship. Aurangzeb
by
the stress of
unnatural
task
civil
the
seal
to
either
on
of permanent
conpact
much
too
was
followed.
that
wars
135
of alliance
sort
time
no
MOGULS
occupied
It
his
was
his unfortunate
fight,slay, or execute
brothers and to imprison his father in his helpless
dotage,
throne.
wading through slaughterto an inauspicious
literally
That
was
Shivaji wanted.
just what
Right well did
he had made
which
too
were
Shivaji know that the demands
ambitious
for the
haughty princeto grant. On his part
time to pursue
tious
his ambiit was
only a ruse to gain more
manner.
plans in a leisurely
Tradition
to
has
it that
finally resolved
father
helpless
his
nobles
to
Shivaji
to
come
to
reaching Delhi,
the
usurp
wrote
assistance,and
his
such
when
the
to
that
Deccan
others
among
it
Whereupon
invitation.
an
Aurangzeb
imprison
and
throne
palace,he
his
in
received
too
on
of the
contents
at the
Shivaji shuddered
letter and
openly expressed his horror of the unnatural
formulated
crime
by Aurangzeb in such a cold-blooded
fashion.
Nay, the story goes that he spurned the poor
drove
of the proposal and
who
the bearer
courier
was
is
that
said
to the
bound
:he
his
from
him
mire
and
manner
presence
tail of
been
news
it would
of short
of the
mongrel
filth of Poona.
in
which
Shivaji,Aurangazeb is
vowed
to
passion and
plan of revenge he never
and
had
and
even
death
proposal
said
to
have
dragged
the
received
was
burst
that
For
of Afzul
his
shortly
Khan
at
afterwards
the
hands
must
when
of
by
into
forth
resentment
over
tuous
contemp-
the
indignity. But
avenge
had the opportunity to carry
seem
duration.
hearing of
On
this
be
to
cur
missive
traitorous
the
this
out,
have
the
Shivaji
reached
all
the
he
lands
inspired
was
Adil
work
render
As
of
to
reserved
all
that
as
declining
years,
founded
Maratha
of
defeat
Little
did
the
the
wresting
that
in
his
he
crowning
would
power.
Shivaji
be
dream,
and
the
"
war
the
Shivaji's
kingdom
would
accomplishment.
took
problem
this
with
that
with
wreck
just
dealings
of
he
Bijapur
Aurangzeb
that
easier
the
the
this
doubt
no
stubborn
most
all
of
then
from
future
dismemberment
the
ultimate
in
reflecting
programme
course.
sagacity,
of
thoughts
in
his
the
obvious
dynasty,
Shahi
pioneer
is
by
MAHARAJ
succeed
might
It
government.
SHIVAJX
OF
LIFE
136
it
all
of
as
his
political
all
life,
his
of
disgrace
with
matter
the
his
newly
CHAPTER
OF
CAPTURE
THE
JAVLI
EVENTS-
OTHER
AND
1654-58
After
Sultan's
the
watch
liberation
complete
Shivaji revived
his
and
Bijapur
at
of
Shahaji
return
from
Karnatic,
the
to
the
the
For
they
that
dilemma
the
in
were
if
their
forces openly against Shivaji,
to move
they were
he might in all probability enlist the
sympathy of the
thus they would
and
their protection,
Moguls and demand
their
downfall.
only accelerate
Thoughts of public
hostilities could
not
of
horse
thousand
therefore
Shamraj by name,
Shivajiand
encamped
at Mahad.
Chandrarao
More
of the
and
of
from
undertook
The
of Javli formed
wait
But
faithful
returned
about
ber.1
scouts, and
He
the
Javli.
Chandrarao
The
feudal
lent
them
More
More
lesson
than
was
lord of Javli
the
at
I, 26.)
plot
that
far
crest-fallen.
enemies
they
in
thousand
time
was
would
by
and
he
Mavalis
title of
now
remem
ever
the
More
the
districts
the
and
Krishna
hereditary
the
and
his
sway
the
was
this
all directions.
Shivaji'smind,
held
of
more
to
in
a
result
dispersedin
and
Bijapur defeated
watershed
entertained
apprisedof
the
defile
the
the
rankled
Chandrarao
formed
prising
sur-
Shivaji unawares
fall upon
Shivaji was
support
teach
to
task of
in
ambuscade
an
to
attacked
to
family naturally
arduous
the
Baji
nobleman,
then
prisoner. Shivaji was
Baji Shamraj with the active support of
him.
active
to
force
him
making
suddenly
was
Shamraj
Itihaa
who
Shivaji fallinginto
itself
set
entrusted
was
Parghat, lying in
apprehend
Baji by his
entertained, but
be
which
Warna.
in
his
the fief-holders of
Krishnaji Baji.
(Paraanist
138
LIFE
service
and
of
one
was
MAHARA
SHIVAJI
OF
the
under
Several
Hashamgad.
win
to
had
paid
to
all the
of
to
revenue
himself, on
with
proposals
deaf
Shivajihad
tried
helping him
these
this
this
over
and
before
times
force
no
other
of
5000
in time
had
systematicallyturned
loyal More
the
condition
than
of
that
need.
To
ear.
Now
hill and
it
that
quite apparent
was
dale under
the
of the
rule
this
More
little world
family
stood
of
in
of
the zone
over
Shivaji'scomplete domination
Ghats.
It comprehended
the
highlands of the Western
of
mountain
a
fastness, the keys to the mastery
many
ultimate
fields and pastures in the valleys. Shivaji's
plans
to strike at the Mahomedan
required that he should
power
be first safelyensconced
these rocky wilds as
the
among
the
way
of
undisputed master
bring him
But
the
brave
More's
Mavali
was
of
into
an
retainers
in
warrior
and
chief strove
Among
them
Suryarao,
and
Hanmantrao,
with
collision
ancient
service,and
night
the
the
and
brother
day
of
must
More
and he had
name,
his
This
Ghats.
Western
the
evitabl
in-
family.
thonsands
of
gallant
prestige.
many
for its
Chandrarao
More,
of
were
men
private secretary,
acknowledged militarygenius. To put his forces against
those of the More
in
encounter
was
family in an open
out
Shivaji'sopinion likelyto prove a bloody experiment withmuch
probabilityof ultimate success.
Shivaji,therefore,
accordingto
his
the traditional
bakhar
account, had
to act with
CAPTURE
THE
and
To
report
OF
JAVLI
AND
on
OTHER
that
positionsof strategicvalue.1
they had
come
this
the other
on
men
they
intentions
saw
of
plan
the
the walls
his
comrade
to
wrote
Sambhaji Kavji
suspicion
alleged ambassadors.
the
drunken
More
in his
garrison.
assassinatingthe
and
of his
and
ceiving
Conguarded
un-
fort,he consulted
own
his
with
it in
had
More's
the least
not
which
surprising
chief within
to
orders
gave
More
Now
was
guests.
that existed
the dissensions
embassy
an
scrutinizingeverything
Ballal did not take long to
were
Raghunath
reckless securityin
the
lived and
hand
excuse
More
these
heard.
or
discover
of
an
Chandrarao
assurance
of his
for the
comfort
arrange
had
addicted
to drink.
He
much
These
on
Shivajiand
to
ulterior
189
offioers feignedas
plan,Shivaji's
facilitate this
of the
EVENTS
their
concurrence
to settle
power
the
More,
forest and
in the
troops
with
account
remained
on
Suryarao.
occasion
to
the
and
spot,
ready
i
Sabnia
for
was
Shedgaokar
murdered
2
an
of his
to
sent
followers,
But
they
Chitnis,Sabhasad,
upon
Bakhar.
the conversation
brother
found
he
an
the start
According
of
course
his
and
his
set
the band
with
to
draw
Chandrarao
with
this
who
and
was
drawn
up
interrupted by
were
mission, with
Sambhaji Kavji
were
all
the
later
on
sent
to Hamantrao
and
him.
According
interview
to
the
with
verdion
More's
in the
Shivdigvijay, Ragho
secretary, Hanmantrao,
on
Ballal
came
pretenoe of a
by treachery.
OE
LIFF
140
sentrymounted
at the
of the
committed
murders
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
gate who
had meanwhile
received
forced
Shivaji'smen
within.
word
their way
at the sword's
point through their ranks and
made
good their escape into the forest. The retainers of
More made
little serious attempt to pursue the treacherous
guests. For the lord of the castle having himself fallen,
who
there
was
rallythe
to
descended
hosts.
minister
But
sons
warriors
with
intended
so
in
kept
were
made
the ladies
and
children
confinement
the
jahgir
prestige of an
The
ladies of the
Such
guilty of
family were
is the traditional
come
down
As
regards
to
another, as
us
from
statements
will be
then
version
slain in
battle
Chandrarao
1
into
More
There
a
was
the
might
with
are
this
set
and
return
and
and
respondence
cor-
against
evidence
executed.
liberty.
of this event,
account
from
seen
addition
as
it has
the
foot-notes.
chat
Hanmant
and
Let
us
lead to
and
they
was
first overtaken
one
and
advanced
against
conquered Javli and Mahabaleshwar.
rao
this Hanmant(1) According to Sabhasad
next
Shivaji
put
defeatinghim
other versions:
and
This
court.
brother of Chandrarao
Konkan
at
with
the
Mahabaleshwar
at
But
name.
treason
ancient
found
were
of More
heirs
the
on
correspondence
traitorous
family
Shivaji
More
the
Purandar.
fort
upon
flightto that
interceptedand put in
was
They
of
suitable
brave
prisoners.1These
and
keep up
and
Javli
to
of despair.
the energy
fell dead on the field and More's
detected
in
they were
Bijapur for arranging
them.
Stairs,
by
fought with
to confer
to
as
the
wounded
were
up
Mahabaleshwar
from
of
their
keep
on
length Hanmantrao
at
brave
Pass
sons
Hanmantrao
and
pursuers
set
up
"
On
More.
a
small
for
principalitythere.
Fearing he
Javli, Shivaji
of
recovery
mission
to Hanmantrao.
the
The
a
Sambhaji Kavji on
diplomatic
Hanmant
and
between
alliance
the
discussion
of
a marriage
opened
envoy
his dagger. (2)
Shivaji and despatched the unsuspecting chief with
datails and
Chitnis omits these gruesome
only says that Sambhaji killed
sent
Hanmantrao.
OF
LIFE
142
Javli
to
Sphuta
19-21)
II
1578, reads
follows:
as
took
( recovered )
Jedhe
deshmukh,
kar
and
Silibkar
Naik
used
the
descended
fort.
forced
was
Sangraha
Mahabaleshwar
in the Jedhe
entry
undoubtedly an
of
the
with
him
of
independent
Rajah Shivaji
were
Kanhoji
Bandal
Mavalis.
Shilib-
and
Haibatrao
mediation
their
nology
Chro-
Vaishakh, Shake
Vaishakh
Bhore, and
force
fought
Along
of Taluka
deshmukhs,
Balaji
Rairi.
he
( Itihas
the month
"In
"
More
and
of which
Parasnis's
the second
account
Javli, Chandrarao
statements
is
This
Shivaji'smen
11, and
supported by
are
month.
at the end
these
26-89:
I,
for
from
it
MAHARAJ
fall of
at the
that
states
SHIVAJI
and
and
rao
Chandra-
Itihas
The
Sangraha account
that
Chandrarao
states
More
further
was
pardoned and
of his old possessionsand
honours
re-established in some
fief-holder
under
triguing
ina
Shivaji,until he opened an
as
correspondence with the Ghorpades of Mudhol,
executed at Chakan, perhaps along with hi"
he was
when
to
end.
On the
an
sons, and then the glory of Javli came
other hand
Jedhe
the
Shivaji rewarded
bringingabout
entry concludes
the
a
reconciliation
his brothers.
of
services
with
in
Silibkar
Chandrarao
divided
that
statement
Haibatrao
with
were
between
and
that
him
and
and
the Itihas
one
another.
the
quarrelsof
is
the brothers
Reconstructingthe
state,as related in
still continued
whole
of
some
wrecked
the
the realm
story, we
bakhars,
of Chandrarao.
proceed to
may
that Hanmantrao
some
such
Sabhasad
Hanmantrao
pretence
and
to
he
stabbed
him
to
death
( Chitnis,
it is considered
Shedgaokar ). When
family and
belonged to the More
that
that
More
Chandrarao
fief-holders
chronicles
affair and
only
was
Javli,it
describingtho
of
occurred
had
they
OTHER
143
events
make
them
EVENTS
the
seems
would
of
some
AND
JAVLI
OF
CAPTURE
THE
of
muddle
proceed wrongly
the
to
whole
that
state
More
into a
by tricking Chandrarao
proposalof marriage. There is nothing-improbable in such
of the whole
reconstruction
telligibl
a
event, which is the only inJavli
taken
was
in which
form
in
it
commends
itself to
ance
accept-
our
the
chronicles",
reader
for
with
it
is not
acceptance of
the
to
necessary
that
part
press
of
the
upon
Itihas
the
San-
asserts
that Chandrarao
which
More
had
graha narrative
attempted to seize Shivajiby treacheryand had intrigued
with the Ghorpades of Mudhol
This attempt
against him.
in a retaliatorylighthas unnecesto represent that event
sarily
That
provoked the ire of Prof. Sarkar.
intrigue
was
probably the last incident of the tragictale. It led to
and
executions
reprisals,and the practical extinction of
More
the
family (Shivdigvijay, 13i) though, as Prof.
Sarkar
shows,
of the
some
of
members
the
More
In
this
the
fortifications
flagwas
manner
was
comprised
the
in that
themselves
later date.
of
conquest
demesne.
Javli
Shivaji's
sures
largetrea-
flying"ver
now
effected
family
in
of the
the
auspices
Kondadev
had
This
now
man
of
the
waxed
Mores
in
power
constituted
executed
for his
in tho
himself
Shivaji'sauthority. He
ordinary circumstances
Brahman
was
named
valleyof
Babaji
Shivthar.
of
independent
defying
neighbourhood and
arrested
and
though under
he would
into
have
sort
been
straightway
as
member
LIFE
144
SHIVAJI
OF
class excited
priestly
of the
be
the
law,
put out.1
of Hirdas
deshmukh
Shivaji's
eyes.
in
penaltyof
extreme
his eyes to
Shivaji ordered
The
commiseration
the
inflicting
of
Instead
MAHAKAJ
in
the
Maval
region,Bandal
another
of these
turbulent
chiefs whom
was
by name,
to bring under
his allegiance.
Shivajihad long meditated
He had hitherto evaded
Shivaji'speaceful proposals. His
the mountain-fort
of Kohida.
ing
Accordhead-quarterswere
Chitnis, about
to
night attack
overwhelmed
this
this forb
upon
he
But
He
hand.
in
on
wounded.
at
was
few
The
found
himself
himself
rushed
length
defeated
surviving
submission, the
their
ful
success-
little
so
Bandal
efforts.
utmost
knew
in by Shivaji's
completelyhemmed
resolved never
launched
to yield and
Shivaji. Both parties put forth their
was
violent attack
Bandal
and
on
hope of safety,being
forces.
time, Shivajiconcerted
chief
and
followers
of
fell
mortally
Bandal
made
them
being Bandal's
Shivaji,pleasedwith
among
Deshpande.
him
Deshpande'sbravery,treated
field,sword
the
over
with
great generosity,
in his
vaji
Shiprivilegesand estates. When
he got him
had received further proofs of his loyalty,
service.
He
was
to enlist in his
placed in charge of a
battalion of infantry. What
signal services he rendered
in bow
heroical and
to. Shivaji,aud
a
self-sacrificing
confirming him
will
manner,
Sabhasad
Shedgaokar
gives
bakhar
Maval.
Hirdas
in the
seen
him
names
On
sequel.2
different
Dadaji
the other
in
hand
deshmukh,
viz.
name,
is followed
Chitnis's version
of
be
or
the
Mavals
this version
he
that the
states
wards
name
seem
( Prof.
of
Bub
of Chitnis.
fort
Sarkar
Baji Deshpande
that Bandal
made
of
Prof. Sarkar
these
rate
Sarkar
remarks
Dadaji Kondadev,
seems
to
contradict
time
war
not mentioned
and
rejects
himself
(Rahira) was
gained some
Foot-note
and
41 ). Moreover
39,
Shivaji
is
peace
our
the
as
Rohida
discrepanciesamong
Chapter VI).
hence
text
at any
and
the Jedhe
with
Baji Kodanerao,
Mahadev
before
this
according to
event.
It
when
after
the
would
authorities. (Vide
Foot-note
(1)in
the
rule
over
The
elements
became
of discord
and
secure
of
AND
OTHER
EVENTS
and
his party,
check
Shivaji's
interruption.
or
beingexterminated,
fearless and
145
the
peasantry
in
The
happy
coneequence
system in the collection of the
regular
contributed
greatlyto their prosperity.
neither arbitrary nor
were
oppressive.
introduction
land
JAVLI
extirpationof Bandal
Maval region knew
no
the
After
OF
CAPTURE
THE
revenue
settlements
consulted.
wishes
and
people'sinterests
who
Those
everywhere studied
were
The
and
willingto serve
were
The
recruits were
Shivaji'sarmy, as new
being
be
wherever
could
discovered.
constantly picked up
they
of More's brave retainers
a
Shivajiadmitted
largenumber
ready
to
to
access
serve
In order
the
entrusted
the
at
mountains
conquest of Javli
his
to consolidate
to
gallantofficer
a
Pingle was
Rajah Shahaji upon
He
his
received
had
of
about
the
won
and
abilityhe
confidence
father
and
the
had
marked
He
the
took
the
carried
he
massive
of
fountain
head
goddess
Bhavani
ancient
with
Bhavani
rich
and
court
the
was
of
ornaments
walls,
Krishna.
the
the
buildingof
here
erected
was
An
set up
returned
Shivaji.
loyalty, zeal,
of every
duty
standard.
quiteup to Shivaji's
christened
was
Pratapgad. The old temple
and
re-modelled
eshwar
was
repaired. A
a
the
Rajah Shahaji,
the early vicissitudes
fortifications
with
under
service under
execution
out
the Karnatic..
war
Karnatic
Shivaji by
of
Pingle.
accompanied the
and
and
displayedin
to him.
had
Trimal
expedition into
From
1653
Moro
finance
which
Shahaji'slife.
He
entrusted
own
times
to Maharashtra
who
trainingin
of his
expert guidance
in the disturbed
first
his
of the
building operationsto
the adjacent
erect
sources
and
image
in
The
at
the
fortress
Mahabal-
temple,
new
next
of the
to the
tutelary
imitation
of
the
this shrine.
A
little later
L. s. 11.
Aurangzeb
marched
southwards
and
145
LIFE
defeated
North
We
India.
Shivajihad
"of the
and
Bijapur
taken
to
MAHARAJ
concluding
new
have
already
seen
ensure
his
treaty retired
the
in
possessionsfrom
the
the ravages
Shivaji had
By
his
attention
his
own
like
way
retirement
the
to
to
precautions
professionsof humility
of state-craft
deceiving a past master
Moguls.
"succeeded
SHIVAJI
OF
to
conquest of
In
this time
in
employment
had
They
army.
Shivaji
to
came
been
banded
dis-
loss whether
soldiers
they might
and
his
in
distrusted them
'followers
and
camp
entertain
to
might
be in
sent
secret
on
service.
escort
at the time
vicissitudes
of
at
had
of her
enterpriseswith
Shivaji
had
services in
raised
the
him
zealous
service
of these
under
to
over
come
his
army,
the
among
was
in
But
moment.
any
marriage.
He
redoubted
Shahaji in Jijabai's
had
and
the
shared
served
in all the
in
Shivaji's
the
rank
of
loyalty towards
development
This
'the services
sedition
sow
Jijabai'scareer
earliest
his
.appreciated
to
purpose
and
Some
Mahomecorps of tan
of
his
intimate
"trustyofficers of Shivaji
Pansambal, who had seen
iLukhjiJadhav
and
traitors
turn
not
or
veteran
of his
havaldar, having
himself
ambitious
counselled
courage.
and
plans of
Shivaji
to
the
establishment
his
dependen
in-
secure
to
him
that for
of
an
in-
JAVL1
OF
CAPTURE
THE
AND
OTHER
EVENT8
147
irom
and
races
selection."
of
and
having by
satisfied
himself
the
-and
service
them
the
the
valour
being
gallanthavai-
sult
re-
scrutinyand cross-examination
the sincerityof their profession
close
to
as
genuineness
ordered
and
In this way
summoned
latter
that the
worth
Shivaji'swavering
prevailed over
dar
of men,
classes
of
their
enrolled,
be
to
desire
to
into
enter
Ballal
1Ragho
his
Atre
After this
of this Pathan
Division.
placedin command
officers
both
incident Shivajibegan to enlist Mahomedans
of whom
known
to have
and sepoys.on a largescale,some
are
risen to great eminence
by their zeal,loyalty and bravery.
was
The
Abyssinians at
that
power
the reduction
of the
Konkan
under
coast
his hecre-
znony.
for
1
"
Korde
2
Chief
entire
This
of
officer's name
must
who
figuresin the
The
word
of Zanzibar
called from
its
"
"
be confounded
with
that
and
Sham-
of itagno Ballal
Janjira
being
not.
Khan
Fatteh
Between
encounter.
an
means
an
island-fort
of British
East
Africa
its Moorish
or
sea-fort, and
is said
masters.
to
have
the island
been
so
LIFE
148
rajpant several
and
skirmishes
Peshwa
the
SHIVAJI
OF
took
the
got
MAHARAJ
place near
of
worst
Danda-Rajpuri\
these
engagements.
concerted
Shivaji'sforces had to retire before the skilfully
of Fatteh
of the
Khan, and numbers
militarymovements
Peshwa's
expeditionaryforce perished.Shamraj had to return
home
This was
the first considerable
disgracedand dispirited.
sustained by Shivaji's
and he took it ill to such
reverse
arms,
extent
that he discharged Shamraj pant from
his office
an
and entrusted Raghunathpant with
of Peshwa
the campaign
The office of Peshwa
with a considerablyre-inforced army.
conferred
was
Moro
upon
Trimal
positionof
Pingle, who
for the
trust
exercised
rest of
his
life.
was
given
Among other transfers of office Nilo Sondev
of
duties
the
of
Muzumdar,
( accountant-general),
charge
Waknis
of
( record-keeper) and
Gango Mangaji those
was
appointed to be the commander-in-chief
Yessaji Kunk
of the infantry force,with the title of sirnobut.
In the
chief of
of
course
Sawantwadi
to
resources
chief owned
The
the
of
discomfiture
of
rise of
prestige of
of
star
was
which
the
and
moiety by
to
his
who
Shivaji,
own
agency.
family, the
and
the
der
surren-
hour
of
which
The
periland
A
the
one
bility
advisawhose
treaty followed,
should
empowered
Sawant
had
of
futility
utter
understanding with
was
to
invasion, opened
the
revenues
internal
the annihilation
dissension
to
chief
an
of the
Sawantwadi
entering into
little of
ments
arma-
the
in the
conquest
chiefs
Mogul
aid
great
great More
of
expectation
any
the
Shivaji. But
hill-forts and
that
upon
the
paralysis of inaction
overtaken
of
the
of
on
Abyssinians,the
learn
neighbouringfeudal
numerous
the utter
his
to the
the
chief had
tide of
successful resistance
any
by
Shivaji
hegemony
and
power
to
Sawantwadi
the
stem
by
coast.
with
war
came
embarked
Konkan
this
was
to
to
cede- half
collect his
enjoy
the
CHAPTER
TRAGEDY
THE
The
OF
AFZUL
had
Bijapurgovernment
Fort
after
their
inert
grasp
Their
feudal
zealous
Mores
death
and
from
their
Javli
ruin, the
been
with
patiences
passed fromi
had
district
of
Sawants
1659
waiting
grip of the
being seduced
had
paid for
were
of
KHAN,
the
into
vassals
XI
Maratha
defection, the-
to
their
Wadi
warrior.
loyalty with;
had
been
seduced
all but
events
over,
too
were
but
the most
forced
each
serious
of
together they
lethargicgovernment
It is said
Bijapur fortresses
government
by
were
had
seen
them
to
would
that
be
have
that
ever
These
lightly passed
roused
bore
to action
in any
sway
less tham
no
this
Konkan.
the
from
taken
part of India.
The
withdraw
to
time
in
forty of the
Shivaji'shands.1
all,heard
moved.
not
One
his
They had
Bijapur. He
excesses.
the liberation
the
Adil
served
had
Shahi
shield
become
the
Mogul
State.
Once
him
as
more
Modak's
History
of
of
Bijapur.
TRAGEDY
THE
OF
This
turn
against Shivaji
Ali Adil
He
was
held
without
151
they hoped
emperor
the
Bijapur.
at
sceptre
to
experience,about twenty-
one
dowager, carried on
queen
of the
with the assistance
the
or
person
Khan.
day callingall
One
ordered
audience, she
an
motion
and
undertaking. They
all dreaded
This
in
Afzul
was
noble
whom
and
armies
would
offered
one
and
to
in
at
the
take
the
risk
the
enough of Shivaji'svalour
keep well out of his way. They
to
him.1
with
He
was
play the
to
generals to
state
But
there
his
vanity outweighed
Khan.2
chance
minister, Khawa"
Shivaji alive
No
in
state
heard
rencontre
them
amongst
had
better
was
able
put the
to
himself.
upon
to feel that it
affairs of
of her
glorioustask
them
the
ministers
her
rebellious
the
capture
conclusion
KHAN
Mogul
then
youth,
mere
II
Shaha
the
AFZUL
elated
with
He
would
hero !
was
one-
discretion.
pride.
What
flinch
not
or
mako
Let the queen
but give the word, he would
This language of
Shivajidance to the tune of his sword.
waver.
filled
bravado
he
was
the queen
dowager
general of high eminence
him
suitable
material
'
of
in
He
is said
have
to
commander
powadas
3
by
He
his talents.
is referred
i. e. the ballads
The
figures are
hundred
of
to
Maratha
on
goodlynumber of infantry
rockets, and war
artillery,
corps.3 It is said that theto the
in
name
caste
profession^
or
risen to
is said
name
this
by
start
to have
His
him
bade
presented
his-
to
some
of the
Duff
mentions
and
bakhars
minstrelsy.
variously given.
Grant
5000
horse
ab
invading army
The
powadas
Chitragupta
73,000.
the number
The
to 12,000 horse.
English Factory Records, Rajaas
give the strength of his army
10,000horsa and foot, and it is said
seven
foot.
30,000, while
limit
and
originallybelonged
cook-shopkeeper, bhatari,and
a
Abdulkhan.
and
complement of
charge of a camel
of
with
campaign
with
robes of honour
with
She
the state.
in
knew
She
elation.
with
pur,
that because
Ohitnis
puts down
the
this number
was
so
with Shivaji,and
friendship
or
slay
whole
to
told Afzul
him
Khan
by treachery.
to
tend
pre-
152
LIFE
provisionsand
lasted
for
SHIVAJI
OF
war-material
MAHARAJ
plentifulenough to
were
have
Afzul
these forces
campaigns. Besides
Khan
was
provided with a corps of two or three thousand
Mavalis.
dispensabl
These he had
entertained
knowing well how infor a campaign in the Maval
they were
regions,
especiallyas Shivaji's
fightingforce was
chieflyrecruited
from these people. But
of difference there
what
world
a
lay between Shivaji'sMavali militia inspiredby the highest
feelingsof loyaltyand patriotism and the Mavali soldiers
it was
of Afzul Khan
hired for a soulless enterprise!But
three
for Afzul
not
Khan
the very
At
bravado
in which
In open
durbar
let
outset
Afzul
Khan
instructed
him
notice of
take
us
had undertaken
boasted
had
he
that
chains.
Shivajialive,a captivein
besides
this difference.
to discern
effect the
to
spiritof
this enterprise.
would
he
The
the
dowager
capture
or
bring
back
queen
had
murder
of
and
by
policyof strikingterror
the
among
Marathas.
Afzul Khan
crossed
the
with
forcing his marches
ancient temple of Bhawani
encamped his army.
of the
in the eyes
sacred
Krishna
with
his
troops, and
the
at
at
the
Marathas,
Bhavani
of
Tuljapur
being indeed the guardian patroness of certain leading
of the
families of the Maratha
nobility,and in particular
Bhonsle
family, he desecrated the temple. The original
image
stone
of
more
sacred,was
the
largerimage
powder
1
Factory
Sarkar,
2
3
into
between
the
goddess,
concealed
of
by
which
the
considered
was
priestunder
seized
deity was
mill-stones !3 Breaking up
the
October
and
water.
the
But
ground
his camp,
to
Afzul
Shivajip. 69.
converted
TRAGEDY
THE
Khan
keshwar
Afzul
the
on
was
taken, urged
had
Khan
This
way.
straight road
KHAN
!.,3
pollutingthe temple
Pandharpur,
for
made
AFZUL
OF
circuitous
to the
of Man-
that
way
step,itjssaid,by the
the
mountain
ghats was
rendered
impassbleto an army by the heavy rains. Having
toric
encamped on the Bhima, he resolved to destroy the histemple of Vithoba at Pandharpur. But the hereditary
priestsof the temple concealed the image and the affrighted
fled for safety to the
and home
citizens deserting house
fact that the
neighbouringforests
he could
on
his line
wreaked
and
such
turned
Shivaji'sforts
of
reducing such
Afzul
shrine
the
on
over
his
as
vengeance
march
to
Poona,
and
of march.
his scouts
at Rajgad when
brought word
Shivajiwas
of Afzul
of the impending descent
Khan: with the avowed
alive and carrying him as a prisoner
of seizinghim
purpose
in chains to celebrate his triumph
through the streets of
with
his chiefs
Bijapur.Upon this Shivajiheld a conference
be
that
the
Khan
should
and nobles, whose
opinion was
defile and Shivajishould
hemmed
in within
narrow
some
tions
the protection
of the fortificakeep his forces ready under
of the Khan.
invasion
of Pratapgad pending the
also another
There
was
opinion expressedby a minority
chiefs
of the
prospectof
in
success
Shivajidid
with
that
the
of this
little
was
armies
Bijapur
not
there
the Khan's
conflict with
peacefulovertures
advocated
held
council, who
in
and
commander.
expressing
proposal,
make
Now
of the
He
confidence
of
his want
would
them
tradition
However
the
image
of Vithoba
beat them
abate
on
the
their
their insolence
has it that
powada, already
and
in
the
while
referred
drowning
of
ground.
own
He
his
mind
was
Pundalik.
racked
breaking
LIFE
154
with
these
the
Bhavani
of
to be
was
Shivajiroused
himself
ablutions
to communicate
to her
At
the
dawn
when
His
the dream
civil and
the
side,what
did
he reck
to
put Afzul
The
Khan's
courtiers
and
recoil
on
its
the
looks
that
present
He
talk of
well
If the
in order
dream, exclaiming
of
by
his
mortal
mere
to utter
army
declared it was
stand
to
was
blessinghe
divine
had
like
found
rout
aud
too
serious
well.
which
and
die
for
But
to
and
way
confusion.
prise
enter-
an
would
to
in
this
"
resolved
the
was
welcome.
only
to
he would
fightto
the
say,
all's
it
should
guard
was
glory;but to
alike inglorious
was
victory,
otherwise, he
prove
little realm and maintain
his
under
name,
the instructions
his mother.
With
his heart
immediate
entered
plans to
order
the
his
his wont,
the resolution
thus
to
ladies'
mother.
at the
he
had
move
steeled
his
apartments
to do
camp
or
die,Shivajigave
to
Pratapgad, and
to communicate
Prostrating
himself
his
Mother
and
final
reverently,as
"
lead inevitably
for
stood
was
one
of the Bhonsle
renown
vain
was
death
ended
war
to his followers
the
was
whine
that ends
looked
awakened
his
force
open
Death
unprofitable. He
death.
of
An
welcome
surrender, to
and
them
conciliation
for them.
would
dream.
bound
to have
tremendous
a
miscarriagewas
rassed
people of Maharashtra.
Observing the embarwith animaof his adherents, Shivaji declared
tion
to ruin.
salvation
the
crowned
De-
"
to
the
would
just experienced.
military officers gathered to
when
the
of
had
he
that
By
vision
was
his mother
had
expounded
had
sponsibility
re-
his
he
Khan
of the
campaign
Such
his levee
Afzul
weight
from
and
the
actions, he
glorious success.
with
morning
with
atrocities.
expiate these
to
his
on
desecrated.
been
MAHARAJ
depressed
hanging
goddess
then
and
cares
SHIVAJI
OF
son
were
to heir
over-
TRAGEDY
THE
with
whelmed
of
tenderest
gravityof
the
knew
the
the
breast, she
her
KHAN
emotions
small
to
Both,
probability
the situation
herself
nerved
the
faced
155-
this crisis.
at
and
matron
AFZUL
situation
the brave
But
success.
OF
cheer
out
withroused
her
on
son,
mental
great
of
Apprised
from
his march
Shambhu
Wai
He
himself
his army
with
on
Adil
the
of
were
At
this base he
Shahi
these
among
for the deshmukh
of
fief-lands.
his
From
great caution.
Chief
diverted
in the
chiefs and
Khan
desecratingthe temple
Shingnapur
at
Mavali
to the
Wai,
to
found
Khan
encamped
wrote
Poona
Mahadev
the
Afzul
Shivaji'smovements
zemindars
the
to
Khopdes,
Afzul
Khan,
for their
if they cared
estates
and
their
lives,
after
the
receiving some
Jedhes, the
of
followers
Fasalkar, Marne
and
Bandal, Haibat
Dhamale,
and
Rao
Silibkar,
the deshmukhs
of
Maral.*
Afzul
Khan
himself
on
i
*
was
the
quite taken
inaccessible
31.
aback
cliff of
ing
by Shivaji'spostPratapgad, for he
156
well
LIFE
knew
and
of
Shivaji, in
the
at
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
difficulties
the
knew
OF
of
time
same
march
in
the risks of
that
tion,
direc-
battle with
was
place which
disadvantageous
very
for the manoeuvring of his forces.
His idea was
to contrive
some
tage-ground.
plan to lure the Maratha
prince from his vanof friendship
By various pretences and overtures
he hoped to
throw
him
off his guard, arrest him
in
and take him in triumph to Bijapur.
person
When
Afzul
Vishwas
Rao
Khan
Nana
to the
reached
Prabhu
Wai,
of Muse
Shivaji appointed
Khore
the Maval
in
of
reconnoitringhis camp
and
and
quality of his forces.
observing the number
Vishwas
Rao used to wander
night after night in all parts
of the hostile camp
in the disguise of a fakir, and
send
information
to Shivaji. The result of this scoutingsufficed
to prove
to Shivajithe magnificentpreparationsof Afzul
Khan
and
the costliness
of
a
victory, supposing that
He concluded, therefore,that
assured.
victory itself was
he must
tread his path with
circumspection and make up
by stratagem for the inadequacy of his forces. Could he
in
his resources
not hit upon
some
plan so as to conserve
in men
Afzul Khan's
and
and withal
cause
fury to
money
recoil upon
himself ? Shivaji'scourtiers
encouraged him
in this preferenceof policyabove rashness.
Having at last
country
made
and
mind,
his
up
word
sent
important duty
to
he
Afzul
assumed
Khau
an
that
attitude of humiliation
he
would
be
the
last
such
a
challenging comparisons with
no
general as he was, and that he had now
distinguished
other desire
than to sue
for peace and
pardon from the
affronted
of the Bijapur government. He had
authorities
that
possible and
government in the grossest manner
how
doubted
far he could
secure
pardon even
though he
man
to
think
of
presentedhimself
therefore,craved
his well-known
him
"a
nd
with
them
this favour
Bijapur
his
pardon
and
in sackcloth
that
magnanimity
the
procure
before
durbar.
he would
Afzul
Khan
might
He,
with
to intercede
condescend
Should
ashes.
he consent
consider
himself
to do
for
so
to have
158
LIFE
honours
-Shahi
and
and
With
his
upon
Shivajito
declined
receive
his
to accede
Learning that
with
proposalsof
fort
to meet
him
with
and
ceremony
the
cordial
to
of
purpose
envoy, who
all
dispelling
this
to
from
proposal,to
Afzul
the Khan's
Khan
coming
was
envoy
delivered
durbar
public
was
the
he
message
expressed his
held
soon
audience
nobles, established
government, repairedold fortresses and
a
"
of
As
unto
of
would
the sultan
"
to pay
come
his
the
his
Shivajihad
residence
.should be
with
of
the
new
ones,
world.
added
All
take
their
in
this
to the state.
with
his
the
These
father.
est
great-
things
in
the
their
appointed for
envoy-in-chief,Krishnaji Bhaskar,
arranged it that
of the
the
and
to
good
the
the camp
quarters of
the
rest of the
done
This
with
was
diplomatic mission.
premeditatedobjectof conducting secret conversations
the head of the mission.
Shivajino doubt expected
members
?the
so
went
in
fractory
re-
increment
unearned
respects to him
good will
public durbar,
party
^appointed quarters.
the
an
vassal
and
state.
acknowledge Shivaji'sservices
Khan
Shivaji looked upon him as
and
envoy
as
but
not
country of
peace
erected
of the
to him
ability,and
mean
the fortunes
affection and
passed in
no
Khan's
but
him
to Afzul
He
to
ways
come
now
make
and
force
militia
variety
would
and
with.
charged
was
for
Khan's
the
to
was
him
to
from his
import, Shivaji descended
honoured
guest half-ways and receiving
welcome
brought him with all due pomp
give him
raised
to
such
giving
chiefs
fears
him
prepare
himself.
Shivaji in reply
gratitude for the
"kindlyintentions and declared that the restoration
small a territory could
in jahgir form of however
.
Adil
to his citadel.
the
use
of the
Afzul
Khan
messages
all his arts to induce
personal conference
private visit
nobleman
honeyed
ambassador
to
come
MAHARAJ
trusted
these
jealousy from
he
SHIVAJI
of
privileges
court.
urged
OF
be
to
able
OF
TRAGEDY
THE
"of his
On
all around
and
still and
was
KHAN
159
ambassador
the
interview
to
AFZUL
in
come
the
privacy
to
his side.
over
all
had
silent,Shivaji
to
gone
rest
secretly
his sleep
came
from
rousing him
in a persuasivestrain,submitting
himself to him
-addressed
He
not selfish.
were
that his ambitions
adjured Krishnaji
that he belonged to the sacred Brahman
vto remember
caste,
^the repositoriesof the Hindu
learning and religion.To
and the preservation
the glory of that learning and religion
to
of
executor
mans
and
and
slay
"had
and
but
was
the
the
spirit of
passive
Bhavani
taken
the
intolerance.
Humble
like
Brahmans
learned
Islamic
as
himself
this sacred
task and
upon
it forward.
But
the holy cause
would
without
succeed
him
bigots of
the
far carried
thus
never
for
mandate,
bade
and
acts
had
he
was
divine
He
above.
dedicated.
were
inspiredhis
he
interest
Hindu
of every
He had
"
and
alike
the
of
noble
of
the wreck
at
the
objectsof
preceptors
less
relent-
were
a
holy
inexpiablepersecution. Scarcely a vestige of
of their
and
of
forms
.purest
Heresy
Hindustan.
the land.
His
and
heart
and
violation
remained
Hinduism
all the
in
his
land
the
of
must
vandalism.
over
these
Shivaji'swas
acts
a
of religious
humble
but
of blasted
of revival
help
thim
of
in
was
noble
honour
noble
and
work.
spiritslike
the
retrieving
fortune
of
Hinduism
This
honeyed
His
religiouspride was
speech quite changed the man.
and
The
attentions
touched.
inspiring words
flattering
He reflected
from his allegiance.
him
"of the warrior
won
over
that here
was
man
who
had
staked
all his
worldly
LIFE
160
fortunes
Moreover
bondage.
from
that
qualities
MAHARAJ
deliverance
the
upon
SHIVAJI
OF
of
he
country's religion
possessed of all those
was
essential to the
were
his
attainment
household
word
Was
families.
thousands
in
his
exploits had
His
of
desirable
it not
of his noble
name
was
rashtra
admiring Maha-
and
certainlymore
the point of view of his religionthat he
meritorious from
should
participatein this prince'sglorioustriumphs ? Such
thoughts crowded upon his mind and he finallyannounced
determination
his cause
to espouse
and
to Shivaji his
After
this exchange
of proswear
allegiance to him.
mises
he
took
into
his confidence
and pledges
and
Shivaji
revealed to him the real objectof his diplomatic mission.
It
less than
no
was
trick to
delude
Shivajiinto
der
surren-
as
prisonerof
triumph.
This
war
to
revelation
the
made,
role of
power
surprisehis
treacherous
was
zealous
envoy
and
when
he
and
induce
had
within
come
him
and
to fall suddenly upon
Shivaji was
panic-strickenforces. Having thus checkmated
Khan's
Afzul
it
approach Pratapgad
planned interview,
his
Khan's
chief to
Mahomedan
Afzui
grace
plots,Shivajireturned
warily home.
In
that
and
it
was
definitelyagreed
to Javli
should
advance
of the
alliance between
for
the
two
conference
that
where
Afzul
the
Khan
terms
be finally
partiesshould
Pantaji Gopinath,
envoy,
confirm
this proposaland
Shivaji'sside, his
to accompany
Krishnaji to
was
views before Afzul
This minister
Khan.
representShivaji's
of Shivaji's intimate
circle. Before
despatch.
was
one
settled.
On
OF
TRAGEDY
THE
AFZUL
KHAN
161
ing
reallybeen
to Afzul
Khan
hia
to
duty
had
diplomaticetiquette. He
Khan.
Afzul
the affection of
his
he undertook
where
promisingto
arrange
to
him
admit
had
vowed
to
represent
that it
and
of
with
these
to
essentials
Wai
to
come
him
upon
of
with
be
to
and
him
in his
behalf
again to
the
Khan
the
meet
encouraging
intercede
and
courage
he looked
as
request
to come
to his
As
But
no
father,it would
with
comply
Khan
to Afzul
timidityand fear
from
complying
prevented him
to
views
that
come
to meet
his
to
over
won
his interests.1
advance
was
this
upon
in
his
with
at
terview.
in-
and
difficulty
the
sultan
Shahi
Adil
an
and
court, this
of this mission,
watchful
And
taking heed
not
anxiety as to
minutely into his
and
equipment of
presentinghim
with
and
his return
him
feared
-and
with
embroidered
to
Afzul
but
marks
many
omits
Krishnaji Bhaskar
L. S. 12
the
ready
hesitated
account
of
honour,
rings,
pearl earhorse,and a giftof
suitablyhonoured
rank.
to
to
come
had
of the secret
given by Chitnis.
him
meet
to
to
set of
robes,a
treachery. Shivaji'senvoy
Sabhasad
farewell
Shivajiwas
that
liis submission
Shivaji bade
forces.
also
pagodas. Gopinathpant was
his
sent with a fair retinue befitting
On
acquit himself
to be
bracelets and
5000
his
ambassador
Khan's
to
was
prodigal of compliments
to excite suspicion. Without
betraying
Khan's
the
intentions he was
to probe
thoughts and report on the discipline
Any
Afzul
Gopinath
fashion
this
In
him.
to tender
Wai, where
accompanied
meeting
formed
in-
between
he
him
Shivaji
LIFE
162
order
in
OF
SHIVAJI
communicate
to
MAHARAJ
his
reply,if
Khan
the
wouldh
audience.
an
The
audience
graciously grant him
was
granted and Gopinathpant had an opportunity to represent
Shivaji'sproposal. Krishnaji Bhaakar
on
commenting
his
this proposalurged upon
to agree
master
to these
terms, and
the Khan
in his
up
Shivaji'srequest, he
far at
lure him
to
deploying of
entertain
doubts
to lose the
not
Khan
and
that
had
contended
and
forage.
Afzul
pretence. Satisfied
to
the
his
arrest of
demands
and
asked
to
in the
Javli and
himself
in
Pratapgad
On
the
their
their
the
camp
hope
of
the
unforeseen
so
that
Afzul
Kuan's
Khan
he
Having
was
his turn
vance
ad-
an
interview
an
by
force
be
to
under
of
assurances
his
moved
somehow
other
or
this
coming
down
should
descend
from
march
his former
the
sions
conces-
he wrote
and
Javli
that
securing
resolution
to
the
envoy,
for
he
formed
with
the
Shivaji
fort
of.
conference.
for the
receiptof
a
this final
council
"f
opinion. They
loyalty and
fears of
agreed to waive
Shivaji by granting all
opponent,
for.
Shivaji summoned
asked
the
humour
Shivajithat
on
and
graduallydispelled
marching into the enemy's
with
ordered
Khan
Afzul
not
were
in the
confirmed
was
him
urged
in
was
plan of
strongholdostensiblyto bring about
and seizingupon
him
leader
Maratha
he
there
asked
He
the
with
might advance
to
ample room
supply of water
into
thafr
head.
opportunity
"
that
there
Krishnaji assured
convinced
that
on
presenteditself
manner
this
was
so
suspicions,
was
Shivaji'sproposal and
in
any
his
guarantee
Upon
advancing
was
what
part he
sinister
nothing
to
harm
no
Khan
and
his army
Shivaji meant
get him
Javli
and
disarm
succeed
to
sure
Javli
to
would
and
objectedthat
Khan
The
meeting
was
readiness
reply
his nobles
all concurred
to
carry
out
from
and
the
veterans
in
any
Khan,
and
expressing
task
theit
TRAGEDY
THE
OF
AFZUL
KHAN
163
to them.
might choose to entrust
They were
pared
pretheir lives for their chief.
to lay down
Shivajithen
with Jijabai,1
who
advised
conferred
him to act in concert
his friends, reposing his confidence in
with
Providence,
master
For
had
herself she
fear but
no
auspiciousenterprisewould
Armed
deserved.
to make
his
To
his
with
that
now
as
be crowned
these
with
formerly his
the
it
success
Shivajiproceeded
reassurances
plans.
the
to render
Khan's
the
march
as
and
easy
unobstructed
as
made
less toilsome
possible. The ascent up the ghats was
the
brushwood
and
thickets and
by cutting down
made
cutting new
paths. An open space was
ready for
the trees
cantoning the Khan's
troops by clearing away
and shrubs.
stationed at intervals
Outposts of soldiers were
the Khan's
on
civil
for
for the
that
the
on
trees
march
forces,
of
of
either side
by-paths
cut
down
under
direction
instructions
was,
growth
dense
All
huge
supply
Khan's
the view
march
officers whose
of the Khan's
want
every
line of
supply
make
beyond
route
cross-
the
brushwood
and
of the
across
petent
com-
ample arrangements
their meals.
The
path cleared
however, prepared so cleverly
trees
and
and
to
were
of
were
ways
obstructed
a
certain
closed
up
tance.
dis-
by-
glades.
According
the author
of the
to
Sabhasad,
Jijabai
Shivdigvijaysay
at
was
that she
was
Kajgad,
at
but
Pratapgad.
Chitaia
and
LIFE
"64
under
remain
cover
Ballal
Kaghunath
SH1VAJI
of
the
to
and
burst
events.
Trimbak
give
to
the
upon
the
the
on
heights, while
shots from
of five cannon
the fort Moropant
make
an
onslaught on the army
encamped in the
of Javli.
be
advance
to
the
to
MAHARAJ
to
was
lieutenant
Bhaskar,
OF
They
be
to
were
with
consideration
no
on
alert
was
vale
and
booty was
making these
While
them.
fort, Shivajihad
the
without
the
on
charge
dis-
the
to
parations
pre-
itself
fort
manned
was
*and half
as
warriors
main
signalof
fort,
to
be within
each
from
complement
large number
of
the
to
ordered, on
were
from
in
the outermost
would
group
the meeting
place^of
the
to
little groups
of
themselves
fixed
at
station
that
men
Shivaji'sdescent
gradually
other,so
hundred
leading
passages
and these
group,
blast after
and
arrow-shot
an
the
forward
thousand
from
distances
by
defence
Besides
in
trumpet
the
rear.
up
group
come
two
or
"one
the
drawn
was
entrance,
"the
formed
in
force of
defence
men
many
battlement
each
the
with
and
would
be at the portals of the fortress. A
last group
to escort Shivaji up to almost
was
picked band of veterans
the
place of
,the very
battlemented
near
the
At
between
of state
couch
the
dais.
of
formed
cushions
When
Btart
tower
the two
erected
was
-pavilion
on
conference.
the
in the
fixed
was
leaders. A
here
for
and
centre
silken
cloth
an
was
place
the
open
space
for the conference
spaciousand magnificent
the
two
purpose,
three
or
lined the
stringsof pearlsand
and
there
the
with
grand
smaller
seats
with
ceiling,
divan
was
borders
spread with
all
for Javli.
was
He
ready
set
word
out
with
sent
was
his
to
the
Khan
to
-166
LIFE
the
third
the mind
the
from
day
give an
that
Krishnajipromised
conditions
the
communicated
represented
he
the
did
to
present
stand
Afzul
fort.
to work
assent
bis
at
to
of
rest
off at
Khan's
On
upon
himself
Shivaji was
effect. The
should
the
distance.
to
these
return, Krishnaji
of the conference
the conditions
that
him
same
to obtain
left
and
Krishnajiwas
companions, and
side
either
on
MAHARAJ
induce
only two
undertaking to
soldiers
and
date.
and
of the Khan
pavilion with
SHIVAJ1
OF
Shivaji'stimidity was
and
without
further
example,
assurances.
yet quite trust the Khan's
should
Krishnajithen suggested that Afzul Khan
agree
even
to this condition
his main object was
the
as
now
on
point of fulfilment. Afzul Khan was
eager to trap Shivaji.
He
shirked
to
all these
not
no-
conditions
and
his
gave
immediate
consent
arrived.
The Khan
set forward
The
crafty Krishnaji
to proceed
Khan were
army.
intervened
representingthat if Afzul
with all that cavalcade,Shivaji's
fear and distrust might be
descend
be induced
to
re-awakened, and he might not even
from
of
his fortress. Then
he applied the soothing balm
flattery. You, a pillarof strengthto the Adil Shahi state,
are
cavalier
of renown
!
a
Shivaji is but as a rush in
comparison with your prowess. Why, oh, Khan ! so much
ado to snare
such
a
simpleton?" He then asked him to
"
attend
the
Shivaji.1
pavilion with
The
soldiers to wait
stationed
Khan
one
attendants
two
in detachments
fair number
or
of
along the
soldiers within
and
way,
an
like
detailed
and
his
having
arrow-shot
of
The
TRAGEDY
THE
AFZUL
KHAN
18?
vthe
He
redoubted
soldier named
veteran
All
KrishnajiBhaskar.
should, in
felt
Afzul
before
vest
his
wanted
now
would
Khan
What
as
it
the
was
in
he
at the
to
attired in
than
weapon
pavilion,seated himself
when
wear
thin
of
robe
flowing
and
success
merely
other
ference.
con-
prisonerof
puny Shivaji
of
custom
Shivaji
the
was
sanguine was
strength that he was
no
the
reached
the envoy,
that
straightmake
and
was
So
cloak
and
Banda
sure
Khan
in
confidence
he
Said
him, without
such
of the
terms
He
"
OF
The-
sword.
audience
in the
to the
arrival and sent his envoy
long before Shivaji's
him
fort to bring down
Shivaji learnt that
Shivaji. From
Khan
Afzul
was
accompanied by an expert veteran, and
hall
word
sent
other
companion
Khan
bade
Said
the
meet
the
prayers
to
devotion
this
lit
spiritand
an
oracular
assurance
on
of her
Let him
doom.
the
:
the Khan
raising,
victor
avenging
stained
ascribed
*trance
the
with
to
fall
the
induced
that
had
an
became
he would
walked
of Afzul
on
her
to
immolate
blood
the
that blinded
victim
and
bath
went
addressed
his
his
fervour
of
his
afflatus
of
the
the
medium
of
the
"
"
then
had
he
that he
his
was
to
arrangements
possessed by religiousfrenzy.
became
the observers
appearedto
no
this Afzul
guardian deity of
the
such
occasion, that
with
hall
Upon
all
He
rites.
that
down
come
distance.
goddess Bhavani,
the
it is said
on
at
ceremonial
usual
family,and
divine
worst
through
stand
to
the
he
Meanwhile
-
Banda
dare
not
appeared in
singleattendant.
unless
than
did
he
that
conference
the
to
him
to
triumph, thanks
by a mental gloom
unsuspectingto his
divine
buffalo
Khan!"
wrath
with
These
and
let
its brows
words-
168
LIFE
enthusiasm
into
tremendous
noted
him
to
when
he
addressinghis
devotional
back
this
nobles
to meet
Afzul
hands.
If the event
prophetic
announced
Khan
his
to
he knew
ended
in
that in
there
success
were-
"
Shivaji
going
life in his
the enemy
to fall upon
despondency. They were
to rout
and
manner
previously devised, put him
their state.
He trusted entirelyto their bravery and
due
men
he cared
not
for
straw
the
Mahomedan
in the
mettle.
would
They
immortal
renown.
in
the
them
selves
them-
service.
Their
national
exhorted
mail-coat
He
of links and
girt himself
Indian
little
and
Claws
wrestlers
poniard
with
and
hidden
his
the
similar
the
the
save
like
heroes
and
inch
an
be
lives.
the
Their
"
on
the
ordeal
of
in white
at
his mother's
over
his turban.
which
had
He
his
of
fast
was
loin-cloth
and
temple
his
to
plans,Shivaji.
a"
right hand,
called the
sharp steel instrument
the fingersof his left hand.
Thus
he
lives
stimulated5
the
wore
his
loyaldeath.
mail-cap under
sleeves
assent
from
fightershabitually wear.
the
win
aroused
dedicated
flowingrobe
waist-band
under
glorious-
try their
to
was
further
of
hour
the usual
a
exert
companions,
discussed
pride, and
to
swerve
would
greatest honour
thus
Having
their
own,
to
would
was
them
their
lay down
having been once
would
their
test
powers
stirringappeal and
spirit, They bowed
was
of them
one
They
not
were
This
the
liveliest battle
declaringnot
orders.
stand
valour.
of the
power in order
past. This moment
of the
defend*
loyal support
achievements
to
give way
not
to
That
out
nothing
was
must
still
was
Then
inauspiciousthey
were
He
senses.
carrying his
was
the-
communicated
and
them
stitution
con-
by
system
assurance.
to
he
thrown
nervous
officers present
came
by
his
put upon
the
by
elated
more
agreeably to the
mind, he was
probably
pressure
down
MAHARAJ
which,
his
of
SHIVAJI
OF
his
"
Tiger's-
accoutred.
guardian,
feet entreated
THE
TRAGEDY
OF
AFZUL
KHAN
heart
parting blessing. Jijabai's
her
affection
with
him
trust
herself to
her
protectionof
Kunti,
the
fame,
Mahabharat
the
that
She
which
Afzul
Khan
had
of
made
as
he
asked
him
of his elder
would
his-
repose
She
heroic
to
flowing
over-
compared,
of
Pandavas
lustre
shed
himself
avenge
brother
on,
on
Sambhaji,
ta
descended
Shivaji slowly
the
to
restraining her
tutelary deity.
said
but
son,
of
Khan,
full
was
blessingbidding him
his
Afzul
escort
her
mother
and
of Bhonsle.
name
for
16ft
down
the
fort, under
the
affrightedand
was
who
was
KrishnajiBhaskar
seized
with
Shivaji was
in
trembled
and
with
all his
advanced
Khan
the
hand, a circumstance
On Shivajidrawing
The
Rairi
and
success
to
treasure
As
brother, vide
Khan
to
a
the
attendant
bore
which
Khan
gives the
the
curious
made
his death,
Bramans
who
allusion
and
and
had
to
shaved
It
was
doubtful
same
to
of
with
laden
rites in those
his funeral
his beard,
consequence
the death of
from
himself
Brahmans
the
at
in
foot-note in Chapter 1L
had
that
objection.
that
information
either
in
no
raised
Shivaji.
alone.
sword
Khan
encourage
confident
more
him
his
( Banares
of
found
the
and
feel
might
he
near,
for
fearing
Kashi
to
bakhar
he
Afzul
that
proposed
attendant
his
when
His
nearer.
He
how
Khan
beholding Afzul
at
limbs.
dismiss
might even
Shivajito approach him, as
pointed out
the Khan
terror
Khan
to encounter
time
at
he
which
be removed
made
tears--
from
his
Shivaji'selder
Sambhaji,
general belief that Afzul
the death of Sambhaji.
Sammtlan
Vritta, Vol. V, p. 16 ).
170
him.
He
felt
advanced
was
that
sure
two
Shivaji
steps forward
three
or
to
eager
very
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
OF
LIFE
the
encounter
unarmed
was
reason
He
Maratha.
easilyfall
would
and
Khan
plain,asthe
was
to meet
was
man
of
"
extricated
"
his
"
Tiger'sClaws
the entrails
the
sword
Afzul
hand
one
Khan's
The
arm.
bowels, drawing
after them.
part with
wounded
Afzul
Khan's
piercedthe
blood
and
under
from
head
Khan
and
down
held
lunged
out
his
with
Grant
his
deep
bakhars
to
Duff's version
claws"
*'Tiger's
is
History
of the
him
Shivajiwith
upon
quite
of the Adil
prevailover
put
on
and
induced
show
him
guest
armed
derived
bands
his
the
Shivajiwas
embrace.
followed
is
Kingdom
this
effect:
"
gives
The
in
a
Convinced
first aggressor,
the
came
Khan,
with
dozen
or
so
driving
general tenor
text
here.
of the
Modak's
Shivaji made
humility, appeared before Afzul Khan
to come
to a banquet at Pratapgad.
Afzul
of
other.
the first
and
Shahi
event, brieflyto
is that
at
different
the
of his
at
When
his
the
tent
suspecting
un-
followers, Shivaji's
him and
him to
cut
suddenly fell upon
pieces. Modak
account
the Basatin-i-Salatin, which
gives
probably from
introduce
and
the powada
story. Chitragupta's bakhar
nearly the same
Khan
Afzul
other details,
and
between
viz., angry
speeches
Shivaji
that Shivaji
Khan
followed by a duel. The
was
apparently angry
such
make
of
his
the
"should
a show
magnificence in
upholstering of the
abuse.
The
Shedgaokar version is that
pavilion. This led to mutual
him by
who propitiated
the Khan
complained about it to Shivaji's
envoy,
to
surrendered
be
Bijapur.
replying that these costlythingswould eventually
TRAGEDY
THE
hand.
Khan's
Afzul
"
and
powerful blow
another
Murder
either
side
Banda
first
OF
came
of
from
poniardin
from
lopped off
ward
to
began
Jiva
meantime
In the
and
left
the
Mahalya
on
and
his
with
off Said
the
sword
similar
own
blows.
Banda's
Banda
Said
upon
he
which
with
rushed
shoulder
the
soldiers
the
Said
tragedy.
attacked
Shivajiwith
double-edged sword.
Shivajitook
Jiva Mahalya in his right hand
his
of
outcry
the
and
rescue
from
sword
an
drew
scene
to the
up
the
raised
which
the
171
wrest
Khan
help i"
to
nearer
KHAN
tried to
The
treason
AFZUL
arm
his
.and
Khan's
The
burden.
borne
Brahman
off
head
civilian of the
compassionating the
Shivaji,sword
upon
Shivajiparried one or
"
he
acted
He
had
order
1
better make
According
According
leapt down
from
"der ! treason
palanquin
3
who
say
!"
and
the
ill-starred
dais
brought
to
began
his
not
to
indignation.
declared
slay a
that
Brahman.
this
With
home.
his way
of the
slew
Said
Banda.
Chitragupta
Afzul
to
with
rushed
men
him
take
Grant
down
and
and
which
began
to
of
Yesaji Kunk
Sabhasad
to
at
best
the
then
and
thrusts
two
rushed
Afzul
in
Chitnia
to
fate of
go.4
the
According
cut
it
let
was
of
He,
him.
Krishnajiwith
name
had
Khan
Afzul
scarf.3
upon
he
in
wrapped
trunk
the
from
severed
was
away
run
to
the
rescue,
himself
Khan
of
shouts
put him
"Murinto
the
away.
it
Khando
was
and
bearers
the
maimed
powada
represents Sambhaji Kavji to have
Shivajihimself to have cut off the head.
*
Prof.
Jadunath
the authority of the Marathi bakhars,
Sarkar
on
the
of
Records
Rajapur "c.
Tarikh-i-Shivaji, the
English Factory
.concludes
that
Afzul
Khan
fell
vicitim
to
his
own
treachery.
172
LIFE
Delivered
SHIVAJI
OF
all
from
gate of Pratapgad
two
before
the
to
it for
salvo in honour
of
the
Afzul
The
became
worse
They
Mavali
Khan
againstthem.
warfare.
Then
for their
lives.
The
and
down
every
there
event..
come
the
news
Mavalis
Pathan
in
up
of the
guard.
body-
chosen
confusion
The
expert
directed
his
veterans
a"
their
and
exhausted
was
NetajL
had
had
They
great
of
struggled long
At
and
brave
assailants.
cut
But
they
programme
had
them.
onslaught upon
they were
they
bay.
the
spread to this
seized with surprise.
guard was
when
confounded
Netaji Palkar
of the
tragic end
Thus
meeting.
fell upon
who
the 1,500 warriors
Khan's
cavalcade.
By this time
or
army
and
cannonade
the
of
hour
Khan's
The
the-
plans signal,
concerted
remained
Palkar
still an
was
bugles sounded.
low-lyingplain heard
in the
encamped
took
It
safety.
fired and
were
guns
in
True
sunset.
these
main
MAHARAJ
of defensive
art
every
turned
were
chase.
On
another
side
appointed signalwith
of Afzul
of such
Their
sudden
panic
thinks
He
army
of
Javli.
plain
in the
in
was
proportion
that
been
have
Shivaji would
provided against such a contingency
not
The
R. P. Karkaria
late Mr.
of the
version
Ranade
A
Khan's
disclosed
in his "Rise
made
Shivajihad
solemn
vow
to elude
(Rajwade
Khopdes
Shivaji,somehow
1810, defends
or
more
us
by
of the Maratha
that must
circumstance
had
to
than
never
that
he
the
at the
twenty
Power"
bakhar
hands
years
sight
would
take
the
of is the
fool,had
of
Afzul
made
ago
attempted
be lost
version
but
chronicles.
object.
XV, 302) clearly show
other.
Scott.Waring, in
the Marathi
unpreparedness.
considered
Maratha
Besides
his
their
to
The
he
Khan.
defence
late Mr.
halting defence.
fact that
the Khan
and
seize*
his
intention
his
of the
tragedy.
was
to
the^
174
OF
LIFE
flightbetween
thickets
the
MAHARAJ
and
brushwood.
members
the
with
man
SHIVAJI
of his
But
the
household
fortunate
un-
fell into
"
of
be executed.
Shivajigained much
comprised about a
It
thousand
horses,
hundred
camels, the
more
lakhs,
two
thousand
two
of Afzul
elephants, seven
thousand
in this defeat
booty
eight
artillery
to
entire
lakhs
Khan.
of rupees in
the value oB
of
packages
of
cloth,,
company.
of Afzul
head
severed
The
goddessBhavani,
whose
Khan
presented
desecrated
was
to
the
Chitnis
Khopde,
and
a
the
the
two
force of
two
the
Kankde
of
Shivaji.
the author
commander
Afzul
hundred
hands
is
of
Afzul
unfortunate
fallen into
name
and
also
Khan's
men,
Afzul
sons
family
thab
and
some
in
says
that
safety
Instead
that
apprehended
Karhad
to
later
time
Khan
with
Khopde
having
of Khopde the
among
and
Khandoji
led Fazal
corps,
executed.
was
Sabhasad
were
Mavali
Khan's
Khan's
of Shivaji
found.
Shivadigvijay maintain
of the
other
brought
sardars-
before
TRAGEDY
THE
the
'
'
evil eye
children.
their
from
KHAN
AFZUL
OF
176-
Then
Shivajiagain
sent
were
vatans
to
the
favours
Other
profusionupon
The
senior
made
the
marks
and
by visiting
the
from
of
nobles
comprehensive-
officers
veteran
their
families
as
received
compensation in
wounds
they had
to 200
75
honour
had
indeed
who
officers and
the
in
of
ranging
and
care
dolences
fight,and conpromises of pension,
to
wounded
seriousness
men
inspectthe-
the
and
continued
The
in
fallen
families
were
hereditary right.
proportion
had
all.
and
one
land
of
life-time
their
in
arranged for
encouraged them
them
to their
grants
or
to
of all who
made
was
fort
He
and
the
from
descended
of his combatants.
condition
list
their valour.
recognitionof
were
pagodas
each.
lavished
were
nobly deserved
presented with
in
them.
horses,
armlets, robes
rings,pearl pendants or crests, necklets and
with
were
and head-gear embroidered
gold. There
grants
lands and revenue
were
of inam
rights. These
graduated
Many an
according to the qualityof the service rendered.
promotion in the cavalry. Some
infantry sepoy received
in the
higher command
specialrecognition in the shape of
The
sons
itself no
light honour.
received
mature
for the
age
were
army,
at
army,
a
of
once
others
received
palanquin grant,
the
in
deceased, if of
enrolled
place of
in
in
all made
promotions were
with
of the whole
public acknowledgment
army,
presence
action or warlike
of each meritorious
exploit. This had the
and
effect of stimulating their enthusiasm
rousing the spirit
their father.
of
emulation
rewards
of
each
made
giftaand
These
and
officers.
by Shivaji carried
conviction
among
soldier
that
men
their
merit
would
The
to
generous
the
receive
breast
due
OF
LIFE
176
SHIVAJI
acknowledgment. Nor
was
given the villageof
-everywhere. Each
of victory,hoisted
There
the Brahmans
to all
round
sent
was
and
of Afzul
by
state
of
feature
The
Brahmans
the
poorest
banquetings at
friends
Khan
and
of
death
defeat
allies.
Rajab Shahaji in
victory. The event was
The
sweets
which
death
was
special messenger
the
to convey
celebrated
desecrator
the
and
the Karnatic
to the
tidingsof
triumph.
rajahs.
flags
usual
as
rgosavisof ancient
offerings.The news
sent
dinners
were
aud
carried
joicings
re-
be heard
with
time-hououred
Indian
with
to
Sugar
panniers
house,
great
received noble
alms.
in
verandahs.
huge
to
triumphalcelebration
had
the
from
house
"eleph"ntsfrom
inam
as
other
upon
distributed
were
Hivre
forgotten.He
perpetuity.1
honour
in
Gopinathpant
was
and
Pratapgad
At
MAHARAJ
as
of
the
national
national
shrines
of
Providence
oi
patriotism overswept
not experienced for
had
in
vent
head
minstrel
was
tower
Afzul
at the express
buried
built
centuries.
on
Buruz
this
or
at the
scene
strong
country, such
These
wave
as
it
feelings found
fall.
whole
the
stirringballad
the
his
in
seen
It is said that
event.
court
was
Tower.
The
the
name
sword
was
wrested
givenof
from
the
Afzul
was
The
Kairi
bakhar
that
the
inam
of Hivre
TRAGEDY
THE
secrate
in
court
Fort
Praiapgad
and
of
The
beautiful
for the
made
was
artist.
an
veins of stone
thus
model
battlements of
despatchedto
was
for their
block
177
the
within
the
fit for
selected
carefully
the originalimage
image
topmost fortification
the
on
Provision
of
hands
at the
KHAN
expert
stone
Tuljapurand
to
sent
Brahman
The
carving.
artistic
AFZUL
goddess
banks
made
that
Pratapgad.
Fort
was
image of
an
OF
the
at
temple
maintenance
installed
was
summit
raised
of the
of
it.
over
dailyrites
and
was
Shahi
Adil
The
and
sultan
the
to hear of the
shocked
Bijapur were
of his grand
and
the dissipation
when
the messengers
brought word
sultan
betook
herself
gave
from
sprang
himself
dissevered
his
showed
culmination
of Maratha
omrahs
fortunes
court
state
his
body
his
and
annihilated
forces
triumph,
from
that
should
Khan
Afzul
as
is said
catastrophethe
lamentation.
wailing and
to
of the
in
throne
It
army.
bed-chamber.
his
to
nobleman
mighty
his
dowager sultana at
tragedy of Afzul Khan
power
into the
seemed
be
and
camp
which
such
utterly
so
carried
in
despoiled
threw
the
deepestgloom. The
to totter
At any hour
of his victorious
not
Many
curious
share another
still shown
pura,
where
to
man's
the Khan
L.S.13
bed
the traveller in
had
and
the
buried
ruined
his mansion
them
and
in
the
deserted
tombs
suburb
which
(videShedgaokar'sBakhar.)
\
are
of Afzul-
CHAPTER
The
NOBLES
SHAHI
ADIL
of
terror
XII
DISCOMFITED
name
Shivaji's
was
The
defeat
Bijapur kingdom.
followed by the rapid conquest
of the
lost
in
time
no
motion
in
army
heels of
siege of
the
raise
to
report of Afzul
the
quickly on
the
laying siege to
The
Ghosala.
Afzul
the
the
first
both
and
rural
of
of
Janjira
forts of Tala
end
tragic
report had
had
and
coming
induced
him
these
punish
to
was
announcement
Konkan
Khan's
parts
Khan
forts
Khan's
Afzul
of
several
On
neighbourhood.
the
in
tracts
of
felt in all
now
having
drawn
his
an
pectedly
unex-
in
that
direction.
of his
officer in
the
For
initiative
own
signifiedhis
and
intention
This
disposal.
his
suggestion on
naturally
excited
acting thus
at the
stratagem
this fort
at
the
for
in
of
that
of this
to be
with
fort
at
Shivaji
Shivaji's
That
surprise.
to
answer
there
offer.
Mavali
trusty general.
the
was
But
the
the
or
the
battalion
He
plot
no
capture of
advantage, and it
of incalculable
A
attempting.
worth
was
place
to
fortress had
bound
was
important
an
bottom
the
this
communications
ascertain
to
necessary
was
of
matter
was
of such
commander
charge
opened
was
was
ordered
invitation.
The
at
once
to
start
choice
had
Annaji Datto.
Shivaji in person started, with
upon
larger force of infantry and cavalry to station himself in
fallen
a
vicinityof the
issue and support
the
no
occasion for
tword.
The
general
i
in
Another
fort
of
scene
him
in
Annaji's operations to
of treachery. But
case
fighting. The
was
delivered
of the
capture
governor
of the
the
await
there
fort
was
kept
his
unconditionallyto Shivaji's
fort of Pavangad fell under
of Panhala
is
as
follows;
"
Shivaji
ADIL
similar
SHAHI
circumstances.
assault.
sudden
of
revenues
the
on
upper
districts
these
stations
Revenue
to the
fall of Panhala
the
On
detailed
and
his
little hill-forts
for
Western
the
the
The
Khelna
of
conquest
its
changed
historical
of two
space
tragedy.
on
to
number
of
of
the
fell without
blow.
But
taken
by
the
storm.
tremendous
new
times
our
of
career
Vishalgad
made
Fort
or
under
this
in little more
after
the
than
Afzul
of
Kolhapur
domination.
Shivaji's
country
under
came
fort
circumstance, Shivaji
of
months
fertile
the
Thus
required
name
down
come
of
be
to
emerged
the
three
or
fortresses
numerous
it
line
that
of these
strike
had
were
acquisitions
All these
the
has
It
to
of which
under
renown
Tremendous.
name.
and
name
to
the crest
on
Most
indeed
in commemoration
sacrifices,
The
in
up
conquest
Ghats.
Sahyadri or
his generals being forced
and
Khelna
forts of Rangna
Battisshirala.
all directions
in
lying
Krishna.
extended
Shivajimarched
forces
by
established
Shivaji'shands.
these newly
over
all
stations
fortress of
miniature
captured
forts
into
came
appointed
were
179
of the
courses
DISCOMFITED
Vasantgad was
acquisitionof these
The
Sbivaji's
power
NOBLES
Khan
and
its
times the
had
long
these
difficulties of the
He
or
made
hundred
eight
meditated
taek.
a
To
siege
to
united
Panhala, when
arms
use
by
of
were
under
deterred
of his
admitted
been
cover
some
of
the defenders
services
members
nighb by
the
of the fort
to the
governor
of
Panhala
the
tagem.
straseven
charged
disand
that
at
were
fort.
ex-soldiers
defeated
of Shivaji and
and
the
by
their
fort captured.
SHIVAJI
OF
LIFE
180
fear
MAHARAJ
But
to decide.
of
command
force
of
complement
these
forces
drew
near
charged
of
Kolhapur.
of
defeat that
all his
he
was
miles.
for many
received
had
upon
then
under
with
horse
put himself
He
the
to
He
thousand
marched
enough
with
three
infantry.
and
he
express orders
the field againstShivajiin defence
to take
district
the
afterwards
soon
sultan
the
from
of
Panhala.
As
chase
head
soon
fort, Shivajisallied
The
lasted
almost
to
small
the
at
his
as
out
of
he
and
Rustom's
and
the
chased
gates of
were
Bijapur. The largertowns on the way
plundered and
laid
under
destroyed, and the shops and markets
tribution.
conHaving inflicted such immense
damage on the
round
with
such
Shivaji wheeled
Bijapur government
time
had
to pursue
no
amazing rapidity,that the enemy
did
His celerity
of movement
not
his galloping columns.
a thought of pursuit.
permit even
his
On
return
to
Vishalgad,Shivaji put
himself
at the
head
an
in the Konkan.
The
town
of
Rajapur
at first spared
because, as
the
in the
English merchants
belonged to Rustom
secret
carried
fortifications.
forces
was
by
When
brief
stay
he
at
had
refreshed
Raigad
he
was
recruited
and
his
fall upon
plundered for
ready
to
which
was
wealthy harbour
town,
of Cheul,.
The military governor
three days in succession.
taken
occupied,
prisoner,the town
Khojojiby name, was
and the booty transferred
safelyto Rajgad, Meanwhile the-
Cheul,
182
LIFE
lenged,and levy
of the court
and
tribute
totteringgovernment
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
OF
plunder
in
was
with
despair. The
utter
The
impunity.
omrahs
perilforgot
their
civil dissensions
for the
prominent
present. No
generalwas forth-comingto take the field againstShivaji.
It is said that Afzul
Khan's
Fazal
son
was
burning with
desire
to
and
his
death
father's
continually
avenge
clamoured
for a campaign of vengeance
againstShivaji.But
he
even
their
in
did not
anxiety
dare
to
the
at
field alone.
the
take
common
There
was
that
party
extremities, and
any
honour
be in
would
Thus
the sultan's
life and
it their
with
jeopardy.
his prowess.
declare
himself
remained
in
quarrelwith
the
to
The
sultan
independent in
him
a
grudge
he
endeavoured
and
tendered
The
sultan
bore
to
an
now
apology for
wrote
that
reconciled
become
his
him
to
Later
the
with
reply
to
Kurnool.
score.
behaviour
in
led him
provinceof
the
on
had
sultan
on
sultan
in
the
that
he
past.
could
ards
purchase his pardon only by leading the Adil Shahi standagainst Shivaji and returning in triumph after the
ours,
honof the Maratha
leader. Greater
complete overthrow
-would
greater rewards
The
Abyssinian
embarked
on
the
joyfullyaccepted
new
seeking revenge
him
*
await
expedition.
for his
According to Chitnia
Sarja Khan.
general named
and
his successful
these
Fazal
return.
conditions, and
Khan
accompanied
father's death.1
the
Shivadigvijay
there
was
third
SHaHI
ADIL
forces sent
The
NOBLES
down
DISCOMFITED
with
Sidi Johar
18*
considerably
were
his
of
success
title,Salabat
new
loyal devotion
these
title.
any
generals, the
two
diversion
in the
the
of
plan
Konkan
to
kindle
en-
the
upon which
vitallydepended. As to Fazal
wss
was
spur
attacked
of
of
on
Panhala.
on
by
side
one
Janjira with
Sawantwadi
to
were
Sidi Johar
invasion.
potent
more
possessionsof Shivaji.
marched
object being
Abyssinians
the chief
the
the
enthusiasm
for vengeance
While
Shivaji
co-operation of
to
and
expeditionso
the
Khan,
Fazal
and
With
this
the
make
Such
a
was
resolved
object they
fort
Khan.
of invasion
was
the armies
to be held
was
ordered
to
Konkan;
the
defence
Korde
the
fort and
in each
back
to be
on
fightSidi
of
the
the
on
alert. The
tide
Fatteh
Raghunathpant
of Janjirain
Khan
Kalyan
and
all sides.
Bhiwandi
tricts
dis-
instructed
off his
imposed
to
harass
communications
the
defence
upon
Sidi
Johar
and
of Panhala
from
distance
and
cut
taken
supplies. Shivaji had underin person owing to the news
184
he had
from
received
leaders
SHIVAJI
OF
LIFE
their
therefore, that
be
this
centred
post. But
Sidi
Johar
he had
When
the
proved
cluding,
Con-
fort.
sive
the defentaken
Panhala
approached
up
been
have
so
forces
Panhala
Netaji Palkar
midnight raids upon the
without
opposition.
punish him only
far that retreat became
impossible.
had at last encamped close before
took
the
aggressive. He made
bide his
to
advanced
Bijapur
that
upon
Bijapur
otherwise.
Shivaji's
objectwas
when
of the
major operationson
this
in
done
attack
the
the events
better if he had
of the intention
his scouts
to concentrate
must
MAHARAJ
time and
Shahi
Adil
He
camp.
off their
cut
them
suppliesand harassed
by fallingupon their foraging
parties. Netaji's light cavalry used to emerge
suddenly
from
camp
valley,burst
upon
be
to
seemed
which
with
slaughterand
quarters of
those
hostile
the
closelyguarded, inflict
immense
he could
the
Mavalis
thus decided
to let
capture
which
forward
was
had
capture.
interminable
and
extremely arduous
in that
mountainous
Netaji alone
been
make
he
But
he
found
soon
/task to pursue
country.
and
Having
ments
the detach-
concentrated
located
it
pressed
the
slackened
for
Strict
moment.
orders
were
issued
under
from
the garrisonto
no^circumstancesto permit any one
from
in.
the besiegedfort nor
to enter
any outsider
emerge
of the*
Nor was
this all. It was
proclaimed to all ranks
Maratha
combatant
that no
they might
besieging army
come
across
units
of
should
be
watch-parties were
officers to mount
alive. Distinct
escape
constituted
of privates and
allowed
guard in
rotation
to
both
day
and
night,the
object being
NOBLES
SHAHI
ADIL
there
that
of
the maintenance
DISCOMFITED
should
be
relaxation
no
strict blockade.
186
He
himself
Thus
seemed
be
to
closed
chance
no
in
of the
the
in
set
an
operations
There
The
besiegingarmy was
enemy.
strict blockade and its discipline
was
Do
whatever
of
efficient order.
most
Netaji Palkar
of raids and
might in the way
not
surprises,the besiegers'efforts were
likely to grow
that account.
The
weaker
on
cannonading from the brow
of the fort,however
steadily maintained, had little effect
on
what
the
enemy
he
The
enemy.
had
not
was
might
stand
Johar
no
got
of
likely to
at bay, in
doubt
fall before
news
of
worst
the
situation
Shivaji'spresence
leave
search
thought that
was
in the
that
the
fort, and
this quarry,
however
long it
of more
Sidi
ignoblegame.
sooner
or
must
into
his
come
Shivaji must
He
would
thus
hands.
easily achieve what had foiled so
His
generals before him.
prestige at the Bijapur
many
be established
would
tious
durbar
beyond dispute. These ambiOn the
thoughts kindled his vigour and enthusiasm.
other
hand, Shivaji'sforesighthad made such ample preparations
the fort as
on
might have sufficed for even
There
likelihood of any
two
was
no
a siege of over
years.
for that
period even
shortageof provisionsor ammunition
if his communications
with the outside world
were
entirely
What
out off.
that, being
Shivaji chieflyregretted was
off from
all sources
thus cooped up at Panhala, he was
cut
of information
to how
as
shaping themselves
thingswere
abroad and from issuingcommands
to his officers elsewhere.
He
therefore
became
anxious
to
Heavy
escape.
very
There
could
all sides,
siege lines encompassed him on
be seen
weak
no
point in the siege-works. To sallyout
far
and
impossible,for the
enemy
give battle was
the garrison. He had therefore to contrive his
out-numbered
he opened
escape by daring and stratagem. With this view
him
and
with
it
186
LIFE
OF
communications
with
the Sidi
to
he would
himself
undertook
to
down
conference
First
discussion
surrender, and
settled
dark,
after
and
resumed
the
submission
by
He
ready
was
relaxed
He
long period
of
war
of
it
the
was
very
to be
night
settlement
fort.1
the-
treaty were
of minor
The
Sidi
was
tension
was
at
now
end
an
and
watch
their
for
fort.
to
the
gained.
as
the
this time
his
the
felt
and
cares
concluded
good
as
sentinels
a
and
him.
fort
his
willinglygave
body-guard
conditions
of
for the
to
was
evening. At the
quite imposed
the
conference
Sidi
surrender
to
By
followingmorning
of
the
on
discussion.
part which
consented
the
The
the Sidi
small
principalarticles
some
slope,if
and
in
camp
a
prepared
was
return.
by
turned
adjourning
the
safe
attended
he
then
lower
taken
Shivaji played
the Sidi.
upon
The
the
had
Sidi's
the
he
to
events
Shivaji
to
statingthat
his
guarantee
guarantee.
came
down
turn
MAHARAJ
certain
upon
come
overjoyed at the
the
SHIVAJI
and
for
themselves
gave
The
first time
the
to
the
after
mirth
and
frolic.
This
1
In
different
or
Modak'a
three
for
campaign
promote
assurance,
of
proposals
hands,
under
made
for
his
the terms
Shivaji
of
answer
that
he
though
orders, he wished
any
was
to
interview.
that
came
the
is
have
we
mentioned
Johar
with
wanted
for this it
and
Kingdom
it
There
interview.
at
wanted
Shahi
friendlyinterview
this and
with
in his
three
of the Adil
elated
Shivaji
History
of this
version
leave
begged
just what
was
sue
The
in
for
the
sultan
two
nicate
commu-
considerably
Shivaji
with
and
pardon
was
quite
that
company
Sidi
was
and
made
self
himthe
willingly
accommodation
proposed by Shivaji. Upon this
with two
or
at midnight for a conference
down
courteously entertained by Sidi. Preliminaries
him
well
and
would
Sarkar
settled
and
apparently follows
Basatin-i-SalatiD.
similar
account, which
is based
upon
the
the
planned
that he had
NOBLES
SHAHI
AD1L
DISCOMFITED
With
meeting.
the
bravest
right through
marched
boisterous
their
Amid
the
the
flower
this
of his
fort walls
sentinel
enemy's
carousals
187
and
outposts.1
movement
first
at
observed
that Shivaji
escaped their notice. But they soon
the
selves
had
slip and began to prepare themgiven them
for
his
used
pursuit. Meanwhile
Shivaji had
and
made
such
speed that
advantage to good purpose
he
followed
pursuit
Sidi
and
of Afzul
of
abreast
now
was
in
Fort
Vishalgad.2
deadly
Aziz, the
Fazal
earnest.
of Johar8
son
But
there
now
Khan,
the
led the
son
cavalry
with
in
detachment
play.
the
corps
gorge
in
the
of Mavalis
the
if he
wished
continued
his
to
was
hold
detached
and
Pandhare
glen of
to
below
gorge
had
the
enemy
the
continue
flight. A
leader
The
Rairi
bakhar
says that
enemy
in
told to occupy
the White
or
of
necessityto pass
pursuit. Shivaji himself
of
heroic
mettle, Baji
left in
command
pealingfrom
at the head
and
the
Pani
the
making
of these
the
of 20,000 Mavalis
his
with
brows
Shivaji
the sword,,
besieging army
way
to Vishalgad with Fazal in his pursuit. The pretence of
in this bakhar.
mentioned
a treaty to put the besiegersoff their guard is not
2
and Ranade
Grant Duff
followingChitnis say that Shivaji fled tc
Shivaji
generally agreed that the fort to which
Rangna. It is now
miles
from
Pani
is
six
Pandhare
not Rangna, but Vishalgad.
escaped was
Jedhe
Vishalgad. The
Chronology also states that Shivaji escaped to
as
Vishalgad. Rangna is about 75 miles from
Khelna, which is the same
while Vishalgad is nearer.
Ranade
Panhala
compared the heroic defence of
Leonida*
the mountain
pass by Baji Deshpande with the self-sacrifice of
death
The
and his three hundred
Spartans at the pass of Thermopylae
of Baji in the moment
of victory may
be compared with the triumphant
and of Trafalgar.
deaths of the heroes of Quebec, of Corunna
sallied upon
The
calls
Tarikh-i-Shivaji
him
Sidi Halal.
LIFE
188
of
OF
to be
Vishalgad were
made
in
the
stood
which
prince
gallant Baji
the
to
was
at
became
right
to
then
the Maratha
that
the enemy
for such
keep
MAHARAJ
signal
Till
was
SHIVAJI
a
literally
valleyof death,
left, under
or
and
brushwood.
were
scattered
shelter
without
hedges of bramble
The
vanguard of pursuing cavalry
They kept at
by bullets and chain-shot.
no
but
cover
the infantry
the defile. But
respectfuldistance below
The
soon
came
desperately charged the Mavalis.
up and
Mavalis
the charge with
met
equal impetuosity. The
and
broken
the attacking columns
rolled
were
charge was
back.
bers,
They formed
again this time with increased numa
and
beaten
a
delivered
off
the
The
by Baji Deshpande.
hand-to-hand
sides.
assault.
second
The
struggle and
fightinghad
guardians of
dauntless
the
this
even
battle
then
fiercely
disputed
was
now
But
lasted
for
had
pass
three
not
was
became
both
on
hours
yielded an
and
inch
of
Khan.
He
furious
more
this
time
numbers
and
third
Mavalis
the
enemy
had
had
been
reduced
lost
nearly
before
he
done
his
he
had
the
satisfaction
their
five thousand.
to
meet
struck
was
his
of
the
ground
knowing
had
his death
half
to
charge
and
the
infantry to
seized
occasion
the
wreck
to
fire Johar
double
SHIVAJI
OF
LIFE
190
and
Fazal
MAHARAJ
the
batteries.
Khan
fort
gave
had
by storm.
They
open to them, corruption. This they now
They sent word to Raghunath Ballal that
carrying the
advantage
surrender
to
the
fort
and
also the
faith
break
never
foiled.
besiegerswere
tried to
no
purpose.
vacillated
with
Johar's
all
up
one
this
resolved
left
to
it would
to
the
of
man
thirsted
his
special
So
All their
resolution
began
gold
in this
had
resources
him
sterling
for
not
master.
the
to
They promised
was
try.
be to his
over
him
of
hope
recourse
come
side.
besiegers'
and
Between
to
been
waver.
between
At
opposite extremes.
one
he thought to postpone the siegetill after the rains,
moment
spend the interval at Bijapur, and after the enforced
the siegeon
a
greater scale. Then
inactivityrecommence
again he thought he had led such vast forces to disgrace
and ruin, without
performing any feat of arms
worthy of
to Bijapur would
have no other
the sacrifice. His return
than an ingloriousdefeat,and
draw
down
construction
the
mind
His
wrath
sultan's
spend the
renewing
antumn
consternation
their
It
day.
place with
the
storms
monsoon
then
to
the chance
had
of
exhausted
Gajapur between
known
Vishalgad. This proposal became
The
seized with
despondent soldiery were
for furlough. Nothing could
and clamoured
fears.
Their obstinacyincreased from day to
plain Johar could not persevere to remain
army.
assuage
Better
head.
in this inclement
resolved
He
and
Panhala
devoted
his
siege after
the
themselves.
to the
upon
was
to
at
encamp
'
Panhala
around
reluctance
sounded
he broke
should
worth
success
hat
the
up
Ali Adil
army
with
army
Shaha
have
the
discontented
his camp
of
took
he led
With
a
retreat
great
to
be
Bijapur.
it much
to heart
great
achieving any
this
Sidi Johar
had only achieved
to Bijapur was
back
considerably
returned
name.
and
army.
ordered
home
without
SHAHI
ADIL
reduced
forth
upon
man
calculated
had
to
been
Panhala
earnest
191
he
compared to the army
the enterprise. The
sultan
was
a
Johar's
and
failure
by disposition,
Envious
put him in good humour.
added
DISCOMFITED
numbers
in
choleric
NOBLES
They
corrupted by
due
was
to
he would
circulated
Shivaji,that
collusion.
surely
have
Had
surrounded
had
led
rash and
was
not
courtiers
that Sidi
rumour
his
from
escape
Sidi Johar
been
in
Vishalgad.
Far
his make-belief
doing so, the traitor had continued
siege of Panhala, and had now
impudently arrived at
Bijapur to practise further
impostures upon his royal
credulous
The
monarch
master.
readily believed these
Sidi Johar of premeditated treachery.
stories and
accused
Sidi was
offended with these imputations of treason that
so
He
raved
and fumed,
he became
quite frantic with rage.
But this defiant manner
violentlyaffirminghis innocence.
only served to confirm the sultan in his belief of Johar's
from
treason.
At
Shivaji'scourt
tided
state had
over
there
was
great storm.
joy
The
and
revelry. The
ruler had
escaped
of his teeth.
Baji
grave
great services
of the
man
with
the
honours.
Raghunath
Ballal, the
defender
of
Panhala,
came
in
for
share
of
the
LIFE
192
influence.
acquittedhimself
He
late
made
revenue
new
established in them
He
civil duties
new
He
war.
their homes
He
in his
dischargedhis militaryduties
had
he
creditablyas
as
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
OF
output of
confidence
of
in the-
deserted,
had
of
to suit their
the
siege.
convenience.
security and
increased
under
just
the
disturbed
un-
total
cultivation.
entrusted
pant
the
conduct
the
The
Korde.
of the
beginning.Their
Khan
had
even
when
the
tidings came
of
the
pursuers,
advanced
several
chiefs Khairat
two
to
lay siege to
to
them
besieginglines
round
and
filled them
Khan
the
advantagesYakub
and
fort
of
Tala.
had
sallied
Panhala, beaten
off his
that
thence
coming
was
Raghunath-
to
war
Abyssinians gained
in the
out
Konkan
Shivaji
his
on
way
to
Raigad.
news
And
remembered
1
the
now
Sawants
that the
that
with
plan
his
of
of
Wadi
the
remained.
It will be
Bijapur government
Panhala
was
straight
Shivajicame
presented
despatches
ing
purportarmy
upon
of Sidi Johar
the hand
to be from
requiring the Abyssinians to make
of
fort
in
the
Dandarajpuri
Having no
exchange for Panhala
over
from
Panhala.
to
fraud, since Shivaji'scoming away
suspect any
reason
Johar's
without
seemed
impossible
permission, the beguiled Abyssinian
over
chief made
Dandarajpuri to Shivaji. Later his suspicions were^
to part with Janjira.
roused and he refused
Orme
aaya
Dandarajpuri
with
on
big
escape
from
and
SHAHI
ADIL
NOBLES
DI3COMFITED
kf*
in
enemy
Sawant
resolved
The
last
at
were
itself into
combat
of
part
every
brought face
duel
received
mortal
the field.
Fasalkar
to face.
between
these
at
and
wounds
Fasalkar's
the
the
hand
Kai
battle
now
opposing leaders.
of
each
the
leader had
other.
Both,
sank
lifeless
moment
same
and
The
fiercelydisputed,though
was
several wounds
received
field.
the
on
and
Fasalkar
men,
quarrelhis
life had
been
sacrificed.
of the earliest
second
to
in his
jewels
Yeshwanta
was
cause
had
to carry
14
valour
far-famed
( i. e.
1*8.
in
none
innocent
come
one
shield, and
Vicbrix
of
her
and
) being coveted
combat
by
sword,
force
between
by
and
the
Fasalkar
to'Bijapur.
mare,-the
Bijapur
and
last- named
sarkar
Sonoo
and
the
Dalvi, who
CHAPTER
GOVERNMENT
BIJAPUR
THE
of
disgracefulreturn
command,
his
under
had
movement
his feudatories
tribute
at
the
volunteer
not
sultan's
Panhala.
hill-forts
forts
having
heavy
retired
set in
rains
the
on
on
he did
as
the
large army
This
of
those
consented
to
pay
to the
royal
began to
and
sultan.
the
to
But
pardon.
Sidi
he did
his
disastrous
such
He
desire
not
crest
of
banks
of
to
was
He
his forces.
results
in
jahgir.
besieged
and
the
Sahyadri,
Krishna
the
his
to expose
captured
no
was
the
encourage
match
for
the
with
Sidi
Johar.
The
the
The
sultan
might
scarcelyany
meanwhile
forts, and
bound
had
storm
new
be
time
to make
his
waste
when
burst
his
he
returned
to
his army
to
to fritter
overwhelming
had
already
the campaign
so
up
and
were
wear
after
soon
his losses.
strength
forces
by the tear
to
desultory campaign, Shivaji resolved
were
the
sultan
been
capture of minor
to
army
to canton
of the
they
Karhad.
stirringup
Bijipur durbar.
Shivaji'sarmy
of
considerably impaired by the stress
j"b
of storms.
season
Shivaji'splan
iorces
field in
ing
campaign, knowpetty envy and personal
in
to his
well.
began
of his
The
minor
(August, 1660;. Pavangad followed.
after another, but
in the neighbourhood fell one
of Rangna
and
The
rains
Vishalgad held out.
Chimalge
during the
away
the sultan
He
court.
sultan
The
the
attend
to
filled
With
consternation
by experience the
with
reigned supreme
spite that
the
and
had
impulse
hastened
now
did
he
as
had
proffer their
Johar
who
The
the
to
of
mood.
taking
moved
chiefs
humiliation
with
camp
of
1661-62
Khan
first
effect
border
These
Shivaji
to
the
leader.
sultan
the
the
on
Fazal
intention
immediate
the
In
sullen
and
Maratha
the
against
person
his
announced
he
wrath
Sidi Johar
KNEES,
ITS
in
was
indignation.
with
sultan
the
ON
Government
Bijapur
The
XIII
on
the
affected
of
the
THE
strengthand
sultan
GOVERNMENT
BiJAPUR
back
beat
be
it would
so
the
ON
invader.
to
easy
KNEES
ITS
On
the
repulseof the
ground. Such
the lost
recover
195
Shivaji'splans.
were
Nor
quite idle.
he
was
more
army
once
horse
entered
the
the town
port
Company, as
important factory
"ton, were
fort
the
treatment
had
been
supplied
time.
already
been
The
British
East
mentioned, held
this
at
and
an
town.
flourishing
help in
the
years afterwards
to be liberated on
ransom.
fall of
up
the British
of Panhala
turned
forces
his
noble of
the
of
army
had
about
10,000 and
fort.1
allowed
prisonerswere
against
of Surve
name
independent principality.2 He
an
together an
strength,he
Johar
bombardment
Maratha
Sidi
pur
Raja-
at
during the
of the Rajapur factory
Bijapur authorities to join
Rajapur Shivaji
Shringarpur, where
set
the
factors
British
to
members
some
Three
the
the
ammunition
actuallybribed by
their camp
had
second
that
was
On
of
entrepot
or
vanguard of his
Rajapur. The Maratha
this harsh
had
has
the
incurred
company
British
Four
turned
upon
India
The
He
had
got
of
confident
his
been
did not
continued
does
the
acknowledge defeat.
At
war.
He
rallied his
Grant
not
mention
in the Marathi
of the
Duff
Survei.
him
names
Shirke.
bakhars.
The
As
men
Dalvi
account
and
says
Surve
followed
explained before
Dalvi
in the text
was
an
against
p. 299.
his
was
and
minister.
is that
addition U
Hefound
nauia
On
of battle.
field
with
Shivajiforesaw
this
what
of Surve
Tanaji and
perate
desand'
from
the
of
some
his*
AbyBsinians of Janjira.
the
lead
would
defeated
was
his escape
good
destruction
the
shelter
took
feudatories
his forces.
Surve
made
Tanaji Shirke
But
slain.
which
in
ensued,
battle
JI MAHARAJ
concentrated
had
Surve
post where
the
SHIVA
OF
LIFE
196
others
The
to.
adherents
trate
going to concenon
Janjirasoil and with the active co-operationof the
attack
Shivaji In
upon
Abyssinians deliver a combined
order to forestall such
a
combination, Shivajiconciliated
Tanaji Shirke, givinghim Shringarpur and other districts in
inam. Shirke
acknowledged the feudal suzeraintyof Shivaji.
Encouraged by this act of generosity on the part of the
victor, the fugitiveretainers of Surve returned from Janjira
of
Surve, such
as
were
and
were
eldest
Shivaji's
rains
The
could
the
nob
later, Shirke's
little
army.
married
was
to
son.
had
afford to
invasion
daughter
which
in
begun
now
remain
the
earnest.
inactive.
sultan
had
But
Shivaji
Simultaneouslywith
undertaken
in person,
the
the
Wadi
could
sultan
or
the
confederate
chief of
was
help. The command
given to
Venkoji. After a protracted struggle,Venkoji conquered
Dandarajpuri with the territorysurrounding that town.
The conquered country
was
occupied by a strong expeditionary
to
come
force of five
raised
at suitable
stronghold
of
his
or
six
points to
Janjira
thousand,
overawe
remained
and
fortifications
the district
with
the
were
Only their
Abyssinians.
198
from
him
immediately relieved
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
OF
LIFE
dilemma.
anxious
an
The
chiefs were
of the Sawant
readily acceded to. It
prayers
and Baji Ghorpade,
decided that Behlol (Bahlol)Khan
"was
the chief of
march
the
to
leaders
should
Mudhol,
of
succour
all available
muster
chiefs
the
of Wadi.
The
While
rest.
occasion
to
movement
forces and
on
of
three
operations
to take
extensive
an
issues seemed
mustering, BajiGhorpade
were
the
a
flying visit to his jahgir of
pay
instant
of
which
was
intelligence
to
had
Mudhol,
conveyed
This
the man
who bore the
was
Shivaji by his spies.
of that treacherous
stigma of having been the instrument
in a frightcapture of Shahaji which had almost culminated
ful
with
When
wonderful
and
tact
Shivaji
tragedy.
to
saved
resources
that occasion, he
deadly
feud with
waited
for to
had,
for their
atone
the
took
place of
Baji Ghorpade.
the
before
they
ordered
Xonkan
and
requiredto present
the
scene
rebellion
in
chief
treacherous
advanced
at
hour
of blood
streams
by the death of
generals had not
time
The
sworn
he had
and
and
on
a
long
at last
before
heaps of
his clansmen
villainy.
Khan
Khawas
remembered,
had now
family honour
Mudhol
flysuddenly open
with
and
slaughtered dead
vengeance
the
gates of
Shivaji'scolumns
bo
chief of Mudhol.
the
the
sultan's
the
it will
as
vindicate
For
arrived.
from
his father
were
of
war
But
than
more
to divert
in the
command
their
themselves
Karnatic.
made
vacant
the
Mahomedan
few
days' march
forces
from
without
The
the
loss of
flames
of
southern
the
deadlock
in
have
the
While
of the
Adil
had
who
had
him
for
KNEES
1W
lost
even
endeavoured
rise
to overtake
dominions.
of
to veil their
againstthe
their
ITS
ground and
of Wadi
The
Sawants
never
conquered before.
paraded their loyaltyto the sultan and appliedto
help in a concerted attack upon Shivaji had certainly
not
slow
ON
Shabi
recovering
he
GOVERNMENT
BIJAPUR
THE
The
the
new
malignant
Nemesis
power.
Sawants
sity
animowas
not
Shivajiswiftlyoverran
in despair. They
were
could
aid
the active
scarcelyput forth any resistance,without
of the sultan;and this aid the sultan's present embarrassments
had
sending. Shivaji made
prevented him from
immediate
conquest of Kudal,
Bande, and
territorial
other
Wadi
chief. The latter found an
possessionsof the Sawant
asylum in the hospitable country of Goa, the capital of
Shivajisent a peremptory reprimand to
Portuguese India.
now
the Portuguese authorities, whose
opened to
eyes were
the risks they were
incurring in harbouring the refugees,
the forces
and the latter were
again cast adrift to encounter
tory
of Shivaji. At length, deserted by every prince or feudachieftain,they made humble
through
appeals to Shivaji,
their vakil or agent, Pitamber
Shenvi.
They averred that
ties of
related to the Bhonsles
the Sawants
were
by many
relationship.
They deprecated the fact that the two families
should
act as
enemies.
They protested their readiness
give
to forto transfer their allegianceto Shivaji,praying him
and forgetthe past and admit them
again to a feudal
gratifiedto see them
dependence upon him. Shivaji was
and
of their ways
profess their
acknowledge the error
loyalty. He gave them pardon and invited them to an
decided that they should continue
interview, at which it was
of their fief as deshto enjoy in perpetuity the revenues
fantry
of Wadi, subjectto an
tribute.1 Their inmukhs
annual
force was
service and sent on
transferred
to Shivaji's
their own
their homes, while
from
campaigns far away
1
thousand
Sabhasad
entrenching operations
or
mustering
to
and
an
receive
abstain
army.
fixed
from
revenue
any
of
six
building or
LIFE
"200
SHIVAJI
OF
under
placed
possessionswere
Shivaji'sveterans.
Now
there
of
Wadi
the
received
indeed
was
valiant
Sawants
thus
entrusted
with
a
the
outlying parts
of
lost
for
was
two
ever
Rama
Rama
the
Dalvi
This
Konkan.
for
largearmy
of
vice
ser-
chivalry Shivaji
in the
with
leader
of
and
and
in his service.
conjure
to
in the
Sawant1
address
arms
open
name
reduction
their
with
them
their
composed of
commanders
Pleased
Dalvi.
defence force
valiant
two
were
MAHARAJ
Konkan.
the main
the
The
pillarsof
strength.
into collision
During this campaign Shivajifirst came
with the Portuguese.
By rapid conquests he got under
'his occupation the Portuguese districts of Panch
Mahal,
cations
Mardangad and Bardesh, and threatened the land communiitself.
Goa
from
To
deliver
of Goa
a
possible
blockade
and
escape
Portuguese made
overtures
of Anant
who
Shenvi,
hostilites
further
for
the
was
Desai
peace
sabnis
Chief
forces
under
Shenvi
professeda friendlyattitude
cloak
his
the
treacherous
Portuguese authorities
or
intentions.
that
the
at
his
through
or
hand,
the medium
paymaster
of Kudal.
the
But
of the
Anant
towards
Shivajionly to
He represented to the
sending of a peaceful
would
Sabhasad
throw
names
him
Tanaji
Sawant.
'held
-
in
down
his
their
Portuguese
field of
and
day-break,
when
with
and
their
battle; others
largenumber
KNEES
201
his
cavalry dashed
cat them
to pieces. The
of
Scarcely a thousand
utterlyrouted.
were
IT8
ON
opponents
escaped
men
the
till
men
upon
their
GOVERNMENT
BIJAPUR
THE
lives.
Some
fell dead
drowned
were
wounded.
in
upon
creeks,
the
The
Portuguese government
in
now
was
great fear. Shivaji harried the entire
with fire and sword.
Bardesh
Portuguese captiveswithout
The
chants
exception were
Portuguese merput to the sword.
arrested and subjected to heavy war-fines. The
were
of the Maratha
military cantonments
cavalry stationed in
the various
or
Bande, Sakli, ( Sankhal
parts of Kudal,
extended to Bardesh.
Sankhali),Maneri and other placeswere
The
landward
word, brought
portionsof Goa were, in one
a
under
a
crisis that
it seemed
slip for
would
The
were
from
Portuguese government
listeningto
the
ambassadors
The
ambassadors
the
camp,
and
crowns
made
for peace
came
made
and
laden
with
passage
the
should
obtain
Bijapur government
great barons
sum
20,000
of
of
of their mercantile
Sawants.
their
magnificent suits
annually furnish
also jewellery and
as
The
of
presents consistingchiefly of
with
the
follyin
Shenvi.
Anant
They
an
ample apology.
presents to Shivaji's
repented of
counsels
Portuguese.
the
of
hands
now
treacherous
sent
the
the
to such
come
ever
had
events
The
in
chief
the Konkan.
him
for
warrants
vessels.
mourned
now
of
from
Wadi
His
the
the
was
of
downfall
their
last of
for
the
Shahi
crown,
was
equally
aud
maimed
crippledby
henceforth
on
their
the Sawants
indifferent towards
their
masters.
that
Abyssinians saw
The
the
The
fosteringcare
made
Bijapur
the
of
them
durbar
in
was
make
would
great perplexityas
the
court
at
MAHARAJ
to the
next
they
move
should'
in the game
undertake
with
There
SHIVAJI
OF
LIFE
202
grand vizier
for this
The
secrecy.
that the courtiers, whose
craven
reasons
were
plainlysaw
spiritshirked
the
would
be the first to throw themselves
perilsof fighting,
into attitudes
of injuredhonour
on
hearing of a treaty
with this enemy.
folded hands,
stand
with
They would
spectatorsof the rapine and bloodshed, and try to redeem
their indifference
by an insincere outcry against a peace.
The vizier knew
the temper of these gilded popinjays too
well not to perceivethat they might even
attempt to taunt
him
with
accusations
of breaking faith with his sovereign^
if not in formal
terms
at least by innuendo.
They were
their
even
influence
with
capable of using back-stairs
of the
the banishment
death
or
sovereign to procure
advocate
of a conciliatory
policy. The chief conditions of
these
informal
negotiations, which
shortly afterwards
resulted
in a treaty,were
that the conquests hitherto made
to remain
in his hands and
by Shivaji should be allowed
the Adil Shahi
durbar
their recovery.
The
should
make
durbar
was
no
to
further
attempt
recognize Shivaji
at
as
an
of
exchange.
the
two
Pande,
There
powers,
was
at the Adil
was
and
ted
permit;
Shahi
If the durbar
manifestlybecause
Never
to be
defensive
alliance between
durbar.
acquiesced
of the
utter
defeat
in
such
exhaustion
terms,
of
they did sa
their military
ment
acknowledg-
complete or
more
ample on the part of a sovereigntowards a former
vassal.
the Rajah Shahaji obtained
Shortly afterwards
permission,as is told in the followingchapter,to revisit
resources.
was
more
to
use
this
his
influence
advice
Shivaji
spirit and
his
from
early
years.
and
others
Kondadev
proved
be
to
of
mukhs
and
tribute
to
and
and
of
sardars
of
spectacle
The
vassal
tributary
given promise
no
actually
than
more
the
throughout
of
desh-
envious
had
gentry
sovereign
paying
state
wonder
with
rivals
filled his
been
had
been
Maratha
Dadaji
which
have
glory
the
high
had
feared
lesser
The
crown"
the
chimerical
to
and
the
tried
recently
famous
now
Shahaji's
had
visions
so
so
of
attained
he
considered
these
continue
result
crisis
plans
exhorted
Bijapur.
of which
been
203
dismay.
will
This
this
at
in
Kalyan
the
Bhima
the
Konkan
was
on
an
foot
of
to
the
His
on
two
too
with
the seoond
empires,
was
not
so
as
these
just
a
the
long
cannot
first
into
come
way
meet
too
But
100
living
time
at
any
be
said
had
large
compelled
and
been
collision.
off.
about
much
kingdom.
to
above
comprised
was
alarms
this army
Of
he had
his
From
territory
and
resources
army
constant
war-footing
numerous.
collision
This
of
cf
This
length
military
dimensions
midst
in
miles
160
7,000 horse.
the
been
of that
about
rise
that
Shivaji'shands.
in
coast
length.
in
uplands
the
Warna,
miles
300
Konkan
of the
whole
the
strip of
also
in the
himself
forces
Goa,
and
considering
keep
to
breadth.
50,000
did
place
prised
territory com-
(1662).His
career
first
average
in
his
Shivaji's possessions
review
place to
proper
of
period
were
miles
he
the
be
the
from
as
Every
India.
his.
its
have
had
haughty
before
to
The
was
south
paled
said
had
who
petty jahgirdar
whole
attack
only practicablebut
not
He
realized.
The
court.
virtues
KNEES
to
son
to
ambition.
sterling
his
ceased
be
now
may
earliest
of his
Shivaji
that
was
IT8
Bijapur durbar
the
with
their
with
friendly relations
ON
occasion
On
Maharashtra.
Shahaji
GOVERNMENT
BIJAPUR
THE
to
to
the
have
worsted;
The
result
CHAPTER
RE-UNION
It
OF
without
goes
XIV
FATHER
saying
that
SON
AND
no
could have
person
been
had
fortune
in
brief
pondence
well-nigh proved invincible.
Frequent corresfather and sod, the one
passed between
reporting
after
the events
as
another,
they developed one
him
exhorting and felicitating
most
correspondence was
guarded.
the
other
But
the
desire
to have
affairs. Such
the
had
disclosure
in his
already
Shivaji
short
he had
any
opinion would
had
experience of the
It was
only when
Bijapur durbar.
between
pay
that
Shahaji had no
part in Shivaji's
have
nay
tic. He
it disclosed
his victories.
on
been
prejudicial,
the Kama-
mistrustfulness
made
was
peace
of
and
visit to
and
become
himself
at
him
temples
noble
the
or
and
omrah
of
the
presented
court.
If
he
be
too
eager
but
the
At
any
to
give
sacrifice
Shivajia willing
this
feudal
lord
under
replied
Shahaji
Bijapur. To
little
the
durbar
well
that
already knew
enough how
Shivaji cared for the parental authority,but he would do
his best to
advance
his
chief's
fortunes.
After
his
vows
guardiandeities
had
been
206
in
temple.
celebrated
The
MAHARAJ
of
temple
cavalcades
The
of
Jejuri
father
selected
was
and
son
place at an
appointed hour.
Rajah Shahaji in the neighbourhood
of the
to
were
this
"approach
arrival
SHIVAJI
OK
LIFE
On
the
of
Jejuri.
accompanied
his commander-in-chief
Shivaji sent forward
by foot soldiers,cavalry and elephants to greet and receive
of Shivaji, while
the
him
in the name
Maharajah himself
strains of music
and jubilationon
waited
at Jejuri. Amid
escorted
the part of the multitude
Shahaji advanced
by the
The
liquefiedghee.
the
in
introduced
faces
their
mirrored
forms
quaint
Shivaji and
Jijabai,his son
this solemnity, Shivajisaluted
at
tradition,
his
of
father
raisad
his
were
Shivaji'stwo
surface
the
thus
Shahaji was
the
family reunion
of
Hindu
prescribedby
ceremony
whom
to
persons
the
on
wives.
wife
After
self
prostratinghim-
him
with
up
great
The tears
loving embrace.
started to their eyes with joy and gratitude. Shahaji was
in
taken
then
a
palanquin to Shivaji's camp,
Shivaji
walking bare-footed by his side and holding his father's
arrival
On
seated
Shahaji was
slippers in his hands.
his
the
divan, while Shivaji stood before him with
on
and
emotion
father's
and
"
clasped
slippers still in
him
addressed
Bijapur.
This
jeopardy.
It
pleads
his
has
was
should
hands
somewhat
transgressedyour
have
misdeeds
him
in
your
gross
recoil
upon
guiltyto the charge and
of his misbehaviour
he
the
and
his
now
offers himself
attitude
reverent
following
precepts and
brought
most
in
made
life time
and
improper
father.
that
he
for
any
war
has
upon
again
that
The
strain:
son
in
son's
now
repented
punishment
RE-UNION
from
his eyes.
next
to
He
without
him, not
such
but
as
countrymen.
seated
and
made
deeds, indeed,
and
born
in
house
our
new
and
era
valour
Your
historic
our
and
house.
again bowing
exclaiming that
was
from
emanated
had
deeds
his
have
groater
been
of
the
praise
thanks
by
down
his
was
the Hindu
What
words
on
that
wisdom
or
our
who
restore
than
earth
ruler
have
meritorious
deeds,
mis-
no
be
heaven
of such
reply
fulfilled
to
father
are
him
have
gloriesof
happiness in
and
civil
the
inaugurate a
and
religion.
the
revived
and
be
to
liberties
tears
You
should
destined
resistance
Your
"
son
stirred
religiousliberty of
the family tradition
established
there
207
of valorous
record
his heroic
much
may
'line of warriors.
and
embraced
following terms
the
SON
These
words
injured father."
feelings in Shahaji's breast and drew
tumultuous
in
AND
of his
bands
at the
FATHER
OF
humble
so
strument
in-
an
as
his account.
When
the
lasted
had
father
his
and
reverence
was
gratifiedat
his
father.
all sides.
on
made
liberal
camp
was
Tukabai
his
fidences
con-
to
kingdom.
with
his
Then
affection
and
Venkoji. Shivaji
step-brother,
his father's officers. Every one
to
the
piety of their
eulogies of father
filial
of the
In honour
largesses to
in
Joy beamed
JBrahmans.
and
his
Unstinted
heard
The
step-mother
introduced
then
loving greetings
dignitariesof
embraced
was
of
some
officers and
the
saluted
he
interchange
then
the
every
moved
poor
chief
and
towards
son
were
joyfulevent, Shivaji
and
banqueted
the
countenance.
to
Poona,
where
Shahaji
208
LIFE
for
stayed
attendants
Otf
SHIVAJI
MAHARAJ
two
months.1
Shivaji
and
followers
with
the
personally superintended
comfort.
Shivaji made a full
all
no
done
was
business
state
in
recital
he
was
without
Shahaji'sname
his father
to
at these
made
in
his
under
his
roof
he
he
accumulation
of
got together in
had
might
done
have
treasure
affection.
so
short
honour
and
time
to the
Nay.
remained
in
in
could
have-
who
one
fortune?
had
Shivaji*
astonished
preciousstones
his
bounds
no
Who
the
consultinghim.
while
and
of honour
marks
of
had
territory. Shahaji'sgratificationknew
son's
father's*
military arrangements
and while
his father
principality,
transacted
his
royal hospitality.Ha-
and
civil
treated
at the
which
he
"
ruler
of
world
empire.
his
son
Shaista
We
at Poona
Khan
by October
Persian
have'
had
followed
in
1662.
the
traditional
However
already captured
(or November)
chronicles,state9
according
Chakan
1660. Prof.
that
Chakan
of
account
and
to
the
taken
Shahaji's visit to
Jedhe Chronology
"r
possession of
captured by
the
Poona
on
Moguls
thein
Khan
afterwards
Shaista
to Poona.
returned
As
August 1660, and soon
tha
least
till
at
the city of Poona
was
occupied by
Moguls
April 1663
(Jedhe Chronology pp. 186),we nave to conclude either that Shahaji'svisit to
other
place than Poona, or that it took place,,
Shivaji was
paid at some
the
after
retreat of Shaista
K iao, in the middle
it
more
seems
probable,
as
the effect hhat
of thought in the chronicles
is to
The trend
of T663.
Shahaji paid his visit before Shaista Khan's occupation and this is accepted,
in the Jedhe
Chronology
by nearly all historians. But the statements
in favour
Prof.
which
Sarkar
relies
are
and the
Alamgir Namah,
upon,
Shaista
Khan
that
of the view
began his offensive almost about theKhafL
that Shivaji was
time
same
besieged at Panhala by Sidi Johar.
Khan
gives no date as to the occupation of Poona by Shaista Khan, but
from Aurangabad towards
and Chakan
Poona
about*
states that he marched
of January 1660 (Vide Elliot, VII, p. 261).
the end
RE-UNION
it the
kept it
with
of
great
certain
these
worship
belief which
superstitious
by
much
209-
'Tulja'sword
side with
swords
the
at
was
iON
of the
side
times
of
acts
AND
name
reverence
In normal
'Bhawani.'
FATHER
OF
hands
his sword
the
were
of
in fashion
and
objects
Shivaji,a
with
Indian
During theso days Shivaji spent all his time in theperformance of filialoffices. No great events or campaigns
requiring him to turn aside from these filialduties were
entered
during this period. Shivajiattended not only
upon
but
his father
upon
towards
behaviour
from
what
he
evidence
with
his brother,
step-mother, Tukabai,
difference
no
of zeal and
same
his
upon
made
he
whom
also
observed
in his affection
towards
Jijabai.
service he showed
or
The
in his relations
Vyankoji.
some
under
circumstances
which
fort
each
captured
was
and
his wide
by Shahaji,with
noting the suggestions made
taken
experienceof the art of fortification. Shahajiwas
shown
the fort, the
to
over
Pratapgad and
temple of
buruz
or
Bhawani, and the tower
commemorating the death
learnt in detail the stratagems
of Afzul Khan.
Shahaji now
pursued at that crisis culminatingin the great tragedy. The
officers in
charge
nobilityof
every
to
of
the
district that
at last
different
they came
of
affairs of
that
were
he would
Karnatic.
his
visited
was
the
leading
introduced
were
tour.
to the fort of
his intention
to return
signified
to reconsider
requested him
close
forts, and
to
his
the
Panhala, Shahaji
Karnatic.
decision
and
Shivaji
spend
the
mother-land,
his
life in
Another
L. S. 15.
weighty argument
in
favour
of
his
*M0
LIFE
departure, said
SHIVAJI
OF
MAHARAJ
that
Shahaji, was
his
occupation of the
Karnatic
might be of service to Shivajiin carrying forward
his higher ambitions, the ultimate
to
was
goal of which
the entire
Indian
over
continent
and
expand his power
expel the heresy of Islam.
Shivajilistened to these reasons
and abandoned
his importunity and
began to prepare for
lather's
his
another
impending departure. There was
round
of banquets and
entertainments
at
Panhala
in
of the departing guests. Magnificent presents were
honour
His
chief
exchanged with Shahaji's followers.
officer,
Trimbak
Hanmante, was
Narayan
an
presented with
embroidered
suit, giftscf jewelleryand a sword and shield.
Shahaji himself and his second
offeringsbefittingtheir rank.
and elephantswas
got ready to
final farewell
The
wife
A
received
son
large force
attend
most
was
and
sad
them
and
of
costly
cavalry
the way.
on
pathetic. Shivaji
and
the
him
of
grounds
overwhelmed
him
officers,
again
and
zeal,as
Tradition
with
mentioned
The
argument.
every
assuring them
had
he
grief and he
again, to take care
he
soon
affirms
his
old
would
reward
expected to
that
father
it had
of
the
them
return
to
however,
exhorted
enter
Shahaji's
aged
for
their
into
on
an
any
veteran
taking
pains-
visit.
Shahaji's
Shivaji entered
not
disarmed
final moment,
with
that
he
for
taking
underfurther
rest
of
Bijapur
over
to
reality
Shahaji
present
:o
the Adil
did
The
son.
SON
211
also announced
with
that
these
he
had
assurances
Karnatic.
live
not
this
Karnatic, and
AND
Shivajiand
with
to the
himself
Shahaji
and
He
Sliahi durbar.
FATHER
OF
UNION
RK-
after
last
the
was
tragic
long
his
meeting
circumstances
of
return
between
his
the
to
father
death
have
yield. The
Dattaji and
.Jijabaithat
fa^t to
of
ministers
others
at
length
her
feet, but
state,
intervened
she
would
Moropant, Niraji,
representing go
much
take
to heart
so
her
Shivaji would
self-immolation
by the act of sati as scarcely to outlive
built up
death
and the empire he had
her
by long years
to collapse with his death.
The name
of labour was
sure
it that
of Shahaji would
of Shivaji and
together with
It was, therefore,
both alike be extinguished with her death.
of
the state that she
imperative in the interests
her griefin silence and
bear
should
patience instead of
herself on
yieldingto the impulsive thought of sacrificing
funeral pyre.
This weighty argument
her husband's
shook
that
she
resolution.
In
order
her
the
might witness
life.
glory of her son she consented to live a widowed
Shivaji performed
orthodox
Hindu
hero's shade
tomb
his
father's
funeral
might
in
rest
in peace.
honour
of
his
of
rites
rupees
Shivajierected
father
at
the
in
the
that
the
mental
monu-
town
of
212
LIFE
Bandekir
and
the
where
OF
SHIVAJI
he died.1
For
the
MAHARAJ
upkeep
of the monument
celebration of
Different
variations
of
this
name
was
also called
state, perhaps
Jedhe
Chronology., p. 178.)
(Vide:
the
Adil
Sbahi
with
are
found
Bandgiri. Vide
Basavpattam,
the
help of
in
the
of the
of
from
different
town
captured by
Shahaji, in 1639,
2U
LIFE
OF
SHIVAJI
MAHARAJ
"belongedto sea-faring
tribes, such
lascars.
in
The
two
title
chief command
of this
admirals, Mainaik
Bhandari
Daryasarang.1
was
encountered
the
vessels
The
fishers,
pirates,and
as
vested
contingent was
and
ships
set
another
sail and
whose
at
once
of
foreignnationalities,such as the
and
Moors, Portuguese,Dutch, French
English. Shivaji
obtained a vast booty as the result of these naval encounters
indeed
enough
defray the
Abyssinian chief
The
Konkan
of the
constantly
next
order
The
with
power
two
had
the
rose
on
navies
The
another.
one
ensure
to
pay
annual
safetyof
their
the western
coast,
correspondingdecline.
maritime
fortifications,and
it
Here
crafts
dismantled
to
His lordship
to
got possessionof
power.
native
stake.
at
gent.
contin-
for sheltered
anchorages
arrange
contingent. With this view he repaired and
re-equippedmany
He
in terror.
now
English companies
Abyssinianshad
Shivajihad
was
collision
naval
Shivaji's
As
of the
that
the
of the naval
expenses
was
into
Shivaji,in
to
vessels.
sea
came
and
Portuguese
tribute
to
the
made
searched
was
forts which
fort
it the
that
was
fort
of
the
on
Konkan
Kolaba,
central
restored
of
all
cargo
and
examined.
remodelled
its
of his naval
basis
the
were
coast.
foreign and
Among other
brought into
and
fortified sea-ports of
the
famous
fighting order were
became
Suvarnadurg and Vijaydurg,the latter of which
in the writings of Mahomedan
famous
and
more
European
historians
of these
under
the
Shivaji'sfleets
forts
officers at each
and
account
These
rode
principalnaval
for
pilgrims'vessels
fleets
of Gheria.
name
the
bound
plunder
in
safe
station
or
the
at
the
to
batteries
The
anchor.
to
report on
by falling upon
more
richlyladen
interest
submitted
the
were
obtained
for Mecca
Under
of
the
commerce.
naval
quarters
head-
at Kolaba.
The
alarm
1
at
Vide:
Portuguesewere
among
this development of
foot-note
at the end
of this
Shivaji'smaritime
chapter.
to take
an
activity..
SEA
They
their
sent
POWER
Shivaji's court
to
envoy
H4
exemption and
of guns
amount
certain
and
material,in consideration
to
were
was
unmolested
pass
renewed
from
assert
that
who
India
Shivaji
between
was
Daval
are
similar
other
mercantile
The
the
war
fleets
agreement
authorities
some
Shivaji and
assumed
did he make
year
and
their
There
to year.
year
never
which
by which
to Shivaji
powers,
by Shivaji'sfleet.
also there
Company
of their nation.
ammunition
for
obtain
to
East
British
agreement.
of
his navy,
in person.
compaigns
Only once, on
the occasion
of the sack of Barcelore
(Basnur) did Shivaji
travel by sea.
But the voyage
a
was
very painfulexperience.
of his
In the first place, both Shivaji and a great number
suffered from sea-sickness,and
men
secondly,Shivaji learnt^
by experiencethe helplessposition of a fleet at the mercy
of
the
and
tides and
storms
winds, and
uncertainty
these
himself to
who
in a general'smovement
confided
elements.
If a commander
of the position of Shivajiwere
of important
in the
midst
unexpectedly be-calmed
from proceeding
manoeuvres
or
prevented by adverse winds
all
off from
for days be cuo
to his destination, he would
his followers.
With
with
this experience
communication
before him, he never
attempted a sea-voyage again.
nor
From
given by one
Chitragupta,
vessels of
known
of
the
the
Of
size,and
intermediate
classes.
The
fleets
different
on
These
Company
form,
were
mention
English
them
other
'grabs,'-,
about
30
smaller
merchants
made
From
Gurabas.
The
one
records
of
craft
640
largestsize
India,1about
rest
the
named
about
had
of the
were
armament
writers
he
that
of
coast
occasions.
called
chronicle
appear
these
western
Shivaji's naval
Maratha
would
it
war.
on
list of
classified
of
300
of
lists of
record
the British
an
various
Shivaji's
it appears
East
India
anglicisedabbreviated
mentioned
names
shebars, pals, machaicae
are
Vide Bombay Gazetteer
XIII, 345-49.
under
this
name
as
also the
-216
LIFE
that
on
there
were
85 one-masted
three others
when
the East
it
is
waters
of 160
of
Shivaji'sfleets sailed
vessels,of from
30
larger size. On
allied
Company was
recorded
and
Bombay
150
to
another
with
occasion
the
Janjira
suddenly-
with
town
tons,
Back
in the
appeared
side of the
Karwar,
to
Shivaji'sadmiral
that
upon
the west
on
MAHARAJ
India
down
swooped
Bay
SHIVAJI
when
occasion
one
and
chief
OF
squadron
war-ships.
naval
Although this
had
squadron
been
brought into
and defeating
challenging
existence
the
detailed
of
jira,
Jan-
these
For
own.
with
to
this purpose
remain
to
smaller
The
were
work
his
of
in the waters
own
taken
the
harbour
of naval
These
received
handsome
who
was
tained
main-
terror
of
reason
rewards
appointed captains
bestowed
upon
in
fishers
ings
Sound-
hand.
the
who
duty being
knew
the
topographicalfeatures
life-longexperiencein those
and
experts having
waters.
and
Malwan,
hereditary boatmen,
intimatelyby
villagewas
requirements
Sawantwadi,
immediately
was
made
of
reported
were
craft.
mercantile
condition
of
chief
coastingfleet of
small
to
were
made,
the
the
and
entrusted
very
and
to be
fortress
necessity of a maritime
it was
to Janjira,
also thought
standingmenace
the
base to overawe
have a southerly naval
Besides
Portuguese
a
ordered
was
survey
shores of Malwan
possess
desirable
to
strategy.
to
account
from
its
submitted
their
Shivaji. Many
report
of them
Shivaji's war-vessels
them in hereditary vatan
of
and
or
SEA
POWER
217
ing
proprietaryright. The ground being thus broken, buildtaken
in hand, with the customary
operations were
elaborate ceremony
auspicious ceremonies, includingan
the god of the sea.
to propitiate
An
of about
3000
army
and
smiths
masons,
of the
the erection
upon
candies
and
of
worth
were
sea-fort.
alone
and
It is said
of hewn
other
blocks
work
at
soon
required for
were
masons
made
were
artisans
new
iron
of the
instruments
foundations
other
that
the
tools
mechanics.
of
200
The
soldered
stones
round
while
the
squadron hovered
proceeding,ready for battle in
building operations were
of armed
case
opposition,while on the shore a force of
Mavalis
mounted
5000
was
on
guard against a surprise
the
landward
side.
attack
on
Fortunately for Shivaji,
let or
The
the work
hindrance.
tuguese
Porproceeded without
were
already bound
by an alliance and dared
had
been
reduced
to allegiance
not break it. The Sawants
not likely to embark
under Shivaji and
were
upon a new
of anxiety was
The
the
sole source
naval
confederate
war.
But
forces of the Moguls and the Janjira chiefs.
happily
for the present hostilities with these were
suspended.
In
naval
The
lead.
with
beginning of
the
work
superintendedthe
he
laboured
He
had
at any
When
water.
the
buildingoperations,Shivaji
in person,
hands
own
formed
the entire
the
to
foundations
Raigad, having
fortification took
three
were
ready Shivajicame
Malwan
travellingby
was
and
ceremony,
pomp
the
newly
state
entry
the
entrusted
the
from
ghat
even
plan
and
of
said
that
the
fort.
devised
under
the
his
sea-
and
only
be constructed, Shivaji
the duty of supervision
Subhedar.
completion.
the
of
The
fort
of
all
When
Panhala
with
Bavada,
entire
to
great
of
inspecting
purpose
express
bis
fortifications.
Shivaji made
for the
fort under
being accompanied
is
completed
for its
down
constructed
into
to
years
it
foundations
Prabhu
Vishwanath
Govind
and
in the erection
super-structure remained
returned
to
rate
for
methods
own
his
with
these
among
mony
religiousauspices,the cereother things by a salvo of
LIFE
218
from
guns
and
Hindu
captain of
his
Govind
of
The
Fortress
erection
of
of honour
and
lent
kindly
by
the
of
gold.
Portuguese
zeal
suitable
Prabhu's
ance
accord-
architects
armlets
for their
with
In
and
presents, with a
head-dress, and also
fort
of
the Sea.
and
christened
was
and
the
rewards
for
services
crest of
were
pearls
sword,
as
equipment
thousand
cost
Mavalis
commander
under
the
of
naik
of
of the
( chief
Mavalis
sirnaik
(commander,)
tatsimobat
or
the
or
command
in it the bravest
stationed
was
Sindhudurg,
estimated
that its
traditionally
of pagodas. A garrison
a crore
It is
commander
( Sea
ramparts ). A parapet called the Darya Buruz
from
raised to keep the waves
) was
dashing on
of the
Tower
battlements.1
erected
said
It is
in
by Shivaji
that
sea-forts
similar
were
Anjenweli,
places,such as
Sarjakote, Gahandurg, Khakeri
other
Ratnagiri, Padmadurg,
and
of sweets.
similar
new
Mamlatdar
the
ing
customary feast-
specialdistinction.
three
( chief
the
masons
Vishwanath
embroidered
mark
master
honoured
acknowledged with
an
harbour,
thanked
were
band
the
services.
and
robes
artisans
at Goa
government
the
the
custom
of skilled
corps
MAHARAJ
the distribution
presentedwith
were
SHIVAJI
ship in
every
of Brahmans
with
OF
Rajkote.
been
erected
such
at
Bombay,
by
Company
and
it seemed
they
upon
the conquest of
that
the
island.
rocky
had
were
of
authorities
fort
this
which
was
immediate
the
the
cost
to make
Abyssinians continued
in
possessions
objectfor
the
Unfortunately
the
British
this
Upon
islets of
Kbanderi
in
these
East
sions
inva-
India
Shivaji planned
and
Underis
Certain
Kennerey
and
Hennerey
in
Grant
Duff.
SEA
and
opposite Bombay
place,in
indeed
Chapter
210
only twelve
will
events
These
town.
POWER
be
miles
described
in
from
their
that
proper
xxviii.
crowded
in the
seen
these
Chief among
English,the
the
the
were
evidentlywas
capture
to bring it entirely under
and
successors,
for
the
the
of
His
His
his death
and
sea
India.
Portuguese,
desire
of these
control.
the
both
were
Moors.
commerce
after
empire
wielding it
the
his
understood
not
were
of Western
Abyssinians,the
and
Moguls
to
aims
the coast
ports on
now
nations,
far-reaching
by
the
of
any
naval
his
ment
instru-
uncontested
given up,
or
and
unchallenged.
Foot-Note
a
to
water
Sabhasad
Mainaik
as
Hindu
and
the
Sarang
was
"
names
Ventgee"
with
distinguishedfrom
the
also
Daryasarang
1670
and
to
aeems
of the
the honorific
Hindu
caste.
show
names.
to
of
Captain
word
Prof.
that
the
infer that
the
and
a
was
suffix
among
the
from
tcater-lord
means
and
quotes
Hindu.
coasts
can
or
of
Bombay
the
of
praenomen
is
the
Indian
Mahomedan
Sarkar
he
the
fairlycommon
hybrid term
is
as
bakhars
the
Sea, from
in
current
Mainaik, which
of the Bhandari
of fact Mahomedans
matter
meaning
sea,
of
Sagar
Bombay coast, is
Sanskrit
nayak, leader
of
speaks
of 2 1st November
letter
their
Daryasarang,
Darya
term
and
Maa%
leader.
The
"
meaning the
Similarlythe name
vernaculars.
Bhandari8
Arabic
214:
page
Darya
Persian
of
corrupt form
Darya
But
often
as
have
scarcely be
CHAPTER
THE
CAMPAIGN
OF
XVI
SHAISTA
KHAN,
1660-63.
While
the
continued
as
Aurangzeb
Viceroy of
Deccan, Shivaji had maintained
a
friendly and submissive
attitude.
For
he
had
of
pardon.
asked
for
Konkan.
and
for the
These
make
to
had
Sondev
an
throne.
had
He
warred
had
with
preparing
to
taken
was
He
emperor.
had
had
little leisure
had
played
his
and
them
after
with
to
plotting
follow
Delhi,
had
Shahi
in vague
asked
attend
to
blood-feud
longer
no
even
Adil
granted
the
which
in
the
prince,
through slaughter to
into
father
captivity.
brothers
execute
up
waded
thrown
his
and
in the
was
followed
prince's court.1 Then
imperial family. Aurangzeb was
but
for
of territories
been
the
assurance
an
departure
conquests
Abaji
terms.
Aurangabad
received
Shahaji's jahgir
concessions
indefinite
had
and
restoration
of
part
free hand
and
Aurangzeb's
sued
been
Junnar
upon
excuses
Upon
had
once
raids
his
made
Shivaji
had
his
executed
them,
mock-trials.
or
the
He
was
His
time
counter-plotting.He
and
the
in
events
south.
But
he
When
cautious
Aurangzeb
anniversary of
extending over
it
would
him
on
the occasion
had
appointed the
Amir-ul-wmara
of the
to
Vide
Parasnis
MSS.
5.
congratulate
In
demands.
Shaista
was
that
he
had
grace
of
God
replied
wanted, and
festivities
to
certain
the
first
August 1659),
envoy
by
the
with
to 19
an
and
Shivaji
whom
June
emperor
enemies
celebrate
throne,
make
and
the
to
the
(5th
Shivaji sent
that
to
months
seem
Deccan
about
was
his accession
two
of
game
that
Khan
referred
he
to
had
the
for
just
swbha
orders,
222
LIFE
Khan's
the
banners
retreated
of the
before
MAHARAJ
from
Ahmednagar along
district. Shivaji's
light
Poona
Khan.
the
Shivaji
Supa.
to
SHIVAJI
swept southwards
barriers
eastern
horse
OF
The
left the
Khan
ward
pressed for-
place just
before
his
arrival.1
amir-ul-umara
The
Supa
( Jadhavrao
Rai
left Jadu
be
to
was
Maratha
the
into
army
point
Supa
of
base
the
this
From
army.
took
without
Sindhkhed
of
supply
the
blow
and
) in charge of it.
to
of
passage
country became
the
the
advancing
advancing
difficult. The
hitherto
retired
before the
lighthorse who had
and flank
began a series of rear
Mogul van now
attacks,
Shaista
and
constantly cut off the Mogul commissariat,
detached
a
Khan
cavalry contingent of 4,000 horse to
and
in
day
protect his baggage. But
every
every
has to admit, Shivaji's
march, as Khafi Khan
light horse
round the Khan's
swarmed
baggage and fallingsuddenly
it like
Cossacks, they carried off horses,camels, men
upon
and whatever
they could secure.2
Maratha
Khan
Shaista
He
sent
in
Poona
capturing
and
detachments
of
the
town
reconnoitre
the
defences
to attack
reported upon
The
and
as
Vide
the
them
seriatim, should
they
be
Khan,
bakhar
stood
in the
Junnar.
( Elliot
VII,
chronicles
He
of Shaista
way
determined
to
261 ).
Most
historians
Khan's
reduce
following
Shaista
campaign
But
Khafi
1662-63.
Khan
the
in the
Khan
campaign was
says
year
about the
Chakan
the
fort
of
being captured by him
begun in 1660,
Khafi
Khan
the Alamgir
bases his narrative on
of the
middle
year.
standard
which is the
authority for the first ten years of the
Namah,
reign of Aurangzeb.The Jedhe Chronology, which is altogetherindependent
and
dates
same
supports these
this authority, gives nearly the
of
chronicles. The text follows the dates in this chronology.
Persian
Grand
Duff
Vide
and
Supa
assailable.
with
Khafi
of
conquer
fort of Chakan
communication
district
he
person,
of his
army
Katraj and
view
entire
the
overran
Khafi
Khan,
Elliot
place
VII, 261.
the
of
CAMPAIGN
THE
had
armies
brave
its
SHAISTA
bargained for
the
garrison under
never
The
FirangojiNarsala.
KHAN
conduct
to
the
22S
siegein
little fort
attacking that
in
Khan
Shaista
advanced
and
fortress
the
OF
the
person.
with
his
spiritedstand
made
command
vast
by
of
its governor,
protracted the defence for
latter
months
against overwhelming odds, until on
nearly two
sixth day of the siege,the beleaguering
the
fiftyby
army
successful mining operations exploded the outer
at
tower
the north-eastern
angle of the fort. The soldiers defending
killed to a man.
A
the
bastion
were
gaping aperture
presenteditself in
to the
pressedon
of
remnants
his
the
assault.
The
valiant
defence
force
threw
the
governor
himself
besiegers
with
the
upon
for
the
and
their
the
successfully barred
way
whole
it was
night. At day-break Firangoji saw
sible
imposThe
fort and
its noble
to prolong the defence.1
the
fell into
Shaista
Khan
enemy's hands.
governor
with
received him
great hononr, complimenting him upon
his valour
and
and perseverance,
requesting him to come
into
the Mogul service,undertaking that
he
would
over
invaders
watch
in person
his
over
prospects
and
promotion
in the
An alluring bait.,which
the
imperialarmy.
magnanimous
Khan
The
took his
Firangojispurned with contempt.
refusal in good part, perhaps with
obstinate
admiration.
He released him to depart to his master, in the most
teous
courwith
manner,
in
acknowledgment
of his favour
marks
many
and
esteem
of his
According
imperial
hundred
made
his
the
2
The
Shivaji
Shaista
for
Khan
gives
of
the
Khan,
in
slain, besides
wounded
surrender
date
Khati
to
were
army
were
Chronology
aa
Bhupalgad.2
by
through
stones
the
sappers
and
Aahwin
of
and
Chakau
by
Shaista
swords.
commander.
of the shaka
1582
of
men
Six
miners.
bullets,arrows
imperialistRajput
an
month
capture
and
the
or
the
seven
Firangoji
The
( October
Jedhe
16C0)
Khan.
first dimissed
by
Shivdigvijay says that Firangoji was
and
Mohamedan
to
joined
having
a
enemy,
capitulating
in disgust was
brought back by force through Netaji Palkar
LIFE
224
While
OF
SHIVAJI
Khan
Shaista
MAHARAJ
Chakan
besieging
mines, Shivaji himself
and
up trenches
at Panhala
by the Bijapur forces
will
under
Sidi
ing
throw-
by
was
besieged
was
Thin
Johar.
of Firangoji'ssurrender.
explainthe final cause
immured
for a
Shivaji being himself
period of
Panhala
at
unable
direct
to
was
nearly four months
to
serve
garrison. However,1
frequentlysallied
to
come
dark
on
of
surprisingboldness,and
Shivaji outside the fort
to
make
with
placed
the
Mogul
on
trenches
in
of the heroic
succour
the
nights,
Mogul
in
trenches
garrison
and fought
the forces
occasions
some
combined
attacks
simultaneous
the
with
broad
those
inside
day-light)and
great danger.
anecdote
is told concerningthis
interesting
part
There were
of Shivaji's
defence preparations.
two
deshmukhs
at Poona, Babajiram and
Honappa Deshpande by name3.
These
of offence againstShivaji
men
cause
having some
to Shaista Khan's
went
over
Shivajiwas very angry
camp.
he heard of this
when
Now
it happened that
defection.
revolted deshmukhs,
a relation of these
Sambhaji Kavji by
with
stood in high favour
Shivaji. To him Shivaji
name,
in feeling terms,
of his kinsmen
spoke about the treason
to trust a man,
declaring that he could scarcelycontinue
of whose
faithful dependents and
kinsmen
two
had thus
sullied
their
fair name
with
The
treason.
pointed
of this speech was
resented by Sambhaji, who felt
sarcasm
to Shaista
went
over
highly insulted. He in his turn now
An
Khan
and
interview
from
with
Malkur,
of 5000.
received
was
But
Shaista
where
Shaista
this story
with
At
his first
arms.
open
he attracted
of'
the attention
Khan
Khan
seems
had
to be
put him
confused
in command
version
with
of
mansab
similar
story
about
Sambhaji Kavji.
Khafi Khan, Elliot VII, 261-63.
3
Chitnis
of these
(p. 97 ) gives the names
Sambhaji Kavji
Kavji and Babajiram Hanappa.
i
according
under
of the
Narsala
to the
bakhar
pretence of
latter
in
part
place of
accounts
murdered
alliance.
The
Hanmant
traitors
was
the
Rao
Shivdigvijay
the
name
substituting
story,
Sambhaji Kavji.
marriage
of this
as
Sambhaji
officer,who
More
makes
of
of Javli,
a
mess
Firangoji
CAMPAIGN
THE
OF
SHAISTA
KHAN
flg
the
to his service
him
admitted
Sometime
horse.
five hundred
Malkur
encamped at
againsthim
was
sent
who
lives
his
the
Maratha
new
like
of his arrival
fort, like
fallen
vast
Chakan,
of
magnitude
of
it
august
was
very
forts
tales of
under
and
monarch
light
subdue
his
the
very
possible,that
the
first shock
small
hill-
found
had
He
under
all
foe
situation
upon
of
of
grasp
the
the
the
the
wresting
Shivaji.
delusion.
same
opinion that
these
conquer
as
with
discerned
now
along of
to
matter
such
the
besieging
army.
the
embarked
from
was
the
of
Maratha
made
he
little
the belief
by
But
view
vision.
laboured
himself
Aurangzeb
That
task
the
return
the
into
was
now
him
clouded
fortresses
mountain
the
less
th"
up
reconsider
him
cards.
Khan
and
by
him
soldiers from
clearer and
h"
capable of
two
months, and though it had
effected by the
only been
for
army
sacrifice of hundreds
This
made
was
at
offered
collapseat
of
house
of
that
occupying his
would
power
give
to
Junuar
to
resistance
no
Shaista
cost
fall before
that
where
ashes.
compelled
resistance
chief himself.
Malkur
and
conquests up
would
Shivaji'sforts
magic of his name,
that
and
fort had
fort
of
this
had
He
programme.
slain
Chakan
in
when
the revolted
was
command
Sambliaj:
Mogul service,Shivaji
under
a
Netaji,
general
to dust
stubborn
of heroes
band
and
he
that
The
to Poona.
of
Chakan
extend
to
attempt
of
the
force
reduced
was
conquest
many
so
small
defeated
Sambhaji was
had
encamped
The
in
him
gave
later
fellow-townsman
was
and
tain
moun-
newly grown
Shivaji and the
The repeatedvictories
power.
the
valour on
chivalrous
part of his commanders
him
revise
Jaswant
L. S. 16
re-inforcements
of
Jodhpur,
to
LIFE
22G
encamped
remained
These
Moguls conquered
Moropant was ordered
Bhiwandy.
subdue
and
battalions
new
Poona.
near
the
In 1661
district
MAHARAJ
Khan.
Shaista
with
co-operate
SH1VAJI
OF
the
forts
the district of
to
this entire
recover
in
the
Kalyan-
neighbourhood.
carried
these
forts by storm
Moropant
together with
of Junnar.
other Mogul strongholdsnorth
Netaji Palkar
his flying columns
carried
deep into the heart of the
and
village and levying
Mogul dominions, plundering town
market
and
war-fines upon
emporium.
Passing swiftly
town
to
town
from
banks
the
upto
despoiled Baleghat..Parande
he
the
raided
He
march.1
Mahakub
incensed
Aurangabad,
the
victorious
gates of
very
all round.
commander
these
at
Godavari
his
the
districts
the
), Haveli, Kal-
on
upto
Mogul
the
Singh,
Udgir
country
subdued
and
Aurangabad
( Parinda
and
( Gulburga ), Avse,
burga
of
in
charge of
depredations, advanced
A
battle
took
10,000 men.
Netaji with
place
the
in
which
Moguls were
Ahmednagar,
near
completely
worsted
Mogul horses, elephants, and
by Netaji. The
oft" by the
cut
Marathas.
were
Laden with
war-stores
upon
successful
booty and
against
the
of
of title
the
failure
described
according
obey
to
as
to Khan
these
According
Khan,
that
this
diversion
Deccan, Netaji
to
the
by Prataprao Guzar
field
in
the
certain
the
been
only in
the
victorious
title
this time
at
Guzar
orders
of
( Vide
bakhar
Rairi
roused
near
Mahakub
to action
and
was
whom
Netaji
was
versions
of
account
without
it
Prataprao
to
Netaji
which
Palkar
is
had,
fighting from
Chronology,p.
185 ).
Singh was
watching
orders
of
by stringent
defeated
was
Ahmednagar.
on
divested
Other
Shivaji. Parinda
Jedhe
against Shivaji
battle
been
transferred
places plundered by
won
by the Moguls
1660.
upon
campaign.
was
in silence, but
movements
Aurangzeb took
of
one
this
are
of
time
Bijapur commander
a
with
entrusted
about
Palkar's
was
this change
Ouzar,
here
the
conferred
about
in
home.2
returned
1
Mogul
the
beyond measure
strongholds in
The
Mumtaz
and
killed
Mogul commander
Khan, left thera
SHAISTA
11
KHAN
of these
One
OF
CAMPAIGN
THE
the
fortress
of
of which
Keshar
was
Singh,
Prabalgad, the commander
a
Bajput officer. This Rajput chief refused to surrender
to lead an attack
fort and Shivaji had
the
againstit in
Keshar
fort with
the
Singh defended
bravery
person.
that he was
for a long time, but saw
helplessbefore the
The
invader.
not, however, outlive
loyal warrior would
defeat.
the
to perform
Ordering the ladies of his zenana
of Rajput ladies in
the tragic johar the self-immolation
the
a
burning pile to escape the disgrace of captivity,
fell upon
rallied his
and
heroic
warrior
men
Shivaji
whole
Not
till the
heroic
courting a soldier's death.
fallen on
the field of battle did Shivajicapture
band
had
the bodies of the
the fort of Prabalgad. Shivajiordered
with
all honour
heroic
according
Rajputs to be burned
mother
and
Hindu
of
the
rites
to the
religion. The
in one
discovered
of the
daughter of Keshar Singh were
"
family. Shivajireceived
consideration
and
befittingtheir
they expresseda desire to return
misfortune
honour
when
north, he
in the
and
sent
them
raiment
gifts of
handsome
with
away
rank
to
and
suitable
the
later
their
home
retinue
jewellery,as
and
that
with
them
befallen their
had
on
of the
sole survivors
mark
of his esteem.
is said
the
ordered
indeed
lakhs
and
and
soil to
marvellous
and
the
that when
discovered
of
as
be
dug
it
turned
there.
out
The
where
out,
find
a
was
his
scarf had
buried
a
fallen,
treasure
jar filled
with
was
four
gold mohurs.
S2S
OF
LIFE
attacks
MAHARAJ
baffled
onslaughtswithout
hosts
Mogul
followed
stop
between
had
the
to his
his
When
them.
to
rapid
the
headquarters
Netaji'sincursions,
withstand
to
endure
to
reply
his movements-
their southern
compelled to
was
cavalry to put
celerityof
to
power
feeble
too
Khan
Shaista
the
the defensive at
on
found
were
BHIVAJI
send
attacks.
of
detachment
his
critical encounter
opposed squadrons,in
Netaji,by
which
of his
in numbers, was
defeated.
But he
inferiority
the
defeat, was
fought bravely to avert
repeatedly
reason
wounded
from
exhausted
and,
enemy's hands.
the
to Rustom
the
Jeman,
the
was
younger
known
bravely escaped
Shahi
Lai
as
Mahal
Red
the
the
been
have
with
surround
to
of
chance
the
Khan's
Shaista
cantonment.
or
for
garrison
Khan
in
could
its
and
strictest
Mogul
Maratha
shiledar
made
precautions for
officers
into
to
was
only
the
in
nobilitywho
the
had
town
enter
case
claimed
orders
the
without
his
to
by
it
Mogul
storm
.
But
the
purchasedat
fort
this
no
fact that
very
spoke
Strength of
of
was
of
admit
its
sudden
to
observe
Poona.
any
pass-port, no
cantonment,
of the small
the
him,
defence
not
should
tactics
menace
over
the
war.
the
of
did, with
and
do
munitions
the
any
raid
The
in
at Fort
at
main
carry
had
Khan
down
impregnabilityand
men
The
at hand
proper
Sinhagad
in
mansion
Palace.
he
experienceof Fort Chakan, which
sobered
his ardour.
small price, had
chosen
shelter
to take
Shivaji had
volumes
he
guardian
This
near
enough that Shivaji was
Sinhagad, and might be expected to swoop
and by some
moment
unexpected coup de
Mogul
that
residence
his
up
well
knew
due
was
commander,
took
or
it
this occasion.
prisoner on
Khan
that
mansion
of his
he
was,
It is believed
Adil
Shaista
Poona
At
he
as
retinues
The
armed
Maratha
exception being
of the
allegiance.He
Maratha
denied
230
LIFE
by-standers. The
SHIVAJI
OF
words
MAHARAJ
to this
were
'Let
effect:
not
my
child
be
anxious
Afzul
Khan
shall work
After
his
the
on
of
score
Khan's
residingat
the
knew
who
the
Lai
to write
ape
was
purport of which
of the mountains; your
out
from
"ind at
sheltered
of your
have
hunted
out
elusive
lairs and
of
fate?"
V Monkey,
if thou
valiant
of
the
Lanka,
I shall rout
of
an
made
mountain
fair
and
But
its leader
of itself.
the
agents to
over
instructed
1
entries
fly
you
pursuittill I
the
shall you,
with
call
me,
off
that
your
defiance.
!" thus
Khan
oh
like
am
your,
that
unto
hosts
rid the
and
of
world
Without
win
lairs,
to draw
come
am
long
break
equal fightyou
leave
never
insolent
your
bakhar.
that
his
with
blood.
bound
to melt
was
Mogul army
in sending two of hi8
Shivaji succeeded
The
Sonaji
Raigad.
camp
at
Poona
out
that
Jedhe
Pandit
he
was
instructions
with
give
notes
insolence
the
Maratha
to
at
expiate his
Mogul
Rairi
Shivaji
was
camp
and
the
the Khan
away
your
wild
of
How
Khan's
make
to
are
abomination."1
Shaista
sudden
You
Eamayan.
such
"
activities
wouldst
whose
one
would
mischievous
Shivaji's-reply, "learn
ran
and
hopes
yet triumph.
cowardice, put
cunning and
defiance with
Shivajianswered
inexorable
to
shall
out.
you
tactics
"
His
hazards.
follows:
as
solitudes.
mountain
to your
coverts
challenge to
every
that
While
whetted
this desire.
arrogance
Mahal, Shaista Khan
got a Brahman
Sanskrit
the
Like
too is doomed.
Khan.
Shaista
Chronology ( Page
brought a message
officerwas
This
about
185
from
to
to
) in
celebrate
one
chaista
of its
Khan
THE
CAMPAIGN
OF
SHAISTA
KHAN
|g|
hundred
torches
also
the
to
to the
blowers
Khan's
the
to blare
to set off in
horsemen
torches
and
the
of
ghat
Katraj
and
cliffs. The
successful
attack
and
leave
to
pets
trum-
trumpeters
as
object
Shaista
on
and
as
horn-
setablaze.and the
torch-bearing cattle
fruitless chase
numerous
of trumpeters
to be
were
so
headlong flight,
to
the
on
fixed
he
inaccessible
upon
given signalafter
camp,
the way
of cattle. Bodies
stationed
were
On
growing
trees
horns
that at
was
Mavalis.
veteran
pursuing
the
clear
way
for
in
retreat
to Sinhagad. Shivajiplacedhis men
Shivaji's
small
to Poona, advising them
companies along the way
to gather on
hearing a signal given by a flourish of
A
trumpets.
stationed
troop
under
of
cover
about
five
about
of
hundred
soldiers
the
outside
mango-groves
just outside the
was
the
Mogul camp.1
the
True
to
previouslycontrived
plan, the wedding
in procession
to the ramparts, when
Shivajiwith
guests came
whom
of about
handful
a
twenty-five warriors, among
his tried
and
included
were
trusty campanions, Tanaji
Malusare, Yessaji Kunk,
Dadaji and Chimnaji Bapuji
In
into the procession'
Deshpande, smuggled themselves
soldiers
carried their arms
at
those
even
days Maratha
such
as
a
a peaceful function
wedding celebration. The
in the processiondid not,
men
presence of Shivaji'sarmed
therefore,excite any suspicion.
and
town
Shivaji was
the
he
ample
wore
J
folds
"tationed with
a
entered
arrayed in a
of a long white
helmet
According
the
hundred
two
to
of
mail.
Sabhasad,
In
his
little distance
a
army
Khafi
Khan
a
party
According
the town
with
the
hand
the
of
he
Mogul
two
pretended bridegroom.
his turban
grasped his
Moropant
and
Palkar
from
to
under
robe, and
Netaji
under
of mail concealed
coat
were
camp.
hundred
Marathas
sword, while he
and
SHIVAJI
OF
LIFE
1232
after
pretence of
the
reigned
guard
inside
well
the
efficient
of
the
camp
to
as
As
security.
had
that
one
knew
who
the
and
window,
soldiers
residence
the
been
effected
which
down
came
and
mounting
half
asleep and
maintained
entrance-gates were
watch
a
complete
give the inner
the
by the Khan
palace chosen
he
his
led
knew
sense
was
of
straight
a
through
to exist
in
the
of
rear
this
to
men
entrance
an
so
Shivaji himself
to
present no difficulty
could
thoroughly,it
and
under
the
at
and
watches
vigilant
kitchen
the
sion
man-
taken
had
the
though the Khan
precaution to
To
it up.
and
dig a way
through this window
three
two
or
was
cautiously in with
companions
Shivaji the
feet
work
awakened
their
different
ladies
the
of
of
versions
to
with
two
of his
comrades, while he
and
was
about
bo kill him
While
and
was
Shivaji got
his
wife
Khan's
Khan
him
In
men
with
him
the
still in
up
tent
chronicles
lived
in
as
tenb
bidding
ladies
some
in
and
take
with
who
hid
ceded
inter-
He
cut
lesson
by
silence.
him
version
same
wife
attitude to strike
an
few
tions
varia-
were.awake
himself
the
raised
among
Khan
in
the
the act
and
Shivaji anticipated
he
had
three
of his fingerscut
off.
in
confusion, Shivaji managed to
But
the blow
the
in
who
Khan's
him
Shivaji discovered
sword.
avoiding
entering
the
follow
awakened
then
was
to
the tent
for
followed,1
Khan
sword, when
his
leap
treading
harem,
that
The
"
build
was
Chitragupta give
searching for
him.
at
Khan
Shivaji entered
The
strikingat
struck
The
and
When
"
outcry.
ladies.
of
this
Upon
version:
of
different
events
compelled
of his fingers and
two
let him
escape,
experience and retire from Maharashtra.
the
Sabhasad
an
with
The
the
sound
the
Khan's
the
their Lord.
Chitnis
adjacent
But
moment.
awakened
turn
give
of
had
party
garb
themselves
were
as
long
it
The
scene.
camp
they might,
outside
guests, night
the
over
tiger-claws
his
in the
camp,
wedding
silence
the famous
Shivaji and
Khan's
Shaista
into
with
also armed
was
dagger. Shortly
entered
MAHARAJ
his blow
escape.
The
Rairi
gardener,
next
bakhar
to
tells the
Shaista
Khan's
story
of
an
residence.
intrigue
The
with
mali
mali,
undertook
or
to
CAMPAIGN
THE
they
SHAISTA
but
9H
OF
place. Most
took
of
the
KHAN
excitement
under
chronicles
which
in
giving
follows :
affrighted
ladies thought only of
of what
agree
The
happened as
Khan
by his
being awakened
He
rushed
his escape.
to the window
and almost
effecting
Shivaji, however, noticed his stealthy
escaped unscathed.
for him
made
at the
window.
He
struck at
flightand
with
he was
him
his long sword
as
gliding out of the
off one
of his
cut
and
window
fingers. Meanwhile
his special bodyguard rushed
Khan's
with
Shaista
son
latter received
the
attack with
such
Shivaji. The
upon
account
an
Shivaji
introduce
haste
in
Rajgad
cut
were
Khan's
the
Poona
Twenty-five
down; but by
followers.
lead
him
to
been
awakened
at
the mali
few
still awake
compelled
Khan
had
when
the window,
his thumbs.
Torches
of
servant-
the
Meanwhile
escaping by
of
from
with
eunuch
spot and
was
one
Shivajicame
admitted
and
chamber.
and
off
cut
led
the
on
Khan's
noise
and
him
the door
at
mistake
the
bed-chamber.
accordingly
was
sentinels
Shaista
to
by
Shivaji struck
and
son.
maid
the Khan's
night to
at
to
were
now
he
had
gathered. Shivaji returned
by the way
surrounded.
He
garden
charged one
party and
all that opposed him, and
mounting his horse
^escaped, cutting down
safe to Rajgad.
returned
which
is a
The
Shivadigvijay gives a version
compound of tho
versions
Acccording to the
given by Chitnis and the Rairi bakhar.
the
entered
chamber
of
the
killed
Khan's
and
son
Shivdigvijay Shivaji
noble was
awakened
The wife of the deceased
him.
by the sound, and
the
told Shivajiit was
being asked as to the identity of the slain person,
lighted and
the
She
the Khan.
of
son
crowd
found
but
entered
had
him
and
Khan
Khan*
strike the
to
fingerwas
( Elliot
VII
lead Shivaji to
to
the Khan's
her
to
then
Khan,
wife.
the
Khan
cut
off
p.
as
but
the
She
complied
in
the
and
mind
not
his
order
Shivaji's
given by Chitnis.
the end
be
beaten
to
in
Khan's
the
'This is how
his
express
in His
was
Maharajah
to
nagar-kkana
the
to
saying,
hide
or
name.
they keep
himself.
band-room
Others
cooks
some
the
in
Majesty'sservice
Some
Marathas
and
ordered
killed
Next
watch'.
condolence, Shaista
Khan
when
entered
Marathas
the
then
such
Just
maid-servants
drowsy
"
an
room,
worked
day
replied,
at
awoke
himself.
the
when
the
were
next
maid-servant
life of
with
report.
the Khan
report, when
got up and armed
Maratha
The
him
his thumb.
and
off
to
cut
got up
way
came
did
lamp
the
for the
took the
then
in
Khan
Shaista
light of
version
the
that
270 ) says
chamber.
Khan's
interceded
of Ramzan,
cook-house, where, it being the month
The
awoke
noise
killed.
servant
a
work, but were
but
the
drums
to
sentinels,
Singh
thought the
Jaswant
I
their
234
LITE
promptitude
his assailants
victorious
and
search
his
safe
out
had
stationed
of the
for
kindle
the
the
being
was
seconds
the
the
on
corpses
of
air
and
the
whole
instituted
for the
raiders
joinedin the
party
outcry
Collectingthe
town.
in detached
outposts
The
of
the
trumpets
now
the
and
camp,
escaped
he
whom
Shivaji
way,
the
gave
murder
confused
soldiers
on
burst
had
camp
While
a
of
most
floor.
pandemonium.
Sinhagad.
the
MAHARAJ
Shivajinow
palace(5th April 1663). Cries of
confused
few
strewn
rent
Shivaji and
made
in
were
from
treason
become
that
SHIVAJ1
OF
signalto
Khan's
Katraj ghat. The
pursuing parties, as had been foreseen
by Shivaji,were
in this
lured on
for
direction, leaving the way
open
to
Shivaji's escape
Mogul
Sinhagad. The
pursuers
discovered late in the morning how
been
led on
had
they
to
attached
the torches
a fool's errand, when
they saw
the trees
the
and
the horns
of cattle.1 Dispiritedwith
and
unsuccessful result of their pursuit,they turned
back
that by this ruse
sure
feeling
Shivajimust have ensconced
of
himself again behind
battlements
the
shelter of the
Sinhagad, they gatheredin full force at the foot of that
within
fortress.
to come
Shivaji permitted them
range
of the fortress guns
flourishing
unchallenged. They came
their swords
and
sounding their trumpets quite under
the
fortress
torches
in
the
walls, resolved
apprehend or
slay Shivaji.
loud
cannon
a
replied with
discharge carried dismay and
ranks.
a
Hundreds
fell
But
at
salvo, and
panic
and
fort
the
storm
to
their
into
mortally wounded
the
with
first
disorderly
others
fled
in
sudden
was
1
and
set
As
by Hannibal
to
outwit
of the torches
bound
Maximus
in the
same
to
stratagem
pass of
of cattle
the horns
was
Tarracina
used
( Vide
the
from
detract
of course
does
not
Ch. XII. ) This
Livy, Bk. XXII
of an
be accused
originality of Shivaji'splan, since he could not
It
with
a
the classics.
strikingparalleland
is, however,
acquaintance
shared
in common
kindred
shows
how
by the Maratha
a
genius was
and
Carthaginian leaders.
the
SHAISTA
KHAN
?N
headlong flightensued.
raised, the
besiegerswere
standard; and
While
thus
siege was
OF
CAMPAIGN
THE
the
themselves
of horse
sent
surprisedby a detachment
againstthem by
Several hundreds
of the
Netaji Palkar and KartojiGuzar.
cut down
were
by Guzar.
Mogul combatants
Khan
Shaista
and
defeat
son
disgrace,
lives of
defeat
"
the
and
beside
was
so
in
with
which
at this
shame
he
lost his
had
of his zealous
many
left of
himself
veterans.
He
successful
campaign. He dreaded
ing
think what
the next moment
to
might bring forth, dealartful a
he was
with
so
as
raiding host as that of
him
had
once
already saved
Shivaji. His good fortune
from
imminent
be tempting
death, and he felt it would
too much
his fortunes
more.
to court
such
perils any
rains
made
The
a
siege of Sinhagad impossible. His
soldiers had
faint-hearted.
already become
They would
scarcely entertain a proposalof further fight with Shivaji
Tc
with any thing like spontaneous
zeal and eagerness.
force
them
to
or
by
fightat the point of the musket
of the gravity of the imperialmandate
appealingto their sense
would be
defeat and
to sure
only like leading them
of the imperialforces.
detriment
death, to the irremediable
had
To
and
hope
no
surround
himself
remain
Shivaji had
the lines of
ramparts
with
in camp
to strike
season
availed
not
men
support
to
in his
treason
with
the enemy
of
bar
own
abide
about
his
suspicionswere
in his camp
wrote
and
directed
the emperor
that Shivajihad
to
All
this
bred
the shadow
Under
be to
court
suspicion. This would
Khan.
He, therefore,resolved to evacuate
to a new
encampment at Pedgaum.
He
also vain.
was
way.
camp.
of
Singh.
favourable
more
not
His
entrenchments
his
at
of
lines
expectationof
final blow
made
had
suspicionof
in
further
the
of
fate
and
Poona
againstthe Rajah
that
there
was
Afzul
march
Jaswant
treason
evidentlycorruptedRajah
Jaswant
enabled him
which
and
his way
to
defeat
there
was
pected
unex-
the
Shaista
Khan
the
of
strategists
The
longer
no
recalled Shaista
had
subha.
co-operationbetween
his
great dismay at
eminent
most
in
of
cause
the
the
of his southern-most
the
enterprisingspiritof Shivaji,
all the obstructions in
triumph over
and
of this defeat
news
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
OF
LIFE
236
emperor
convinced
was
possibilityof friendly
any
Khan
and
Jaswant
Singh,
He
in
appointed Prince Muazzira
his place. The galledspirit
of Shaista
Khan
was
appeased
with the governorship of the princely province of Bengal.
The
retained
services of Jaswant
as
Singh were
deputy
recall might throw
to the prince,for fear lest the slur of a
into
him
so
acute
the
and
the tension
was
of
arms
open
of
in
Marathas.1
feelingin the
been expected
In
southern
truth,
subha
to take
the field
Aurangzeb might have
but the sinister aspect of politics
person againstShivaji,
Kashmir
the northwestern
required his personal presence near
that
in
the
frontier.
On
Singh
the
departure of
endeavoured
to
Khan,
Shaista
prove
the
Rajah
loyalty and
it proved
But
his
Jaswant
valour
by
to be labour
siege of Sinhagad.
the besiegers.8
lost.
Shivaji'sraiding bands terrorized
The siegehad to be raised,and Jaswant
Singh with great
bosses made
good his retreat to Aurangabad.
a
renewed
According
to
Bernier
to
this
the
Rajputana.
2
The
siege of Sinhagad from December
Chronology.)
f Jedhe
at last
to his
recalled
own
to
state
in
1663 to
about
June
1664.
238
LIFE
in order
OF
the
to divert
SHIVAJI
MAHARAJ
attention
of
the
from
Moguls
real
for the
objecthe gave out that the march
was
he proposed to go on
pilgrimplaceof Nasik, whence
of the
of inspection
fortresses recentlycapturedby
he advanced
in
the enemy
miles
the
On
morning
28 miles
January 1664
Shivaji's banners
of
south
the
tour
Moro-
tion,
real inten-
within
of the 5th
that
sacred
by incredibly
Surat
to
came
Gandevi, only
the
alarming
were
at
seen
The
town.
few
citizens
utterly taken by
the
coming storm.
were
of
the
across
away
been
to
sent
make
the
and
watch
Shivaji*scolumns
walls
children.
and
parley
put under
was
messenger
the Dutch
wives
to
messenger
arrest
also the
as
The
orders
maintain
to
trumpets
and
the
other
sent
governor
the invader.
The
of
messengers
inhabitants
citadel.
The
with
his scanty
Inayet Khan, mustered
not to give battle to the foe, but to
castle. Shivaji planted his
inner
of
to his
as
and
northerly course
marches
suddenly presented himself
of the city.1
forced
news
blinded
thus
Having
pant.
his
vigilanceas
same
Records
and
flee for
before
advanced,
shelter to the
batteries
left to their
were
war-like
forces
against
own
with
the
resources.3
the usual
flourish
music.
of
the
at Surat
English Company
give
graphic accounts of the sack of Surat. The Log of the Loyal Merchant, an
English ship then at the mouth of the Tapti, preserved among the Orme
MSS., Vol 263, is of specialvalue. Next in importance are the Dutch Records
and
the accounts
given by Valentyn, Bernier, Manucci, and Dr. Fryer.
a
of the event
Vide the Dutch
version
in Valentyn's "Lives of th*
Factory
The
Moguls."
8
According to Bernier
to oppose
Shivaji, but was
Shivajidid
not
mean
and
made
to force his
Valentyn,
to retire
entrance
the
on
into
of Surat came
governor
the understanding that
the town
of the town
says that the governor
themselves
to
the garrisonin their frightbetook
and
Orme
of
only
when
few
who
he entered
could be
the
accommodated
the
within, and
nothing
of
it.
but march
the
wards.
out-
commander
citadel
admitting
Shivaji
fired upon
SURAT
AND
BARSELOR
239
On
the
the
xo
OF
SACK
THE
the
threatened
plunder
to
made
soon
the
As
hosts
poured
their presence
no
of which
felt all
answer
in.
The
In
treasures.
merchant
the
hands
confusion
of
The
the
city
of three
disclose
opulent Jewish
an
Shivaji.
to
invaders
the town.
over
he
came
of the
mansions
richest
little outside
in default
town.1
Maratha
the
this summons,
very
of the
He
was
native
to Surat
to negotiate the
Constantinopleand had come
sale of certain
precious jewelleryto the emperor
AurangHe
zeb.
was
to
produced before Shivajiand commanded
of
surrender
all
sword
threats
Thrice
placed
The
his
at
gold
of
house
he
was
His
moment.
He
treasures.
of
manner
refusal.
his
refused
and
his
life
against
thrown
down
But
throat.
was
dearer
Baharji
on
Borah
he
to him
notwithstanding
persisted in his
the ground and the
did not
yield for
than
life.3
Shivaji did
not
all
moment
of
in
his
the
conduct
act
was
in
this
of
on
Letter
this
his
extortionate
triumph.
occasion
in Forrest's
manner
Certain
illustrate
Selections
the
Vol I, p. 24.
240
LIFE
innate
generosityof
Surat
at
He
name
broker
to
the
Mohandas
Dutch
of
invasion
of
the
East
had
at Surat
was
who
India
few
was
this
him
East
He
was
for
of
before
his
Shivaji's
largefamily and
ample fortune.
Though reports of the
this family were
brought to Shivaji, he
species of violation,out of deference
every
of the deceased philanthropist.1
renown
the Dutch
citizen
accredited
an
years
English and
certain
Company.
well
spoken
and
died
wealth
vast
an
The
of
name
of
dwelling-place
Parekh
character
high
philanthropy. He
person
the
of
reported to
piety and it was
of the
for
pointed out
Another
There
capuchin
Though
is
of
men
MAHARAJ
Catholic
Ambrose.
priest was
SHIVAJI
his character.
Roman
Father
it.
OF
saved
it from
for the
India
of
high
Companies
had
sion.
thrivingfactories at Surat at the date of Shivaji'sinvaThese
European merchants, and in particularthe
with
representatives of the English Company
great
with
defended
their
the
factories,
bravery
chiefly
powerful
aid
of
sailors
the
the
Swally, at
found
was
He
was
of
Shivaji'ssack
in
wealth
of
and
tent
in
Bernier, 188-189.
The
for
ransomed
was
similar
account
of
persons
suspected
The
plunder
Prof.
ReligioMedici, which
of
256,
to
the
loot
Dr. Fryer.
carried
out.
of
brief account
Shivajiwas
hiding
When
disclose
Shivaji,
their
these
the
men
placeswhere
Merchant
author
was
tells how
him.
to
before
left
He
350.
the
has
European
Anthony
of
name
at
merchants
the
brought
He
refusal
Loyal
Rs
the
and
before
their
Log of the
of
fleets
native
of
Surat.
taken
were
persevered
he
factories
released.2
afterwards
mercantile
Many
of the river.
mouth
asylum in the
An
Englishman
taken
prisoner
merchants.
seated
their
safe
Smith
board
on
at
in
his
are
letter
to
Sir T.
quotes from
Sarkar
the
time
and
the
Ind.
manner
Browne,
the
Antiq. VIII,
in
which,
description is given by
naturallyprejudiced against Shivaji.
equally
An
vivid
SACK
THE
;;heir fortunes
executed
or
for
t not
have
Their
presidentof the
a jewelled creBt
merchants
were
the
luty; and
carried
honoured
were
.goldmedal
as
had
not
the
It is said that
the
British
be
were
factors,
greater amount
presentationof
of
do
to
come
any
special
to any
personal harm
in the city,but
only
for
having invaded
of his relatives.
some
he
declaration
three
imperialfavour.1
foreign merchants
himself on
Aurangzeb
citywith
the
either to
241
them
much
or
to revenge
with
ordered
off
with
of
mark
his arrival at
of the native
own
BARSELOR
the
admiration
gallantry evoked
of
congratulated Sir George Oxenden, the
factory at Surat, and presented him with
as
a
special distinction. The
British
granted a remission of 2J% in the customs
India
proprietorsof the British East
He
Aurangzeb.
that he
AND
treasure.
On
SURAT
hidden, he
were
Shivajiwould
Company
OF
had
invited
of the foremost
his
Consistently
the
governor
to attend
citizens
of
his
there.
city gates and settle the ransom
he
at war
In this demand
was
quite justified.He was
the
before
with
Mogul
government. His appearance
the
on
a
ithe
masterly move
part
city-gates was
of the Maratha
strategist.
Again, as he rightlysaid,the
Mogul emperor had forced him to keep a large army, and he
It
to the
the
was
defend
the
mercy
duty of
city. He
of the
citizens.
The
pay-master.
pay the ransom
He
leaves the city
to
governor
does neither.
exact
The
invader
payments
having
employ an
governor
its
the
invader.
city-gatesand
the
to become
would
or
the
outside
"camp
has
the
from
failed in
assassin
on
the
dress.
*
ground together.
The '.Maratha
Vide Dr.
L.S.17
The
blood
soldiers for
enter
individual
his
primary duty
to murder
Shivaji
his
Shivaji with
attacks
assassin
The
camp.
dagger. Both the murderer and the intended
in his
to
is
time
victim
roll
Sbivaji's
actually believe
seen
on
LIFE
242
that
Shivaji
the
camp
was
and
twenty- four
had
condemn
Shivaji for
the
executed
through
cry runs
Even
with
this provocation
prisoners.
massacre.
Shivaji's voice
retaliatory measure
only
four
prisoners were
their
hands
cut off.
of
cruelty
are,
the
was
it.1
first to forbid
who
no
MAHARAJ
murdered.
the
slay
to
there
As
been
has
SHIVAJI
OF
his
than
censure
Those
exactions
the citizens
dirt upon
their governor;
they threw
at last emerged from
behind the shadow
the coward
when
In any case
Shivaji'sretirement.
of the castle-walls upon
of Surat
was
Shivaji'sdecisive reply to the
the sack
for the seizure and
occupation of Poona
Mogul emperor
the Mogul hosts under
and the surrounding districts by
That
Shaista Khan.
occupation had lasted for three years.
of
Surat
If
Shaista
he
found
when
were
had
Khan
plundered Poona,
not
plunder
the
Mogul
little to
In
there.
it
because
was
Aurangzeb
1657
had
tories,
invading Shivaji'sterrithe
after the attack
Junnar, to lay waste
upon
villages,"slayingthe people without pity, and plundering
That
extreme".2
was
the
Aurangzeb's way of
to
them
given orders
to
reprisalsfor
makino*
This
countrymen.
Khan's
Shaista
for
the wealthiest
empire
only
cherous
orders
the sack of
2
3
It
comply
armies
was
Surat, when
with
the
themselves
amply
on
shown
the trea*
Prof. Sarkar's
must
be
remarked
that
the
Singh was
besieging
Jedhe's Chronology, pp. 186-87.
Rajah
Mogul
great city
the
"Shivaji'',115.
Prof. Sarkar's "Shivaji", 62.
in
flow
to
sea-portin the
entered
son
robbing,
of
existing peace,
his
wealthiest
its governor
plunder
before
years
seven
the
of
refusal of
pillageand
could
the
"
"
for ransom.3
demand
Junnar,
on
citizens
the
on
attack
the
the
slaying,and
the
hosts
Jaswant
sack
Kondana
place,while the
(Sinhagad). Vide the dates
of Surat
took
THE
SURAT
OF
plunderedthe
text, and
the
SACK
richest
injusticeinvolved
for
his
Shaista
city of
Khan;
have
Deccan
The
his
defiled
of
of
of
crores
wrote
uncle,
your
of
Hindus.
fair
your
You
have^
be in the
to
Shahi
right to the Nizam
that dynasty." Aurangzeb*
Shahaji.
Fort
at
of
departments
the
death
funeral
full
Shivaji returned
to
in the
re-organization
Raja Shahaji
Raja
sad
the
It
government.
of the
title of
the
mourning and
Sinhagad. After
spent
was
the
The
solemnities
time
some
period upon
solemnly assumed
of
been
cavalry corps.
to
Aurangzeb
new
beauty
the
The
have
half
business,too,
no
from
funeral
various
to
chastised
the
for
is
vizier
performed
were
Moguls.
this letter.
death
this
and
that
struck
at
was
Shivaji
coins in
name.2
own
"While
a
cruelty
captured, brought
a
have
belongs
the
the
was
into
"I
have
return
period of these
Raigad, where
-his
You
here.
part of
of horses
Hindustan
Surat.
the
the
Surat, Shivaji
strain:
Upon
tidingsof
the
the
of Surat.
formed
and
from
dynasty, and I am
made
no
reply to
of
following
Deccan.
rites
to
Surat
business
no
about
enterprise is said
of eight and
sum
a
largenumber
return
the
in
sack
on
this
to amount
from
On
in
obtained
computed
pagodas.
down
them
to obstruct
wealth
censorious
attempt
the
of
the
When
started
in
too
243-
Hyderabad, then
days together.1 It is
India, for
needless, therefore, to be
or
BARSELOR
hapless city
South
in
city
AND
Shivaji
lull in his
war
for
was
-like
time
his
activities,
resting and
followers
were
enjoyingby
no
means
Elphiostone, 575;
Khafi
Khan,
Prof.
Sarkar'a
p.
"Aurangzeb"
271. )
Vol.
I. Chapter
X.
LIFE
244
to year,
and at the
OF
SHIVAJI
MAHARAJ
beginningof
with
the
stormy
he used
season
his
do
They
served.
occasion
as
levied
contributions
the
upon
vessels
the
western
and
coast
plying between
Mecca.
Wealthy pilgrimswere
subjected to heavy exactions.
afterwards
Shortly
Shivajitook the field in person
of Ahmednagar
and led his victorious legionsto the sack
of the Mogul province of the Deccan
and the devastation
up
the gates of its capital,
to
Aurangabad.
pilgrim
Shivaji was
Observing how
against the Moguls, two nobles
Adil
the
ruler
Shahi
made
under
Panhala1
at
in
engaged
the
broke
hostilities
of
hegemony
the former
peace
an
presentedhimself
to flioht
killed.
or
and
at Karwar
of
the slain
The
the town
in
the Adil
agents of
have
news
had
that the
meditated
influence.
Shivaji's
hostile
to
an
Mohamed
lkhlas Khan
number
Shivaji's
quick
business
at
the
return
in the bud.
with
Sinhagad.
at Junnar
of
invasion
thus attacked
valleys,Shivajiprepared to deliver
1
the
had
territory
to Sinha-
When
this
tihe
estimated
again back
Mogul army
demonstration
pany
Com-
British
Concluding this
to ruins.
arrived
the
were
army
as
Shahi
battle
war.
Hubli
nearlysix thousand.2
people of Vengurla rose
against
town.
that
Shivaji retaliated by
sides
commander
:Shivaji's
reducing
The
of
scene
of
Rajapur
both
on
plundered.
was
new
thousands
ensued, in which
put
this
at
and
Fazal
in
their
southern
simultaneouslyanother
Khau.
The
Bijapur general,Khawa*
Faotory Reports, Surat, Vol. 86.
Jjihan,was Leaamed round by Shivaji tut escapedby a gallantcharge.
2
246
OF
LIFE
SHIVAJI
MAHARAJ
came
up
and
with
includinga
of
nazar
lakh
with
his
at
friendlyconference, where
and
guardian
the chief
three
lakhs
of
force
land
ordered
was
Karwar
having
its
offered
bought
down
to pay
Naik
interchanged
were
annual
an
tribute
of
vakil, Umaji,
his
sent
Shivaji
meet
to
the
suffered
the
pay
their
the
fell but
promises
Gokarn,
at
force continued
country.
to
person
Naik
young
court.1
Shivaji's
his arrival
naval
in
The
rupees.
The
rupees.
down
came
finally consented
"to reside at
On
of
victor
the local
safetyby
modest
harm,
no
fair
factors
of "
contribution
of
sum
money.
pany
Com-
of the British
prudent
inhabitants
the
arrangement
With
112.
to
these
marching
small
naval
time
and
army
He never
trusted
element.
no
better
than
to be cut
nations
1
shekar,
mother's
Shaha's
of the
Adil
ship he now
prison, in this
A
to the
found
that
of
mercy
seemed
man
the
his
enemy.
the
by experience
with
all communication
ohaha
in 1665,
regency.
camp.
of the
movements
again
with
cherous
treato be
thereby
and
towns
earth.
his father.
and
of the
himself
off from
Ah
chief and
all communication
from
of
Bijapur
had
father
was
for
years
been
Naik
fightingwith
and
the
Shivappa
was
prince
reigning at Bednore
puppet
Shahaji had fought against Shivappa in
The
son
this
Som-
under
Ali
his
Adil
CHAPTER
THE
INVASION
of
News
any
he had
was
destined
arrival
tided
invasion
the
from
Konkan
of the
Mogul
illustrious
most
JAY
hitherto
Kanara.
army
under
generals
the south
the fullest
then
of
scene
and
Diler
equipments
his
the
RAJA
greet Shivaji'sears
to
the Southern
in
over
Raigad
at
OF
portentous crisis
more
XVIII
Khan,
of
who
and
'
SINGH
in
than
fortunes
his
triumphant
immediately
career
his
on
his recent
conquests in
This
the
was
the
command
the
empire,
had
bodeful
of
of two
Raja
Mirza
down
marched
upon
efficient of warlike
the most
to
They were
eager
on
Shivajia full revenge for the disgrace of Shaista
and
of
the defeat
Jaswant
Singh. At first sight
of the haughty and
strange that an
appear
emperor
wreak
Khan
it may
known
in
India.
allowed
have
bigoted temper of Aurangzeb should
any
length of time to elapse before paying off old scores, and
making the raider of the Mogul provinces feel the power
of the empire. Yet so it was
and
it could not be otherwise.
all his
With
was
burdened
with
and
father
of power,
sense
the
were
Prince
the
come
with
The
when
veritable
that
Muazzim
from
command
hell.
hung
Khan.
Shaista
his
above
mental
His
own.
father's fate
His
while
even
his
guileless
trusted
dis-
He
head.
sending him
the
was
to take
had
Muazzim
Thus
over
with
command
and
Maratha
of the
The
insecurityof
an
Damocles
of
sword
in
dotard
his
the
brothers, lived
torments
conscience
whose
the usurper,
and
new
destroy by
the
Adil
Maratha
surprise and
opinion no
resources
Shahi
power
discomfiture
proof of
crushing
one
powers.
had
he
Of
war
the
indeed
of Shaista
genius for
blow
; the
at
the
once
militarycalibre
a
poor
Khan
was
humiliation
notion.
in
his
of the
248
Adil
Shabi
Before
Shivajiseemed
and
him
crush
mountain
long a
But
arrayed forces of
like a flyingphantom, easy
to him
Not for nothing did
in a moment.
He
rat.
his wrath
the recent
of the
acts
the
Mogul territory,
title of Raja and
his
of his
This
own.
powerto
his
take
over-
call
he
for too
these delusions
cherished
error.
roused
still further
was
petence.
incom-
growing
the Mogul
the
to be able to retrieve
time
to its
after all
due
was
power
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
OF
LIFE
by
the
of
news
spoliationof
of Surat, his assumption of the
sack
presumption in institutinga coinagethe
despised Shivaji,
"
wrath
into
inflamed
was
bigoted hatred
and
in
launched,
the
of
consequence
described
as
impious
above,
had
he
determination
this
host upon
invading
new
now
Maratha.
The
commanders-
of
The
by
one
lived in
the envious
an
Shivajiwas
the
past
enemies'
the art
in
master
Aurangzeb
camp.
Diler
upon
of
and
emergency
had
sent
a
indeed
might
In
serve
from
treason
scent
little confidence
they
had
have
specially
connection
in either
weaken
and
with
this
emperor
with
lest the
in favour
preparedfor
The
distance.
in
every
emperor
of these leaders.
Ha
the
at
to distract
be
that
belief that
he should
Shivaji,that
emperor
treason
to take particularcare
Khan
enjoined
infidel Jay Singh might artfully
the tables
turn
of the infidel
part
convinced
sowing
to
seems
the
on
dismay;
an
there
the
of
enemy.
is
Mogul
and
of
tradition
Bijapur powers
Shivaji'sexploitshad
the
an
annihilation
of
filled
Shaist"v
Khan's
OF
INVASION
THE
had
Lost
invading
RAJA
come
JAY
as
SINGH
concerted
in his
the emperor
and
staggering blow;
view
to
campaign
prise,
securing the accession of Bijapurto this projectedenterAurangzeb is said to have
despatched an envoy
extraordinarybearing the terms of a proposed alliance with,
is believed to
the Deccan
the
kingdom, wherein
emperor
have expatiatedat lengthupon the magnitude of the menace
to the Islam
of
and
jointaction
in
Mahomedan
to
and
church
and
lawlessness.
the
Mogul
In
Accordingly the
the
upon
flattered
Khawas
The
by
defeated
the
was
and
ordered
overtook
driven
back
result of the
it is
observe
pertinentto
the
the Deccan
naturally recalled.
were
little worth
the
name,
and
nature, had
grave
between
these
commaders
new
exterminate
Maratha
Modak's
suspicionof
History
of
task
double
power,
from
and
and
before
to
Singh
Jaswant
effected
had
trustful
to his dis-
sion
collupossible
Shivaji.
them,
secondly to
Bijapur,and
though
Diler Khan
true
emperor,
imperialcommanders
had
the
the
two
credit of the
armies
united
Their
and
and
Muazzim
province, Prince
This-
historians and
persistin
own
to
was
the
the south,
and
assigningthe
co-religionists.
chroniclers
their
Khan
Bijapur.
Mahomedan
that
him
forced
between
coalition
of the north
genera;
great army.
to
felt
state
Khawas
confusion
in
an
attack
an
their
and
enemy
ground.
attempted
states
Upon
the
unfavourable
and
in
Shahi
invitation
form
to
him
with
Adil
leader
victoryto
unite
common
impregnable.1
proceedagainst Shivajiwith
to
on
the
upon
The
great Mahomedan
Maratha
and
Bijapur
of
arms
invited
was
tion
sedi-
of rank
hot-bed
aggressor.
this
Khan
battle
state
the emperor
Maratha
give
Deccan
sity
neces-
ing
state, accord-
whose
to be turned
the
upon
positionreallybecame
and
common
also
the united
short
were
power
dynasties, as
extirpating one
a
opinion, was
to
The-
first to
exact
the
terrorise the
p.
tt*
250
LIFE
insecure
which
sultan,
in
the
opposition to
SHIVAJI
off the
Mogul
It
chapter.
of
information
prompt
that
the
Khan
fickleness
with
himself
set
the
great Mogul
naval
in
he remained
from
host
Narbada.
described
war
danger
new
the
crossed
to this that
owing
was
the
arms.
in
was
for
February 1665
under
Jay Singh and Diler
Shivajiwas
engaged upon the
last
MAHARAJ
punishment
shaken
he had
It
OF
in the
without
the
north.
The
undertook
Khan
Jay Singh
advanced
detachments
to
of
council
war
summoned.
instead
as
returned
to which
the
who
authors
certain
one
the
royal disfavour
the
accuse
few
held
Raigad and
principalmilitaryofficers were
under
come
his lends
of
conduct
while
to
enemy's movements
the Maratha
territory as were
diverted
his
lightcavalry on
orders, he had
This
crisis
dogging
into
entrance
this
had
of
Purandar,
to
Shivaji
At
NetajiPalkar
of
besiegeSinhagad, despatching a
operate against Raj gad and Lohagad.
Meanwhile
a
blockade
the
some
him
leaders,
inasmuch
his first
on
his
distant
distinct
forays.
to the view
of
plausibility
of a corrupt understanding
instant
orders
for
his
Singh. Shivaji sent
On his non-compliance he degraded him from the title
return.
he
of
commander
the royal forces which
of sir-nobut, or
conferred
had so long enjoyed. This title was
now
upon
who
is
later
Guzar.1
known
on
as
Kartoji Guzar,
Prataprao
had earned the highestpraise for the able strategy he
Guzar
had displayed in interceptingthe forage and suppliesof the
Jay
with
According
that
Panhala.
been
succour
nobut.
well
fortified
to it
on
However,
Shivaji's service.
Sabhasad's
to
fort
having
and
that
in
The
chronicle, when
Sidi
Johar
besieged
but
occasion
any
case,
assertion
led
it
about
to
his
is clear
forfeiture
that
he
bribery is made
of
the
had
to
not
bring
title of sir-
still continued
by Catrou.
in
OF
INVASION
THE
which
Hindustan.
who
tactician
had
He
with
him
were
spiritedraces
brave
blunder
clever
and
easily.
number
crossed
he
moment
and
himself
guarded against
80,000, in which
warlike
most
251
him.
to
brought
the
From
was
he had
elude
amounted
of the
representedsome
SINGH.
JAY
RAJA
of
Rajput
warriors.
Narbada
the
he
had
coalitions with
tried to form
He enlisted
Shivaji'senemies.
the support of the Abyssinians of Janjira,the zemindars
of
and
in particularthe raja of Bednore
the Karnatic
who
been
had
recentlyhumiliated
by Shivaji, and the rajas
and Ramnagar.
of Jawhar
to the
over
Lastly he had won
who
had
the families of those
to
so
imperial cause
sworn,
there
with
to the
came
Shivaji. Thus
say, a blood-feud
of Afzul
Khan
still thirsting
imperialcamp Fazal, the son
for vengeance
likewise
came
against Shivaji. There
of the vanquished More
the Mogul side
two
members
to
of Jay Singh.1
family of Javli, on the special invitation
realized the
gravity of his task, and
Jay Singh had
had
made
his preparations accordingly. He
signalizedhis
arrival in the Maratha
siege of two
country by a sudden
impregnable
of the most
shrewd
was
such
an
Afzul
with
to
stand
was
not
his
Prof.
of
about
of
take
any
Jay Singh
Sarkar, and
in
etc.
on
the Hajt
behalf
of
got
admitted
to
his
instigated the
Jay Singh (Storia II, 132).
disarmed.
He
was,
however, let go
had
himself
sent
story
service.
Anjuman
Manucci
himself
He
"Storia."
Manuccis:
Jawhar
to
the
present commander.
the
Scott
assassinate
and
with
patriotism or
Letters
Rajas of
Koli
to
man
which
Shaista
and
chance
any
sense
1
Khan
arts
Marathas.
Shivaji
of subduing
the difficulty
had succeeded
so
brilliantly
Khan
not
were
likely
foresee
to
enough
enemy.2 The
of
forts
He
Prataprao
Guzar
went
in
was
he
was
at
once
Guzar
to
Jay Singh
attendance
close
to
were
very
arrested
fewand
292
OF
LIFE
of
the
question
the
as
Shivajiis
to which
he
excitement.
medium
said to
was
so
It
of the
His
MAHARAJ
always be
had
have
Khan
his
guard.
of
those
on
one
made
it
ecstatic fits
of
high nervous,
that he
the
again became
of the fiat of his guardian,
communication
in the
utterances
Diler
occasions
on
prone
believed
was
of
presence
that he should
necessary
deity.
SHIVAJI
trance
taken
were
his secretaries.
down
by
to this effect :
Great is the
They were
perilthat is threateningthee now.
Jay Singh is not fated
to taste defeat
shalt have to make
at thy hands.
Thou
of peace and amity and go to Delhi
terms
into the sunshine
of the imperialpresence.
Dark
clouds gather round thee at
Delhi.
But
"
I shall
thee from
all harm
victorious
and
This
realm."
again to thy
Shivaji'smind.
calmed
assurance
shield
restore
oracular
between
the siege
Jay Singh was
encamped at Saswad
lines around
well informed
He was
Sinhagad and Purandar.
about
He
was
prepossessed in his
Shivaji'santecedents.
favour by what he had heard about his dailysacrifices in the
of the
promotion
He
looked
and
prise
his
of
assurances
He
made
were
success
and
it
upon
religiousand
independence.
political
a holy entermeasure
whisper to him any
some
did
not
encouragement.
or
heroic
how
in
as
conscience
the
saw
of
cause
which
stuff of
they
had
their
poured
into his
enterprise.These meditations
also to think of
peaceful methods
him
conclusion
of
fates of Afzul
the
task
Khan
mind
too
great
respect.
Maratha
life was
now
1
Some
the
country
not
was
long
so
From
no
worth
to escape
Khan
concessions
to
and
moment's
honour
chronicles
souls
to influence
combined
an
honourable
the
Then
constantly hovered
Shivajiappearedin his
were
he had
consistent
with
self-
set his
foot in
the
instinct
with
of the Marathi
they
moment
some
a
as
and
hearts
undertaken.
had
Shaista
and
he
Shivaji's followers
whispered
purchase and
from
say that
the
he
to
him
that his
his chief
desire
hostile land.1
He"
254
it
LIFE
to
was
should
to the
with
reconciliation
with
MAHARAJ.
and
that
the
of
word
his
on
SHIVAJI
advantage
own
to terms
come
undertook
about
his
OF
the
Maratha
mighty Mogul
honour
as
invite him
to
honoured
an
and
power
Rajput
as
princebring
guest
The
at a private audience
Mogul durbar.
envoy
himself to the Maharaja's reliJay Singh addressed
gious
and appealed to him
to lend his active
susceptibilities
of a
Hindu
support to Shivaji'spropaganda in favour
the
revival, pointing out
degradation of service under
a
foreign
Hindu
anti-Hindu
and
This
gods.
and
shrines
domination
the
desecration
done
was
to
of
the
secure
as
against any insidious
Rajput's personal intervention
designs on the part of his sovereign. Jay Sing renewed
his
and
assurances
frank
language
showed
no
trace
of
resentment
at
the
of the envoy.
interview
it
between
Raghu-
drafted
full deliberation
the
was
conditions
of
treaty.
(one tenth of
sirdeshmukhi
the Deccan,
alliance
and
should
that
with
be formed
the
these
revenue)
rights
between
the
over
and
the rest
concessions
Maratha
and
of
an
the
imperialpower.
submitted
to Jay
stipulationswere
The
convinced
Rajput leader was
Singh by Shivaji's
envoy.
of the bona fides of
to
Shivaji and
got the envoy
The Raja urged Shivaji
oath.
confirm the declaration
on
in himself
and act according to his
to put full confidence
The ratification of the terms
wishes.
was
postponed to be
between
effected at a personal conference
Jay Singh anoV
These
Shivaji.
terms
and
INVASION
THE
of
When
Diler
treaty
were
and
Shivaji
Khan
RAJA
learn
to
came
UffGB.
JAY
that
completed between
ratification depended merely
the
the
HI
the
all but
between
conference
OF
preliminaries
Jay Singh and
on
personal
leaders,his jealousywas
two
roused
leaders
suspected that the Hindu
either side
on
were
going to act in collusion to the detriment of the
interests of the empire. He, therefore,held out
against this
that
the final consent
to Shivaji's
urging
proposal,
tions
stipulahe
and
be withheld
should
on
the
till
future
their
subject,that
receiptof
the
relations
imperialorders
with
the
Maratha
be based
the rescriptfrom the throne,
should
upon
power
that pending this decision they should
and
prosecute with
and
siege of Purandar
good auspices. Upon
vigour the
such
under
of
wisdom
upon the
Maratha
suzerainty of
the
immediate
an
and
Mogul
the
and
the
the
alliance
between
the
acceptance by Shivajiof
The
of the present
emperor.
purpose
be amply served and the
Singh, would
the
fort would
Each
task
hill-forts
the
sacrifices
of
thousands
cost
the
was
difficult
precious lives,
of
chances
conquest would
still remain
precarious. Jay Singh, therefore, deprecated
these
attacks upon
further
forts, urging that they
any
all these
for
and
of
communications
world
dally in
he
was
would
He
resolved
departed with
make
peace
to
Maratha
the
push
that
walls
his
of
to
direct orders
would
without
Khan
Diler
walls.
forward
obstruction
no
an
watch,
mountain
declared
sloth before
brook
the
their
beyond
yield.
not
and
wait
calmly
should
from
the
his purpose.
on
no
account
emperor*
He
to
LIFE
;"o6
And
the
now
maintained
Tvas
siege
of
MAHARAJ
Purandar
forward
went
with
the
great vigour on
SHIVAJI
OF
all
on
sides.
The
of
governor
soldier.
mean
the
As
no
Baji Prabhu, was
the Mogul siege lines were
and nearer
being pushed nearer
he
nition
surprisedtheir stragglingparties,
exploded their ammuextensive
material
on
an
bags and captured war
his lighthorse
off the enemy's
scale. He
sent out
to cut
supplies and starve the besieginghost. These manoeuvres
until the
with
eminent
often
met
success
Moguls were
them
the flying squadrons or pursue
to overtake
able
Purandar.
But the inevitable
to the rocky walls of
back
The
end
siege lines drew
approached steadily nearer.
left open by
fort and
closer round
the
no
avenue
was
fortress,
'
which
muster
small
Hetkaris.
and
part of
the
suppliesand
-defended
leave it.
or
Thanks
his
munitions
warded
the
to
government, there
fort for
the
They
odds.
enter
daunted
Baji was never
but sturdy garrison of
Murar
Mavalis
of
could
one
any
But
on
Murar
of
The
war.
in
could
spirit. He
brave
2000
liberal
was
men
"
provisioning
abundance
an
garrison
undaunted
off the
Mogul
attacks
and
them
drove
self
point of approach. Shivaji availed himand fresh
of every opportunity to send re-inforcements
baffled in
fodder and
corn
suppliesfrom Rajgad. Thus
of the
these attempts, Diler Khan
having driven in some
off from
every
outposts, commenced
of
bastions
salliesand
the
mining
lower
fort.
repeatedlydrove
But
their
rock
The
off the
under
garrison made
miners
of
one
with
the
frequent
considerable
great
numbers
and
"
the
a
fortifications of
lower
fort
"
was
Purandar
exposed
to
consisted
an
assault.
of
an
No
upper
sooner
and
did
the lower
into
invading bands effect the entrance
in their
fort than they dispersedthemselves
to plunder,and
heedless precipitation
to a withering
exposed themselves
the
with
them
"upon
in all directions
A
rock.
coming
with
of
in
hand
of
to
The
the
of
enemy,
assailants
down
had
achieved
loyal lives,but
their object,for the
mounted
his
on
of
flight
his
the
he
men
around
Pathans
him
in
melting away,
was
Khan
himself,
beneath
temple
they
moment
rallying the
the
Mavalis,
flying
Baji put
step of
recoiled from
hardy Afghans
infuriated
of the
the swords
of
Mavalis
But
Murar
person.
and
disputed every
The
advance.
Khan's
act
strength
utmost
of
cover
ardent
Diler
advance, and
to
foe
elephant near
watching
fort,was
the
for the
of
view
hill,in
the
fleeingdown
driven
the
in
was
of
Hundreds
their
laid
Diler
from
Murar
place.At this moment
Baji,
Mavali
infantry,sallied out and
hand
fightwith the Mogul forces
Mavalis
fought stubbornly. Two
Pathan
and Mogul, felt the edge
blade.
Mavali
of the
^he
his
within.
thousand
who
their
the flower
^engaged
pouring
SINGH
party
new
to take
up
JAY
unerring
they wrought that the assailants were
and rushed
head-longto get under
that
destruction
the
marksmen
the Hetkari
:;ire which
ftAJA
OF
INVASION
THE
whom
their
recent
success
or
life but
he
raised
put
been mined
him
breached
its
survive
capture
ability.Thus,
his
in I
but
to
It
where
and
Khan
the
in
his prey.
L. S. 18
He
rushed
to
best
call of
the
there, exhorting
word
of
him
upon
lost his shield and
he
had
din
him
the
to
all but
to
stationed,mounted
was
moment
and
it
prevent
indifferent
dust
of all the
should
for
not
was
here, now
duty, he fought on, now
and inspiringhis gallantMavalis
by
the midst
what
steadily pouring
was
of
and
to
And
in
of life when
reck
stroke.
into every
his soul
fort entrusted
.
the
to
and
war
upon
like
was
now
deed.
In
he
observed
his
elephant,
lion
upon
parrying
LIFE
258
high
titles and
Baji retorted
Murar
quite*
voice, declaring'
loud
drew
Baji
Murar
in
of the valorous
"Ye
Turks
are
Tartars
and
and
I am
?
true
and your
for you
a
offerings
of surrender.
to Shivaji and will not hear of terms
will
yield."
I die than
aim
at
into
the
and
the
killed
him
their
themselves
what
servant
Sooner-
prepared
latter,bow
the
on
noble
to
in
spot.
leader fell*
fightingall
upper
enemy.1 A
he
when
accompanying
betook
and
once
words
these
Khan,
arrow
an
garrisonsoldiers
The
With
at Diler
thrust
sword
done-
he had
deeds
care
was*
relying
invitinghim to surrender
raise him
and promising that he would
dignities.Upon this,it is said,the noble
his assurances,
upon
him
which
arm
and
day
field that
the
enemy
scarf. When
admiration
his unreserved
in
his
with
the
addressed
Khan
the
near,
with
only
covered
to
of
sword-thrusts
the
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
OF
while-
the
from
timely succour
Shivajirevived their
the struggle.
The blare
spiritand encouraged them to renew
of trumpets and the booming of war-drums
began to resound
the cannonading was
from
and
more
once
again resumed
forced to relinquishall
the upper
ridges. The Moguls were
the ground they had won.
the
But
to
it
wear
again till
of
fort
fort
detached
small
Rudramal,
Vajragad,with
direct
The
havaldars
or
in command
Murar
down
There
Baji
the
arose
was
they
havaldar
the
by
guns
two
were
not
the
escalade
the
that
fort
Purandar.
brothers,
that
heard, would
send
brothers
trunk
face
Confident
Bowaji.
had
again
upon
fortifications of
superstitioustradition
from
He
northern
carry
calls
his
never
northwest,called
of this fort
death
severed
Mahomedana
main
the
Yeshwantrao
the
their rescue,
to
Duff
bring up
the
upon
to
vowed
the
considering
Grant
as
and
captured.
was
lyingtowards
view
them
and
aid
fortress
impregnabledetermined
of Purandar
a
the
turban
his
slopes,and
the lower
carried
doffed
Khan
Diler
that
put up
when
the
latter continued
strenuhead
to
mow
of
INVASION
THE
end
the
In
fight.
ous
Diler
fort of Purandar.
from
But
the
emulous
The
Khan
they
the
fort
to unlock
the
vigorous fire
of their
captain and
lives after
own
his
were
example,
dispiritedwhen
that
they saw
now
lery
caught between two fires. The Mogul artilhowever
extremely bad, and though continued
were
was
for weeks
while
death
somewhat
however,
were,
key
259*
and
opened
now
their
down
lay
to
slain
were
Vajragad was
notwithstandingthe
heart
SINGH
JAY
rains
operations.
RAJA
they
fort of
The
surrendered.
OF
found
was
hold
to
relief
such
Shivajisent
instructions
done
very
considerably hampered
rain
the
have
to
as
until
on,
the
Mogul
possibleand
was
he
execution-
poor
should
send
prise.
enterearnest
them
word
to surrender.
Diler
While
walls of
rocky
Khan
with
sat
Purandar,
iron
tenacitybefore
not
been
the
idle-
in the
a
organizedmany
territoryThe
of the
surrounding these forts.
flying columns
Moguls ravaged the villages,leaving not a vestige of
had
He
cultivation
they
habitation,but
or
l
went
This
the
in
home
to
empire,
him
and
the
to
induce
Jay Singh.
On
to
of
him
the
the
of warfare
with
the
imperial commanders
vindictive
vastness
surrender, reposinghis
of
by
was
object was
Its
methods.
favoured
It
south.
was
classes
agricultural
desolation, wherever
utter
an
in
its
aims
and
terrorize
the
Shivaji,to brings
of the
militaryresources
length to make
a
complete
in
the good faith?
absolutely
at
faith
other
hand
the
Maratba
these
captains
take
quoted
by Prof. Sarkar.
LIFE
260
assaults
their
brilliant
The
Marathas.
dark
on
MAHARAJ
of
successes
nights,their
called
have
difficult passes
SHIVAJi
O*'
forth
Shivaji'scaptains,
blockade
the
of
roads
admiration
of
and
Khafi
Khan.1
While
these
dar, Sinhagad
also the
was
of
direction
the
scene
of
deputy
advanced
had
commander
operationswere
Jay
Singh.
wall
to the
and
The
Mogul
planting
was
batteries, when
raid
the
and
officer returned
The
his stores.
discomfited
of
astonishment
impressionupon
made
Singh
ever.
as
the
took
hero
the
did
What
his
ranges? Of
"joming down
conquest
of
were
and
heroic
there
Khan
Diler
accord
own
make
to
of
made
peace
the
and
stood
as
mettle.
was
and
One
to the
to do
with
the
Maratha
far
end
no
expect
inaccessible
more
It
off
beasts,
sumpter
fire.
on
chances
Shivaji's men
place of another
tale of valour.
the
off*
cut
Jay
done
with
his onerous
duty.
with
Diler Khan
for his
head-strong
single fort had already cost so many
remonstrated
He
woods
surrounding
impatient to have
the
set
Shivaji's
raids,
on
the
to
considerable
constantly carried
had
-skirmishers
much
upon
looted
Sahyadri
prince
friendship.Diler
was
Khan
spurned
had
"of the
Singh
plan
that
the
he
he
embarked
had
not
was
could be found
means
acceptance
the
not
sworn
that the
a
of
to don
to
averse
to draw
his
turban
He
he
replied to
provided
peace,
Shivajito
treaty; but
floatingof the
upon.
conference
pointed out
till Purandar
Mogul flagon
(ElliotVII, 2/2-273.)
the
Jay
some
and
that he had
were
citadel
taken, so
of Puran-.
1262
LIFE
of Jay
to the tent
way
receive
his guest. The
of
the
the
crowding
came
Maratha
a
by
Mogul
The
amid
The
embraced.
have
The
at
sight
in
flourish of
look
the
at
dismounted
Rajput
to
out
came
dismounted
body-guards.
to
out
Rajput
his
trumpets
Mogul officers
the distinguished
warrior.
made
Shivaji'sbearing and manners
impression upon the haughty aristocracyof
favourable
the
both
The
Maratha
chieftains
sounded
-was
MAHA.RAJ
Singh.
Rajput.
veteran
and
turn,
SHIVAJI
OF
camp.
chief returned
warrior
greaj;eclat.
nobles
The
the
to
either
on
of
tent
side
Jay Singh
duced.
intro-
were
dutiful
to his solicitous
son
and
parent.
He
full
had
faith in
Iris honour
at
the
did.
court
iflattered into
Diler
a
Khan's
brave
1
camp)
It
essential
was
reconciliation.
tent
noble
of
with
the
an
himself
entire trust
and
in him
Mogul
assured
he
He
would
that
would
of
escort
(who
According to Manucci
Jay Singh had endeavoured
opinion about
put his
and
professions
court.
he
send
emperor,
testifies to the
Shivaji
to
to
an
create
several
conversations
with
Shivaji had
inquisitivenesswith which Shivaji informed
things European.
of the
be
must
Manucci,
himself
who
aboub
OF
INVASION
THE
JAY
RAJA
SINGH
203
proposal. Diler
conquest of
of the
vow
end
the
credit
whole
compaign. Thus
received Shivaji
his
and
felt
in
that
the
campaign was
going to Jay
suspected that Hindu was
acting in
and
was
frustratingthe objectsof
Hindu
collusion with
He
of the
He
Singh's account.
Purandar.
in
irritation
his
he nursed
formal
cold and
and
anger,
The
manner.
Khan
had
The
Khan,
faith in
no
man
"I won't
"Until
of
hear
is
that
ado
on
place
the
keys
With
Purandar
forts
and
This
was
threat
mere
and
adroit
yours", said
.much
every
"The
reply soothed his anger.
Shivaji. "Why
put yourself to so
Shivaji'scourtly and
iort
putting
achieved," he exclaimed,
this is
peace."
threatened
wrath
and
Purandar
reducing
in
persevere
to the sword.
to
simulated
with
however,
? I
account
am
here
in
person to
gracious hands.
come
portals in your
all my
other
over
am
prepared to make
My only entreaty is for pardon and
of
I
lands.
forgiveness. Well
its
do I
it is not
that
know
for
poor
calibre
chief like
lb
appears
Shivajiand
"arranged
assault
J5ingh
and
tent, which
being
from
Jay
him
to make
induce
with
Diler
Khan
Purandar
upon
.interview
defy an
to
me
the
Mogul
Shivaji was
to
commanded
delivered.
Singh's
at
going
a
his
the very
camp,
so
of
surrender
and
that
letters
on,
order
Kirat
Singh
time
when
Shivaji was
the
of
the
latter
the
impress
deliver
to
see
coming
conference
could
to
his
son
that while
full view
in
from
between
the
final
for his
Jay
Raja's
264
and
SHIVA
OF
LIFE
favour
JI
with
final
whose
word
broke
up
of
law
was
and
it the
with
was
in
in
personal
satellite.
The
With
siege of
and
mere
was
him.
to
senior
his
was
He
the emperor.
dispositionof things
MAHARAJ
this
conference
the
Purandar.
The
tions
opera-
interchange of friendly
amenities.
Shivaji entertained
Jay Singh, Diler Khan
and the leading omrahs
to
and officers of the Mogul camp
returned
a sumptuous
banquet. The Mogul commanders
the compliment to Shivajiand
his courtiers.
On
succeeded
war
were
the
conclusion
of
by
an
the
Shivaji returned
armistice
had
which
at
time
one
or
the Nizam
under
been
other
Shahi
to
kingdom, Shivaji was
relinquish20
Singh and retain the remaining 12, with the
adjoiningto
these
lakhs
rupees,
ten
of
annual
forts,1 yielding an
and
and
forts
these
Jay
territory
to
of
revenue
together
revenue
all the
rest
According
to
says
the ceded
the
quotes
to
pp.
be
an
25, and
relinquished. Khafi
territoryyielded a revenue
ceded
forts
12, with
authorities
some
to be
27 forts,were
23 and
of his
revenue
23, with
were
lakhs
of
imperial rescript
twenty.
156, 157).
of
one
to
Prof. Sarkar
an
Khan
of
lakh
those
of
of
revenue
remaining
But
the
forts
list
of
23
of
with
Raj wade
forts ceded
others
lakhs
pagodas.
Shivaji,in which the
gives
to
annual
rupees) and
according
again
Shivaji
(VIII, 14)
are
stated
( 3hivaji3
OF
INVASION
THE
RAJA
JAY
8INGH
268
intimated
In
his
of
were
visiting the
desire of
in
of
most
chauth
Aurangzeb
emperor.
letter
long
confirmed
grant
conditions
submitted
petitionform to the
of
Aurangzeb, with the special recommendation
emperor
the
be ratified. Jay Singh drew
Jay Singh that the terms
capable of
emperor's attention to the service Shivaji was
the
Key of the
rendering to the empire, calling him
his accession
and declaring his belief that without
Deccan
would
to the imperial side, the
conquest of the Deccan
At
be realized.
never
Jay Singh's suggestion, Shivaji
These
to
on
the
distinct
Shivaji,with a body of
2000 horse and
8,000 infantry participatedin Jay Singh's
first operations were
campaign against Bijapur. Their
who
directed against Bajaji Naik
Nimbalkar
of Phaltan
Pursuant
Vide
sirdeshmukhi
to
i'araanis
this
U6S.
agreement,
No.
8; Raj wade
VIII,
14
The
chauth
and
zeb
Aurangzeb's letter to Shivaji. Aurangthe
apparently assigned
prospective conquests of the
Shivaji
Adil
Shahi
of four lakhs of
annual
Baleghab districts,with an
revenue
that
before
them
Bijapur fell into.
ppgcdas, provided
Shivaji reoovered
the hands
of the oguls and
provided ho actively co-operated with Jay
Singh in the invasion upon Bijapur territory.
are
nob
mentioned
to
in
^266
LIFE
OF
SHIVAJI
MAHARAJ
completelyoverthrown,
-was
fell
into
hands
the
"Phaltan,though a
of
and
invaders.
of
had
Shivaji,
relation
of
Tattora
( Tathavda
strongholds was
escaladed
other
fortified
placeson
took
of
town
the
the
The
chief
on
), another
house.
of
The
Nimbalkar's
Shivaji'sMavalis.1
by
of
been
never
Adil-Shahi
line of
the
Phaltan
All
march
invading army.
Ali
the
Adil
concede
the
Jay Singh
fort
-carry
Mogul
and
another
the
had
to
length the
no
success.
advance
and
rival powers
fronted
con-
field of
the
ensued.
large extent of
Maratha
distinguished
Distinguishedamong
In this he
continued
At
on
Khan
fort.
desperatebattle
to
had
demands.
Diler
after
one
a
II
time endeavoured
same
to
Shaha
Mangaiwedhe and
The Bijapurarmy
was
composed
Maratha
light cavalryand many
in their ranks.
half-brother
Shivaji's
the Raja Vyankoji, whose
gallantryin the field attracted
the
general attention. On
Mogul side the Maratha
arms
were
representedby Shivaji's
contingent,
ablyled by
Shivajihimself and NetajiPalkar. The valour and strategy
evoked the ungrudging
evinced by the Maratha
commanders
admiration
the
of
Mogul officers.
Jay Singh and
charged
diswas
Every detail of military duty entrusted to them
The
with
Bijapurforces,as
conspicuoussuccess.
to be expected,
defeated.
was
were
1
the
rest
was
sister of Bajaji
a
Shivaji'swife Sayibai ia said to have been
acd his daughter Sakhubai
married
to his son
was
Mahadaji.
the capture of Sambhaji by
the Moguls Mahadaji Nimbalkar
and
Nimbalkar
After
"
Sakhubai
in
were,
Gwalior
according
Fort.
the Phaltan
da/tar and
story that
to
the
Adil
iiis life,
and
Shahi
vas
he
Hinduism,
to
Khan,
article in the
an
of
account
court
that in about
Shivaji's
mother,
to
on
Khali
confined
taken
and
prisoners
P.
490)
Sardesai, (Marathi Riyasat,
Mr.
was
and
given in marriage to
and
family
forced
1657, with
purifiedat
to
the
set
son
feuds
to
following
tional
Sangraha, tells the traditaken
a
was
Bajaji
prisoner
Itihas
become
Mahomedan
the
temple
all doubts
of
at
to
of
save
Jijabai,
verted
Shingnapur and reconrest
Shivaji'sdaughter
Bajaji.
/"'
INVASION
THE
RAJA
OF
JAY
SINGH
26T
this
Shivaji advanced
Mahomedan
and
around
of fodder
and
Shivaji asked
Panhala,
here
The
laid
Maratha
ins and
all the
the
to
country all
the
waste
for
and
hastened
state
the
fort of which
Shahi
of the Adil
of the
stopped.
was
capital. They
forced
forces of
miles
ten
advance
nobles
of their
rescue
within
to
their further
Here
allied
the
manner
want
Perinda.
against
But
outs.
his usual
account
good luck forsook him, chieflyon
of the unexpected defection of Netaji Palkar, who
won
was
over
by the Adil Shahi officers to their side by the offer of
the man
to lose
not
a heavy bribe.2 Jay Singh, however,
was
the services
of such
excellent
an
cavalry officer to the
He
made
still more
imperial cause.
tempting promises,
offered him
of 5000 horse, and a substantial jahgir.
a mansab
So Netaji Palkar
followed
the Mogul
flag again and soon
back
came
1
to his old
Vide
Paraania
Khafi
Khan
When
allegiance.3
MSS.
No.
Rajwade, VIII,
9 and
15.
(ElliotVII, 278. )
continued
Khafi
Shivaji from
Singh
son
and
Palkar
Khan
them
sent
became
in
VII,
readmitted
Jijabai had
to
that
us
under
acting
afterwards
( Elliot
tells
the
to
(i. e.
court
he
280). He
Hinduism
interested
Bajaji Nimbalkar.
emperor's
Mahomedan
1676
the
upon
escape
order
Agra).
and
escaped
was
to
underwent
arrested
given
in
the
to
Jay
and
his
We
south
and
already
have
re-admission
to
himself
save
mansab.
small
the
in
Agra,
Palkar
purificationceremony
(Jedhe Chronology).
herself
order
under
serve
Shivaji'scontingent.
Netaji
in
Here
Shivaji
a
of
of
to
Hindu
Bub.
re-canted
and
waa
seen
how
caste
of
268
SHIVAJI
OF
LIFE
MAHARAJ
he made
a
his submission
dishonest
motive
proposal. It
Shivajinow
retired
the
of
failure
treated
under
Mahomedan
Rustom
remissness
Khelna
he
sent
Phonda.2
officer to attack
sent
Rustom
in his
From
was
spiteof
courteously
in
an
army
This
town
Rustom
town.
Panhala
to this
Panhala.
upon
(Vishalgad) and
such
to
of the
collusion of
long siege, on account
in those
Jeman, the Adil Shahi
parts*
governor
Jeman
for
the
end
taunted
his
in
sultan
by
being
underwent
his
party
partly due
was
on
attack
the
diversion
the
Khelna
to
by Jay Singh.1
a
be it
may
sanctioned
that he had
to be
refused
and
lieutenants
of his
one
Jeman
endeavoured
to
to
relieve
reinstate
the
himself
king'sfavour
Dicholi, and
between
Goa.3
Soon
afterwards, Aurangzeb,
at
the
suggestion
of
Vide
wrote
to
Khafi
to
Surat
104, referred
3
Dicholi
of
Goa.
to
Prof. Sarkar
on
the atlas.
by Prof.
makes
These
wild
Sarkar
in his
guesses
villagotowns
in
form
and
district
CHAPTER
THE
AT
SHIVAJI
MOGUL
the decision
When
the
the
1666-67
imperial capitalwa"
Mogul
camp
summoned
his
them
to
COURT,
visit
to
XIX
his
intention.
and
proceeded
principal officers
Not
few
of them
expressed their
was
sort
of
To
his enmities.
nor
Delhi
Besides
dark.
him
trust
months'
two
was
difficulties
what
would
have
say
To
these
now
Shivajireplied that
necessity,and he depended on
and
A
tutelary deity
his
journey
had
the
north
him
to
enable
would
the
to
Mogul durbar,
great
and
shrines
would
observe
the
those
sway
of his
holy
calamity
from
overruled
the
son
in
it
resolution
to
the
harm.
value.
country
which
and
at
to
one
It
and
time
visit the
Jay Singh's
emperor's friendly
Treaty of Purandar.
should
In
his
visit Delhi
from
the
the
triumph.
of
had
would
this
make
and
with
company
shift
Shivaji
manner
counsellors
in
seen
unfore-
any
adhered
his eldest-
Sambhaji.
Shivaji invested
Trima), the
keeper),
and
regency
to
of
of his
principalofficers,
Moropant
Annaji Datto,
the
Sondev,
full
authority during
the
administration
Jijabai, and
respect and
the
obey
Surnis
Muzumdar
Nilo
all
conduct
them
three
Peshwa,
general) with
the
and
assurances,
objections
his
Delhi
to
its educative
him, he hoped he
overtake
to emerge
to his
all the
of
Aryavarta.
proved by
been
to go
ancestors,
was
prophecy
safe
countries
dispelledall fears
guarantee had
dispositionhad
Notwithstanding
the
of
who
Delhi
utterance
him
state
of
rivers
the
have
besides
in the
encountered?
go to
For
bring
had
to
would
to view
the
under
been
connection.
Shivaji
that
made
been
then
to be
criticisms
this
leap
would
tutelary goddess in
take
to
was
his
from
enjoined
upon
orders.
To
their
( the record
(the auditor
absence,
bade
Raigad under
cers
all public offiPrataprao
and
AT
SHIVAJI
others
second
and
mother
nobles
his intimate
of
kingdom.
administration
with
betide-,he
be
all to
of his
care
of
tour
to be
Delhi.
inspection
conduct
the
on
Whatever
the
the
come
of
But
to cheer
for
might
like
men
should
his
upon
ministers
watch
evil
word
in vain.
trouble
left to
it,and
pledged
and
the
as
efficiency
heretofore, to
return, and
to
sure
was
from
him
about
news
any
to
271
entrusted
urged
same
add
COURT
made
He
the
and
realm
the
he
He
son.
throughout his
defend
MOGUL
THE
the
party, it
up
his
old
it in the
guard the kingdom and
govern
their
In
of Rajaram.
zeal, their loyalty, and
name
For
his escort
Jheir ability he had complete confidence.
of approved loyalty,who would
Shivaji chose men
never
forsake him in any crisis. Among the principalofficers there
Sondev
Dabir, Dattaji
were
Niraji Ravji, Trimbak
and
mother
were
and
expert swordsmen
warriors.3
thousand
Shivaji had
he
the
close embrace
and
brigade
of three to
to
the
her
laid her
image
down
came
parting
painful of all,but
most
corps
of
four
parting came
near,
the leading ministers,
with
for
of*
in
Shivaji had
hour
interview
tutelarydeity in
apartments of his
the
This parting was
him
these
Mavali
As
last
which
after
With
Mahalya.'
Jiva
and
Hari
Manako
Trimbak,
hand
as
upon
of his
to
the
benediction.
she
clasped
his
head,
her
adds
to
this
list the
Sabhasad
Tanaji Malusare
)
that
Shivaji a.id
8
Jivanram
name
Manko.
Chitnis
Balaji Avji
and
.Narhar
He
also
Balla
"
digvijaya gives
188
this
of
names
Sabnis.
2
for
substitutes
Uhitnis
Some
omits
the
and
Trimbak
were
the
of
names
Balaji Avji.
pant
Dabir
arrested
bakhars
Gadge and
Mahalya. The ShivKorde,
Raghunathrao
Yesaji Kunk,.
of
names
state
and
after his
that
It is clear
Jedhe
from
Raghunathpant
escape
Prataprao
Korde
Chronology(p.
accompanied
from
Agra.
Guzar
accompanied Shivaji.
272
OF
LIFE
from
to
of
days
the
SHIVAJI
his
MAHARAJ
childhood
and
always
with
increasingenthusiasm.
Before
another
in
taicment
his wider
from
experienceas
society at
the
handed
In this
darbar.
as
these
in
his envoy
mahalkaris
)
)
At
to
on
respects
heard
Delhi
life and
special letter
his
party and
to
be
supply
open
fail in his
humble
to
and
march
in
the
of
case
to effect
rupture with
haughty
his
by
turn
emperor.
Shivajistarted
having already sent
re-assurances
Delhi,
to
an
at the
Orders
had
been
issued
to all the
mokassdars
) and
(revenue
(taluka-officers
manders
require the local fouzdars ( garrison com-
Shivaji'sroute
and
one
much.
so
himself
he
that
unturned
stone
no
the cost of
at
molestation
any
promised
leave
assurances
halt
to
he
would
advance.
force
every
and
would
fateful
his
him
gave
all he could
to do
With
of
of
Shivajiand
to
Moguls,
Aurangzeb, nor
farmers
ways
possessionsfrom
and
of the
the
to the
Shivaji
to
the
on
advice
at the
Singh1 who was
Mogul
epistle,Jay Singh enjoinedupon his son to
with
Shivaji'sforts
actions
gave
command.
hands
also
Ram
attention
pay proper
their needs
Deccan
He
court.
his son,
to
He
his honour.
him
treat
local
the
of
provide for
as
a
prince
to
of
dignitariescame
whose
fame
district
The
all
and
and
the
the
to
valour
taluka
wants
empire.
their
pay
had
they
officers
took
respect
disthe
least annoyance
or
particularcare not to cause
known
to be very sensitive
to Shivaji, who
was
with
this subjecta story
connection
this subject. In
on
had recently occurred
of what
at Aurangabad,
is told
his way
to
on
when
Shivaji called there
Agra. The
the
Safshikan
to
not
come
Khau, did
city
governor
i
father
.
Souae
and
bakhars
state
sent
thence
was
that Ram
to
Agra
Singh
to
was
accompany
in
the
Deccan
Shivaji.
with
his
SHIVAJI
THE
AT
in anger
on
calling
to the residence
sent his
COURT
27S
the governor
ately
proceeded immedi-
submitted
kinsman
MOGUL
that
the governor
nor's
gover-
waiting in
was
hall to receive
Shivaji.Shivajiretorted that if
meant
to make
of him
the governor
so much
he might have
at the
to receive him
come
gate.1 Later when the governor
formal
visits to Shivaji'squarters
and his officers came
on
apology and banqueted the guests.
they made a proper
followed by the other nobles in the camp.
Their example was
the audience
that
story
connection
in
told
is
with
the
for the
of
fort
administration.
of
his rules
the
gate
view
test the
to
rations
prepa-
the strictness
Shivaji's
observance
of
denly
discipline,
Shrvaji presented himself sudat night at the gates of a fort and, callingout to
of the garrison, sent word
the commander
that Shivaji
in person
was
flying before the enemy and ordered
come,
to
be
thrown
fort manned
the
strict orders
kept
at
bay
fort,and
ramparts
not
were
circumstances,
that
would
to
for
him.
and
open
if the
the
from
he
open
foe
The
replied
the
did
fort
to this
that
of the
Shivaji's-
gates under
approach
out-posts at the
see
captain
outer
being done.
any
might be
he
barrier of the
But
as
for
the
anecdote
This
the Bandela
Memoirs
L.S.19.
authority
[Nuahka-i'Dilkasha).
is
given
on
the
of Scott
Waring
and
LIFE
V7*
Nevertheless
OF
SHIVAJI
MAHARAJ
detained
the
Shivaji'sparty outside
fort walls for the rest of the night. When
morning dawned
and
the
the governor
principal offenders appeared at the
gate with their hands bound, and unbolting the gate gave
admission
to Shivaji and prostrated themselves
before him,
acknowledging their guiltand demanding instant
ment.
punishShivaji was
quite overjoyed with this proof of
to
their adherence
far
disciplineand regulations and
kind
of
them
from
censure
imposing any
higher
gave
the
With
in
this
moral
positions
army.
certainty that
he
'
conducted
in
When
about
to
it
receive
various
spirit of harmony
announced
was
approach
Makhlis
and
the
fort centres
and
would
be
discipline,
Shivaji
north.
to
at
administration
the
Khan,
him.
that
cavalcade
Shivaji's
Agra,1 Aurangzeb
a
This
nobleman
of somewhat
marked
sent
forbore
Ram
Singh
inferior
rank,
slight,though
to
notice.
was
He
it
did
took
not
up
scale
comfort
indeed
Aurangzeb
was
on
the
old
and
the bakhara, Shivaji'smeeting
with
According to Grant Duff
took
.Aurangzeb at the imperial durbar
place at Delhi.
Shivaji mighu
Delhi.
with
at
left
visit
view
Bub
to
a
have
Eaigad
Aurangzeb
after the death
of Shaha
Jahan
in
1666, Aurangzeb
January
soon
which
his court
to Agra
was
removed
practicallyhis capital for the resb
he says that Shivaji
of his reign. Khafi Khan
is, therefore, right when
at
Jedhe
visited the
mentions
Chronology also
Agra. The
emperor
Vide
wade
the
visited
as
Mogul capital
Raj
VIII, 23.
by Shivaji.
.Agra
1
AT
SHIVAJI
then
for
grudge
She
them
urging upon
that Shivajiwas
in
him
the
as
The
had
slain
ladies
his
of
he
power,
honoured
the
giving
unfor-
an
and
son
fited
discom-
of her revengeful
that
emperor
now
should, instead of
of the
block.
This
made
gossipof
these
execution
Khan
imperial seraglio,
the
guest
an
Shaista
infection
with
plead
her
ences
influ-
zenana
wife of
spread the
to
275
naturally harboured
the
among
COURT
passion certain
who
one
husband.
hatred
She
Agra.
at
her
to his
MOGUL
being exercised.1
were
was
fuel
add
and
enmity
THE
empire,
ing
treat-
lead him
Aurangzeb's
to
mind
court.
the
They
imperial
and
that
The
waver.
household
came
manner
should
their
be
not
and
lives
own
stained
in
foul
so
fortunes
rested
rebellion.
into open
effect and
Aurangzeb
Ram
When
These
revised
his
protestations had
judgment.
Singh arranged
in their
swords
he
heard
had
said that he
that
in
his
that
was
stride
length !
The
hands.
which
was
worn
curiosityto
the
audience
merchant
1
The
see
the
so
distinguisheda
princesof
the
for this
had
muslin.
crowded
capital.
is tteruier.
loyal
most
his
stood
naked
fears;
own
twenty- five
was
robe
was
emperor,
throne, with
with
The
Owing
to
of
mail,
a
over
natural
the south
leading nobles
zenana
been
his seat
to
clad in
warrior
cubits
that have
close
readiness
and
war
of
the
precautions
in
the
ordinary man.
Gossip
requitingan injury, and
hall
authority
had
of
weapons
the
the audience
praetorian guard
measured
sometimes
to
and
no
devil at
very
In addition
day for
birth-day of
the
emperor
Shivajiwas
their
and
ladies burned
OF
LIFE
276
SHIVAJI
MAHARAJ
curiosity, and
arrangements
behind the
for them
tapestry. As the durbar
Singh and a few chosen
Shivajiwith Ram
near,
the
with
same
the
part of
to that
the way
but
rest of the
the
of the amirs
they
thousand
five
he
now
himself
According
chronicle
led
his
standing
the
was
Ram
rank
Singh's
command
of
and
anger
insulted
in
could
position. Saying
The
he
him
that he
Singh.2
this,
emperor.
nob
make
the-
durbar
required by
Sabhasad
it somehow.
and
insult
the
griefat
the
of
of
holding
had
grossly
emperor
and
such inferior
officers,
the
to take
Singh
instead
the
to
Ram
placed.
was
accept such a
self-respect
demanded
a
dagger from Ram
"
This
his hand
inquiredwhat
with
was
native
Shivajihad no alterno
loDger suppress
only aggravated
with
him
could
he
with
mansabdars
were
men
ejaculatedthat
ranking
and
nobles, ho
whom
and
answers.
amirs.
hall
seating
among
that
answer
not
He
follow.
to
indignationand
with
the
throne
proper
him
second-rate
the
among
attendants
salutation,1placed
the
the
gave
motioned
drew
Shivaji
and
health
his
usual
hour
usual
made
Aurangzeb
the emperor.
place
the
according to
introduced
his
the
made
nazar
his
He
hall.
to the
came
made*
were
had
to be
he
removed
to
the
bath-room
where
to his
brought back
senses.
believes
memoirs
that
of these
Shivaji was
author
frightened
and
lost his senses
sight of the splendour of the Mogul court
etc.
sprinklingrose-water
astonishment
to be
asking
that
why
he
also
to
was
he did not
further
on
recovering
fool
to be
kill him
that
The
was
that
adds
caught
oubrighb.
he
in
The
his
became
at
the
wibh
self
got him-
delirious,exclaiming
the talcns
bakhare
he
senses
state
by
of
and
an
the
eagle and
bundela
of Ram
of.
Shivaji asked
Singh bhe name
commander
and
who
of
in
front
was
him,
standing
hearing
Rajput
Ami
the Raja Rai Singh exclaimed, "Rai
it was
Singh! What?
Memoirs
the
conveyed
fit that
in his
He
"
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
OF
LIFE
278
that the
It
was
south.
in the
He,
while
north
in the
entangle him
doubtful*
very
the
ments
blandishmind
astute
his
undermining
the
thorefore,petitioned
to
power
through
emperor
been
invited to
that
he
of the
the terms
letter
the
was
submitted
he
which
such
was
his
was
a
without
any
it to the
was
transfer
was
nor
Besides
the
it
the
he
was
exile
an
friends
or
scene
of
of
any
northern
and
influence
advantage
where
influence
and
large following
north, where
and
country
own
commanded
rather
than
stranger
boast
to
he
of.
to the
Thus
earthly use
climate
or
convenience
with
the
soil,
neither
of the
his
in
should
to
north,
him.
his health
of the
little contingent
of his young
son, or
therefore craved
He
the emperor's
that accompanied him.
with
nor
that
graciouspermission to
1
return
to the
Deccan.
SHIVAJI
much
so
obsessed
he
was
Shivajiin
MOGUL
with
the
By
COURT
itffr
vouchsafed
emperor
the
north, he would
the
south.
the
in
petition the
this
To
THE
AT
view
answer,
that
by detaining
his ambitious
designs
sought to practise
further
restraint
no
he
curb
his
Shivaji, the emperor
thought he would
to a
of helpless
state
haughty temper and reduce him
indeed
dependence. Shivaji was
entirely at his mercy
and the only marvel
is that
he did not
take
violent
more
But the stipulationsmade
with
measures.
Shivajiby the
of Jay Singh always came
mediation
before
his eyes and
made
him
when
the thought of violence
coward
occurred
upon
mind.
his
to
among
the
deeds
and
Mahomedan
Some
of
ladies
chroniclers
add
that
the
who
had
seen
imperial zenana
of Shivaji in the audience
the
introduction
hall, was
named
zeb-un-nisa
This
a daughter of the
Begum.
emperor
the fame
of
Shivaji's
princess had already before heard
she
what
behaviour
and
person
soldier answered
such
of
hero
exactly
won
him
from
of his
eyes
of
what
she
to
these
own
worthy
This
romance.
over
her
with
saw
brave
had
father
extreme
and
and
man
expected
in
some
of
princess, say
her
some
hand-
successfully
Besides
measures.
it
is
to believe
easy
the
Among
one
was
Aurangzeb
omrahs
Jaffar
Khan
prime minister to
with
having made
in case
Shivajishould
and
that he
This
movements
proposal
emperor.
On
Aurangzeb.
a
suggestion
not
at
seems
its
on
to
of
This
emperor
Shaista
noble
Khan
is credited
Aurangzeb that
willinglyagree to the proposal
the imperial court
as
a grandee
and
be threatened
hampered in
should
and
of the
confidence
brother-in-law
reside
empire, he
of the
his
should
in the
was
account
no
have
coming
to
been
the
to
allowed
approved
knowledge
to
of
of
return.
by the
Shivaji
280
LIFE
he honoured
on
MAHARAJ
SH1VAJI
OF
Jaffar Khan
with
subject,addressing himself
and
justiceand exhorting him
the
influence
to make
the
with
emperor
to permit his
interviewed
visit and
his
to
to
his
use
relent
him
of
sense
him
ness
fair-
powerful
and
fulfil
promise
departure for the Deccan, with
Jaffar Khan
made
escort befittinghis rank.
an
a
pretence
of fact
of assenting to
this request. But as a
matter
Khan's
the
while
conversation
at its height the
even
was
wife who
sent
happened to be a sister of Shaista Khan
from the harem
a secret
advising the Khan not to
message
no
Shivaji, as there was
prolong his colloquies with
At this warning on
knowing what he might do and when.
his
the
part of
interview
his
and
usage
uxorious
Khan
that
the visit
short
cut
betel-nut
the
presented
Indian
according to
the
consort
leaves,
at
was
an
the
sign
end.
seemed
emperor
undertaking
entire
to
Deccan
inasmuch
as
he
as
to
distrust
subdue
and
him
make
dutiful
when
even
over
vassal
to
of
he
Aurangzeb
the
empire,
him
was
the
and
sion,
permis-
Hindustan.
he
take
His
necessity of
service
among
his
feudal
pertinacityhad driven
restraining his movements,
the
nobility in
to
emperor
and until his
mind
emperor
covert
MOGUL
the
under
Ram
appealingto
of
terms
Khan.
Diler
and
Singh
Singh
that
Ram
should
of this
communication
of
by
success
around
guard
residence
the
intriguer,but this was
The
him.
immediately before
of any
success
plan he might form
ablest
fear
to
friend
predicament
could
and
of
the number
be found
those
It
himself.
as
who
his
again,urging
followers
agree
with
from
the
them
in
ingenuity of the
lay
question that now
for
condition
the
to
was
clear
if
that
way
own
hardship of
Deccan, as
and
police
increase
to
escape
would
difficulty.
Shivaji, therefore, petitioned
the
pect
pros-
The
the
first
was
had
of
no
from
to extricate
dependents
was
purport
betray no sign
The
to
second
problem was
placed innocentlyin the same
foe.
or
the
persuasion.
tax
that
course.
there
continued
would
them
When
was.
Shivaji
to
of
by Jay
earnestly,
natural
that
saw
in
their
by
use
himself
he
methods
any
elude
To
number.
he
his
into
no
.bound
concluded
he
the
have
He
intimated
Singh
hand
compact effected
him
Shivajito convert
dignitary of the empire, as
was
done, things would resume
When
remain
the
with
reduce
281
misgiving he would
the
other
predicament. On
unhappy
persistedin maintaining that he could
Shivaji, as he was
object in ill-treating
honour
of
COURT
and
doubt
clear of
was
illthis
1HE
AT
SHIVAJI
sickness
detaining in
the
northern
present less
the
the
emperor
north
his
did
not
climate
was
He,
his
needful.
This
exchequer. Aurangzeb
passports for
also
would
was
but
mean
too
great saving
pleased to
to
grant
the
to
Shivaji's followers
Deccan
and his Maratha
retinue with the exceptionof a few
officers was
ordered to return
home.
His loyal attendants
of
were
extremely reluctant to return, being aware
the serious
leaving their
predicament in which
they were
the
return
of
LIFE
282
master, and
Shivajihad
his faithful
adherents
leave
made
escape
their
master.
return
in
his
own
MAHARAJ
in explainingto
great difficulty
the scheme
that
it
He
them
was
to
left to
now
crisis in his
they
should
first
that
he
would
anxiety on
no
thus
received
their
pelled
com-
master, who
probably
was
permission
with
friendly relations
Mogul
attended
for
under
upon
calmly what
obtained
now
cultivate
the
face
formed
the
greatest
career.
Shivaji
and
backs
had
them
assured
their
turn
he
that
imperative
this
at
SHIVAJI
OF
him
On
court.
the
him
to
exchange
visits
leading omrahs
occasions,Ram
these
introduced
and
to
Singh
leadinggrandees
the
of the court.
and
Shivaji's suavity of manners
urbanity
of social intercourse
wherever
he
won
golden opinions
conversation
he now
In his most
intimate
went.
began
his determinato harp on
the change in his opinions and
tion
and
to
dignitiesin the
aspireto the highest honours
service
loyal and devoted
empire by rendering the most
in field and council.
These
repeated professionsgradually
won
the
confidence
free
and
unrestrained
did
nor
it
behaviour
take
to reach
presents of
For
the
the
week
in
and
as
and
large
filled with
baskets
sweets,
shoulders.
carriers to
to carry
lay
down
it on, after
The
specialfestivities
celebrate
the
under
such
taken
these
their burden
to be
to
prepared.
used
became
that
bamboo
and
Shivaji's
them.
to carry
a
send
omrahs
baskets
monster
sentinels
from
and
ordered
persons
from
of
pretence
pains to cultivate.
to
sweets
were
his
these
so
on
Shivaji.
changed
had
of
of
rumour
into
emperor'sears.
to
sweets
ten
the
them
with
intercourse
commenced
conveyance
residence
for
drew
and
courtiers
social
friendshiphe
the
When
the
long
Shivaji now
Thursday
every
a religious
vow,
whose
of
to
order
only allowed
They
rested
the
them
about
SHIVAJI
This
its contents.
and
they began
COURT
the
one
were
28*
Thursday
another
their
to clear
two
the
on
search, and
after
one
or
Thursday
to
needless
baskets
just
sentinels
The
conscience.
of
all the
examine
to
MOGUL
from
on
tired
got
examining
of
instead
went
sentinels
the
THE
:AT
best of
with
terms
been
won
august prisoner they guarded, having
over
by his repeated largessesand
by the punctilious
failed
to extend
never
courtesy that the great Maratha
to his keepers. Shivaji mingled in their blunt
tion
conversathe
and
unreserved
he
wore
of
him
speak freelyto
his
expatiateon
natural
used
they
the
allegianceto
that
result
and
to
fears as
hopes and
though
With
equal tact Shivajibehaved
guard, losingno opportunity to
towards
life
their
of themselves.
one
of
ways
they
the
with
emperor,
unconsciously relaxed
the
rigour
their surveillance.
of
that
Now
of
his
many
Some
there
growing signs
were
left
on
the
climate,
others
desiring
being
as
of
change
the
another
pretence of sickness
number
had
Thus
master.
of his followers
They
attendants
and
filled
no
got
were
Hindustani
by
left with-
Shivaji
out
of the
and
service
pretext
one
from
day
or
to
passports and
their
menials
Deccani
their
and
places
were
length there
original retinue only his son
At
servants.
of
of
change
his
on
him.
with
dwindled
difficultyabout
instructed
were
by Shivajito await
of
most
appointed places. Thus
day.
company
and
for
Deccan
the
to
away
with
wearied
the fulfilment
of
his
to transact
it out
that
he
it
was
from
on
the
distance.
way
to
sweets
to
After
recovery
to his
the
time
and
he
out
physicians
amirs
and
284
LIFE
omrahs
of
had
mosques
This
excited
some
had
of
the
the
five
which
and
become
the
abundance,
the
door.
Shivaji's
it
that
Shivajiconcealed
himself, while
Prince
in another.
Sambhaji hid himself
usual
one
or
practicethe sentinels examined
and let the others
unchallenged. As it
pass
of
one
the
occasion
chronicles,
that
was
the
the
for distribution
priests of
the
succeeded
his
It
time
on
the
sick-bed
his
escape.
and
The
seize
his
their
baskets
two
is related
of
on
the
in
this
being
were
fakirs and
among
After
use
question
his son,
Brahman
(Muttra).The ruse
guards and joined
city gates.1
of the
arranged that
Shivaji'srobe
was
put
in
party outside
made
pretence
sweets
despatched
longer
no
ba
to
in
from
usual
so
One
baskets
in
and
to
fakirs
the
confections
borne
now
liberallydistributed
were
poor,
and
curiosity.
any
four or
one
and
being
occurrence
MAHARAJ
Alms
sweets
baskets
monster
SHIVAJI
court.
Brahmans
among
in
the
OF
the
and
occupy
his master's
earliest occasion
the
for the
place on
make
good
to
the
to
was
The
give
a
empty
in
of
that
say
charity
beggars at
to
his
monster
Khafi
in two
of
Khan
horses
they
were
ostensibly
taken
out
give
of
the
in
of
quantity
when
exhausted
hampers,
shops to be reloaded.
these empty
hampers.
tells the
story that Shivaji
to
Shivaji's practice
every Thursday, there
of all sorts
door.
which
of
account
on
mendicants
to the confectioners'
escaped
excellent
Memoirs
in
sweets
crowd
brought
purpose
Bundela
charity
city
and
sweets
had
to
had
be
Shivaji and
had
be
retaken
Sambhaji
purchased
for
Brahmans,
kept ready with
to
to
three
which
all their
about
14 kos
(i. e. 35 miles) from
trappings and equipments at a village
Namah
the life of
the capital. Another
authority, the Alamgir
(i.e.
of the
that
when
states
Jay Singh heard
Aurangzeb)
Alamgir or
remonstrated
with
the
of
describing
Shivaji, he
emperor
captivity
which
the
kotwal's
watchmen
were
286
LIFE
the officers
where
of his
determined,
it
staff
private
their
With
him.
receive
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
OF
advice
waiting
were
future
the
line of
extremely hazardous
Deccan
iio the
by a straight and direcb route
search
north, when
parties were
scouring the
was
roads
of
as
in all directions.
With
proceed as
Shivaji himself
homes.
and
secretaries
menial
risk
the
guise
to dis-
party
to their
and
his
band
chosen
were
attired
now
circuitous
until
another
ordinary
they might
attendants
to
his
the
best
leisurely and
of
return
from
to obviate
portion
and
themselves
southern
view
route
to
was
to
route
as
from
reached
they
of
the
to Benares
from
thence
and
to
they came
where
Mathura
the
to fall in
they had
good fortune
with
three
good friends of their cause,
Krishnajipant,
of the
Kashipant, and
Visajipant, the brothers-in-law
minister
Moro
Trimal
to them
Pingle. Shivaji unravelled
the whole
and
wanderings and inquired
story of his escape
if they would
the
undertake
Sambhaji
charge of young
till the
in the
Deccan,
Maharaja's safe arrival
They
the
of
three
the
into
heartily entered
plan. One
brothers joined Shivajiin his wanderings.1The whole
party
their topas
disguised themselves
gosavis, having shaved
knots,
Thus
beards
and
arriving outside
lived
his way
the
to
himself
after
sent
mustaches.
in
potter'sand
month.
hope
When
of
there
the
guising
dis-
scouts
finding any
trace
of the
travelled as
the disguise of a gosavi and
fugitives,Shivaji assumed
,if proceeding on a. pilgrimage. According to Orme, at the
extremity of the
boat
readiness
in
take
the river
to
a
was
over
city
waiting
Shivaji across
on
Shivaji paid the boatman
crossing which
handsomely for the service
bade
rendered
and
him go to Aurangzeb and
report that he had conveyed
the
the
across
river.
Raja
Having crossed, Shivaji rode at full speed
for
other
considerable
side made
house
distance
his
According
of
certain
way
to
hills
over
the Rairi
Nanaji
Sambhaji behind
and
his
tasty march
down
was
river
and
dales
bakhar,
Vishwasrao
that
health
the
he
gave
at
way.
crossing again
bafflingall pursuit.
Prince
could
and
Sambhaj
Benares.
not
stand
Vishwasrao
The
was
kept
reason
for
the
was,
fatigue
to the
at the
ing
keepof
however,
the
the)
AT
SHIVAJI
MOGUL
COURT
Shivaji'sparty
Mathura
At
THE
used
287
perform
to
their
On
occasion
their
one
morning ablutions in the Jumna.
all but
identity was
betrayed. Shivaji commenting on
the
the untidy state of
river-ghatexpressed his surprise
in such a place of pilgrimage renowned
that
all through
India, the river-ghatsshould be kept in such
an
unsightly
and
condition
the
suggested what
appeared to him
this
of
one
the
could
that he
architecture
in
of
arrangement
proper
be
he
this
At
Agra
at
observed
him
join
his
on
door
of the
that
illustrious
raised, and
their
declared
and
know
gone.
his
-safe
But
The
return
there
of
transpired
The
sentinels
movement
no
who
had
and
that
usual
great
alarm
at
left
their
was
no
attendants
was
now
after the
of
trace
local
to
there
the
sent
no
was
The
servants.
its
on
country,
what
was
out
any
flown
had
with
found
nor
person
him
home
the
to
of
fugitivesin
of
Shivaji nor
servants
in
Shivaji's
when
title which
silenced
patient'sbed-chamber
couch
confidential
temporary
of
other
some
attendant
the
search-partieswere
all directions.
his
the
To
consternation
bird
The
there.
knowledge
pilgrim party
there
the
on
the
exclaimed
pension.
returned.
yet
unspeakable
Shivaji
be
return
state
afterwards
not
strange
such
Krishnajipant
and that
Shivaji'sresidence
the
place so hurriedly on
this
had
Upon
town
to take
notice of
necessary
after
Shivaji'sdeliverance.
soon
had
embankments.
pilgrim
indeed
must
It is
river
priests of the
no
gosavi. He
that
disguise.
such
service
he
were
had
sentinels
Shivaji
home.
gave
left
his
made
to
these
chamber
their
or
report
Brahtnans
after
to
his
had
how
he
Polad
(Fulad)
and
Sambhaji's
288
LIEF
Khan,
the
SHIVAJI
kotwal, who
with
emperor
OF
MAHARAJ
in
ran
incredible
the
great trepidationto
that
news
Shivaji
the
had
to
art, of which,
master, for
the sentinel
the
gates
news
came
how
else
was
Polad
Khan's
could
protestations. None
Polad
himself
that
Aurangzeb
pick of his police force
Yet
could
fulminations
of
he
for
not
Khan
the
better
knew
had
enlisted
most
fury. The
of cavalry hung
about every
capital. Cavalry parties
the
charge laid
helpless kotwal
stringent search
the
spare
than
great
his
Clouds
ordered.
be
claimed, Shivajimust
he
become
invisible,when
stationed
all round, and watched
parties were
with
unremitting zeal, day and
night. The
to
the blue.
Aurangzeb like a bolt from
no
questioning the loyalty or
sincerityof
There
him.
he
was
scoured
the
subhedar
that
ordered
the
great road
valleys. Each
informed
upon
Maratha
the
to
or
the
arrest
jurisdiction.Jay Singh,
orders
arrest
to put under
received
Netaji Palkar whom
Shivaji had deputed to co-operate with the Mogul army,
tKe
to keep an
fugitive'sflight,and prevent
upon
eye
from
him
making good his position at the head of the
armies
Maratha
Singh
Ram
Maratha
the
did
hill-forts.
quite
suspicion.1 Immediately on
of
Some
that
Chitnis
such
escaped
heard
of this
corroborates
letter
Brahmans
Shivaji had
faithlessness
to
the
loyaltyto
to
the
the story of
prime
the
not
that
asserts
Maratha
Jay Singh
his
in
Ram
who
with
the
emperor.
arrest
connivance
he
of Ram
protested
The
of
the
Jedhe
his
measure
of
escape
Shivaji,
Shivaji's escape.
under
Singh.
son
In
to
give
murder
torture
But
when
innocent
was
Chronology
Brahmans.
minister
emperor
the
certain
at
Singh connived
were
caught admitted
charge,
the
escape
(p.
of
188 )
subsequent
a
proof of,
Shivaji by
MOGUL
THE
AT
SHIVAJI
CO I
289
when
and
noble
of his
the conditions
fulfilling
had
kept him under
himself
neither
and
father
nor
that
made
with
strict
the
his father
the
Maratha
surveillance,
was
instead of
emperor
be
to
warrior
Ilencetorth
held
responsible
under
came
to
He
cloud.
no
longer obtained
admission
the durbar.
As
to
the
in
adroitness
of
omrahs
eludingthe
the
court
the
vigilantguard
set
of
news
on
Shivaji's
his movements
the
and
welcomed
thus
lost for
pretending
to
tret ted
the
over
enter
L. 8. 20
active
matrimonial
daughter in marriage
posal. (Jay Singh's letter
his
with
to
in
his
the
hospitality.The
participationot
alliance
son.
and
Nothing
emperor
brave
and
enticingShivaji to give
came
of
this
fine pro*
LIFE
190
in the
resolute leader
smile
notable
as
him
of the
chagrin. A
Such
capitalitself,maturing
had
treachery. The emperor
lest Shivajimight spring upon
He
quarter.
Mathura
From
the
company
on
had
expect
now
other
criticisms
emperor.
deepened his
despair,lest Shivaji
obscure
some
plan of
look warily
from
corner
revenge
or
himself,
to
unexpected
some
to sleepand
stranger
him
to threaten
seemed
and
became
some
him
the
leader
could
this
to
in
to
subhedars
in
of the
into
foe
be
seemed
disconsolate
the
somewhere
skulking
be
along
and
and
might
turned
talented
but- who
succeeded
fear
vague
to
Such
of
ears
bound
such
And
reports of talukdars
forlorn
all
the fortunes
to the
brought
"rumour
had
With
once
The
as
whose
been
enterprises
?
principalities
his good fortune.
southern
the
empire,
were
had
Fortune
antagonist.
relentless
of the
conquests
willing ally
invaluable.
MAHARAJ
militarycouncils
Deccan
the
in
services
SHIVAJI
OF
Nemesis
rest.
side.
every
rites,dolingout
Shivajiperformed the proper religious
and givingreligious
scale.
He
alms
offeringson a modest
travelled to Allahabad, Benares, and Gaya, the celebrated
town
in the
shrines
north, and
to shrine
shrine
extended
of
tours
as
joints the
"most
it
travellers
obstacle
overcame
on
policeofficer,
swim
to
mountains
to
Deccan.
autumnal
In
with
put up
obstacle
no
At
some
nothingbut
of
zeai
villagethe
At
many
bank
to
and
and
local
suspicion,
put
prompt confession
deeply
so
obstructions
steady
"
one
him
of his
these
many
had
monsoons
to be crossed
these
certain
cause
from
had
to surmount
all.
the
country from
had
and
or
them
arrest, when
The
the
left
he
tryingto have
But
or
regionsof
piligrimagehe had
to make
Forests
other.
to the
when
already burst
.flooded
he traversed
inconveniences.
and
vexations
up
thus
it
on
the
was
foot.
patience
fouzdar
under
identity
AT
SHIVAJI
from
MOGUL
THE
COURT
M|
the
he found
predicament in whioh
fouzdar
The
himself.
was
aback
quite taken
at the
of the arrested person'sidentityand made
revelation
his
he had unwittingly
apology for the discourtesy of which
?ould
guiltytowards
been
"i
him
save
illustrious
so
Mogul
Shivajimade
person.
and
in money
sufficient recompense
Jisclose to any
requested him
him
not
to
having travelled
Shivaji,
to
intending
place when
In another
by that way.
with due ceremonial,had entered
perform hisjiblutions
the
the attendingpriest to recite the sacred
river and ordered
chants, another priestconversing with the first happened to
remark
quite casuallythat Shivaji,the Raja of the south,
time
under arrest
at Agra, had
for some
who
was
escaped
the
These
and was.
over
words
fell
like
country.
wandering
He
somehow
molten
his ears.
lead upon
completed his
ablutions and hurriedly left the place1. At Cut tack
Shivaji
was
quite prostrated with the fatigue of his wanderings
to prosecute the rest
and decided to purchase a horse so as
A horse was
of his journey on horse-back.
selected for the
down
the purchase price,
and Shivaji had to pay
purpose
silver coins about
Not findingany
him, he inadvertently
opened his purse in presence of the horse-dealer,who
was
astonished
to
for this
Raja Shivaji."
At
hasty retreat.
On
his arrival
in
"When
be
the
this, says
the
full of
must
Bundela
beat
crammed
of horse, you
sort
common
was
exclaimed
Upon
the
it
that
see
you
pagodas.
offer gold
else
none
chronicler
him
at
money
of
not
than
the
and
proceed
but diverted
his route
principality,
to
Puri, Gondwan, Bhaganagar (Deccan Hyderabad), Bijapur
and thence to Raigad. He
and so on to Panhala
continued
the garb of a gosavi,having previously sent
word
.to wear
dominions.
of his arrival incognitoin his own
When
Shivaji
directlyto
iirst
own
presented himself
.habiliments
1
his
Koati
of
Khan
at
gosavi and
is the
authority
the
Pwaigadgate
demanded
tor these
two
an
in
the
interview
anecdotes.
coarse
with
the
Jijabai,
fort
that
introduced
SHIVAJI
OF
LIFE
292
MAHARAJ
sentinel
gosavi in
style.But Shivajicould not longer sustain his part in the
comedy, and advancing prostratedhimself at her feet. She
the
had
did not recognizehim : to such an extent
constant
anxieties and
privationsof his long journey altered his
the
features.
astonished
at
She was
amazing conduct, as
feet.
she took it,of the gosavi in falling at her
Shivaji
a
streamed
had
from
her
"
The
happy
audience
to the
gentry
a
re-born
was
in his
by
one
occasion
open-handed
in
his
the
and
Shivajigave
distinguished
the
alms, food
of
in oriental fashion
distributed
panniered elephants.
his
Each
the
to
men
Shivaji
He
largessesto
and
was
the
raiment
of
tutelary
upon
to the
Bhavani
and
her
image.Sugar was
joyfulmultitude from
nobleman
honorary present of
distributed
glimpse
among
ceremonials
Specialthanks-giving
showered
plentifully
pearlswere
and
on
humblest.
observances.
proper
honour
in
celebrated
son
celebrated
was
greatestto
hospitality
the poor.
helplessand
received
with
scattered
He
Brahmans.
were
over,
another
celebrated the
were
her
vied with
again
the
his mother
that
her !
to
with
interview
merely
not
was
leadingchiefs, ministers
kingdom. Shivaji'sreturn
lavish scale
Men
he
returned,
It
eyes.
and
garrison officer
Sweets
sweets.
alms
and
and
sages.
Each
celebrated the
they
aroused
His
was
had
never
to the
a
cause
fort fired
restoration
in
spirit"oi_jubilationsuch as
experienced before. Their hopes were
highest.Here
that
was
was
bound
no
triumph. The
defeat.
air
was-
294
OF
LIFE
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
result
that
arrested.1
The
bade
dine
Brahman
would
dish of
improvised and
to
Kashipant
the Maratha
under
arrival
had
was
served
the
title of
conferred
marks
of
they
of
the
the
the
hastily
plantain leaf
was
Brahman
and
meal.
Upon
common
The
with
command.2
the
on
and
of
reached
company
Sambhaji's
adventures.
with
His
duly acknowledged
of good faith was
were
cause
Viohwasrao
him.
upon
out
further
any
that
do
(poha)
rice
off3.
let them
greeted
was
being
son
obey
to
Sambhaji,
prince partook
without
was
ciraumstances
no
pounded
and
he
of
point
submitted
that
and
Raigad
brother
and
Kashipant
curds
the
on
of the
out
Brahman.
non-
him
commander
was
his
of Mathura
family.
a
latter
Kashipant and
Brahmans
were
the
lord
or
appreciation of
recognitionand
similar
received
brothers
two
their
noble
services.4
1
The
author
ot
the
having long
h iir
was
in company
with
his wife
Chitms,
Other
Bundela
Memoirs
disguised as
and
says
girland
thai*the young
Kashipant
disguised.
made
Sambhaji.
the
journey
1 0 ;
Shivdigvijay,vi55,25H.
to be informed,
give the version that Aurangzeb came
that Prince
of Kashipant and
had
in hiding at the house
Sambhaji was
his house watched, upon
officer's
which
the Brahman
dispelled the Mogul
described.
suspicion by dining in the manner
4
conferred
Vishwasrao
that
the
title
was
Shivdigvijiy says
upon
all
published
Agra,
Jormer
not
bakhars
the
three
in Raj wade
VIII,
Delhi, showing
town.
The
brothers.
3.
This
that Shi
oonferred
sanad
sanad
vaji
refers
attended
to
the
upon
them
is"
Shivaji's flightfrom.
Mogul
durbar
at the
SHIVAJI
romantic
more
curiosityto
with
see
is interwoven
Shivaji was
their
own
eyes
heard
these ladies
was
It
of
to
romantic
behind
seated
unmarried
Zeb-un-nisa
the
natural
whose
were
an
certain
is related
of
out
one
much,
so
as
by
invited
imperial harem,
known
Aurangzeb,
COURT
Agra episode.
when
durbar
of
of the
occasion
the
on
MOGUL
THE
incident
in their version
writers
that
AT
daughter
The
Begum.
heard,
so
efforts
this
runs
for
Already
had
adventures
romantic
the
advancement
the
fame
ravished
of
her
of
his
of
generositytowards the
exemplary piety towards
His
heart.
labours
many
after
so
forces,
had
now
"
he
had
he
of
come
as
breast
her
in
his
achieving so
country's cause,
invincible
father's
her
conciliated
friend and
These
hospitalityof the Mogul court.
of a
had prepared her heart for the first advances
which
Shivaji'sconduct in the durbar only served
vowed
It is said she
even
deeper than before.
wed
she
either
would
resolve iihat
Shivaji or
the
honour
virgin for
It is
was
should
he
called
Sarkar
stories
bakhars
ally,to
feelings
passion,
make
to
a
firm
remain
life.
of
know
to
Shivaji came
that
himself
and
of the princess towards
duly represented to him on her behalf
said
even
sentiments
matter
chord
after
come
of battle with
shocks
many
touched
furtherance
the
in
had
and
valour
his
country's liberties.
and
soul-stirring
his
romantic
of
account,
be
that
prepared
to embrace
the
faith
of
Islam,
the
the
that
the
The soWestern
and
Douglas: Bombay
India, 1,349-51.
discussed by Prof.
are
love-intriguesof the princess Zeb-un-nisa
He has proved the e
in his
Studies in Mughal
India
pp. 79-90.
Vide
"
"
of
love-intriguesto
contains
the
nor
least
does
be
hint
any
of the Mar;.th.
None
entirely baseless.
as
regards the supposed passionof the
of the
or
Persian
Dr. Jbryer
authorities
mention
or
it.
European
"
I MAHARAJ
SHIVA.]
OF
LIFE
^96
However,
have
to
a
whole
been
traditional
true, and
chronicles, that
virgin on
but for his
The
This
of her
love,
rate
in
from
arisen
of
some
remained
for
indeed
not
in Prince
princessis
at any
said
Akbar's
vowed
rate
took
death, which
till her
intellectual
any
romance
the
long
life-
Shivaji,
Sambbaji.1
spent in the
were
have
daughter of Aurangzeb
account
son
involved
was
at
princessZeb-un-nisa
unmarried
to
appears
belief,current
like
much
too
story appears
place
her
prison-fortof Salimgarh
been
to have
a
lady of
attainments.2
The
Marathi
1702.
in
rebellion and
remain
to
She
days
last
Delhi.
near
considerable
have
chronicles
interminable
barbarous
in
wars
execution
of
Deccan
the
Sambhaji and
and
the
after
who
the
heart
Viae Sarkar's
Stadiea
It is said that
and
Concealed
that she
One.
like her
wrote
Vide
in Mughal
father
India,
pp.
Aurangzeb
poetry under
the
89-90,
the
she knew
pseudonym
of
Koran
Makhfi
or
by
the
SHIVAJi
were
her
The
hod.
own
AT
MOGUL
THE
Marathi
known,
his
on
of her
account
had
capture.1
made
an
The
See
Shedgavkar,
have
remained
the
110-112.
to
princess
Begum's
pp.
297
insolent demand
in historyas
distinguished
COURT
ward
it
after
for her
hand
became
afterwards
Maharaja
Shahu.
CHAPTER
XX
RE-CONQUESTS,
No
did
sooner
the sensational
the
southern
campaigns.
Shivajihad appointed
safe return
The
true
was,
in
that
quickly hear
factors
Shivaji'sreturn
triumphs, the Bijapur and
against one
in
another
the
disadvantage of
Bijapur. The Deccan
had
saved
The
Adil
the
the
troops
supply
these difficultiesan
of
of
to
to
the
It
wind.
is clear
exaggerated
subsistingbetween
to
have
to make
been
victim
himself
loyalty,and
the
the
armies
more
that
of
this attitude
with
the
of
the
that
season
famine.
danger
Shivajiand
of
of
tc
that
conqueror.
and
camp
of
drought
To
crown
of Golconda
oppressed neighbour
re-enforcements
been
addressed
of
the
ing
good understandJay Singh; and he seems
the
aid
Shivaji's
tc
Shahi
suspicious mind
the
pitted
tactics
the sultan
his
cast
fore-
siege
Mogul
emperor
in
of
from
of
Bijapur,while
his
wilt
Deccan
Adil
the
the
If
"
much
laid
blustering
those
aid
the
been
very
century-old
fodder.
and
his
had
arms
round
hovered
to
made
this
of
under
many
corn
Maratha
followed.
that
campaign
Jay Singh
horse
auxiliaryforce
opportunely
to
high
time
the
scene
Mogul
those
of thirst
the miseries
the
latter.
from
the
correct
events
the
to
light
capital
Shahi
the
How
decisive
resumed
had
government
came
the
as
escaped, Aurangzeb
to his Borrow."
Before
added
than
Karwar
at
letters of
hath
proved by
soon
life into
new
of their
one
Shivaji
of him
was
put
English
forecast
correct
cut
Deccan
the
his
presentlyhis
it be
reach
after
make
and
Shivaji's captivity
durbar
at the
scene
of
of
news
whom
great officers,
stewards
the
1667-69
he
would
going
with
presentlydefy
continued
empire.
While
studied
the
emperor
RE-CONQUESTS
began
to
an
defeat
inglorious
in
inevitable
was
adopted by
by
the
view
the
emperor.
his armies
to withdraw
was
thankless
gallant Rajput
his
of
the lives
it
that
conclude
I*
the
He
graduallyretreated
attitude
the
in
the
to
of
invaded
court
indeed
which
forces,
indifference
began, therefore,of
from
sacrifice
to
only
veterans
Bijapur
of
task
set purpose
The
country.
direction
of
Aurangabad.
The enemy
But the gallant Rajput succeeded
gave chase.
in making good his retreat to the Mogul
head-quartersin.
forces
the Deccan.
Jay Singh
so
money
exhausted
command
to
also
those
as
found
indeed
he
succeeded
had
his
in
and
men
forces at his
by Shivaji
capturing with
in
he sufficient balances
sons.
garri-
of these mountain
with
resources
of
to him
fortresses ceded
Nor had
aid and assistance.
Shivaji's
his militarychest for the maintenance
He
both
resources
scarcelyenough
that he had
garrisonthe
which
his
caution
the utmost
only th6
prudence, maintaininglarge garrisons upon
principalhill-forts such as Lohagad, Sinhagad and Purandar
in the Konkan.
and Karnala
in the ghat country and Mahuli
In these
five forts large forces were
maintained, with a
sufficient supply of war-material.
In other places,where
there was
of obtaining local sui plies of food
a
possibility
But
and
stationed.
as
fodder, moderate
garrisons were
of other
fortresses,as he could
regards the greater number
and
afford
withdrew
of
his
men
nor
Having
secured
awaited
money
for
their maintenance,
at all.
and
neither
thus
his
orders
leavingno
made
the
conquests
as
best of
his
best he
defences
gates and
necessity for
garrison
any
scanty
might,
he
resources
he
calmly
at last recalled
Aurangabad. He was
by his ungracious sovereign,and Jaswant Singh and Prince
Muazzim
(Mauzam) were
jointlyappointed governors of the
Deccan.
It is sad to chronicle
magnanimous
his
at
recall the
Meanwhile
the death
of this
to North
minister
illand
noble
India
and
after
died.
of
Shivaji
300
LIFE
fortress
occupied
the
Mogul
defence
as
of
fort after
and
fort with
rule
round
by
improvised
such
the
Maratha
moment,
When
about.
still remained
just
garrison,
in
occupants and
expelledthe
the
evacuated
was
practicable at
were
fortresses with
the
it
as
Mogul troops
defeated
Moropant
fortress
the Maratha
force
MAHARAJ
works
small
after
armies
re-established
SHIVAJI
OF
re-garrisoned
he did with
troops.This
gratifyingresult
already before
that
forts
ceded
of the
Shivaji'sarrival in the south, many
arrival
were
already flyingthe Maratha
flag. On Shivaji's
he lost no
in recovering the entire
district of the
time
Konkan.
The
of
final failure
and
Jay Singh
of
escape
Golconda
Diler
great armies
the
Khan,
capture and
the
the junction of
Shivaji,
the
with
down
sent
subsequent
military
of
resources
with
have
and
armour
of the
at stake
sufficient to
his
of
those
new
induced
take
the
himself
upon
the
But
of invasion.
army
himself
emperor
to
gird
on
command
supreme
there
was
disturbances
were
to
obligedthe emperor
remain
his own
at the capital. He had
misgivingsat having
lity
mismanaged things so as to force Shivajiinto a bitter hostitunate
with the empire, and he was
now
placed in an unfordilemma
with
he should
regird to the course
pursue.
on
the
Were
frontier
northern
he
to
the
entrust
at
be
lost for
triumphed over
of a largearmy,
his victory as
and
raise the
he
to
Raja
their
the
ever.
his
of
command
the
to
or
which
Jaswant
command
empire
If
enemies
on
and
which
the
found
other
revolt.
In
view
himself
of
at stake
now
hand
flagof
considerable
very
the
prince
at the
head
flushed with
to
these
his father
misgivings
302
LIFE
^at conciliation
them
and
in
to
so
OE
his
MAHARAJ
save
This
SHIVAJI
advice
addressed
was
to
that
ears
were
was
his
conviction
that
the
highest interests
poor
is
tradition
princewas
peasant, overtook
be served
and
ordered
wax,
and
to
when
marching to
that
was
a
him
note
what
manner
with
the
of
war
man
was
against
of
in the
little note
was
exquisiteflavour
A little pellet of
midst
of the
curds,
to
the noble
himself.
its
table.
at
found
purportedto
account
say that
expedient that he might be able
The
valiant
came
intelligence
south, Shivaji,
disguised
a
villagenear Brahma
at
to him
the
the
him
as
of the
see
with
prince who
If
there
his
was
is any
reflections must
own
eyes
entrusted
truth
in
have been
judge what
about the enterpriseand
roused in the prince'smind
daring
of the author of this curiously presented epistle. He
must
of the great hazard of war
with a general
have been convinced
and
of such inventiveness
enterprise. On his arrival at
for a peace
were
Aurangabad negotiations
opened through
Jaswant
already been bribed.
Singh. The latter had
Shivajiwas thus able to shape a treaty according to his
not yet ripe for a complete break
The time was
wishes.
the Moguls, and
with
towards
a
conciliatoryattitude
a magnanimous
prince like Muazzim
might be productive
of future
results.
the
Upon
conciliatory proposal of
Muazzim, therefore, Shivaji sent his private secretary,
BalajiAvjiChitnis,as an envoy extraordinaryto wait upon
Muazzim
with .special instructions to
at the Mogul camp,
find out the prince'sreal intentions.
According to court
etiquette,
presentsof jewels,brocades,and elephantsaccomthis
story,we
can
well
RE-CONQUESTS
303
On Jaswant
Singh introducing Chitni"
Ralliedthe envoy.
to the prince, he
began with the preamble of the treaty
of
between
Jay Singh and Shivaji, as a consequence
which
Shivaji had gone up to Agra for the favour of
with the emperor.
After the personal
a personalaudience
it was
intention
interview, proceeded the envoy,
Shivaji's
to
and
take
-the
mediation
and
service
the
others
under
put him
not
be
of
said
emperor
have
been
sole
motive
had
always
should
in
Singh,
Ram
with
done
the
neither
been
and
Singh
could
The
grace.
had
Shivajiand
spiteof
thing and
then,
The
there should
that
treaty
envoy,
good
against Shivaji.
himself
cordialitybetween
the whole
the emperor
evil intention
now,
distrusted
the
that
This, submitted
arrest.
to
emperor,
like Jay
sardars
had
of
but
the
under
clauses
nor
emperor's
be
that
thorough
the
latter
seal this
in the
friendshipby immediately enlisting
of the
service
not
Shivaji had
empire. As
approved
of the emperor's arrangement, the latter had proceeded to
therefore kept him under
obtain his consent
by force and
restraint. Shivajihad not appreciatedthe kind
intentions
of the emperor
to the Deccan.
had
The
settingout
from
his father
Shivaji,of
assured.
and
whose
The
he
had
not to enter
received
upon
had
emperor
told
his
hostilities with
he
Muazzim
on
special injunctions
any
extraordinaryability
down
was
that
perfectly
his
own
attempts
to
continued
Prince
Shivaji,he
when
would
Muazzim,
certainlyhave
the Maratha
-case, Muazzim
"fcbisproposal.
hostile
any
wanted
leader
to
was
know
purposes
against
"
LIFE
304
Upon
by
for
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJ1
the
Chitnis
to
approved
of between
in future
be
latter
Shivaji,the
the
mutual
signifiedhis
wishes
mutually
were
two
peace
treaty be ratified;
(3) that
former
mitted
being duly sub-
followingconditions
the
treaty,when
OF
unless
and
was
territories of the
Nizamshahi
Adil
and
Shahi
states
now
added
to
offer of such
by
the
it his
recommendation
warm
valiant
government
warrior
and
as
Shivajishould
bonds
the
that
of
the
present
be
accepted
friendshipdrawn
convenient
to
closely together.( March, 1668 ). It was
Aurangzeb to accede to this request and the treaty was
title of
conferred
Raja was
duly ratified. The
upon
conferred
the mansab
confirmed,
Shivaji,
upon Sambhaji was
and the jahgir described in the treaty sanctioned,the proper
sanads for the same
being sent down by the emperor.3
*
the
According
to Chibnis's
firsttreaty had
2
chronicle
to be ceded
over
the t went
again
to
3 -seven
the
forts ceded
Moguls.
under
RE-CONQUESTS
The
entrusted
who
of
management
to
Brahman
promoted to
was
the
of this
revenue
jahgir was
Ravji Somnath
clerk,named
revenue
the
:*
and
of mokasdar
rank
sent
up
proper
By
But
had
Muazzim
Prince
and purity of
designs. His liberality
incapableof any baseness or double dealing.
motives
sinister
It is
of
weary
the
assistance
the Maratha
conflict
glad
and
marched
messages
of
This
join
With
some
and
father
his
from
with
him
a
view
his
army
an
at the
duplicity,
and
invited
stratagem,
of
serious
he
would
out-break
assure
occurred
L.S.21
his
upon
this
of
ness
Shivaji of his serioussuspicions,the prince suddenly
to
and
sent
north
to the
army
to Shivajifor instant
help, employing an
with
were
Muazzim,
later
years
dispel
to
high rank
1
of
between
hostilities.
rebel
to
chief
to
that
emperor's perpetualdistrust
the
prepared
was
be
affirmed
even
such
no
embassy
in October, 1687.
so
as
to
impress
(Jedhe Chronology,
urgent
officer
him
p. 188.)
all
LIFE
306
the
with
more
in
word
reply
had
prince to
J I MAHARAJ
his
request. Shivajisent
prince was
fightingin the
the
and
defend
be the
best
plan under
an
frown
once
of
the
to
more
in the
south,
the circumstances,as
to encounter
his
upon
partake
tried
Muazzim
his interest
largeenongh
army
and
come
of
watch
fortune
should
and
while
that
this would
Muazzim
SHIVA
the earnestness
north, he would
that
OF
the emperor;
his dominions.
to
tempt bim by offering
But
the
latter
Shivaji'scommand.
to yieldto such
allurement.
an
too
was
prudent a man
merical
Despairingof Shivaji'ssupport,the princegave up his chiprojectand having by his abjectrepentance obtained
place his
"the
at
under
army
emperor'spardon,he returned
Aurangabad. But true to
to the
his
whatever
grudge
prudent refusal to join him in his
closer the
event served only to draw
friendshipand good opinion.1
he
harboured
In
to
him
the
no
Mogul head-quarters
magnanimous
nature,
against Shivaji for his
rebellious
bonds
folly. The
of their mutual
his
Golconda
and
Bijapur
foundations
their
with
^monarchies
fall easy
victims
the territorythus
Deccan
by
these
before
the
captured by
Mogul invaders. Part of
of his
Shivaji was to be ceded to him for the maintenance
armies.
Following these orders Shivaji made
repeated
the Deccan
the Bijapur
kingdoms. When
descents
upon
how
they were
caught between two fires
government saw
( Manucci
Catrou
under
jNIuazzim got up
) tells the
rebellion of Prince
story of a mock
Aurangzeb's special order, for the triplepurpose of
"deceiving Shivaji, testing the good faith of the Mogul commanders, and
in case
he should
at a later date seriously
think of
discrediting Muazzim
Prof. Sarkar
civil war
vhe
at
the former
"tf-ith
Diler Khan
in the
and
Muazzim
jthejcarried
on
who
phases
threatened
pretended
war
governor,
) to
with
war
Singh pursued
the local
to
the emperor,
due
was
had
been despatched
prosecution of the
Jaswant
of
its
and
Muazzim
between
princeand
of
one
( Shivajip. 212-219
Diler
and
help them
to
Shivaji.
On
invited
in the
quarrel between
in 1670
Khan
that*
the aspect of
wear
to
) shows
into
co-operate"
this
sion
occa-
Khandesh
RE-CONQUESTS
and
how
Shivaji were
parts of
the co-operationof
the
of
invasions
the
they did
Sholapur
annual
intelligenceof
them
to
consent
conduct
and
his
on
to
own
Golconda.
Singh
and Jaswant
Muazzim
with
general
imperial
Moguls,
fort of
it,yieldingan
of
revenue
territory adjoining to
the
and
to make
the
at
L07
which
at
he
got
connive
at
any
expedition he might
account
in
the
territories of
this
With
Bijapur
permissionShivajiembarked
or
history of
agreed
state
dealings with
their
for
Shivaji to
chroniclers
Shivajilike
annual
have
a
tribute
served
Mahomedan
state
paying tribute
to
was
chief
Hindu
sum
time
in
pay him an
which some
second
treatywith
a privateunderstanding. It would
to
give out the fact that
purpose
actuallyreduced to the condition of
useful
no
second
and
of
livingas
it
were
his sufferance.
The
embarrassments
to the
have
added
of the
outcry would
approved of by
government. The secret treaty was however
retained Shivaji'sambassador
the
now
to
sultan, who
reside at his court.
charge was
1
The
Shamji
Prof. Sarkar
ambassador
to this
Pande.1
Naik
makes
thus nominated
mention
however, quotes
Factory Records, Surat, to show that there were no acts of hostility
between
and
Sarkar's
204
and
Shivaji
Bijapur. (Prof.
Shivaji pp.
315.)
The Jedhe Chronology
that
affirms
made
188
with
was
in
Bijapur
peace
p.
It
JMaratha
ambassador
1667.
the
of
the
at
states
name
May
Bijapur
as
Bawaji Naik Pande.
ambassador
Shamji Naik Pande also acted as Shivaji's
from
no
the
Bijapur, (
December
Vide
treaty with
concluding
1673 ( Jedhe
Abdul
portionof Ch.
p. 192 ).
Mahomed,
the
XIII),Pande
chief ministar
died
at
of
SuDar.t iu
SHIVAJI
OF
LIFE
308
his
turned
Shivajithen
kingdom, making
province of that
the
MAHARAJ
attention
predatory incursions
same
The
state.
the
to
sultan
of
the
Golconda
into
every
scarcely
the resources
to resist successfullythese repeated
possessed
invasions, and the knowledge that Shivaji was
acting on
understandingwith
secret
the
Moguls
state
made
realize
him
Akanna,
and
Madanna
their mediation
chief
Shahi
The
courts
treaty
tribute
pledged to
of five lakhs
mutual
of embassies
ambassador
this
operationof
peacefulpolicy. With
with Shivaji,the Kutub
annual
an
the admission
alliance and
made
treaty was
agreeing to pay
Both partieswere
of rupees.
and
advocated
friendship
at their
tive
respec-
deputed by Shivajiunder
to reside
the
at
of
court
the
Golconda
Nirajirao.1
was
Having reduced
monarchies
principalDeccan
of tributaries,
his attention
Shivaji turned
Here the Abyssiniansand
the Portuguese
to the condition
to the Konkan.
the
two
influence,which
considerable
stillwielded
it
part of
was
Khafi
Elliot,VII 286-87
Abdulla
the Sultan
Shivaji
saw
in virtue
some
forts which
wrested
Shivaji gave up to
of the forts mentioned
Golconda
these forts
But
some
himself
Khan
mentions
second
the throne
in 1672. Grant
Golconda
on
year
Chronology
Niraji Ravji made
lakh
one
It would
of
new
of
to have
sultan and
about
is
and
of which
been
no
he
others
Abdul
an
from
Agra,
alliance with
he
year
Golconda
Hassan,
who
Scott's
1594
which
Deccan.
( June
was
against
an
the
Bijapur
The
Jedhe
1672 ),states
to pay
accession
to
that
tribute
to
came
and
fresh demand
argument
formed
chronicles
treaty with
his return
on
for Golconda
from Bijapur
conquer
from the former power.
Some
of
his account
Jeshta, Shaka
date
pagodas,
seem
Duff bases
the Marathi
under
and
the first or
and
were
report that
Shaha
to
latter had
the
that
Kutub
he undertook
of which
him,
) says
p.
of
190).
the throne
for tribute.
.earlierstipulation
at the Mogul
NirajiRavji was
head-quarters at
Aurangabad, along with Prataprao Guzar, and could not then have been
at the Golconda
ambassador
Shivaji's
capital.( Jedhe, p. 188 ).
At
any
rate
1669
310
more
of
make
had
Jay Singh,
that
Hindu
that
power
imperialassurance
his
and
with
upon
the
Shivaji
of
with
in
front
of the
have
the
count
that
on
any
monarchies.
scarcely permit
infidel
an
faithful,and
the
all
in
prosecution of
Deccan
the
might
against*
back-ground of
not
the
the
kingdoms
Golconda
the
indispensable
weapon
could
would
emperor
stoical indifference upon
fanaticism
look
therefore,an
to shield him
measures
in the
of
matter
united
asylum
an
armoury.
imperial assurance
extreme
turn
the
was
political
plans was,
his defensive
happened in
Bijapur and
and
cause
common
MAHARAJ
SH1VAJI
after what
than
so
defeat
OF
LIFE
The
him
to
pressing hard
it
moment
was
it
that
no
was
the
for
looked
so
Bijapur
and
years had
Golconda
many
and
of
wishes
upon
kingdoms
as
the
his
would
for such
an
Maratha-Mogul
entente
distrustful emperor
The
endure.
who
emperor;
domains
of the
royal spoils
own
in
the
time
was
chase
to
not
yet
defiance.
open
the
But
the
soon
was
not
began
to
destined
tc
suspect that
his
Shivaji'spresent humility was
merely a cloak to cover
ambitious
designs.He guessed that Shivajihad managed by
and
bribes
in with
other
his wishes.
Prince
Muazzim
blandishments
and
that
pointed out
was
about
south,
would
would
and
to
then
be
pounce
an
too
to fall
the
upon
presently when he
launch
imperialcommanders
attack
upon
the
late to
repel
his
as
matters
central
power.
invasions.
He
stood
now,
to turn
It
wa"
to
RB-OONQUESTS
his
own
the
usee
which
he had
active
connivance
himself
from
won
of
the
southern
and
was
not
as
established
with
under
This
off,
forts
the
him
and
ought to
by treaty
territories
be.
with
felt
never
for
these
The
must
made
the
good
now
over
to
be
him
the
and
recovered,
it
territories
sultanates
any
be
revenues.
broken
the
forts, towns
to
relations
of
revenues
31L
started
of
from
returned
to
The
text
was
rupees
directed
been
give
the
revoked
for Delhi.
the
on
which
that
version
had
the
jahgir conferred
been
the
When
to do.
recalled
paid
news
to
Shivaji
when
of the resumption
Guzar
with
he
of
his
Prataprao
jahgir districts likewise
south,carrying off such booty as they could lay their hands
follows Sabhasad, 61-6*2 and Shedgavkar, p. 62.
and
the
of
Deccan
the
jahgir reached
contingent
upon.
lakh
one
he had
Memoirs
Sambhaji
Prince
upon
as
Bundela
The
amount
this
arrest,
Shivaji, he at
his
once
representatives
in
the
312
Shivaji
all
his
and
party
him
with
of
with
Little
relations
in
with
almost
of
warfare
now
he
his
he
part
it
was
time
the
regret
He
in
peace
kingdom.
had
the
of
again
had
two
forces
to
be
after
at
up
the
and
two
doing.
years
internal
without
supporting
cost
cealment.
con-
peaceful
his
the
years
of
satisfaction
and
spent
looking
For
his
of
of
form
the
secrecy
interruption
Mogul.
great
for
precaution
brought
he
in
esteem
with
return
which
proofs
prince's
every
profound
inconsiderable
But
did
the
organization
overt
imperial
safe
Prataprao's
at
unmistakable
the
the
sent
presents
gratified
was
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
OF
LIFE
of
the
any
a
not
Moguls.
CHAPTER
XXI
CAMPAIGN
RENEWED
AGAINST
THE
MOGULS,
1670-72
that
campaigns
The
conducted
on
Shivaji
scale to which
have
we
undertook
were
parallelin
all his
now
no
the recovery
The first plan was
of the imporprevious career.
tant
forts of Sinhagadh and Purandar, the possessionof which
them
to obstruct
by the Moguls enabled
Shivaji's free
communication
they
as
forts.
these
man
operations
chivalrous
fought
of the most
that
ever
lead
the
ballads
of
before
himself
his
own
ballad
Shivaji
Suryaji and
choosing
brother
the
Maratha
the
the
upon
In
Jijabai.1
mother
general and
veteran
of
companion
the
his
one
was
conquest,
entered
had
well-
its
of
(powadas)
urgent desire
whose
itself before
presented
infer, he
to
us
means.
many
about
the
Bhanu.
veterans,
on
first
of
fort, therefore,
keen
more
perplexity,Tanaji Malusare,
this
and
undertook
of
corps
to
capture
fort.
the
According
attended
was
younger
Mavalis
thousand
one
his
with
by
of
to the
force
12,000.
1
The
and
haying
The
fort
to
the
national
would
undertaking at
of
all
proved
this
his
Uday
by any
with
tried
of
conquest
was
the
as
minstrels
been
perplexing tasks
who
Shivaji,
The
aimed
named
were
vigilant
as
governor
tampered
him
had
The
veteran
be
to
under
valour
field.
because,
Rajput
not
were
loyal. Shivaji
Sinhagad.
brave
adjoiningparts.
Rajput soldiery
of his
garrison armies
and
against
a
garrison was
His
loyalty was
The
picked men
and
bravest
the
The
brave
were
Chakan
Poona,
furnished
had
Jay Singh
to
with
was
him
came,
the
to
then
come
him
with
putting
his
the
Moguls,
Malusare
of his
off the
demanded
the
under
Tanaji
marriage
that
says
defeated
it.
conquer
with
powada
son
was
festivities.
thus
engaged
Bayaba,
Mavalis
and
fort of
when
straightway
Sinhagad
Jijabai got
in the
Raigad.
of
game
of dice
the forfeit.
as
effectually
him
festivities
the orders
to
in connection
8hivaji reached
And
so
the
hero
314
LIFE
About
given in
He
most
had
incredible
to his
as
is described
aspect
an
MAHARAJ
almost
SHIVAJI
himself
Tanaji
appearance.
of
OF
as
valour
of
man
terrible,with
accounts
and
personal
giganticproportions,
chest-nut
marvellouslylong,bushy
are
hair and
moustache.
muscular
such
are
told, he could
strength that, we
control
the movements
of an
elephant,by drawing him
about
by the tusks at his pleasure.On the field of war.
would
no
one
stand
before him
face to face.
Shivajihad
not his equal. He
versed in the theory and practice
was
as
of arms,
he was
as
distinguishedfor his personalvalour
and
physique.
Sinhagad lies on
side of
the eastern
range.
right up
to
it, with
On
the
great Sahyadri
extend
Purandar
Fort
indeed
which
ridgeslengtheningfrom
the
west
to
northern
and
sides
southern
fort
the
of half
ascent
with
an
huge precipice,
a mile, rising
Arrived
abruptly from the depths below.
at this height,
the traveller finds the
mountain
overtopped
of black
by a craggy
summit, consistingof a huge mass
rocks upwards of forty feet in height. Surmounting the
itself up into
rears
rocky mass,
The
arise
fort is of
about
two
it seems
the
fortification and
stone
triangularshape,
miles
to
commands
in
present
the
entrance.
enclosed
being
at the
gates,
Except
circumference.
no
area
The
its towers.
the fort
of
summit
valleyof
the Nira on
side a great plain
the
east.
On the northern
unfolds itself before
the eyes, ths city of Poona
being its
chief attraction, while
of undulating mountains
masses
the
rise on
In this quarter rises Fort
and
south.
west
proposed to lead his
Raigad,from which Tanaji Malusare
a
the
beautiful
but
thousand
Mavalis
set
prospect of
narrow
faithful Mavalis.
This force of
paths known
veterans
togetherat
only to themselves.
followed
the
Over
separate tracks
placenear
trysting-
forth
by
hill and
until
they
devious
glen
the
united
darkness
CAMPAIGN
RENEWED
the
night of
THE
IH
MOGULS
night. It
AGAINST
of
foot
it
parties
resourceful
the aid of
to
ropes
another.
his comrades
himself
silence he laid
down
of them
300
scarcely had
sentinels began to suspect
brewing around them, and
to the
been
quarter
in which
of them
effected,one
matter.
answer
An
to
arrow
his
the
fast
An
with
that
ascend
the
scaled
the ladder
rampart
their
up
to ascertain
alarm
aim
was
was
had
in
part
what
was
the
escalade
deadly
the
being attracted
attention
Mavali
in
But
event
unusual
some
of
ladder
prevent discovery.
the
entered
fort2, when
with
inquiry.
the crag
up
to
ran
shot
to
Mavali
each
As
difficult of
fortress most
or
enabled
rock
after
one
ghorpad
the
fellows, scrambled
his
among
a
Mavali
the
less
chosen
was
that
was
part of
that account
on
sentinel
Here
rock.1
the
and
access
was
the
was
now
silent
raised
and
of confusion
babel
became
a
presentlythe garrison camp
of panic
The
with
scene
mounting and arming in haste.
determined
Tanaji to a bold charge with the handful of
of
Soon a shower
.Mavalis who had made
good the ascent.
the Mavalis'
arrows
was
directed
towards
the
spot whence
the
had
climbed
up
the rampart.
did
gave
the
way
scouting
after
himself
as
fifty Mavalis
316
LIFE
sides,Tanaji and
conflict.
They
mastery of
in
The
combat
was
and
parries,and
both
Mavalis
saw
long and
heroes
heart
and
began
for
then
to retire.
The
and
the
had
the
appeared on
rampart, bringing
up the
learningwhat
the
sides.
At
When
the
the
tide
they
lost
that
turned
almost
steel.
of thrusts
first time
retreat
last
at
their
wounded.
slain
was
of
both
on
mortally
leader
turningagainstthem,
was
shed
was
perfect
had
They
succession
deadly
for their
worthy
arduous,
fell
that their
to
foemen
blood
much
fame
self-defence.
other
in
engaged
were
known
of
each
MAHARAJ
Bhanu1,
both
science
discovered
SHIVAJI
Uday
were
the
length
OF
escalade
the
Tanaji,
of
of
remainder
had
escalading party. On
happened
Suryaji rallied the
fugitives, pouring scorn
upon
them
for flinching from
*the
at such
post of duty
a
crisis. He
down
so
the
faint-hearted
he asked
craven
who
to
as
mahar
them.
Now
"
animation,
mettle
"
is the
to prove
deafeningcry
of
father
"
Har
Har
your
With
Hindu
! ", the
Mahadev
to
growing
your
heroes. Come
as
common
with
exclaimed
time," he
cut
them
was
among
leave his father's
be
to
had
he
impossible,for
was
escape
scalingladder,and
base, such
remains
declared
"
"
wives
The
and
powada
father
of meat
describes
of twelve
he consumed
sons.
at his
Uday
A
Bhanu
fearful
meals.
as
account
the husband
is
given
of
eighteen
of the quantity
LIFE
318
OF
surrounded
warrior
MAHARAJ
the forfcand
led
followed, in which
battle
bloody
SHIVAJI
sudden
Moropant
assault.
lost
thousand
was
but
assault;,
the
again
Peshwa's
retire.
The
without
the least
This
surrendered
and
assault
whole
the blockade
the
before
the
of
Mogul
dogged
neither
lost faith
Soon
Karnala
of
of
commencement
in
rescue
after
the
captured by
was
district
the
the
effect their
to
Peshwa.1
of
defenders
months,
defenders
to
Kalyan
the
was
monsoons.
the Moguls,
stray forts, here and there, under
Lohagad, Rohida, Shivneri, fell before Shivaji's
Other
such
obliged
with
two
commanders
fort
the
recovered
the
capture of Mahuli
and
for
on
length
Mogul
the
defensive
the
went
At
abilityof
he
was
stillcontinued
siegeforce
maintained
at Junnar
camp
determination.
the
time
the
relyingon
second
as
storming partieswithout
much
resistance.
advanced
against Janjira,which
person had
subjectedto all the rigour of a land siegewith ceaseless
Shivajiin
was
Even
cannonading.
fort before
with
time
i
Mahuli
to
the
to
The
Memoirs
in the
passages
But
in full
the
his
was
enemy
had
fallen
on
within
was
time
the fort.
another
raid
August
end
the
on
Rajputs
men
Jedhe
the watch
in
siege
sent
and
war.
and
the content.
of
Manor
Manordas
the field of
same
garrison.
tried to escalade
being.
The
at the
Rajput named
were
the
Shivaji spared
conducted
an
garrisonsoldiers
force, Shivajilosingmany
captured
to
came
fort
man
to carry
of the
Shivaji
of the fort
Commander
paths.
raiders
the Bundela
the
monsoons
blockade, he tried
the commander
over
provision
Shivajithat he and
the secret
of these
win
to
the
message
not surrender
knew
to
in person.
When
das.
gold
the
home
to press
According
of
cessation
the
exertion
no
of the
advent
the
not
siegewas
with
it
would
Shivaji
by one
attacked
He
had
eventually he made
Chronology gives the date
But
lord
the
Khan,
Fatteh
offers, but
^hese
-stringent he
of the
glad
was
THE
accept
319
first resented
at
became
and
more
these
entertain
to
MOGULS
sea-fort,
blockade
the
as
and
surrender
AGAINST
CAMPAIGN
RENEWED
more
conditions
of
under
feudatory dependence
principal officers scorned any such
inveterate
an
enmity with Shivaji.
a
far
too
to admit
pronounced
of
and
if they hated
the
pourparlerswith the enemy,
in general,they had
a
Hindus
special racial antipathy
to frustrate
They made
up their mind
againstthe Marathas.
^ny
Khan's
Fatteh
Khan.
Fatteh
their
with
of
sympathy
assistance
the
excluded
thus
Having
the
enlisted
design,
the
apprehended
possibilityof
sultan
Bijapur
to the
over
hold
and
their lands
proposals
favourable
submitted
Aurangzeb.
by
sanctioned
declared
command
it, with
over
lord of
the
petitionerswas
magnificentnavy
emperor.1 These
the
the
make
to
with
emperor
the
of Surat
and were
governor
of
One
the
Abyssinian
of the
comments
their
to
and
emperor
jahgir from
in
as
duly
were
of
services
the
empire
Mogul
the
of
that
to
the
fort and
the
placed
title
imperial
of
in
Yakut
Khan.
result of
The
to break
Shivaji had
his
up
his intention
to chastise
postponed.
With
whose
l
"
Sidi Sambal,
.confused,
of the Sidi
(Khafi
Khan
Khati
Khan
gives
Sidi Yakut
for
Yakut
admirals
in Elliot
view
bad
intervention
the
and
Khan
under
his
move
Abyssinians had
the
on
vengeance
summary
and
camp
the
to
the
such
Khairiyat.
seems
Mogul
VII, 289-290).
to
have
and not
subhedar
effects
confederate
But
his
been
of
indefinitely
immediate
disastrous
the
forces in
fulfilment of
to be
an
imperial
of
names
Sidi
inflict
decisive.
was
pursuit of objectsmore
a
intervention
Mogul
the
in
a
and
of
Surat
upon
Abyssinians
account
general
his
as
is rather
the
title
LIFE
320
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
OF
subhedar
the
But
the
invaders, the
of the
from
easy
more
whether
Singh out
fell
haplesstown
of the Maratha
an
easy
inasmuch
as
vengeance.
prey .to the victorious
goodly proportion
diverted by the local
a
recently been
cityguardshad
governor,
the reach
orders of
under
of collusion with
Muazzim
Jaswant
and
Shivaji's
plan,or
merely by
the
blind
to determine.
operationof chance, there is no means
it came
that
And
of Guzerat had
so
though the governor
prepared a largesquadron of horse to face the anticipated
invasion of Shivaji,the third
of October
which Shivaji
on
the governor
reached Surat, saw
of the city in
command
of a defence force of barely three hundred
For some
men.
had
leaked
out that Shivaji
days before the invasion news
had gathered a large body of light horse at Kalyan, and
the British factors at Surat
had
rightly conjectured that
their own
town
the objectiveof this lightarmed
force.
was
their goods to Swally,where
They had taken steps to remove
the new
Gerald Aungier and most of the councillors
president1
of the English company
had
betaken
themselves.
The
Englishfactoryand ware-houses in the citywere left in charge
of Streynsham Master, who
then
the Surat
council,
on
was
afterwards
and
of
governor
Shivajiplundered
content.
demolish
The
it
citadel
the
city
factory.
leisure
at
bub
stormed,
was
by mining
Madras
the
his
to
heart's
attempt
an
to
Aungier succeeded
Sir George Oxenden,
the
was
to
the
hero
governorship
of
the
of the Surat
first sack
of
factory in 1669
Surat, having died in.
that year.
2
time
Accordirg
been
to
Dr,
replaced by
Fryer
a
the
old
solid rampart
mud
of
walls
masonry.
of Surat
had
According
by
to
this*
the
CAMPAIGN
RENEWED
and
plunder.
They
their
resisted
MOGULS
321
fought
possessions from
of
two
consented
end
the
in
THE
English merchants
saved
defensive
but
the
again
Once
AGAINST
the
make
to
wholesale
invader's
small
the
on
attacks,
present
to
Shivaji. This
the
that he would
do them
isolated
rather
from
harm.1
no
the
The
busy part
Dutch
factory lay
town.
Shivaji
of the
harm
that no
would be done to
assuringthem
them, if they remained
quiet.2 The French by prudent
management and the payment of a fine saved their factory.
neutral
They remained
permitting Shivaji's
troops to pass
through their factoryto attack a Tartar prince,once King
of Kashgar, who
having been deposed by his son had just
and
returned from a pilgrimageto Mecca
-then living;
was
under
the protectionof the emperor.
at Surat
Shivaji
other
obtained a quantity of gold,silver,
jewels and many
valuable
articles in the pillageof this unfortunate
prince's
sent
letter
residence.
On
receiptof
subhedar
the
a
third
On
force
Marathi
of
of
Factory Reports
1
November
a
Vide
to
that
of
1670, quoted
Dutch
the
in
governor
he
under
thousand
to
).
of
Surat,
despatched
forthwith
the
m-de
two
aid
.show
commanders,
of
of
the
town.
fight; but
tno
Surat
Council
to
the
Company,
of
20tb"
Hedgc'd iJiary.
( Shivaji,p. 222
L.S.22
had
Khau,
the Mogul
state
letter
ten
Daud
and
chronicles
Shivaji'sinvasion
of
news
Aurangabad
eight
Khan
Mohabat
the
LIFE
328
OJT
SHIVAJI
MAHARAJ
.
near
force
had
likewise
was
become
to
manoeuvre
on
They
had
of the
largeMogul
the situation
saw
became
Another
skirmish
party
hot
with
ordered
were
entrusted
was
preciousspoilobtained
the enemy
held
the hostile
across
for
anxious
others
two
great pass
Surat.
at
play by tHe
positionsbeyond
in
home
way
Shivajihimself accompanied
pursuitby the Moguls under
As
was
and
front, while
sweep
to make
and
the mountains
the
to elude
orders
to
divisions,
there
he
pass,
Mogul
mind, his
the
perceived that
his flanks.
with
the Konkan.
he
by
near
the
not
postedin
other
did
he
the Kolwan
upon
holding this
enemy
the
along the
by
his
five
or
This
embarrassing one
an
safetyof
four
overtaken
was
when
But
march
passed Kanchan-Manchan
he
descend
Nasik.
near
had
Vani-Dindori.1
objectbeing to
the
his return
Shivajiswiftlypursuing
When
this
into
division,
Daud
Khan.
with a column
of this
Shivajiwheeled round on the enemy
and kept the Moguls engaged,while the rest of the
division
cleared the defile. The skilful manoeuvring
party successfully
on
sides of the
different
Prataprao
the
and
with
the
Marathas
into
lasted
above
lead
the
on
to
Mogul
field.
of
the
was
The
charge,broke
the
hours.
three
Instead
.tlight.
attention
the
Such
rout.
rear,
every
arms
met
Shivaji.
Maratha
of the double-edged
sword
sweep
Fired with
the example of
hand.
either
tion
concentra-
he wielded
mighty
in
it
defend
the
delivered
in
his burnished
with
to
united
the
Shivaji charged
exhorting his men
led to
pitched battle
Sirnobut
attacks
divisions
Mogul
forces and
Mogul
of the
Leaving
the simultaneous
and
of the Marathas
remnant
battle of
Three
were
chief
their
it and
turned
Vani-Dindori,
thousand
driven
Moguls lay
into
headlong
turned
Shivaji
pressing the pursuit,
yielded
Mogul encampment, which
It
Sabhasad, 64-65,
his
an
RENEWED
CAMPAIGN
AGAINST
THE
MOGULS
:vjn
abundance
"
officer in the
brave
In
of Mahur.
Mogul service,Udaram,
battle the deshmukh
former
fightingwith
exhorted
wife, who
her
place
of
presence
having
taken
was
led
and
men
marvellous
this
Admiring
the deshmukh
them
mind
to
and
fallen
by his
victory.
valour
in
the
woman,
ihe
had
on
taken
all sides
had
by
and
sea.
horse
20,000 foot
encompassed
was
Baffled in all
and
with
her
attempts
pardon. The
for
sue
mark
of respect
every
with presentsof jewelled
laden
home,
from
his return
thousand
She
dresses.1
and
land
vain.
surrender
to
escorted
her
ornaments
On
had
victor received
chivalrous
and
in
arms
by Shivaji'sfollowers.
she
to escape,
up
were
and
Prataprao
Moropant
ordered
Guzar
Peshwa
the
head
in
of
ten
command
northward
march
to
at
preparations
into
of
Mogul
the whole
in
on
territory. The peopleof these parts were
the
military control
fairly affluent circumstances, and
entertained
of a rich and
being lax, great hopes were
easy
rao
abundantly fulfilled. Prataphopes were
booty. These
invaded
Khandesh
and
Berar, a
region teeming
of the
with wealth
and, consideringthe conditions
timet
also with population. The largertowns
were
pillaged and
them.
Written
annual tributes imposed upon
agreements
the
latter
with the leading citizens, by which
made
were
bound
themselves
quarter
imperial authorities
due
to the
his
accredited
1
to pay
Snedgavkar
agents.
p. 64 and
The
other
into
due
bakhar*.
of
the
the hands
payment
annual
of
of
tribute
Shivaji or
the
annual
LIFE
324
tribute
from
molestation
any
bis side
MAHARAJ
particulartowns
the
exempt
to
was
SHIVAJI
OF
the
at
to
hands
villager
Shivaji'shosts.
of
ensure
their
found
to
and
protection from
This was
the firstimposition
incursions by any other power.
of the famous
chauth
a province
on
immediately subject
incident of this expedition
The principal
to the Mogul rule.
the capture and pillageof Karanjia. Prataprao made
was
and
of three
a halt
plundered it at
days at this town
Shivajion
leisure.1
The
valuables
in
search
in
citizens
their
women's
strict,that
should
were
houses, and
Prataprao
under
be molested
female
and
circumstances
no
interfered
or
Daud
He
The
came
leading conquests
carried
in the end
a
by escalade,after
fallen in
these
the
Mogul
battle.
Many new
newly conquered parts.
The
war-ships.
l
by Shivajiin
The
object
Javla
and
these
save
Aundha,
Ramnagar.
Salheri
He
invested
person.
and foot
and
captured
of
the
fort
erected
were
hundred
fitting
up
and
and
in
sixty
that
says
had
in
after
the
the forts
the
battle of
following month
of
Ahiwant,
Ravla-
Markanda.
and
of
fortresses
to
those
governor
TheJedhe
Baglan$
campaigning
late
comprised one
of the
In another
after town
was
were
and
account
no
and
town
too
up
strict
with.
Ahmednagar.
on
Khandesh
places.
made
their
of the
near
buried
have
of the houses
carried
and
was
Duff
concludes
regulationsregarding
that
the
the sack
in
of
foot-ncte
Karanjia
that
the
impression
and
that
ran
away
Moguls
protection to females.
of the
have
made
by
India
that
Shivajimade
leading people of
in women's
must
was
the East
clothes.
known
From
Shivaji'*
LITE
326
OF
SHIVAJI
not too
much
to
believe
Muazzim
was
to
make
MAHARAJ
that
the
objectof
main
friendshipsin
the
south
Prince
so
as
to
walls
of
Gwalior
vajiwere
from
him
to
fort.
The
new
excuse
Lack
the emperor.
of
troops was
stereotypedanswer
It was
to
emperor'scomplaints about the Marathas.
his personal advantage to maintain
good relations with
valiant
chief like Shivaji, and
a
though he could not
altogetherabstain from action,he managed to send against
to the
the
Maratha
was
Aurangzeb
placewith
at
hud
defeat
The
thus
baffled.
appointed Mohabat
rest
Prince
of the
Mogul
Khan
Diler
of Surat
itis
ir-
Muazzim.
left under
Khan.
subhedar
Khan
men
thousand
to be
emperor
independentof
Mohabat
offensive under
the
an
and
almost
powers
barely
Aurangabad.
latter
not
was
Singh
recalled Jaswant
The
that
foregone conclusion.
But
He
insufficient forces
generalssuch
his
mand
com-
force took
sent
was
tc
charged with
was
neglectin
the
Immediately on
began
the offensive.
when
the
On
the
opening of
Chakan,
within
'
The
which
Upon
Prof.
had
was
Sarkar
one
under
to
Aundha
Diler Khan
years
this success,
he
and
Patta
he formed
immediately
nine
Deccan,Mohabat Khan
recovered
sword.1
He
compelledhim
monsoons
divisions.
two
taken
of
age
received
his
army
advanced
and
were
all
put
orders
is
intc
against
persons
to the
to
inclined to
start
think
against Rawla-Javla,
garrisons,and
thousand
and
on
up
these forts.
capturedit.
Ahiwant.
He
next
gallantattempt
by Ramaji Pangare2,the
personal retinue of the governor
made
thousand
Mavalis3
the small
force
with
MOGULS
His
327
assaults
on
were
sent
before
from
and
THE
forts
these two
AGAINST
CAMPAIGN
RENEWED
he made
of the
largerbody.
Kanergad1
advanced
to
to
this
naik
recover
fort.
the
With
mid-night attack.
assailants,Diler
Nothing daunted,
the
two
Observing
Khan
the
was
of
commander
or
of
fort
out
[sallied
resolute
Pangare
rallied the bravest of his Mavalis
to the charge,'asking only
their lives,
those to follow who
were
prepared to lay down
Seven
hundred
Mavalis
responded to the call. A furious
The seven
their
hundred
fell along with
charge ensued.
a
brave
fall
they carried
down
Diler
company.
exhibition
noble
seized
with
of
and
thousand
was
Pathans
filled with
valour.
The
continued
bear
admiration
rest
of
emulate
to
the
to
unequal
the
at
them
this
Mavalis,
the
prowes3
contest, but at
fled.
Diler
While
two
over
passionate desire
of their comrades,
last broke
Khan
all
Khan
Khan,
occupied,Bahadur
of Guzerat, was
directed
to take
the governor
charge of
Khan's
division.
He advanced
laid siegeto
Mohabat
and
Salheri. This positionwas
considered
to be of high strategic
value
thus
Shivaji determined
in defending the
and
resistance
supplieswas
exercise
was
all
reportedby the
his ingenuity in
to
exhaust
every
mode
of
shortage of food
garrison and Shivaji had to
making good the deficiency.
fort.
that "Poona
description in the
English Factory Records
Diler
Khan
Chackm"
was
captured by
really stands for the conquest- of
and not that of Chakan, judging by the language used,
Poona
i
Chitnis calls the fort by the name
of Konargad.
2
Chitnis gives the officer's name
as
Ramaji Nalage.
3
to
chronicles
the
some
According
gallant officer led one thousand
men
place thi*
only. Prof. Sarkar ( Shivaji,
243, foot-note ) would
page
that
the
event
after the
battle of Salheri.
LIFE
328
For
the
task
Khan,
Salheri
and
drew
under
then
was
no
easy
tination.
des-
proper
that the garrison should
Salheri
to
nearer
it
their
provisionsto
Fully resolved,however,
into surrender, Shivaji
starved
and
army
MAHARAJ
round
the necessary
to convey
be
not
SHIVAJI
OF
if for
as
of Bahadur
the orders
mustered
large
battle.
Khan,
Diler
slow
not
was
invitation.
the
accept
of
consequence
ammunition
lure
the
dashed
trains
north.
Two
thousand
Khan's
camp
were,
and
Moropant
of
the
battle, than
baggage
into
horse
Shivaji's
sent
to
from
The
from
ordered
situation
the
had
Konkan
raid Diler
become
with
and
the
pieces.
cut to
was
of
mander
com-
grave.
his
personal
Prataprao had to
and
against Diler Khan
Salheri.
Thus
to relieve
speed with his flying columns
a force of nearly 20,000 horse
was
flungagainst the Moguls.
The
Mogul commander
anticipatingthis movement
deputed
to march
corps
Ikhlas
Khan
with
approach. Prataprao
Ikhlas
Khan, ordered
The
the
saw
forces
their
to oppose
standards
advancing
of
defensive.
The
battle
halt
having
and
lasted
some
like
dispersing
order
and joinedeagerly in the
the wind, the Moguls broke
pursuit.Upon this Prataprao suddenly turned round in
drew
in order and charged straight
at the
flight,
up his men
generalsounded
retreat.
Marathas
The
of the
pursuing Moguls. Meanwhile
disarrayed ranks
with
the troops in his
Moropant had arrived on the scene
of Prataprao
with
those
command, and uniting his arms
added
his
to the confusion
forces
renewed
a
Maratha
with
the
the battle.
charge
They wavered,
of the enemy.
addition
But
of
again the
fiery and
more
broke
Ikhlas
and
fled.
The
few
Khan
troops and
fresh
Moguls
had
spirited
re-formed
to sustain
than
flightbecame
before.
a
reck"
leading commanders
wounded
were
these
Among
and
Mukaham
Singh,
Chaiidawat.
They were
returned to Ahmednagar.
of the Marathas.
to between
and
ten
battles,who
the
of
son
hundred
and
firstearned
Kankde
o"
the loss
and
campaign
Khan
raised
with
the
gates of
This
that
of
in the escalade
hung
had
lost
the
heart
to
old,
Khan
persevere
Bahadur
army.
his
on
an
edge from
retreated
and
with
his death
took
of his
Salheri
Marathas
no
of
straight
almost
rear
town.
battle
the
was
had
the remnant
siege
The
Aurangabad.
to the
He
corps
of Ikhlas
total defeat
army
of
one
capture of
numerous
offensive.
in the
to
such
Khan's
Mohabat
officer. The
devoted
valiant and
was
of
afterwards
Javli and
others
of many
hero
commander
was
and
loss amounted
distinguishedhimself
of
fort. Shivajireceived the news
of Rohida
exclaiming that in his death he
great sorrow,
a
time
Among
Kankde,1
of
Singh
some
slain.
chain-shot.
followers
Mavalis. He
after
of the
himself
Amar
Rao
"
the hands
Khan
side,the
Shivaji's
On
by
Ikhlas
were
released
fifteen
killed
was
Shivaji'searliest
thousand
killed
were
fell into
and
mourned
they
bravest
their
MOGULS
THE
officers. Several
twenty-two high-placed
them
among
of
thousand
Five
less rout.
AGAINST
CAMPAIGN
RENEWED
of
The
Salheri, 1672.
Maratha
as
spoils of
complete as it could be. The
victory was
great and various. The booty comprised 125
victorywere
draught
elephants, 700 camels, 6000 horses, innumerable
animals, and an enormous
quantity of treasure,jewelleryand
material.
war
Dresses
and
Ballal
and
other
distinguished
Rangnath, Mukund
in
for the great daringand courage they had displayed
officers,
Moro
this battle.
and
taken
to their
1
The
Mogul
prisonerswere
position,and
Sabhasad
^avkar bakhar
gives
calls him
officers and
sent
when
variation
Surerao.
to
Raigad
with
their wounds
of the
name
wounded
commanders
as
respectdue
the
were
healed
Suryarao.
The
they
Shed
330
LIFE
OF
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
Maratha
service.1
This
the most
was
by Shivaji over
that
success
enhanced
of
his
Moguls. It
previouslycrowned
prestigeat
chivalry
witnessed
in the
Maratha
gained
other
every
Shivaji's
It
arms.
revelation
had
as
never
past. The
testimonyto the
dread of Shivaji's
name
India.
exceeded
It made
every court.
and
generalship such
in their
The
hitherto
victory
the
had
Maratha
been
considerable
in South
every
camp
shoals the
in
Mogul and
Adil
Shahi
flockingto Shivaji'sgovernments and came
standards.
Shivaji captured the oppositefort of Mulheri
and
dominated
the
entire
was
Baglan region. This
permanent
Fresh
As
to Surat.
menace
from
ordered
sepoys
the
to march
of
scene
towards
this
victory Moropant
with
Surat
thousand
ten
was
horse.
Aurangzeb having enrolled the Abysprotectionof the empire had given orders
alreadyrelated
sinians under
the
of
descents
Konkan
fleet at Surat
with
view
to
making
Shivaji and
regions under
The
his sea-power.
destroying
imperial fleet at Surat was
now
believed
well
to have
pletion
comapproached towards
and
to destroy the
were
Moropant's instructions
incipientnaval force before it could effect a junction with
the chief of Janjira. But
in this design Moropant was
1
In view
made
are
ethics of
of
the
fact
that
against Shivajiby
to state that
war
the
upon
made
war
prisoners,of
these
the
about
by no less a historian
practised by Shivaji
women
of
cruelty
observations
and
charge
children
his
than
good
Grant
persons
fair to
treatment
of
himself.
Duff
in the treatment
and
is often
of the
of the
lessly
thought-
his memory
prisoners of
Indeed
fallen foe
the
and
priestlyclass, what*
and
other places of worship would
religion,and of mosques
put
to blush the many
examples of military and political
outrage and acts of
which
ruthless
vandalism
have been recently perpetratedupon the war
ever
their
CAMPAIGN
RENEWED
AGAINST
THE
MOGULS
331
completely foiled, for the fleet had already bet sail for
threatened the
Janjirabefore Moropant'sarrival. He now
cations
approaches of Surat, cut off all suppliesand trade communiand demanded
a
heavy tribute. The governor of
extorted
and
to this condition
the citypretended to agree
of
from
the leading citizens,a part 01
huge sums
money
tribute and put all the
he paid over
which
to Moropant as
rest into his own
privatecoffers.1
resolved
Shivaji now
reducing the territory
upon
dominion
surrounding Surat so as to bring it under his own
the approaches to
that he might be in a position
to command
With this
that town and placeit entirelyunder his control.
the territories of two petty princesreigning
view he invaded
On
and
Jawhar
at
Ramnagar in the northern Konkan.
the last two occasions when
Shivaji invaded Surat he had
marched
through their territories having purposely taken
mountain
this circuitous
Mogul
commanders
which
was
of
return
divert
The
the
The
armies.
of
Moguls, sometimes
head
of these
state
been
of
on
Shivaji. Moropant
on
Jawhar
the side
entered
Jawhar
of
objective,
services
of the
handsomely acknowledged
were
the victorious
his real
from
them
of Surat.
wealthy town
dominions
their
Rajas in
the
the
and
the attention
to evade
route
himself.2
The
this demand.
1
The
According
by the
subscribed
further
2
sums
The
for
Jedhe
tied to Damaun.
at
had
Raja
Nasik, which
alternative
no
territoryof
to Prof.
citizens
ransom,
this
acquiesce in
princecomprised a few
but
which
defence
force
to
and
to
money
extort)
pay.
the Raja of
Ramnagar
Chronology (
tied to join the Mogul*
Raja Vikram
Singh of Jawhar
six years later,
place was attacked by Moropant Peshwa
p. 190 ) states
The
that
the district of
forming
The
latter
Damaun,being
accustomed
were
outlying territoryon
forts, the
mountain
MAHARA
SHIVAJI
OF
LIFE
"332
to
pay
the
under
the
Portuguese.
tribute to the
annual
an
sea-coast,
their immunity
from
his incursions.
Raja, to secure
forts turned upon
Shivajihaving occupied these mountain
the Portuguese power
at Damaun.
The
Portuguese were
seized with panic. The
fortress
ramparts had just been
With
had yet to be mounted.
completed, but the cannon
the bastions
the garrison erected a few
on
difficulty
guns
errand
and sent an officer to inquire what
Shivaji'smen
had
come
:he annual
Aurangabad
At
Incensed
with
of the
the
Bahadur
Mogul forces,the
Muazzim
(Bahadur
Khan
charge
of the Deccan
and
to
the
upon
at his
scene
of
subha
disposalwas
the Marathas
and
determined
peacefulinhabitants
repeatedattacks.
upon
which
Maratha
of the
defiles and
the Maratha
the fruitful
plainsbelow.
Khan, elated as
Portuguese
of command.
ment
impair-
the
and
of
of
this
incursions
against
Fabian
to
recourse
and
dominions
made,
came
governor
direct offensive
Mogul
take
to
70,(J00strong
he realized
protecting
from
these
planted batteries
the ghat passages
he
secured
armies
The
Guzerat
arony
to have
This resolution
the mountain
through
an
inadequate for
with
activities
his
confirm
Khan)
viously
pre-
out
passedwith-
had
storm
been
and
The
fresh transfer
was
had
to enforce
of Mohabat
the defeat
Prince
and
there
they
Ramnagar.
Khan
as#
upon.
used
to
pour
down
on
approved of
he was
with
his cheap victoryat
by Diler
Chakan
and beingon that account
in the good graces of the
He was
for an aggressivecampaign.
He
emperor.
eager
Jehan that there was
advised Khan
no
advantage in station1678, when
pp.
190-194
Vikram
).
Shaha
was
policywas
defeated
and
killed.
not
( Jedhe
Chronology
LIFE
334
SHIVAJI
OF
MAHA.RAJ
the officersand
of
they
of
horrors
the
from
the
upon
citizens
invasion.
an
Shivajiwithdrew
received,
molestation
from
of the Kutub
to any
rapidity as before
squadrons to Raigad.1
the
Shivaji
descent
the towns
Rajpuri
Ballal
charge, Ragho
the
carnival and
up,
with
up
said
He
The
But
the
surrender.
and
seven
i
The
Danda-
officer in
the
resisted
bravely,
caught napping.
the
on
landward
carried
There
when
is said that
the
his
forthwith
men
side
in
forty war-ships.
powder magazine caught
of men,
including a dozen
forty
Holi
the
during
were
or
so
from
occurred
to
fire and
magazine
started
after two
blew
sleep,
ascertain
three
or
of
to Danda-
what
by
was
the
days'
six
them
ance.
resist-
in
quilledarof one fort held out for a week
relief from Shivaji. He was
at last obligedto
Sidi Yakut
hundred
entry at page
of
granted quarter
them
came
190 in Jedhe's
(Elliot. VII,
to
out.
With
Chronology
has
^event.
2
to
the
of
hope
made
was
misfortune
six of them
and
he
miles away,
have
must
sent
forts
seven
destroyed,and
fleet of
number
happened.In
had
or
some
Rajpuri.
destruction
batteries at
soldiers rushed
Abyssinians.It
who
was
Shivaji,
and
much
the
Khan, with
great slaughter.
blew
victorious
expedition, the
Abyssinians had made
demonstration
Yakut
the
attack
direction
with
this
Maratha
garrison soldiers
his
he
further
without
home
Atre, though
Abyssinian
The
what
slain.2
defeated and
was
and
stormed
town
and
possessions,
coast, with
villages. The
were
Shahi
sums
their
with
the town,
upon
and the
Moguls
the Konkan
upon
and
Content
intent
was
of the
navies
united
delivered
brought
same
While
and
lakhs
290-92
the
true
garrison
Abyssi-
reference
to
this
CAMPAIGN
RENEWED
handsome
and
to
violated
treachery,he
aian
he
men
old
to
put
and
THE
Ml
MOGUL8
his
the children
promise, made
and
them
forciblyconverted
slaves
women
The
Islam.
AGAINST
ugly
the sword.
he
women
In
free,but
set
this
he
way
go without
the
fulfilled his
promise to
about
this time
Mogul and Abyssinian admirals
a descent
arranged to get into Bombay harbour and make
under
tish
Shivaji,and applied to the Briupon Coorla, then
of Bombay, Mr.
Aungier, for permissionto
governor
disembark
This
their troops at Bombay.
permission was
not
their entry into
granted. Nevertheless
they made
of Shivaji's
some
Bombay harbour by force after devastating
to the Bombay
overtures
villagesand made
government for
king.Shivaji's
joint action against the Maratha
representative
of these
at Bombay
having got wind
proceedings
The
threatened
the
British
island town
by
the
the
neutralityand
There
Holland
Marathas
it
the
sent
was
at
war
(1672).A
Dutch
with
the
an
moment
In the
Abyssinians.
considered
Aungier
authorities
invasion
they
threw
policy to maintain
their
Abyssinians about
time
in
wise
this
of the
between
strict
England
ness.
busi-
and
fleet of
twenty-two war-shipsunder
Reickloff Van Goen
Commodore
had just arrived,sailing
up
with
view
the Malabar
attack
to
and capture Bombay.
a
coast,
Commodore
The
applied to Shivaji for aid against the
Bombay government with a land force of three thousand,
promising in return to co-operate with him with his sea*
Vide
is taken
dar's
from
Khafi
Khan
Khafi
perfidyand
Khan.
inhuman
( Elliot VII
of the even*
narrative
p. 292 ). The
Surely after this admission of a Mogul mansab-
atrocities
by
and crueltyagainstShivajicannot
^perfidy
of
LIFE
336
reply,
own
Dutch
and
but
had
fleet
no
is
their
commence
which
Shivaji
they
had
to
to
attend
have
operations
so
Dutch
admiral
in
engaged
was
leisure
said
MAHAR"J
The
Janjira.
against
forces
SHIVAJI
OF
confidently
to
returned,
without
counted
wider
these
project
for
of
finding
active
upon.
it
his
The
proposals.
not
that
waited
easy
co-operation
to
CHAPTER
WARS
BIJAPUR
in
related
As
concluded
had
been
the
chief minister
treaty
the
last
Alii
to
up
chapter
tribute
the
paid
of
having
of
in
himself
nobles
of the court
was
informed
and
great
was
army
off for
the
assembled
the
Karim
support
in the
the
end
his
refresh
with
re-capture of
when
upon
.short time
scene
to the
into
the
treaty obligations
Mahomed.
watchful
Khawas
The
that the
eye
reigning at Bijapur
beginning a new
at Vishalgad.
entire Maratha
the
commenced,
to
cluded
con-
other
gave
an
campaign.
The
Bahlol
Khan,
of
Moguls
the
sions
dissen-
Adil
Shahi
the
on
and
other
prepared
war.
Of
but
was
come
arrogant airs.
most
But
to year.
exercised
indifferent
in
were
Abdul
hand, enlisted
army
years
not
commander,
for
prince,five
the
of
faithfully
treaty
sceptre had
opportunity for
excellent
had
1673, the
were
conclusion
year
this
reign
his
escape
distractions
now
It did
state.
from
due
whose
annual
Brahman
kept
the
the
operations described
predecessor, Abdul
his
gave
his
of the
it became
died
Khan
the durbar
From
rupees.
which
Shivaji an
to
pay
Bijapur government
grasp of a minor
of government
powers
The
latter was
Khan.
by
to
the
II in
Bijapur
Shivajiand
state, by
date
weak
incurred
Shahi
the
as
Shaha
Adil
Adil
the
with
wars
treaty between
secret
lakhs
tribute of three
that
by
1673-74
the
chapter
themselves
bound
latter had
RENEWED,
former
XXII
Abdul
force,fifteen thousand
Panhala.
Karim
besiegers. The
victoryrested with
exhausted
at Tikota.
But
down
came
battle
siege
with
had
a
just
large
hotly disputed
was
L. S. 23.
The
told
were
the
Marathas
once
more
charged
$88
OF
LIFE
enemy
irout.1
HubJi.
attack
its
and
of diverse
without
this
from
Fresh
let
town
was
marts
were
complete
to
merce
flourishingcentre of commeeting-groundfor merchants
a
Shivajiwas
able
hindrance, and
or
victory into
This
nations.
MAHARAJ
the Khan's
turned
and
the
8HIVAJI
pillageit
to
is said
at
obtained
have
to
leisure,
others
largerbooty here than in any other town. Among
in for a
of his
the English factory at Hubli came
share
attention.
to
According to their records they lost seven
of
pagodas. Mr. Aungier, the governor
eight thousand
Bombay, who, as we have seen, maintained
friendlyrelations
with Shivajiand avoided to the best of his power giving any
a
opportunity
losses.2
merchants
nor
In
had
In
ruler, made
reply Shivaji
at
they
support of
had
suffered
made
losses
molested
as
favourable
regards these
as
that
answer
been
not
such
the
English
by his people,
complained of.
were
his contention
booty obtained as
he
proved by reference
pagodas' worth had been
of the
He
the next
for indemnification
demand
Hubli
at
undertook
reimburse
to
from
taken
the
Englishfactory.
the company
to this extent
as
suffered
at the sack of Rajapur.
they had
While
giving these undertakings Shivaji also urged upon
the
to re-establish their factoryat Rajapur. This
company
subsequentlycomplied with, but when Shivaji
request was
naval guns for the purposes
demanded
of his fleet,
Aungier
declined to comply with Shivaji's
wishes, having no desire
the Moguls and the Abyssinians.
to provoke the enmity of
In maintaining these
friendlyrelations with the English
and promising them
compensation for their losses, Shivaji
*
In
Modak's
chronicle
ot
the
Adilshahi
state,
it
is
stated
thad
^OriginalCorrespondence,3779
and
3800.
RENEWED
WAES
BIJAPUR
33*
to enlist
guided by a deeper purpose : he was
eager
the
conflict with
:he naval help of the Company in his
Mogul and Abyssinian fleets. Shivaji did not make any
motives
his
but frankly proposed
about
to
mystery
attack
Janjira. If this were
Aungier a concerted
upon
he offered to make
undertaken
immediately all the
up
had
been
sustained
losses that
by them in his expeditions.
too
But
to swallow
the bait.
Aungier was
wary
the
The Moguls and
allies. Surat
Abyssinians were
was
was
under
the East
with
the
India
the
Surat
and
Company's
interest
to the
not
the
Moguls,
the
Mogul
of the
power
and
the
was
trade in India.
to
company
an
likewise
similar
invitations
It
was
court
offensive
be a
English and Shivajiwould
expulsion of the British merchants
had
largestentrepot
open
alliance
of
certainly
enmity
between
suflicient
from
from
ground for
Surat. Aungier
the
Abyssinians
also on
against Shivaji himself and had to decline them
almost entirelysurrounded
similar grounds. For Bombay was
have been
and it would
perilousin
by Shivaji'sdominions
hostilities with such a neighbour. It
to court
the extreme
that
to his policyof
for this reason
was
Aungier adhered
both
with
strict neutrality. With
parties he behaved
equal friendshipand equal indifference. Again and again
the
did
Abysssiniansapply to the Bombay government
Bombay and make it the baso
to permit their fleets to enter
parties.1
to bring the
was
Shivaji's
high ambition
it was
under his undisputed authority,and
i
coast
in furtherance)
western
ami
LIFE
340
descents
new
MAHARAJ
fleets scoured
Karwar,
upon
in
deshmukhs
The
his
objectthat
of this
SH1VAJI
OF
the
the
Ankola
interior
and
his
concentrate
them
carry
emperor'sfavour
rightsof
and
should
all
deshmukh
him
upon
be
the
over
by
an
Bijapur conquests
decisive
issue,
it
was
on
the south
should
be
conferred
extended
imperial patronage
request for
the mansab
his
to
promised to
his
favourable
consideration.
all
the
The
that Khan
Jehan
was
negotiations
to a private
designhad perforcecome
Shivaji. He had learned by experience
the struggle and
the impossibility
of
of these
failed in his
understandingwith
the
themselves
were
with
emperor
true inwardness
having
parts
many
the
serve
These
times.
the
on
to
enterprise.Shivajialso claimed
son
Sambhaji,and undertook, on
to
rebel
Khan
to
efforts
through
imperative that he
Great Mogul. With
overtures
towns.
flight.
immediate
and
other
instigatedto
were
made*
and
seas
arduousness
of
chief to surrender
his conquests. The
forcingthe Maratha
Mogul armies had greatlysuffered in strengthand numbers
and there was
no
prospect of fresh contingentsbeingsent by
the only alternative
In these circumstances
the emperor.
to humour
to him
was
Shivajiand ward
open
furious onslaughtsfrom his province. Later when
had
launched
upon
this
new
war
with
Bijapur, he
off his
Shivaji
tained
main-
he himself
seem
mysterious silence;and it would
the
made
a suggestionfor Shivaji'spresent approaches to
to obviate personalrisks. For the present,therefore,
emperor
its course
had turned
the war
entirely against Bijapur.
all
th" south
between
the
over
as
Perfect peace reigned
Moguls and the Marathas.
a
About
this
time, Mian
governor)of Karwar,
Saheb,
declared
an
the
open
fouzdar
( military
rebellion against
342
LIFE
SHIVAJI
OF
MAHARAJ
the affairs of
hopelessconfusion
devastation
far
at last moved
Abdul
him.
force
of
engaging
the
with
marched
with
laid
orders
plan in
his force
he moved
view
With
thrown
the
Guzar
straightupon
city to
Abdul
Karim
from
Abdul
Karim
returned
at Umrani
the
on
Mahomedan
Panhala
way
forces
were
to all the
rigoursof a
partiesbeing cut off.
the Mahomedan
from
capturedand
for
an
With
this
Bijapurand
gates of Bijapur
Khan
was
was
in
army
to recall
no
necessary
the siegeof that fort.
interceptedby Prataprao
between
Miraj and Bijapur. The
threatened on all sides and subjected
blockade, foragingand provisioning
No one
could leave or
straggleaway
without
instant fear of being
camp,
the
to
was
sword.
There
was
at the
same
constant
Bahlol
The
Marathi
Khan
Afghan
Khawas
armistice.
unmolested
way
an
but
was
raise
and
against
now
skirmishingin front. The Khan was
great extremity and, acknowledginghis defeat, applied
time
in
put
It
invader.
the
meet
the
There
great consternation.
into
fort.
the
city-wallsKhawas
the
at
large
siegeof Panhala
appearing directly
the beleaguered fort
and destroying,to
advanced, pillaging
itself.
Karim1
advance
its walls.
besiegers under
was
that
siegeto
to
before
deliverance
Khan
Abdul
spreading
were
under
This
by
or
and
received
this state
to
regent Khawas
Karim
Panhala
Guzar
hosts
large army
straight upon
Prataprao
the Maratha
wide, the
send
to
reduced
Bijapur were
and
and
against Shivaji.
force
the mountains.
up
or
Bijapur. The
chronicles
Ballal Khan,
follower
Khan
to
and
of
made
Khan
call this
which
is
Jahan
terms
of
officer sometimes
properly the
Lodi.
He
name
make
to
his
this truce
by
of
the
his
are
name
father,
subsequently arrested.
rilJAPUR
known.
not
conduct, at which
his
he
discontent
to the
excursion
time.
in
the
bad
his
Ghat
siegeof Phonda,
it
of
ways
to
mortified
so
in the
Berars.
essential
have
to
actual
check
to
regret these
to
reasons
scattered
offensive of the
forces
he
old and
dominions
had
realms
Swarajya
Karim
Karim
put
towards
revived
by
hampered
to
army
all his
the
take
upon
his
between
resources
town
which
from
away
the
was
enemy
fall of
of
his
make
would
chain, north
connected, inter-linked
one
Abdul
south.
and
or
staked
an
the
new,
but
feelinge
advanced
informed
general
conquest of phonda,
the
again
authorities
his
Abdul
war,
and
duly
was
suitable
to himself
As
Deccan
Bijapur
of
the absence
field.
of the
Shivaji
Panhala.
and
errant
Prataprao.
scene
togetherhis
reserve
Bijapur,and he
upon
fulfil this necessary
function.
as
the
able
unprofit-
This
While
of
of
out
that'
victorious
was
home
nearer
had, therefore,grave
maladroit
greatlydispleasedat
him
ing
severely censur-
was
troops to a most
of operations, an
unnecessary
expected Prataprao
He
10
For
force in hand
felt
soene
Pain
expeditionwas
he
led
isolated
and
remote
RENEWED
this act of
sheer
WARS
was
backed
by a numerous
into the
hastened
move
getting intelligenceof this new
his cavalry for
Deccan
plains and was
drawing up
a
a charge, when
despatch from Shivaji was placedin his
couched
in severest
of
Shivaji
terms
censure.
hands,
Panhala,
complained of
person," wrote
escape
his
disobedience
Shivaji,
scot-free
from
round
has turned
On
what
ground
upon
could
he
been
crushed
on
storm
of his
"
the
us
whom
most
and
you
the
raising."The
is
you
very
allowed
have
to
hopeless of predicaments
now
devastatingour lands.
put faith
spot,
"The
orders.
to
in such
there
letter
held
could
man
have
Prataprao
Had
been
answer-
no
LIFE
344
the
With
enemy.
and
to
"
into
the enemy
These
the pursuers.
odds
and
enemy,
discarded
his
usual
tempt, advance
and
round
turn
tactices
had
which
methods
retire,draw
and
overthrow
usually stood
him
unforeseen
the
five
of
fell
Panhala, he
changed
and
defeat
overtaken
were
(1674).
1
With
Jessary,
(p.
but
79.
78,
gives a long
Guzar
account
heart
The
was
Abdul
Nivte.
We
fugitives
the battle of
Karim
Jessary
turned
silent
is
of Umrani.
have
For
of Mahomedans
Basatin-i-Salatin
of the battle
fell at
while
ere
Thousands
Such
battle.
the
the
Jessary
at
Jedhe
followed
his
about
logy
chrono-
Sabhasad's
of
Narayan
following
interpreterat Raigad at Shi vaji'scoronation shortlyafterhorsemen
with only six Maratha
rushed
that Prataprao Guzar
the
version
of
Shenvi,
British
"wardsa states
heavy
14)1 ) says
victoryand
slain.1
and
them
of
aspect
the pursuers.
Sabhasad
Vide
unexpectedlyupon
into
themselves
became
learning
up and
led to the charge, he
coming
enemy
reckless
whole
the
turned
was
left
dispersedcarelessly
pursuitabout the approaches
finding the
of
his
pursuers.
been
somehow
Prataprao had
and
pushed forward
had
the
Hansaji Mohite,
happen.
to
On
back
kept
thousand
his division.
with
behind
yet
was
of
commander
now
opened an
which
he
against him he
paying no heed
the
and
attack
to
once
in such
But
stead
fearful
of
pursuit
at
He
to skirmish
attack,
determined
most
ranks
these
peremptory words:
until you have
extinguished
was
high-souled commander
The
the
serried
the
"
MAHARAJ
with
presence
Bijapur !
the
quick
to
eharged
of
into my
of
army
SHIVAJI
this,and concluded
come
stung
OF
event.
Prof.
Sarkar
the
account
BIJAPUR
towards
ioot-steps
RENEWED
Bijapur, which
he
Ml
reached
without
not
his retreat.
impediments to
many
WARS
the
marvellous
Shivaji was
highly gratifiedwith
who
in the hour
of darkest
disaster
bravery of the man
the
had so triumphantly turned
scales againstthe enemy.
He extolled the conduct
of Hansaji Mohite, appointed him
cheif
the
to
title of
command
Hambirrao,
illustrious
sir-nobut,
or
warriors, whose
gave him
is generally known.
he
which
by
destined
were
names
and
the
Two
to become
in the
immortal
their
history of Maharashtra, won
spurs
in this battle under
Right valiantly
Hansaji'scommand.
had they fought and done deeds of which
tales might be told.
The
heroes
in this battle
They
prowess
No
had
to
who
Shivaji,
and
promoted
mourned
one
Shivajihimself,as
to do with
much
moved
he
saw
that mental
him
hero's death
first
was
Santaji Ghorpade
were
introduced
were
their noble
than
worth
sterling
whose
head
to
and
seen
admired
and
Dhanaji
Jadhav.
complimentedthem
on
mand.
higher comof Prataprao more
the death
that his stingingwords had so
which
anguish and excitement
them
charge and
reckless
to
court
in battle.
the
Meanwhile
The
town
had
so
upon
Bahlol
seven
town
already been
had
were
general who
Khan
cut
in
down
narrow
by
the
undergoing a siege.
for a long time and
invested
convinced
Shivaji was now
of Phonda
was
between
passage
two
swarming
hosts
of
and
them
to
led
hills and
the
Bijapur, and
a
second
attack
gallant
that the
was
nob
but Anandrao,
upon
whom,
346
LIFE
that there
little wisdom
Was
largearmy
for the
treaty
should
with
the
station in
its
Bijapurarmy
would
abide
or
and
this
of these
new
doing
so,
he
made
with
into the
force
to
Shivaji
arrest
intended
the free
'
to
movement
the
It is said that
territorywithin its range.
of this siegeShivajihad purchasedfrom the
and eighty cannons
a supply of ammunition
this
During
while
this condition
at Surat
that
keepingengaged such a
and
town
an
insignificant
by
for the
purpose
French
subhedar
neighbourhood
of the
the fort
in
siege,but
interfere
not
MAHARAJ
capture of such
SHIVAJI
OF
material
war
brought
Shivaji conquered
was
to
Rajapur.1
brought
under his absolute
the entire sea-coast from
Rajapur
sway
to Bardesh, and, having arranged for the militaryoccupation
of
to
campaign
conquests,
he returned
to
Shivaji's
cavalrycantoned this season
fodder
and
a
shortage of water
occasioned
by
While
siegeof
Many
and
Phonda, the
fresh descents
naval
the
Raigad.
The
whole
Chiplun owing
above
the
ghats
at
scanty rain-fall.
Shivaji'sarmies
fleetsmade
and
upon
took
encounters
Abyssinian
were
sea-forces
Shivaji'sside. Many of
and borne off by the invaders.
but
with
little
success
war-ships were
captured
There were
repeated irruptions
fleets upon the territory of Coorla,
of the Mahomedan
and in spiteof the protests made
Aungier,
by the governor
harbour
and
into
these fleets constantly sailed
Bombay
made
it the base of their operations against Salsette. They
tants,
from
abstained
no
species of violence againstthe inhabiplundering,massacring and kidnapping men, women
and children to be sold into slavery. Aungier continued
vainlyto representto them, that by these rapaciousacts,
they would bring down upon him and the island of Bombay
on
The
ammunition
founded
was
by Colbert.
his
purohased from
the
French
East
India Company
BIJAPUR
the
three
thousand
Abyssinans
they
the
the
thas
their
were
in
might
fleets.
decisive
beaten
thus
enter
from
contest,
and
finally
they
of
Shivaji.
down
came
sword,
harbour
of
bands
vengeful
Bombay,
the
RENEWED
WARS
At
harbour
length
Raigad
put
good
an
and,
them
many
weighed
fearing
347
and
the
make
the
engaging
to
of
When
rout.
them
and
anchor
lest
of
army
put
quitted
victorious
to
holocaust
Maraof
CHAPTER
CROWNING
THE
The
cost
of
victory
lives
many
XXIII
SHIVAJI,
OF
Hambirrao
the
to
appreciably crippled
some
Karim
Abdul
over
army
which
time.
Neither
Bijapur
for
1674
had
remained
it
was
did a
possibleto muster
a new
against Shivaji, nor
army
of the
contest.
capable general offer himself for a renewal
For a long time
Khan
Khawas
to come,
thought it was
lihood
likeNor
there
imperative to let Shivaji alone.
was
any
of trouble
there
had,
as
have
we
with
Shivajiand was
beyond his frontiers.
congratulation that
and
stopped
were
not
he
personal defeat
to
despisewould
anxious
involved
inclined
been
had
of
hands
the
merely
be not
Shivajiand
knights
send
valour
the
the
of
"3o-operation
?
power
He
their foundations
the
Mogul
was
rather
it had
he
was
glad
biding
the avalanche
Southern
his time
sultanates, and
to himself.
No
He
him.
chief
had
also
generals under
the
with
he
them
the
able to
was
subvert
Maratha.
the
rise of
the
of Islam
to sweep
Mogul
after
be.
affected
Maratha
the
whom
Verily,the
the powers
of
feared
best to
the
at
had
to
his
done
than
more
weakened
proposed
cant
insignifi-
the
on
campaigns. Could he count
and Bijapur against this incipient
Golconda
had
for
Marathas
the
he
whom
one
countenance
Deccan
who
of the
help contrasting
not
of the sorrowful
upon
matter
troops
believe him
to
upon
bravery of
and
could
great
Shivaji
considered
remembered
empire. He
often practised
Shivaji and
upon
himself
might seek to avenge
of
his
to
the
heard
risk
periodicincursions
was
at
understanding
to
it
considered
He
the
once
anxious
over-
amicable
an
seen,
subhedar
The
Aurangabad.
from
brewing
army
down
and
them
the
need
then
in
feared
the
emperor
far as
so
power,
the
Deccan.
For
the Deccan
with
upon
overwhelm
the Deccan
Maratha
to
from
Mahomedan
Nay,
new
them
quicken
Power,
"
so
the movements
he
350
midst
based
was
not
was
It
spirits,and
and
for
the
standard
To this
monarchy.
The
standard, to
for
of
Maratha
self-government,
rally their wavering
their wayward
forces under
the segis
unite
Maharashtra
MAHARAJ
unfurl
to
was
effort
isolated
an
SHIVAJI
broader
on
necessary
unity,freedom and
of
OF
LIFE
thirty years.
undoubted
to rallyas an
were
of things required
nature
end
cause,
the
be
to
all Marathas
which
national
laboured
had
he
was
by
the
of
an
standard
independentsovereignty.
It is rather
should
been
have
postponed
and
"
cared
he died
his
to have
his father
only
in
1664
placeas
with
not
reflected
have
while
royalpomp,
the
by
step
period of his
long as Shahaji
Shivaji would
"
shine
to
this
that
late
so
emblazoned
name
content
was
to
in the first
But
triumphant career.
lived
for astonishment
matter
glory of
power
ten
that
had
period
of
years
been
resources
armies
his
and
the
with
and
the
had
and
ment
entrench-
maintenance
possessions.The bustle
time for thoughts of
no
of his
Now
ceremonial.
his varied
over
Shahaji
fortification and
the
allowed
war
coronation, pageantry
reigned undisturbed
the assumption of
the
when
consolidation
of
The
name.
and
wars,
up
of
death
since the
strongholds,the
excitement
and
stress
taken
were
of
elapsed
Mahomedan
and
Mogul
in his
the administration
conducted
realms,
that
peace
the thought of
to his mind.
An
hasten
which
incident
occurred
this event.
invitations
Due
There
were
at his
was
issued
arrangements
were
court
a
which
dinner
to the
made
at
led
his
Shivaji to
palace to
leading Maratha
in the
lity.
nobi-
banquet-hall
CROWNING
THE
the
"where
chaurang
or
seat
for
intended
was
the
in the centre,
was
the
seat
This
rest.
to
themselves
cushioned
than
higher
Shivaji,and
to seat
guests were
351
be entertained.
to
guests were
SHIVAJI
OF
right
at dinner.
Among the
Maratha
nobility,
included
the ancient
guests were
Mohites, the Mahadiks, the Shirkes, the Nimbalkars,
assembled
the
"
become
Shivaji now
and
have
such
become
we
cyphers
mere
of illustrious ancient
of
honour
morchel
the
The
enjoyed Shivaji'sfather
is
insult
to
better for
Far
to
us
the
honours
on
lower
auspiciousoccasion
on
the
to
him
personally at
commotion
in the
but
suitable
hall reached
considerablyembarrassed
representativesof
The
of
at
some
of
the
to
Shivaji
grievance
However
ill humour
an
household
to irritate
Shivaji'sears
the
Shivaji.
about
were
the
time.
Ic
to such
represent their
to
more
princely
dignitiesvre
submit
the
tried to
tives
representa-
level than
land,
for himself.
the
to the
and
earned
never
be seated
to leave
us
We
families, entitled
have
an
in
great personage
and
he
the
was
of his guests.
second
grade noble
by Shivaji
being privatelyinterviewed
objectionto the banquet arrangements.
families, however,
en
they had no
like the
Shivaji then spoke privately to the great sardars
and
asked
and
others
what
their
Ghorpades, Nimbalkars
that
grounds of complaint were, upon which they made answer
the hereditary officers of the Mahomedan
sultans
they were
for four or five centuries past,they could not brook Shivaji's
social function, and
them
at such a
taking precedence over
the matter.
for Shivaji to consider
that it was
Shivaji
said
The
-vaved
over
morchel
the
heads
was
of
tuft
of
feathers
pea-cock
princely personages
as
an
u"ed
as
t*
fan, and
attribute of royalty.
LIFE
352
repliedthat
SHIVAJI
OF
if they made
not
they ought
of their
much
so
attend
to
MAHARAJ
his
family prestige
If need
court.
Those
their presence, they might be invited.
like the banquet arrangements had leave to
for
arose
did
who
depart.
not
And
"
to
his obstinate
presented u pan
according to Indian etiquette
guests, the usual ceremony
to a departing visitor.
This incident
for bidding farewell
than anything else impressed upon Shivaji the necesmore
sity
words
these
with
of
proclaiminghimself
India,"since
of
lack
crowned
of
such
certain
king in
these
ceremony
hesitation in
partsthe
even
recognizing
sovereignauthority.
While
revolving in
thoughts were
tutelary deity appeared to him
these
assured
and
invested
by
for
nobles showed
Maratha
his
he
him
with
grace
nobly and
desire
be
to
insignia of
the
and
fulfilled,
be
her
his
that
that
his mind
in
duly
who
vision
crowned
sovereignty
one
it is
would
had
fought
country's
of his
strenuously in the cause
than
more
else
one
any
gods and religion deserved
the divine attributes of sovereignty. Encouraged by the
thought of a divine sanction to his proposal,he broached
and on obtainingher support submitted
the subjectto his mother
it to others.
Shivaji sent a confidential officer to
his intention to Ramdas, his spiritual
communicate
adviser,
who
cordiallyapproved of the proposal. Other persons of
in his kingdom
were
similarly
sage and saintly character
in
the
concurred
The
acute scholars
consulted and
proposal.
of the
law, the pillars
and learned
expounders of Hindu
next
invited to a council,with
Brahman
community, were
due to their learning,
all the honour
palanquinsand other
from their
to court
being sent to bring them
conveyances
so
residences.
ministers
and
of
To
solemn
of
state
were
coronation
great
also
was
unanimously
the coronation
decided
ceremony
and be invested with all
that
The
summoned.
submitted
was
nobles,'commanders
in favour
to
of
the
the
question
meeting.
idea
and
CROWNING
THE
OF
SHIVAJI
MS
what
question to investigate was
things
essential according to Shastric
"vere
requirements for
ceremonial
orthodox
Hindu
on
lines.
I complete coronation
The
And
next
here
difficultypresented
traditional
the
rendered
initial
an
of
ceremony
itself which
Hindu
coronation
the
invested
placedhim
the
of
in the eyes
of the Hindu
law
in the
the age
of age, and
children
had
by
been
his
and
husband
such
The
with
circumstance
the sacred
of Shudras
in his
were
shastric coronation.
pandits and
category
thread
case
the
thread
preceptors
serfs.
or
shastric
The
tion
corona-
then
already far past
impossible. Shivajiwas
for such an investiture,being now
forty-six
years
was
of
sacred
denied.
was
declared that
pandits,therefore,
the
married
wives.
of such
man
father,could
than
more
by
no
and
once
advanced
an
be
means
had
age,
capableof
investiture.
It
not
was
to cut
easy
knot, but
this
of
one
Shivaji's
most
remedy.
decision
the
with
He
advised
of the
He
Shivajinot to
local pandits but
rest
to
that hitherto
said
reason
no
was
appealto
with
and
difficulty
every
satisfied
why
God'"
achieved
he should
shastras
or
one
sciences
the
and
commentaries
on
the
reputationin India
on
for his learning. His decisions
knotty questions of
Hindu
law were
acceptedby other pandits. His pronouncements
with
The*
them.
carried almost a pontifical
authority
had
attained
officer advised
Shivaji
laWj
"
and
pandit on
U
S. 24
the
an
unrivalled
to make
question of
his
reference
to
this learned
as ha
coronation, especially
354
OF
LIFE
then
be at
happened to
Bhatt
be invited
should
pandits of Paithan.1
he could
as
at
gratified
was
to invite
a
but
not
safe
at
Paithan.
He
have
heard
proposed
with
along
would
other
the
refuse
not
that
Gaga
renowned
the
invitation,
Shivaji*sfame.
Shivaji
suggestionand BalajiAvji was
deputed
from
Paithan
and bring him
under
Bhatt
escort.
MAHARAJ
He
this
Gaga
SHIVAJI
of ten
sum
of
thousand
rupees
and
the
sary
neces-
with
his
arrival
Gaga
Bhatt
At
Gaga
held at
was
After
was
a
no
Paithan
at
Balaji
communicated
and
Bhatt's
for
Paithan
had
placed
interview
an
him
to
Shivaji's proposal.
instance
a
meeting of the pandits
the discussion
of this question.
that
there
ceremonial
famous
was
family of Gaga Bhatt belonged to Paithan, which
of his ancestors
and descendants
a repositoryof Hindu
as
learning. Many
Hindu
works
authoritative
The family
have written
on
religioususages.
and
the
at
attained
a celebrity for its learning and
Benares,
scholarship
descendants
of the family still enjoy their
the Hindu
high prestigeamong
North
India.
of
princes
1
The
According
uninvited, hearing
came
He
with
treated
was
court
jShivaji's
The
"
of the Solar
their
the
pro-consuls,
The
earth
of
thrones
or
is
It
won
No
only
eclipsed;
you
who
you
saluted
as
a
crowning
formally crowned, you
the
other
words
sultans.
of
coronation.
Gaga
Do
Bhatt
king
a
a
of
great
have
sultans, quieted
formal
Without
he
of
saw
put
) who
is left in the
stopped
are
the
; forms
shrines
forth
of
riors
war-
duty
have
lost:
great valour,
vanquished
Aurangzeb,
his
in your power
a hundred
and
forts,and great wealth
maintained
and
cavalry, three hundred
sixty
This
being so, you are yet without
possessions.
other
is,therefore,my wish and the wish of many
have
what
( Mahomedans
spark of valour
thousand
and
utterly extinguishedduring
Yavanas
Sacrifices
race.
is
been
with
overrun
Dharma
virtue.
have
kings.
the Lunar
Mahornedan
the
Bhatt
Chitragupta Gaga
renown
Shivaji,to pay a
hospitalityand pleased with
proper
Brahman
expiatory
defeated
and
of
spoke as follows :
of Kshatriya duty
Yuga.
usurped the
forgotten j
the
"
forms
the Kali
have
of Sabhasad
to the chronicles
the
royal
will complete
no
consecrated
Hindus
umbrella
honour.
the humiliation
It
throne.
to crown
you
king
rulers.
by other
self
By getting yourof
Aurangzeb
desire?"
of
and
These
formal
CROWNING
THE
of
and
Udepur
Jaiptir,
brought by Balaji
princes of
then
was
with
received
Shivajihimself
A
formed
the
manner
other
of
the
Rajput
places. Gaga
Raigad,
to
where
respect due
the
his
355
to welcome
and
for
selected
SHIVAJI
and
forward
going
processionwas
mansion
after
coronation
shastric
OF
he
to his
him
Bhatt
learnings
the fort.
to
pandit conducted
residence,
amid
was
to the
and
pomp
music.
Shivajithen
The
another
and
citizens
of* state,
ministers
Bhatt
convoked
and
learned
the
of the
question
by
the
his decision
as
men
and
pros
Paithan
was
cons
the
follows
"That
having
and
Marathas
the
crossed
gave
Narbada,
of
meeting
the
Sesodia
though his
be
to
came
and
delivered
this
to
that
the investiture
up
Gaga
introduced.
Bhatt
Gaga
which
were
it appears
princelystock
:-
pandits,
learned
meeting,
the
of note, at
coronation
the
discussion, and
of
assembly of
fathers,
fore-
known
other
as
ceremonies
of
their
Kshatriya class, the Kshatriya character
is not thereby impaired or extinguished. That,
descendants
of the princely dynasties of Jaipur, Udepur
in the case
as
of the
and
others, the
investiture
of
the
coronation
ceremonial
the same
proper,
that
of Shivaji,and
be followed
may
would
the
fact that
by
the
no
been
law
distinguishedby
husband
in this
case
and
circumstances
part of
the
and
the
proceeding
such
ceeding
pro-
precepts of
of
defect
and
coronation
was
occasioned
viewed
that
be
to
timehe
was
understood
be
would
wholly
unavoidable
by
only
rites,the whole
is
Shivaji,
was
ceremony
investiture
to be
of
case
circumstance
father, it
in the-
investiture
the
rite
the
curing
exceptional,
adverse
the
to
precedes
insignia of royalty
the
considered
to be
objectionthat
by Shivaji'sage
already a
that
contrary
thread
to
or
to the
barred
be
means
circumstance
special
As
case
sacred
and
precedent. That the
usage
the originalstock of the Sesodias at Udepur have
shastric
always
in
the
as
liminary
pre-
constituting
OF
LIFE
3.56
SHIVAJI
MAHARAJ
This
grand, integral,religiousfunction."
teamed decision was
acceptedby the panditsof Paithan and
and it was
the Swarajya dominions
unanimously resolved
celebrate
the investiture
and coronathat Shivaji should
tion
together
one
rites.
at this
Gratified
the
necessary
the sacred
of
preparationsfor
chase, the
other
The
to make
The
ceremony.
several
the
silver and
gold and
providedfor.
the
seas,
auspiciousmarks, the
chair
lion-supported
the
of
vases
and
rivers
elephantswith
beasts of
decision, Shivajihastened
all
waters
horses
and
skins of
tigersand
of
or
sacred
state
throne,
vessels-all these
ordered
to
astrologerswere
the most
auspicioustime for the
investigateand determine
assumption of the title. They reported that the thirteenth
day of the first half of Jesht ( the 6th of June 1674 A. D. )
of Anand
the
of the current
was
year of the cyclicname
were
propitioustime
most
state
lity
gentry and nobiof Maharashtra, to ministers and commanders, to subject
princes as well as independentkings. To start with, it was
Invitations
were
Raigad should
siewlyinauguratedmonarchy.
determined
be the
that
capital town
of the
the best of
all the
It seemed
places
in
of
construction
for the
should
around
impregnableto
the
Shivaji
had
of
were
state
i
The
reservoirs,that
fertile,and above
assaults of
already
and
celebrations
the coronation
that
be
tanks
It was
enemy.
should
be held at
the
residence,with
secretariat
Shivdigvijay describes
many
be
resolved
Raigad.
at
spacious mansion
buildingsfor his various
under
eighteen heads.
of the great ministers
stores, classified
the officesand residences
and
all it should
an
erected
the territory
staff.1
other halls
The
which
durbar-hall
were
erecfced
358
LIFE
The
fort and
and
tents
SHIVAJ1
its lower
pavilions.A
general control
OF
under
crowded
thus
were
with
supervisingofficersmaintained
over
were
camp, who
of each guest, small
slope
staff of
each
MAHARAJ
clerks in
instructions
great, and
for
charge
supply the
to
of
needs
heaps of
grain and other provisions were
brought together. These
officers were
carefullytrained in their duties, which they
discharged under fixed regulations. The result was that
the vast assemblage of guests were
entertained
in a styleof
which
hospitality
On
of
Jesht
thread
the
universal
of
day
this
period a
and
received
Vedas
admiration.
opening
half
investiture
the
thousand
dakshina
and
that purpose
hundred
a
the
of
ceremony
commenced.
was
in the
evoked
fourth
the
or
of
the
month
of
the
sacred
Brahmans
rupee
of
feasted
were
Brahmans
each,
versed
shastras
of the
days, till the final consummation
both Shivajiand
the officiating
sacrifice,
priests observed
a rigidfast subsisting
out
only on milk and fruit. But throughthese
During
week
the
a
while
of them
The
other
in all
At
There
Abhiehek
or
with
there
was
sand
fifty thoufrequent changes
the same
tality,
hospi-
Brahmans,
musical
concerts
and
revelry reigned
lengthcame
was
the
fast
guests received
entertained
wore
observed
in the dishes.
and
host
of feasts to
round
continual
the
the
auspiciousday,
13th
of
Jesht.
witness
the
present to
religiousbath, the principalfeature
large assemblage
solemn
the
As
ceremony.
chief
state, the
the
OF
CROWNING
THE
ministers
similar solemn
ablutions.
eightministers
of state
SHIVAJI
had
of
undergo
to
In the first
were
of
high offices. Next after them the nominations
king'stwo principalsecretaries, or personal amanuenses,
in charge of the various
made. The functionaries
ments
depart-
their several
ihe
were
and
stores, as
in
charge of
towns
either
All
appointed or confirmed.
went
these functionaries
through the preliminaryconsecrated
varied
and
elaborate ablutions
bath along with Shivaji. More
then performed
prescribedby religioussanction were
by Shivaji;such as the bath with various kinds of earth,
the bath with
a
compound of milk, ghee, etc. called the
and
each
provinceswere
dissolved
panch-gavya
like
rivers
of the sacred
in
them
the
the
Ganges,
panchamrit
bath
and
or
in which
bath,
water, the
in
the
water
on
the
top of
the
nectareous
and
sugar
were
ablutions
solemn
the
together. These
over,
bathers were
arrayed in robes of silver white, with flowers
and
the sacred
and wreaths, gold and
jewelled ornaments,
mark
their
sandal-wood
or
gandha
impressed upon
foreheads.
Shivaji then took his seat upon a gold-plated
of wood,
of a particularkind
the wood
of
little stool made
blended
pulpy
like
tree
recommended
by
of the
Ficus
being specially
genus
When
shastras.
seated
Shivaji was
that
the
was
just a cubit and
quaint little stool, which
in width, the senior
a
quarter high and the same
queen
asked
to sit by his side.1 The
and the heir-apparentwere
principalministers of state then stood in the prescribed
all the Peshwa
their king. First of
around
or
order
filled with ghee stood due
chief minister with a gold vase
commander-inof Shivaji; Hambirrao
east
Mohite, the
this
upon
chief, with
*
bai, the
Prince
The
silver
senior
mother
queen
of Prince
Sambhaji.
vase
who
filled
took
Rajaram
with
part
and
in
milk
the Abhishek
the
bath
heir-apparent
south
due
stood
Soyara-
was
was
of
course
LIFE
360
Nilkanth,1 the
Ramchandra
minister), with
finance
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
OF
(or Muzumdar
Amatya
full of curds
vase
copper
i.
e.
stood
due
and
west
with
these
various
seas.2
and
rivers
four
The
the remainingfour
adjusted,
cardinal
points thus
of state stood
ministers
mid-way
between
of them
them, north-east, north-west
etc., one
holding the royal umbrella, another the fan imperialand
the
other
each
waving
two
chamar
fly-whisk,
or
urn
of the
contents
their hands
various
upon
recited
by
followed
and
drums
the
singing
After
nautch-girls present.
He
the
was
and
the
ministers
the
in
accompaniment
priests
assembled
Abhishek, which
flutes,trumpets
wag
and
and
dancing of the singers
this Shivaji was
bathed
of Nilo Sondev.
son
time
same
the
to
the
of the
the final ceremony
by a wild outburst of
up
was
by
him,
out
chants
at the
held
vases
poured
were
of the sacred
This
and
Shivaji'shead,
above
Sabhasad
gives
the
name
as
Naro
Nilkanth.
2
The
the Jumna,
3
Pandit
the Krishna,
These
ministers
Hanmante
were
( the Sumant
( the
are
the
name
Sabhasad
of Trimbak
gives the
of which
the Godaveri
Nyayadhish
given in the
differently
Pandit
water
or
was
and
of
used, were
of
the
Ganges,
the Cauveri.
different versions.
Sondev
the
Janardan
), and Balaji
of the
name?
gives
Hanmante
of Trimbak
son
of
), Janardan
instance, Chitnis
For
that of
Ramchandra,
Sabhasad
that of Hanmante.
gives the name
and
Chitnia
Mantri
Pandit (
),
gives the name
thab of BalajiPandit
( Nyayadhish ).
name
thus
and
instead
of
NirajiRavji instead
o-
again and
wicks
ghee
put
and
his dress
on
reflected
as
which
"
:;r,i
quaint platterwith
by the matrons, and
also in mirrors
as
SHIVAJI
lighted
"
him
over
himself
to view
with
auspiciousarti
waved
was
"
made
to
the
OF
CROWNING
THE
in
bronze
before
was
he
was
filled
ewer
permitted
was
white
pure
he
final
for the
"
installation ceremony.
structed
pieceof splendid workmanship, conaccording to the preceptsof the shastras. First
made
of planks of banyan
of all,the basal platform was
in the shastras,and
considered
sacred
and fig-trees,
wood
This dais
especiallyprescribed for coronation
purposes.
of
devices
was
decorated with gold plate,engraved with
silvan beasts on its four sides,the lion, the tiger,the hyena,
the
the golden dais stood eight
the cat and
On
ox.
each supporting a lion in
columns
gold,upon which the
bore
in
columns
seat
cushioned
was
placed. The
The
throne
was
relief devices
embossed
of
flowers,leaves,trees
and
creeper*
figuresrepresentingnymphs dancing
The
the
of
to
string instruments.1
accompaniment
with
and
first of deer-skin
consisted
cushion
tiger-skin,
them.
piled
Upon this was
a layer of gold coins between
or
up
birds and
soft
or
fishes,
cushions
the
back
and
the
basal
pedestalupwards
called
plate
the
gold,studded
Above
all
rose
and
pillars
there
rose
surmounting
with
canopy
brilliants
the
of cloth
with
glittering
of
pearl
back
of
metal
canopy
tassels.
raised
At
upon
the
the
pearls.
fringedwith
gold
From
silver
ornamental
an
it with
and
gold.
in
embroidered
prabhaval forming
and
throne
cushioned
of
side
velvet, with
in
encased
cotton-down
of
cushion
outer
entrance
upon
aeers,
Some
chronicle
horse
writers
and
an
gold
columns
and
sculptures
the throne
and
LIFE
362
he held
over
the
received
and
made
now
Shivaji advanced
hand
side of the
with
the
with
his face to
with
saluted
the
east, ascended
The
eight
of
or
Dabir
i.
)
right
Waknis
and
the
and
of
drums
his
post
the left.
the
i.
e.
and
the
Sachiv
the
right and
the
on
right
the
on
the
behind
Next
right
the
( or Surnis
left, and the
home
respectively.The
left
completed,
was
to
Nyayadhish
the
their
First in order
( sir-nobut
( or
seal
din
the
record-keeper)
Mantri
on
took
state
lion-throne, standing
took
Peshwa
touching it
left. Behind
( finance-minister ) on the
four
other
ministers, the Sumant
( or
Amatya
i. e.
e.
fcha
commander-in-chief
stood
of
reverence.
and
them
hand
throne, and
it without
ministers
Panditrao
the
right
consecrated
the
ecclesiasticalminister
and
still in his
throne.
eight columns
hands
clasped in
them, the
ledged
acknow-
blessings.And
affectionate
at the
their
He
hymns.
feet.
stations
Brahmans
mother, who
his
Vishnu
the
to
rightknee,
his
with
of
last when
the
Vedic
amid
to
of
stream
At
Shivajisaluted
came,
salutation
his reverent
hand.
right
benedictions
their
it with
his
in
image
inauguration time
the
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
Otf
air
was
trumpets.
The
moment
privy
to
the
the installation
with
the
mingled
musicians
and
nautch-
rent
The
of
roar
rhythmic melodies.
taken up by the
from Raigad which
resounded
cannon
was
as
previously arranged,
guns of the surrounding hill-forts,
after another.
Thus
one
every fort in Shivaji'sdominions
joined in the jubilantboom of guns.
girls
struck
After
his white
their
up
robes
for
scarlet,decked
the
pearl-crest,
sword
and
of Indian
ornaments
took
and
the
to have
bow
arrows
with
solemn
chants
attired he
in his hands.
Thus
weapons
flowers of silver and gold showered
upon
and
came
him
puja
out
and
CROWNING
THE
enthronement
made
received
eminence
to
thousand
one
file
all kinds
and
after the
the benedictions
received
presents
honorarium
an
the
Brahmans
of
ranging
coronation
Brahmans
each ;
learningand
from
hundred
two
of
rank
the
and
largesseswere
mendicants
of
five rupees
Persons of
each.
Brahmans
of
pre-eminent piety
two
and
saintly character
female
of
honorariums
ranging from
grants of inam
received
presents
priestspresiding over
rupees
of sixteen
group
Ample
twenty-five per head.
and
gosavis, hermits
upon
rupees
bestowed
also
twenty-four thousand.
rupees
hand
Bhatt
five thousand
sacrifice received
rich
in
valuable
jewellery. The
by
received. Munificent
Gaga
lakh, besides
one
and
taken
to them.
:m
concludingceremonies
priestswere
officiating
of the
of
The
now
were
him
received
and ornaments.
costumes
were
around
who
matrons,
SHIVAJI
OF
to
land.
among
ministers
The
of
departmental officers,both
their
titles and
All
of
ministers
received
offices. The
various
their
included
state
the
various
private, received
various personaldecorations.
pnblic and
moreover
and
state, subhedars
the
sanads
presents made
patents of
or
the
eight
state
robes,
to
gold-embroidered
and
shield, horse and
pearl crests and pendants, sword
elephant,the chief minister receiving beside3 the special
insigniaof his high position,viz. a jari-patka(a cloth of
gold banner,
commander),
handled
about
pounds
honour
nobut
chowries
him
These
in
state
on
forward
came
an
to
or
also
state
drum,
upon
and
a
greet him
with
their
to
chief
the
pair of gold
weight.
conferred
be
waved
ministers
salutation, presented
about
one
hundred
and
forty
364
LIFE
their
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
OF
offices,Shivaji bestowed
of them
each
upon
with
invested
then
For
each
robes.
of
The
nazars
was
in
also
lesser officers
their
at
end
an
forward
came
the
of
robes
presents, and
civil and
the
on
their
to receive
special
ments
militaryestablish-
respectivehonours.
the distribution
When
and
lakh
received
the
similar
patents of
after him
appointed. They
went
their
received
and
(loyaltyofferings)
nazars
and
of
honours
the
levee
for
royalprocession
dismountingfrom
the horse
trident
He
and
was
solemn
mounted
rode
presentationof
dissolved, Shivaji
thanks-givingat
a
horse
with
gold
court, where
in
one
hand
and
with
the
other
feathers waved
waving the morchel ( a brush of pea-.cock
royal processions before the king.) In the rear part of
his seat, waving
took
howdah, the prime minister
morchel
from
behind.
The
other
and
ministers
each ridinghis
deputiesjoined the procession,
at
the
the
their
elephant
also the select nobilityand
as
commanders, on elephantsor
the
horse-back.
In the van
of the whole
procession were
elephantsbearingthe two
principalstandards of the state,
first
the
the
Jari-patka or
grand ensign of cloth of
secondly the Bhagva-zenda or the orange-ochre
gold and
Peshwa
the ensigns of the
marched
ensign. Behind them
) also
(prime-minister
) and the Senapati ( chief commander
manders
supported on elephants. Immediately after rode the comof
the
officers of the horse
and
royal horse
guard
musketeers
with
their
steeds
own
accoutred
with
gold
silver
for
appeasing
or
all this
after
eye
worship
the
at
inner
he
auspiciousarti by his
tokens of his regard
Shivaji again mounted
courtiers
offered
humility.
The
and
Every
nigh
obsolete
worked
out
princes
and
with
entertainments
for
rewards
their
of
with
in
company
rites
extraordinary
pageant
were
his
well-
had
been
who
various
had
talents
The
his
received
affection.
received
the
ample
home
went
greatness. The
whole
forty-two lakhs
and
crore
subject
enlivened
spectators
and
cost
and
esteem
now
and
precision. The
their leave,having
of
were
pagodas.
the date of the coronation
From
which
and
all
by
1
up
and
solemn
musicians
is said to have
salutes
dined
Shivaji
The
and
labours.
The
Brahmans
that
their
the hall
to
durbar.
their
rose.
took
artistes and
different
The
royal
him
of
token
from
the distribution
marvellous
visitors
then
dispersedwith
and
of
his
paid
with
held
and
guests. The
Shivajimany
from
evil
honoured
Returning
made
ceremonial
other
received
throne
attar
and
and
affection.
was
and
with
and
the
then
who
the
detail
over.
of
queens,
nazars
friends
his
ceremony
first
he
welcomed
sumptuously banqueted,
with
his
was
durbar
flowers
of pan,
of
chapel
where
apartments
influence
apartments
proceededto
little Indian
triumph.1
the
Entering
MAHARAJ
through a quaint
counter-actingthe
he went
entrance
SHIVAJI
OF
LIFE
366
and
The
sonally
( Marathi
and
and
water
new
observed
handful
after
era
his
was
name
known
as
from
as
of
in
rated,2
inaugu-
was
whom
the
the
papers
Sardesai's statement
is based
certain
upon
Itihas Sanshodhak
Mandal
evil
Coronation
Shivaji Shaka.
362
Riyasat, 1915 edition,page
proclamations in the Maratha
of the Bharat
era
new
jar of
down
poured
2
be
to
was
eye
state
papers
of Poona
is to
Shaka,
According
) this
etc.
era
for
about
be taken
Mr.
used
was
waved
are
not
to
The
called perSardesai
public
in
104 years.
published
in the
of!
Mr.
Report!
1835.
CROWNING
THE
date
era
of
of Jesht
of
day
13th
the
was
and
coronation
the
in the year
of
1596
years,
the
fruition,
free
"
Umbrella."
labours
of
now
Kulavatansa
of which
month
and
corresponds
adopted the name
Shri
Raja Shiv
the
noble
Raja Shiv,
resolve
life-time, were
of his
crowned
the
crowning,
Hindu
needful
It is not
of this
endeavoured
youthful
with
anointed
rich
an
his
consequence
loyaltyin
national
his
crushed
was
of
land-marks
sovereign
could
name
the
would
his
stir
be
and
his
rebellion
oblivion
and
left behind.
provinces and
fairest
and
country
the
mans
solemn
only road,
Not
crowning glory of
learned
exponents
Sooth
to say,
about
his
no
his noble
Brahman
Kshatriya
people towards
coronation
and
to
shastric
of
without
seemed
of
hands
affections of the
the
success
conquer
in the
fortresses
folded
quite unthinkable.
was
mountains
Shivajishould
strongest
with
consecration
of Maharashtra
make
the
down
sit
endeavouring to unite
himself and sealing the
between
sovereignand
which
That
ambition.
his
no
From
rudely awakened.
pet theory of theirs they were
conquest, but union, was the real key-note of his
of
that
depths of
this
the end
had
polygar
the
When
into
would
memory
they
themselves
not
news
whatever
after all
was
sink
the
that
people's heart.
name
thoughts
this date
themselves
like
sad
received
to
laurels, he
and
Shivaji's
triumphs
the
Lord
inaugurationof
what
have
Up
persuade
to
with
must
enthronement.
solemn
chief,not
describe
to
monarchies
Mahomedan
the
or
new
Majesty
kingdom,
of the
era.
new
in
Shalivahan
The
inauguration
Shivaji
1674.
style of "Kshatriya
Cbhatrapati,"the meaning
of the Kshatriya Race, His
Royal
the
SHIVAJI
and
of the
OF
law
with
at
Brah-
opinion and
attained
the
Paithan
help
and
the time
that
to be
the
difficulties,he
pandit of
origin, except
or
When
in their
waver
ambition
the
seemed
had
few
the
of the
Benares.
a
doubt
purists
LIFE
-368
vainlyattempted
SHIVAJI
OF
to rank
him
MAHARAJ
as
Shudra
being what
as
of
to a non-user
language of the law amounted
Kshatriya rites and privileges. To clear the mist from
their eyes the clear logicof Gaga Bhatt and
other
scholars
But to the great people reposing beneath
was
necessary.
the shade of the Sahyadri, with
that strong common
sense
"nd gratitudewhich
have at all times
been
the back-bone
"of their national
character, it could scarcely have been
of doubt, despitethe croaking of a few idlers,that
matter
the
in
delivered
had
he, who
Maharashtra
from
yoke of
the
Islam
and
given his country-men the first taste of freedom
than
of Kshatriya more
independence, deserved the name
those who
evidence of
an
masqueraded under it. It was
great foresighton his part that Shivaji established beyond
and
of
shadow
the
doubt
the
and
stability
monarchy, by the solemn
He
enthronement.
of
in the eyes
British
or
the
towards
terror,
it became
now
While
the
their course,
did not
The
done.
The
into
life
She had
"her
seen
had
son
throne
she
whole
had
the
Her
work
her
son
her
in their
son's
triumph
of
affections
a
more
end
work
was
fruit.
abundant
awakened
had
had accomplished
sage advice
than councils and cabinets.
of
career
an
aged Jijabai.
Her
seen
been
running
put
the
borne
applied to
people.
which
of
death
still
were
place
had
sown
"
greater
had
name
coronation.
the
powers
not
took
had
constructive
his
French,
show
to
now
festivities
survive
she
seed
crowning
the
terror
early stimulus
more
she
coronation
long
had
"
Heretofore
tragic event
was
revelry. This
to the
She
him.
Mahomedan
Even
Delhi
and
Bijapur, Golconda,
deference
all
country, whether
in the
Portuguese.
or
of
permanence
and
pomp
settlers domiciled
European
for
ensured
puissant Hindu
magnificence of his
immediately acquired greater prestige
Rajput princes of the north and of the
the
purposes
and
foundations
of
her
victory; she
united
had
seen
people enthroning
firmly
inauguration of
dreams;
new
than
era.
an
earthly
She
had
TH"
and
all this
seen
succumbed
to
CROWNING
closed
now
coronation
of the
his
was
were
ten
her
followed
died.
her
mother
The
four
twelve
days
should
rejoicewith
the
triumphs was
highestof
Without
her, these joys and
his kingdom seemed
no
savour,
as
dross.
affection
And
four
months
his mother
obsequies
spent
were
of
spent
in
the
on
that
autumn
Raigad,
at
mourned.
solemn
months
were
he
so
towards
was
These
She
upon the
death overwhelmed
or
peace.
suddenly
so
seen
now
funeral
had
intense
in
his
How
|g|
eyes
triumphs,
her
Coming
coronation.
after Shivaji's
crest
SHIVAJI
illness within
sudden
OF
whore
she
mourning.
sat on
once
the
long period, Shivaji
the fifth day of the first half of Ashvin
It was
throne.
on
(October) that he sat in durbar, mounting the throne
After
this, in
auspicious ceremony.
again after an
he
the
left
with
eight ministers and army
company
Raigad to offer his worship at the temple of the Devi
he
proceededto visit his
(goddess) at Pratapgad, whence
make
Swami, and
pilgrimages
preceptor Ramdas
spiritual
During
to the
Khandoba
this
never
temple of Mahadev
at
L. S. 25.
and
Jejuri,
at
Shikhar,
again returned
and
to
to
that
Raigad.
of
CHAPTER
THE
WHEELS
Shivaji and
the
it.
regulate
material
scanty
In
is
as
the observation
with
coronation
the
To
era.
To
the
start
with, Shivaji
He
Mahomedan.
Hindu
ancient
had
systems
well in his
weighed
gleaned
as
mind
own
the
from
and
of
will
of
partially
familiar
both
acted
and
quests,1
con-
with
the
Hindu
and
with
the Puranas.
be
the
territorial
acquaintance
merits
the
it
it
inafter
here-
after
outline
and
fairly
fair
preface
inauguration
and
systems,
also
such
system
faint
armies
administrative
contemporary
from
indeed
extent
was
broaden
genius,to
the
conceived
of
gathering
the
deepen
to
tentatively evolved
certain
nery.
machi-
abruptly
at
certain
and
no
upon
helped
the administrative
slowly
practicallyreceived
administrative
introduced
of
institutions
was
the
his constructive
was
but
his
ceremony
that
described
coronation
review
organizationof
of his power;
foundations
GOVERNMENT
stage to
enthronement
The
and
OF
at this
It is proper
XXIV
the
He
had
demerits, of each
evolved
for himself
system and from a study of their methods
a
system in harmony with the spiritof his age, the need
of the
and
country
the
It
it will be hard
that
history,
modern
.constructive
highest average
will again be no
to find
skill with
exaggeration
statesmanship
A
That
the
days of
and
Sabnis
( Sabhasad
was
is almost
as
which
which
early
Dadaji Kondadev,
( Vide
p. 8 ).
Sabhasad
Other
settled about
say
he
evolved
his
methods
To the qualitiesof a
of government.
principles
he joined an
administrative
general and conqueror
and
to
either in ancient or in
parallel,
extraordinaryfar-sightednessand
the
to
he conceived
good, as
seldom
have
as
if not
1746
Shivaji
p.
officers
had
earlier.
his
7). The
were
1667* and
proved
added
At
from
probably revised
successful
so
genius
fruitful
Peshwa,
Sir-nobut
and
Dabir
Muzumdar,
was
time
added
to
in
time, the
in 1674.
1647
stitution
con-
of active
benevolence.
and
evils of
the
171
needs
Consideringthe
pre-existingand
monarchies, Shivajisaw
the counsels
swayed by
GOVERNMEx\T
OF
WHEEL8
THE
of
favourite
the
monarch
: a
minister
or
time
Indian
contemporary
extremes, viz
two
of
solely
self-
one
willed
meant
with
tyranny
best
the
the wickedest
or
of
intentions.
No
could keep
capable or intellectual,
singleindividual,however
in all departments of life
in touch with the varying events
the whole
over
just and
country. No singleruler, however
and
even-minded, could decide with impartiality
unerring
questions. The interests of
precisionon all administrative
clash with
those of another.
often
one
department must
One
often
may
had
discontent
always
often
the
of
another.
to
discontent,and
led
parent
direction
the
in the
him
to assist
were
This
of the
cause
all
Shivaji saw
these dangers and
of public affairs to
clear of
steer
entrusted
been
domain
monarchies.
great
proposed to
He
the
on
overlapping had
friction and
of
trespass
throw
over-
this
and
misfortunes.
cabinet
conduct
of
of
the
feature of
a
government. This institution of a cabinet was
Shivaji'sgovernment for which there was no precedent in
also unique in this sense,
system. It was
any contemporary
Shivaji
that after
institution
rise
the
On
desuetude.
the
the
of
puppet, it came
approximationto that system
became
advanced
more
under
of these
Each
been
offices at
mentioned
(1 )
Peshwa,
head
The
was
in
direction
of
had
the
the
in
time
last
of
the
in
seen
times
own
our
the
power.
direct
charge
of
the
incumbents
Coronation
of the
have
already
chapter.
Minister
rank
king
few
of
the
eclipse. An
be
British
of the
eight ministers
Prime
next
total
however
may
A
department of government.
The
names
are
given below.
various
when
developed government
aegisand
the
under
and
or
Peshwas
titular
more
after
( Mukhya
Pradhau
the
and
king
was
or
the
military.
372
LIFE
The
(2 )
OP
Senapati
militarydepartment.
tffe
cavalry and
former
the
Senapati of
the
MAHARAJ
Sir-nobut
or
There
other
head
of the*
Senapatis-oneover
infantry. Of these the-
the
precedence
infantry. The
the
was
two
were
over
had
to have
seems
SHIVAJI
and
latter
control
had
in
the
the head
of
place
no
the
over
cabinet.
The
(3 )
the
Pant
and
local audits
of all
of local commanders
propensities
and embezzlement
speculation
The
beyond
normal
recommendation
the
consequence
clerks and accountants
supervisors of
of
and
civil
each
and
fort,
came
under
his
through
his
office
upon
reduced
the
the
spending
evils
of
of
publicmoney to a minimum.
expenditure or reductionany extraordinary
limits was
granted by the king upon the
and
In
by the advice of this minister.
officer bad a very extensive
department of
of
sanction
all
accounts
restraininginfluence
wholesome
was
examined
separate
scrutiny,and
had
the
Muzumdar
or
He
department.
finance
militaryaccounts
The
Amatya
him
under
for
accounts
each
and
be
maintained
many
separate district,fort, or
regiment.
(4 )
The
government
Pant
Sachiv
or
Surnis
records,superintendent of
was
the
keeper of the
department of
and
despatches
of accounts
were
to
and
empowered
offendinglocal
that
of records.
to make
severe
subordinates.
These
of fines and
penalties
departmentalprincipal
awards
The
inspectingofficers
LIFE
374
subjectedto
arrived
OF
full council
at with
the
discussion,and
of all.
concurrence
industryand
the state
Of
bound
Nyayadhish
were
leaders of
the
At
the
such
and
in
buckler
who
to their devotion
interests of
to the
thus
placed upon
thus
the
and
and
king
Panditrao
alarms.
constant
notice
slightest
charge of
and
exercised
civil
march
The
any
sword
rarely
was
of these
one
officers,
establishments,had
to the
of
scene
and
the army
and
his state lived
were
emergencies,each
mutalik
incentive
adjustment
confidence
in
required to serve
great experience.Shivajiand
of
though mainly
sword
all
midst
sheathed.
The
value
the
final
own.
these ministers
the
in
them
to their
as
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
To
war.
had
to
gird
meet
deputy or
full
Parasnis
The
or
Chitnis,as
chapterswas
personalPhadnis
mante,
Persian
has
translator,and
often
been
Balaji Avji, a
(or Muzumdar)
was
Potnis
mentioned
Prabhu.
or
surer.
trea-
going
in the fore-
Shivaji'sfirst
Balkrishnapant Hanu-
Raja Shahaji'schief
of the Parasnis
family. The name
His duty was
known.
to interpretletters or
that
or
minister
translator
documents
of
is not
couched
in
the
Persian
OF
WHEELS
THE
language
GOVERNMENT
to
or
37
translate
them
into
that
make
the Potnis
him
or
of
treasurer
his
The
realm.
this
private
were
and
These
public departments,
establishments
stores
crown
of
were
them
all stood
came
under
of the
elaborately
divided
the Waknis
two
into
possessions
These
created.
quasi-privatedepartments
or
establishments
further
the
of the various
administration
head
the
at
organizationof
or
crown
Mantri.
which
groups,
Mahals
twelve
were
and
the
Mahals
Shalas.
were
or
eighteen Karkhanas
Among
comprehended the zenana, specie,grain stores, horse stables
cows' parks, the mint, palanquins, private palaces, the
wardrobe, the private body-guard, and
general purvey
elephant
department. In the latter class,the Karkhanas, came
and
parks, gymnasium, public granaries, music, artillery
arsenals, medical
stores, drinking water, camels, tents and
betel-nut
carpets, hunting, jewellery,kitchens, armoury,
cellaneous
etc., carriages,stationery,singing and dancing, and misall these
Over
stores.
thirty departments,
there
were
darogas or superintending officers,clerks.,
,
guards
etc.
There
household
There
or
was
were
were
separate establishment
attached
peons
and
capableservants,
and
sum
other
was
set
Her
ataff
to
or
male
officiate at
readers
and
affairs
were
a
diwan
female.
pujaris
of the
and
administered
or
he
puranaA
functions.
religious
consistingof
To
Jijabai.
maid-servants,
foot-soldiers,
private chaplains,puraniks
Brahmans
for
general
by
rities.
religiouschaa
manager,
household
chitnis
376
LIFE
OF
SH1VAJI
MAHARAJ
a
( secretary),
phadnis (accountant ), and
with
number
very anxious
his mother.
Shivaji's
army
beneath
and
the
ghats and
ghats.
Hetkaris
the
with
the
on
The
were
of
own
two
the Konkan
crack
swordsmen
They
armed
was
to
were
the
sources,
in
repute. Each
arms,
was
happinessof
from
chiefly
musket.
their
Shivaji
and
the Hetkaris
marksmen
with
comfort
Mavalis
themselves
the
recruited
was
potnis (treasurer
subordinates.
provide for
to
the Mavalis
of
provide
ammunition
being
longscarf
worn
sometimes
frock
Hetkaris
it round
over
of
their
born
in consequence
found
themselves
thread
their
had
they
defile
to
and
in
swiftness
each
to
under
men
Havaldar
ten
over
thousand.2
of
orders
1
the
five Havaldars
infantrybattalion
8
corps
and
mountains
home
over
an
whether
intricate
inaccessible precipice;
to
could
that
say
few
equal them
foot-soldiers
ten
in
there
decury consisted of
corporal.Over five such
or
Over
command.
Jumledars
Hazari
and
Sir-nobut
they
were
chief
or
was
nine
fantry
in-
decuries
Jum-
of
commander
or
Panch
also
were
Havaldars
two
Hazaris
manders
com-
or
immediately
under
commander.3
infantry there
says that in the Mavali
and a Hazari
five Jumledars.
over
Chicnis
and
each
of five thousand
the
way
world
of
Naik
There
Mavalis
at
quite
mazy
and
movement.
say,
in
was
ledar1 and
of
decury
is
Naik, that
one
the
among
parts of the
other
In
bred
frowning heights of an
will be no
exaggeration
it
agilityand
and
scale the
or
races
The
quilted cotton.
were
turban
waist, a
was
This
Some
Jumledar
would
over
make
an
of 1250 foot-soldiers.
of
one
thousand
under
hazari
constituted
an
infantry
battalion.
3
charge
Ranade.
five
Mr.
for
Mr.
hazari
Ranade
the
Mavali
Sardesai
battalions
122 ) says
infantry. Mr.
( page
( Marathi
served
Kincaid
Riyasat, 1915
under
hazaris
seven
( page
made
sir-nobut's
275 ) follows
sir-nobut.
Mr
) say
WHEELS
THE
used
foot-soldiers
of the
of
arms
bows
and
javelins,and
The
masters.
the
wield
should
GOVERNMENT
OY
in
arms
that
was
of which
Paga
and
his
furnished
which
own
state
horse
and
looked
had
in
monarchies
the
reliance
much
The
might
policy was
Shivaji's
offered
shiledar
horse
added
was
branded
with
soldier
was
and
to
of
the
The
fold of the
state
in
and
turban."
place
not
tired
Hence
horse
of
wore
the
Maratha
his
under
of
chin
paga
of
a
) viz.
His
the
served
soldier
horses
tight
each
were
cavalry
The
breeches
round
in
and
the waist-
was
Aeneas, ( Aeneid
"
When
government,
rump.
scarf
time
which
sword
the
the
on
it
to
and
The
private
this condition.
on
keep
to
the
at
as
so
the
on
when
and
war
enlist them
pair
prevent
dre*s
did
Mahomedan
descriptionas
always care
for
paga
He
fold
practice of
descriptionof the
of
did not
stamp
quiltedcotton.
turban
the
cavalry.
was
feature
after
of this
to
the
dressed
fasten
shiledar
government.
sell his
to
turban, one
a
as
so
of
frock
the
the
only serve
to
on
department
that
would
Maratha
many
had
he
but
cavalry-men,
belonged to
royal household
from
the field.
away
the number
of these
reduce
to
the
called
were
gallop
service
of
and
Bargirs
granted by
condition
in proper
their horses
dred.
hun-
horses
Shivaji
shiledars
five
himself, for
cavalry
bazari
it
Deccan.
on
Bargir class.
been
acquired
officers. The
by
shiledar horse
The
had
first class
of
soldier
their
after
was
each
he
the
the
property
allowance
extra
an
of
horse
the
were
looked
were
kinds
two
cavalry, for
state
or
and
the state
of
body
Shiledars.
the
of
cavalrywere
The
carried the
merely
some
use
double-edged
arrows,
rule
the
377
chin
and
with
mentum*
Maeoniaa
LIFE
378
the
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
OF
at the back.
of the Maratha
weapon
also carried a match-lock.
They
their
own
the
ammunition,
Over
either
troop of
there
was
was
was
Over
was
of
twenty-five
farrier.
subhedars
all stood
distinct
was
to
from
look
jumledars
was
sir-nobut.2
the
For
similar
every
water-carrier
of
five
there
the
infantry.
the
had
havaldar
The
own
the state.
Over
five
over
such
ten
there
horses
supply from
and
them
of
bringtheir
havaldar.
jumledar
subhedar.1
their
generalrule,tc
to
some
twenty-five horse-soldiers
description there
havaldars
there
bargirsreceived
every
as
were,
arms,
the
spear was
but
cavalry-soldier,
national
furnish
The
after the
corps
and
feeding and
of
immediately
shiledar
under
the
hazari
and
sir-nobut
scouts
and
spies.
Besides
a
this
brigadeof
and
this
sir-nobut.
had
cavalry
an
held
command
Each
subhedar, panchestablishment
of couriers,
and
five thousand
composed
was
contingent
of
ten
over
autborities, a hazari held command
According to some
is
five hazaris.
This arrangement
a
panch hazari over
jumledars and
followed
this plan a cavalry
and Prof. Sarkar.
Under
by Mr. Ranade
consist of 1250 horse and a panch hazari brigade of 625G
regiment would
troopers.
2
Mr.
described
8
{ annual
Sarde^ai
here
in the text.
According
pay
gives the
) and
to
a
same
palanquin
of the
cavalry brigade as
follow Chitnis.
We
Sabhasad
sub-divisions
jumledar
allowance.
received
five hundred
pagodae
WHEELS
THE
GOVERNMENT
the Mahomedan
hostilities with
body-guard
his
and
at all times
OF
powers
had to
37"
endangered his
the
be on
qui
life
vive
and
turban,
embroidered
silk
checkered
or
shawl.
Faithan
mantle
woollen
and
For
scarf
of
they
ornaments
wore
both
horse
him
foot, attended
and
intervals
the
At
every
cavalry or
already in
those
who
offered
the
and
left
escort
an
right,
or
fixed
keeping
them.
season,
recruiting
who
man
his
as
be
to
in
the
securityfrom some
persons
fidelityand good conduct of
took
infantryand
were
service, whether
for
himself
for
enlisted
the
first time.
The
under
executed
him
bonds
either
muster-keeper
and
a
a
for
Brahman
Prabhu
the
subordinate
officer as
as
karkhannis
sabnis
or
or
store-
keeper, or
Prabhu
sabnis
subordinates,
and
own
in the
was
these
In the
diwan,
and
accountant
or
same
under
way,
sabnis
officers there
and
inferior
were
commander
hazaris
muzumdar
there
Under
his
MAHARAJ
despatch clerk.
or
karkhannis.
at
SHIVAJI
Brahman
panch-hazari
OF
LIFE
380
were
due
subordinates.
and
Shivajipossessedat this time about two hundred
eightyhill-forts. These forts played a very important part
in Shivaji's
militarysystem and he attached a specialvalue
to their defence
menaced
enemy
forts.
equipment. Whatever
the country Shivajihad
been
in campaign after campaign by
the
From
the
and
skirmish
or
raid
invasion
or
war
able
defy
to
help
of
the
these
in the
enemy
swiftlylead his hosts to
upon
the plainsbelow
he could
or
camp
the battlemented heightsof his forts and
laugh
the
to scorn
impotent
their
dominate
for
fortress.
long
the
of such
a
range
be
in its nature
within
country
occupation would
temporary beingsubjectto the fireand descents of the garrison
of the neighbouring fort.
In short the fort was
the most
salient point of Shivaji'smilitary system, both as regards
offence and defence.
No outlay was
too
to
great whether
in
ones
repairor restore old fortifications or to build new
The
value.
positionsof natural advantage or strategical
of the forts were
ent
efficithe most
organizationand discipline
and strict to be found anywhere under
his dominions.
hostile
The
commander
or
governor
fort had the title of havaldar.
officer
of
in
He
charge
supreme
was
usuallya
Under
him
was
troops
and
There
sir-nobut, or
tat-sir-nobut
was
besides
or
staff
commander
commander
of
the
of
of
usual
of
Maratha
position.
garrison
the
parts.
ram-
a
officers,
382
LIFE
of the havaldar
to
closed
see
MAHARAJ
that
the
had
to
nightfall.He
at
they
that
SHIVAJI
OF
properly locked
were
part with
portals of
fort
himself
assure
and
up,
the
he
in
could
were
person
under
no
the
was
with
merely
not
but
censure,
indifferent
and
to one's
animadversion
stern
which
punishment
attention
alike
was
own
and
rigorousand
exemplary.
The
provided
regulations
salaries,whether
their
and
fort
in the
men
fodder, fuel,
made
were
or
years
on
garrison.
and
arms
liberal
at
more
in
cash
for
punctual payment of
kind, to the officers
of food
suppliesand
or
Provisions
brick
ammunition,
scale,in
Each
time.
quantitiesto
fort
had
its
and
mortar,
last
for two
scale for
own
these
based upon
its particularneeds and
stances.
circumsupplies,
forts were
Easy slopes and passages
up the
rendered
steep and inaccessible by cutting down the rocks,
nately
It is unfortuor
by mining and artificial defence works.
not
havaldar,
officers.
as
The
were
the
at
was
allowance
soldiers.
the
scale
tat-sir-nobut
havaldar
garrison troops
other
there
ascertain
subhedar,
privilegeand
The
to
easy
drew
Besides
of
any
of
and
their
salaries
the
regular
skirmishers, sentinel
entitled
and
on
of the
garrison
other
rate
palanquin
salaries
to
the
torch-bearer.
the
same
scale
garrison army,
guards and the irre-
Berads.
and
lands settled
had
did
They
them
upon
All
own.
these
receive
not
in
the
out-posta
from
various
men
fixed
pay
neighbourhood of
the
to have
they were
subsistingon the produce of the
their
at
as
fort, where
as
:;g3
recruited
were
such
hill-tribes,
and
Mangs
These
fort.
the
castes
GOVERNMENT
gular and
beneath
OF
WHEELS
THE
their
allotted
fields
under
came
the
dwellings,
tilled and
they
but
the
held
general
The
appellationof gadkaris or garrison men.
object of
to make
the gadkaris, especiallythese nonshis plan was
descript
of the garrison, feel a personal interest
members
in the safetyof the fort committed
to their care, which
was
alike
the
of
source
of
consequence
of brave
a breed
The
fort.
at
command
in
this
and
veteran
reward
or
honour
the
over
of livelihood to them.
and
arrangement,
loyal
warriors
soldier
looked
hands
of
be,
orders
under
was
advice
the
with
talukdar
the
and
restoration
or
depended
to
up at each
higher honour
no
the
placed
promoted
or
fort
the
adjacent
case
might
next
the
as
to the
under
was
taluka
mamlatdar,
be
to
to
direct
on
or
for
The
reared
was
forts
elapsed,
years
Shivaji than
of these
one
the
as
In
orders
effect
that
to
from
the
sovereign.
organization of the artillerywas
names
separate officers,about whose
in
The
of
authorities
pointsin
place
and
ammunition
by
teams
When
a
of
the army
double
A
Cannon
team
to
were
oxen,
was
field
the
suitable
at
artillerywas
of waggons,
place by means
arms
conveyed in carts, both beingdrawn
of which
a
special breed was reared.
on
of oxen,
The
hands
grades
or
stationed
were
from
moved
silent.
are
the
march, each
one
party of mechanics
cart
relieving the
accompanied
and
the
or
waggon
other
when
the army
like.
The
"
had
sary.
neces-
smiths,
artillery
384
LIFE
officerswere
carriages.
with
their
number
mahal
thousand
a
prant
by
circles
officer
often
jurisdiction
in his
own
of
He
or
turufdar
over
to form
mahal
The
subhedar's
forts.
two
collection
direction
of
the
was
villageswas
the
was
talukdar.
or
subha
or
three
twenty-five^
by caste.
havaldar,Maratha
one
annuaF
Prabhu
or
was
supervised
under
prants.
went
charge of
into
called
of
the
The
revenue
mahalkari,
or
accounts
his
superior, and submitted
head-quarters of the subhedar concerned..
at the
staff
head-quarter's
The
muzumdar,
and
The
assistants.
of the
kamavisdar,
subhedar
himself.
heard
of
the
subhedar
keeper,togetherwith
mahals
Brahman
over
two
little circle
and
called mamlatdar.
extended
charge
kamavisdar.
hundred
presiding
also
was
and
yieldingan
villages
there
likewise
territory
divided
control,was
also called
was
generallya
was
He
in
from
concluded
entire
called mahals
districts
or
He
The
subhedar.
officer
direct
Shivaji's
or
mahal
caste.
treaties
the
Two
three such
or
rupees.
officer in
The
subha.
or
each
Over
the
guese,
the Portu-
obtainsd
or
of administration
comprised territoryor
of from seventy-five
to
officer
This
from
on
representatives.
mahalkari.
the
of
mounted
guns
merchants
special articles
the
of
revenue
field
purchased
EDglish
and
Swarajya,
under
hundred
two
the purpose
For
artillery was
The
French
under
equipments
an
about
were
them
The
and
the
there
MAHARAJ
ammunition
emergency.
of guns being
best experts
Besides
SHIVAJI
their
keep
to
for any
ready
OF
the
were
superintended
that
In criminal
matters
village panchayat
frontier districts
subhedar
and
he
daf tardar
got
enforced
subject to
of clerks
the
work
of the mahalkari.
he gave
matters
the
cases
their
many
record-
or
establishment
necessary
mahalkari
cases.
In civil
the
of
consisted
The
decision
submitted
decision.
to
Th"
disturbances,and
WHEELS
THE
in
the subhedars
OF
of
charge
GOVERNMENT
such
Mi
districts
assisted
were
by
to the
dar's
salary was
hud
also
The
subhe-
hundred
for
allowance
an
bearers.
four
in
muzumdar
and
he
umbrella-
prant
or
to one
hundred
and twentysalaryof one hundred
officers at the district headfive pagodas,and the other
quarters
in due proportion. As
to the
salaries and allowances
drew
of
sub- divisional
the
kamavisdar, there is
the
of
elaborate survey
taken
and
in hand
was
mahalkari
the
mahalkari
Swarajya territory
record
of
names
and
available.
entire
the
the land
the
gave
information
no
An
officers,the
in the
the
daftar
of
owner
of
each,
in
holding. The unit of field measurement
agricultural
the
pole or kathi which measured
Shivaji'ssystem was
nearlysix cubits in length.1 A cubit was fixed at fourteen
tasus or inches in Shivaji'ssystem and
eighty such tasus
made
kathi. Twenty kathis
went
to make
a
a
bigha and
aud
hundred
one
bighas made a chavar. The?
twenty
determined
by a survey of the*
produce of the holding was
Of the
assessed produce three-fifths were
standing crop.
left to the
cultivator
the amount
of the land
cash
or
entered
kind.
in
made
were
on
tax, which
two-fifths
formed
payable
either in
was
kabulayats or
agreements
were
to the
payment of
of scarcitytagavi advances
In times
liberal
field and
government dues.
the
the
Annual
the
into with
of
which
scale
repayableby
were
instalments
the
uncultivated
time, with
land
view
made
were
to
their
to
cattle and
grants of agricultural
expense
1
tauth
The
strict
and
measure
is equal to the
L. S. 2o
advances
breadth
ot
tenants
new
of
the kathi
and
corn
was
of the closed
were
nvo
palm.
the
made
cash
cubits aud
plough,
at government
to
the
hve
holder
muthis.
A.
of the
amount
in the
advanced
of
course
the
upon
rayat
be
to
any
lands
settled
were
officerswere
produce and
lightas possible.
as
modification
important
under
to the
introduced
of the Mahomehan
usages
the Mahomedan
specialnotice. Under
the
to the state
the
The
full
the
under
gathered.
was
re-imbursed
Thus
years.
with
of
MAHARAJ
first harvest
was
few
could boast
that
SHIVAJI
OF
LIFE
886
render
by Shivajiin
calls
states
revenue
strict
regime
each
for
mahal
or
lord,deshmukh
deshpandya,
villagehad its revenue
kulkarni
or
or
desai or patil,
khot, mirasdar
zamindar, as
The government officers had
direct
no
the case might be.
dealingswith the cultivator or rayat, but only with the
and
the
from
dues
revenue
the
The
individual
was
these
over
went
thousand
Sic
vos
groaned,and
the
helpless,
exaction.
coffers
honey,
and
and
secured
forts
and
their
exactions
ramparts.
and
scrupleto defy
The
consequence
with sedition on
This
from
was
the
the
low
as
industrious
as
The
tude
multi-
looked
on
ever
surrounded
were
swordsmen
satellites,
the
government
being
lords
revenue
fortified residences
mellijicati8
apesl
officers of
the
state
The
vobis
non
all the
carried away
drones
own
collected
lords, who
revenue
by
their
musketeers.
their
When
the
raised
the
They lived in
villages with mud-
government
took
assessment, they
sovereignpower
notice of
did not
appeal to arms.
that the whole
was
seething
country was
of these rebellious
account
polygars.
or
entirelychanged.The
rayat under
the
taxes
were
ted
to be collec-
direct
The
even
WHEELS
THE
samindars
which
were
their
to
from
the
burden
of
the
old
the
extortion
grasshoppers.
centuries.
on
an
the
revenue
of
economy
had been
Their
at
and
central
subsided
these
But
turned
but.
government.
into
aa
and
state.
worst
mate
esti-
cultivators
incomes
the
They
average
regime,
lords
for
longer from
the
under
tyrannous powers
grants based
in
:,"7
officersrepresentingthe
mdeed,
rentier
the
groaned
claims
no
district
True
no
just
levied
be
were
"die
fixed
entitled to
now
of
had
peasantry
GOVERNMENT
of
divested
were
the
OF
bearing
the
pies
har-
into harmleoSfc
firmation,
subject to yearly cona
procedure which
guaranteed their
good
towards
the
behaviour
state. The
peasantry, freed from
their
freely. The thrall
grinding greed, breathed more
towards
in practice became
free
the
a
statev
agent
Desai and deshthe lowly serf began to hold up his head.
mukh
became
simple subjects. Their forts and walls, their
strongholds and donjons were
everywhere rased to the
ground, their feudal bands dispersed,their private wars
The
and
with
a
strong hand.
depredations put down
taluka
district and
pensions
all their
officers watched
It is easy to understand
with
discontent
under
discontent
smouldering
were
how
these
the
insolent
new
never
was
movements.
nobles
discipline.
allowed
to
smarted
But
blaze
that
into,
found congenial
the old nobility
practicable,
and in the civil service ; and
employment in Shivaji's
army
ciled
they got reconas
they waxed in dignitiesand emoluments
to the new
regime. Though servants of the state while
they drew their stipends,their hereditaryrights and their
time
at the same
the village
annual
claims over
were
revenues
assured to them.
The
slain, the
dragon of anarchy was
and the
cultivator went
happilyabout his smiling meadows
a
fire. Wherever
arts
of peace
A word
The
and
may
continuance
sovereign
Mahomedan
domains
powers
thrift
no
longer languished in
be said about
of
had
land.
Shivaji'sfield regulations.
Shivaji's independence
he
the
wrested
from
and
the
the
of
tha
reluctant
army
and
388
LIFE
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
of
maintenance
the
necessitated
OF
large
bands
^ready to
rested so vitally
as
power
of his army,
practise a more
upkeep
warriors
Never
did any
Shivaji'sdid upon
prince,whose
the
of
rigid system
of
the constant
to meet
entirely supported
-Swarajya
stationed
the
slender
certain
of
at least in
part
to these
Added
other
on
in the interminable
-shahi sultan.
drain
strugglewith
These
than
resources
the constant
was
was
army
of
the
upon
remainder
to be
be
the
maintained
neighbouring villages.The
armaments
required,therefore,
the necessary
to
of
the
of the
revenues
great
resources
portion
forts, and
various
too
was
war
the
upon
revenue.
at
of
of
supported
state
revenues.
involved
wealth
the
circumstances
Maratha
of these ceaseless
that
by Shivaji,was
distractingwar
and
more
their
of
ruling idea
The
for
and
chauth
dominions
were
to each
1
of
the
sacked
duly
soldier
Sabhasad,
more
have
we
horse
eight months
When
territories.
to the
subjected
powers
feeble and
inert, and
This, as
sirdeshmukhi
and
at
surrendering
the
was
seen,
life.
Shivaji's
sir-nobut
campaigns
aimed
was
of the country,
control
doubt
no
the Mahomedan
grew
graduallyrelaxed
one
which
campaigns,
in
the
wealthy
setting forth
made
of the
required by
page
2y.
the
him
year.
in the
dues
on
goods
on
forth
went
these
levied
the
Bijapur
and
Mogul
in
the
hostile
towns
the
and
He
on
tories
campaign, invenchattels
belonging
his march,
and
valuations
into
chattels
goods or
comparison with
the
restorations
necessary.
spoilstaken
spoilswas
Tesumed
there
or
two
the musters
The
of
the
his
under
men
waited
the
on
gracious acceptance.
audited
and
the balances
credited
officers and
promotion
orphans of those
that had
their life
wounds
or
wounds
received
disease.
The
to
service.
promotion
found
appointed
to
Breach
another
of
were
or
unfit
not
sphere
or
discipline
widows
their
fixed
the
in
wounds
grants
service
by
grievousness of
the
of
other
marks
the
compensation
of
duties
summarily
or
and
grants
Medical
amount
for
from
king by
The
state.
invalided
the
the
to
by grievous
condition and
determined
entitled them
.transferred
those
to
any
be deducted
respectivesubhedars
disabled
the
was
for
merit.
pensionssettled by
made
liberally
to
open
of these
fallen received
Soldiers
government.
It
officers recommended
the
of
rewards
or
of
advice
the
upon
for
were
royal treasury
cabinets
introduced
now
were
the proper
could
soldiers and
specialgallantrywere
they
accounts
cleaned
bid
prices,which
and
upon
make
to
the
up
were
them.
pricesput
soldiers
beasts,
make
the estimated
brigadier
the
to
the
to
or
were
returned
The
warehouses.
had
public
cavalry
were
his
from
the
his command.
for
the sir-nobut
of
of the
veterinaryaid
regiment, and
or
for
made
troopers. The
the
and
fodder
the inventories
the sir-nobut
with
in
trooper,
also
were
with.
for
residences
examine
war
each
their
When
by
Embezzlement
the enemy.
summarily dealt
provide the
then
inventories
from
to
the
carried
made
was
the
Elaborate
were
state,a search
own
of stables and
bad
of their
at the frontier
arrival
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
OF
LIFE
"390
to
dismissed
relegated to
disobedience
honour.
on
the
which
but
civil
campaign
WHEELS
THE
OF
martial
and
was
led to
court
GOVERNMENT
punishment
391
and
repetitionof
the offence,to dismissal from service.
Misappropriation of
the spoilsor
visited
plunder obtained in a campaign was
\vith
condign punishment. In all these
disciplinary
a
sovereign,not
About
Ootober
great
the
under
act
of
order
the
responsibility.
own
end of
the
of Dasara
bis
on
to
the monsoons,
Hindu
the
on
holiday
in
the
to
were
auspiciousday
early part of
start
again on
of the
campaign. The celebration of Dasara was one
festive periodsin Shivaji's
most
calendar and of great significance
in his militarysystem.
Hindu
of hoary
traditions
antiquityand from the epicperiod downwards
recognizedit
the most
as
auspiciousday for the opening of a campaign.
On the day of Dasara, shiledar and
bargir and whoever
desire to join Shivaji's
else had
a
cavalry or infantry
appeared before the sovereignand gave a display of their
Shivaji supervised
agilityand physique and skill in arms.
new
the
and
in person,
tests
those
who
found
were
were
farewell
given
audience
and
into
those
scene
of
taken
their
and
the
and
the
accumulated
for
their
decreed
were
at
received
families
to
be
the
generalsand superiorofficers
the
The
and
rank
tion
of the mobiliza-
time
the
at
file of the
irregular camp-followers
wages
hosts
the year.
squadrons.
were
generalsled
activity for
final orders
The
monarch.
Shivaji's
system
of their
army
of the
and
Under
drew
enrolled
the
in
for
of
the
lump
sum
end
a
the
v.- hole
regular
their
received
From
campaign.
they
year.
were
The
to
vide
pro-
stipends
392
LIFE
due
OF
SHIVAJI
MAHARAJ
during
have
the
monsoons
the forces
under
appear
this
toned
can-
were
system
to
been
at the time
of Dasara.
payable in a lump sum
While
on
campaign the soldier had scarcely any payment
to make
for his subsistence.
Shivaji spared no expense to
at all times.
Never
keep the army
happy and contented
there a mutiny, sedition, or
was
conspiracy in his camp.
The passion that dominated
breast, every regiment,
every
to put forth the
was
flyingShivaji'sstandard
every camp
the applause
very best of their valour and daring,and to earn
and
their
thoughts,this
In
other
the
in the
of each
and
the
noble
all salaries
the
standing
there
instructions
that
occupation of
inspiredthem.
great punctuality
was
public officers.
to
bills
salary
the
was
emulation
departments
year
the
of
payment
end
This
of their master.
admiration
made
were
and
up
leave
to
were
At
the
paid
balances
no
The
punctualitythus observed
kept the
in the public service
with
in sympathy
the governmen
ment,
the
in
their families well supported even
absence
of
their chiefs,and the entire civilian class free from
fear of
from
the condition of other
indebtedness.
Shivaji knew
that
irregularity in payment
governments of the time
the root
of sedition
of
was
cause
public officers,
among
indifference to duty, of dullness, of ineptitude.Hence
the
to extirpate the least
great care with which he endeavoured
signs of indebtedness from the public service. The spectre
and
of debt took the edge from
all ambition
enterprise,
life of all its
robbed
to
kind
every
saw
them
and
he
only
to borrow.
public
from
of
these
and
savour
vice
wisely made
to avoid
like
not
year.
Such
But
officers
the
state
determined
by
on
such
he
the
victim
esse
occasions
were
rule
was
made
granted on
applicant'sposition and
when
forced
were
might apply
was
sions,
occa-
functions,
affluent
most
that there
saw
festive
other
the
even
being
distracted
fears.
but
poor
the
and
marriages and
the
drove
that
for
a
services.
aid
scale
At
the
when
time
same
officer
an
the
dischargedfrom
The
GOVERNMENT
3/i
found
was
in consequence
extravagant and
was
OF
WHEELS
THE
improvident or
overwhelmed
debt, he
with
service.
superiorofficers
received
their
salaries
in cash
or
orders
When
year.
holder of
a
the
on
paid
a
an
duly audited
treasury were
of
servant
the
estate, the
agricultural
from
to
year
happened to be
land-revenue
able
chargehis stipendand
the
state
deducted
from
holding was
balance
made
by a'n order on the treasury, which was
up
No
duly paid off in cash or in kind.
military or civil
officers received assignments of villagelands, as
the whole
or
part of their salaries. Such assignments of the revenues
his
on
of entire
or
villages
of mokasa.
a
The
of
grant
regular feature
of every
portion of them
of
form
went
the
had
lands
mokasa
Mahomedan
under
rule, and
name
become
a
prolific
of
with
the zaminoppression. What
dar and
the
the
mokasadar,
subjectsof these unhappy
it were,
as
governments were,
ground clown between two
mill-stones
Under
pretence of government service th"y
of
amount
forced
To avoid these
labour.
impressed any
evil practices, therefore,Shivaji took
that, where
care,
the revenue
orders
in payment, they should
made
on
were
and made
to
be addressed
officers
payable by the revenue
source
concerned,
and
debited
recipients should
of
to the
under
proprietary rights or
revenue
of which
In the
account,
revenue
circumstances
no
claims
their salaries
were
on
those
and
exercise
that
any
villagesto
the
kind
the
debited.
jahgirssuppressed. Jahgirs
fiefs conferred on great nobles of the state
in recogniwere
tion
lected
of services performed. The
holders of the jahgirscolthe revenues
of these fiefs by their own
agents, and
to the state
for paying a small
were
responsible
percentage
of their receipts
tribute or in lieu thereof had to serve
as
same
manner
were
394
LIFE
SHIVAJI
OF
MAHARAJ
Witli
of followers.
prescribed number
o"
tenure that presentedsuch a wide
latitude for freedom
a
action
and
multitudes
independence and
placed such
under
their
autonomous
these
jahgir feudatories
sway,
in the
of
character
appeared more
ruling princesthan
obedient vassals in allegiance
to a common
sovereign. The
cultivators looked
them
their sovereign masters.
as
upon
militia of jahgir forces.
They had their own
They lived
in fortified strongholdsand secured
their fiefs with
many
from
a
and
fortress,tower
parapet. The fiefs descended
father to son
in right of succession.
zeal and
The
loyalty
of the founder
could
power
family in
of the
not
in
the
the central
The
and
power
the natural
were
become
the
signal
of
their
it
the
forces
often
more
the
things
be
transmitted
strain of virtue
of the
the
defence
proved
to
and
was
blood.
same
insolent disobedience
foreign invasion
for
of
fortunes
family
consequences.
in which
element
service
first fief-holder
scions
among
of
nature
distinguishedthe
discovered
the
the
generations
valour
that
be
rarely to
Contempt
of
to its commands
spiritof
The
central
defiance
had
the
central
trumpet-call
for
power
but
and
mutiny
rebellion.
Shivaji was
so
the
jahgir system
he
set
his
happened
the
old
face
that in
conscious
gave
of the
rise in
sternly against
territories
festeringevils
the
the
to
which
commonwealth,
practice.
newly brought under
Where
his
that
it
flag
the jahgirdar
found
to
exist
and
practice was
form
to
be
aristocracyof the ancient regime had in some
recognized,the lands held in jahgir from times of yore by
these families were
no
tary
longer considered as'held in proprieall that was
was
right,and a percentage of the revenue
and
conceded to them for the continuance
glory of their
ancient pedigrees. And
this,with the additional precaution
the rayats, who
that they should not interfere with
were
only to the government officers of the villages
responsible
WHEELS
THE
of all shadow
Divested
concerned.
GOVERNMENT
OF
of
J9"
authority and
power
capable and
the exercise
of their virtues
to
work
and
their
civil establishments.
and
Their
ancient
for
Shivaji'sarmy
in
genius
more
forts
levelled
were
residences.
stronger fortifications
The
all the
over
of course
jahgir dominions
military officers as parts
country.
Thus
the fairest
turned
poisoned
parts of
the
For
substance.
its
many-headed hydra
the
crushed
was
country
into
whatever
that
and
morass
it assumed
name
hau
"
mokasdar,
deshpande, desai, zamindar,
the same,
mirasdar.
irresponsible
jahgirdar the evil was
rapine. It was an attribute of the highest statesmanship
of
the part of Shivaji that
on
though he deprived them
their voracious
propensities,this brood of hawks could yet
The
tinuance
disconfor the
be successfullytamed
public service.
had
one
of the jahgir practice by Shivaji has
deshmukh,
khot,
"
result
unfortunate
who
statesmen,
so
the
names
nobly
leaders
of the illustrious
seconded
and
efforts
sovereign's
their
like stars
of
could
recognitionthan
cases
had
be said to have
was
the
"
these
tried veterans.
"
no
claim
better
jahgir
rule
to
But
be
of his labours
in
for
not
all
any
even
broken.
the
mark
in
land
of
in these
Had
the
306
LIFE
SHIVAJI
OF
MAHARAJ
gallantservices
of these
who
knows
but
received
men
such
recognition,
might still have
any
names
survived
quite
unscathed
family estates
Another
that
was
important rule of Shivaji's
discipline
civil or military,
no
to become
publicoffice,
was
hereditary.
However
of the father
had
capable or brilliant the career
in itself for the succession
proved to be, this was no reason
of his
father
to the
son
were
office. If the
same
at all to be
great services
of
the
acknowledged by a compensatory
it was
strictlyconditioned
by the
"
it,to rebuke
the
supersede them,
dereliction
exercise
and
of
when
the
duty
was
of their trust.
commanders
feudal
greatestof his
held
militia made
least
their
of
act
brought
The
no
generals,to discharge
insubordination
home
fact that
these
to
them
great
in
or
or
the
ministers
backed
by no
jahgirs and were
removal
or
supersessionfrom office
LIFE
398
OF
SHIVAJI
MAHARAJ
officer was
the part of an
on
discipline
subjected to
and,if at the end of the enquiry he was
a close investigation,
found guilty,he was
immediately punished with the penalties
of
attached
the
to
restraint
upon
amenable
to
the
This
exercised
officers and
other
wholesome
made
them
more
duty.
Shivaji did
a
offence.
consider
not
there
was
necessity for
Inland
contractual
disputes or
were
property, the cases
flourished
and
immediate, it
and
mahal
most
convenient
retained
The
the
system with
had
system
that
was
from
go a long way
the court, the trials took
place where
and
decisions
the
sovereign.
cerned
parties con-
the
their homes
to
not
rightof appeal to
the
of
advantage
same
inhabitants.
the
to
system
the
at
was,
the
causes
to reach
of
action
were
salaries.
to
It
though
panchayat court
appealswere heard by
of
ministers
the
was
jurisdiction
whose
decision
for
revision,when
the
Panditrao
case
in the
or
of the
and
panchayat
the
vested
reference
the
the
lightof
the
case
the
appeal to
Nyayadhish or
of the
could
was
the
be made
ecclesiastical
shastric law.
justice,
minal
Cri-
officer,
against
to the sovereign
before
officer,who
Cases
pected
res-
judgment of
king. Such
cabinet.
subha
called
duly
the chief
Ashta-Pradhan
in
were
the
could
officer
subha
the
the
the
one
the mahalkari
decisions
the
that
see
for
was
of
the court
revised
the
of insubordination
of militarydisciplinecame
for
breach
in the army
or
other higher
or
before the militarysubhedar
investigation
WHEELS
THE
could be
officer,which
decision
given by
was
had
there
hunted
were
in
and
down
given lands
within
nions,
domiShivaji's
disturbance
thieves
from
ably
consider-
was
executed
of
kept
indeed
were
arrested.
Some
strong fortress
some
fort
of the
Some
surveillance
under
pest of
gunshot
the commander
and
This
sovereign,when-
commander-in-chief.
or
prevailed much
criminal
and
Hi
to the
reduced
now
once
mitigatedand
Thieves
the sir-nobut
dacoits.
and
thieves
GOVERNMENT
appealed from
territories
In the
OF
them
enrolled
other
or
under
among
were
stricfc
the irregular
straightway led
was
Charitable
from
and
grants
long antiquity
the
where
made
institutions
any
aid.
state
placed under
audit
to
was
grants
which
These
proper
be made
and
continued
were
cession
by
to shrines
grants formerly
additional
were
execution.
to
made
were
sanctioned.
were
of
templescoming down
in the
new
regime,
lands
agricultural
had
found
Fresh
to many
quate,
inade-
grants
ous
religi-
thus far
places
of
struggledon without
religioussanctity were
procurators and
of
the
and
an
managers,
expenditure incurred from
state
It
a
grants by priestsand
was
share of the
not
Hindu
shrines
royalbounty, but
only
which
the Mahomedan
came
mosques
in for
and
LIFE
400
shrines
the
and
OF
SHIVAJI
tombs
of
MAHARAJ
the
and
pirs
saints
of
Islam
continued
to draw
the
throughout the Swarajya dominions
revenues
assigned to them
by the Mahomedan
powers.
far
from
these
mortmain
so
Shivaji was
confiscating
perties
proof
of the church
fresh
transferred
lands
assignments of
new
he
Mahomedan
to
shrines
not
have
to
seem
led
even
made
and
Shivaji'senthusiasm
revenue.
does
the contrary, he
for
him
the
into
of
bigotedhatred
the
Islam, that, on
there
commanders,
instance
no
mentioned
of
of
act
any
of
violation
Mahomedan
shrines.
And
any
is the more
to be admired
since the perpetuationof any
the scenes
of religious
sacrilegiouscrime would, among
sacrilegeor
this
such
excusable.
followers
the
in his
times, have
Shivaji'swas
religioustolerance,which
settled sway
had
crushed
The
indigenous
these
studies
fallen
with
the
learned
Brahmans
invited
to make
themselves
to
towards
ilhati
the Church
( Elliot, VII
Pandit
the
tests
Hhan
had
of Islam.
other
of
autumnal
Rao.
to
p. 305 et passim. )
country,
candidates
rewards
sophy.
philowhich
from
who
on
to
were
submit
and
cal
ecclesiasti-
coming
in corn,
from
Shivaji's toleranD
acknowledge
and
cessation
learning
conducted
by the
received
of
system
Shravan,
their
The
revive
and
giving audiences
to
of
branches
learning
month
the
tests
persecution.
encourage
instituted
a
new
the
display
of
to
devoted
prescribed
successful from
Even
from
and
of Hindu
of
season
minister, the
system
activities, was
warlike
view
exponents
this
Under
coincided
With
stantly
con-
rashtra
plains of Mahathe
vigour from
life and
Vedas
studies, Shivaji
for the
patronage
the
the
over
all
being
were
form
any
Islam
out
Islam
appeared comparatively*
enlightened policy of
an
made
of
of
philosophy.
Hindu
of
the character
out
one
policy
of rfhivaji
THE
according
to ten
maunds,
their
attainments.
Vedas
of
and
given
the
them
on
the frontiers of
quality and
of
of
of
the
exponents
school
of
astronomy,
to their
so
many
district
the
in
were
position.Honorariums
from
royal scale. Scholarly Brahmans
the Swarajya kingdom were
honoured
drafts for
treasury
standard
and
4Q!
scholars
Indian
due
GOVERNMENT
the
to
Great
the welcome
accorded
OF
WHEELS
within
the
maunds
in
which
they
were
across
with
Swarajya
limits
the
local
corn
on
domiciled.
were
of
search
opened
alien
an
for maintenance
for
made
the
important temples on
of kine
Herds
places,and
other
and
looked
attendants
of
commissariat
cattle
Free
alms-houses
ol the
were
select pasturages in
patronage.
the
valley of
an
after
oxen
army
their
was
at the
the
state
Bhima,
ments
arrangeat
in
these
in
Mandesh
dairymen and
up-keep. A high class
in
the-
expense
of state
reared
were
cattle
cattle
breed
farms*
likewise
from
supplied to agriculturists
likewise parks of state
buffaloes.
public stalls. There were
in charge of shepherds and dairymen who
These
to
were
were
the valleys
reside in meadows
teeming with herbage among
The
herds were
and the mountains.
surveyed from year to
contributions
in butter
or
ghee were
year and the annual
each individual
settled on
shepherd as also the quantity of
mans
mil k each of them had to supply at the publicleasts of the BrahFarm
on
state
of
were
state
flocks of
twenty
U
or
S. 27.
occasions.
similar
arrangement
was
made
for
allotted in groups
of individual
shep-
LIFE
402
herds
the
subjectto
the
and
minstrels
Awakened
this
in
times
tering
regis-
state occasions.
on
place
ushered
was
morning
his
Heaven
interest in
and
surveying
glance
to
of
He
peace.
the
at
rose
in
and
drum
of
scale of contributions
which
the dawn
with
MAHARAJ
method
Shivaji'slife
of
daily routine
SHIVAJI
same
same
be of
It may
OF
Then
prayers.
followed
ablutions
the
hands, the
his full
He
on
dress.
daily exercise
his
hall.
The
in their
towards
hearts
the
in
basking
obtained
then
ior
confidential
of state.
down
was
to
11
A.
entertained
his
guests. After
of
admission
morning
the
M.
to
smile
third
ready
gers
Stran-
salutes.
and
left with
and
sovereign'sesteem
hall
made
was
time
confirmations.
their
to
drew
all
as
consultation
At
this
that,a charge to
audience
the
adjournment
an
guests
sunshine
interval
to the audience
came
by
and
made
but
of their
in
session
king
ready
acknowledgment
(The
to
there
present
none
talents
the
orders
brief
officers were
levee
the
to
minister,a word
this
was
and
receive
places to
for
and
target-practice,
secretaries
admitted
to
of
himself
gave
the
with
usual
meal,
with
other
or
number
dinner, and
the
a
A.
M.;
office chambers
the
one
an
patronage.
till 10
lasted
to
many
of Brahman
king
select
ters
minis-
himself
company
sat
of
and
audit
the
also
as
403
and
up
provisional
ments,
disburse-
the
of
made
taken
then
Urgent proposalswere
GOVERNMENT
OF
WHEELS
THE
estimates
for
the
Then
morrow.
the
his
king
final orders
used
to
About
thereon.
to leave
palace,to
the
before
hour
an
pay
sunset, the
visit of
king
inspectionto this
to the temples or
privateestablishment, visits
the
private parks, or for equestrian or other forms of
returned
he
exercise,after which
again to the audienceAbout
7 p. m
hall for the evening levee.
the time
came
and
for
the
night devotions, prayers
readings from
in due course
to be followed
by the evening meal,
puranas
or
the other
and
deliberation
with
minister.
After
fail to excite
sides,cannot
precisionof
the
and
Shivaji
this keen
encouraged
ambition
to
perseverance,
the
all
things
could
not
but
impress
encomiums
diffused
thus
all
round
Sloth
his
among
enthusiasm
to
qualifications
win
and
distinction
arts of the
of interested
self-help. For
flatterer
friends and
or
these
promotion
the
were
in
his
parasite,or the
partisans.Thus
the court
became
and
in
punctilious
of his ministers.
upon the minds
found no place at his court.
procrastination
courtiers
an
king
The
virtues
same
While
also
the
admiration.
our
the
LIFE
404
in
admission
of
and
witty
durbar
at
humorous
discourse
he
There
was
dance.
no
But
in the
their
was
passion
same
him
capable
effusions
Shivaji
bards.
other
musicians
to
to. receive
on
of
of the chase.
all forms
and
at his
They
quence.
elo-
became
of graver
was
and
tion
discrimina-
never
exclusion
restraint
of soDg
and
restraint
the
to
measure
and
arms
dancing altogetherdiscouraged.
of amusements.
with
thoughts
studied
and
rake
was
impromptu
failed
never
obscene
of his
company
the
intellectual
the
audience
an
puritanicalembargo
forms
The
to
art of
the
was
there
in these
master
due
in
Kavi, and
poet, Bhushan
Nor
the
he
stranger to
revelled
was
hands
In leisure hours
was
denied
sycophants were
Vulgar or
sessions.
conquest.
delights of poesie,but
of the court
and
gence
indul-
forbidden.
was
his presence.
His serious
all hours
with
discussion
of
confidants, nor
chosen
banter
avoided
and
war
Shivaji'sdurbar,
at
railleryor
impossible at
was
voluptuary
occupied
horses,
of
the
at
conversation
were
MAHARAJ
entertainers
jesters,
Professional
the
form
any
SHIVAJI
of business
hours
the
During
OF
observed
suits.
purin
ment
ordinary accomplishand
a
recognized obligationof the Kshatriya or
warrior
caste, Shivaji indulged in this sport at intervals
of one
rule and
two
or
as
a
months, hunting big game
ally
sparing bucks and deer, except when venison was occasionfor the anniversary oblations
needed
the manes
to
and
of his ancestors
other quasi-sacrificial
occasions.
the
amusement
spiritof
friendliness
the
among
envy
feature
noteworthy
or
ranks
friction
of
and
of
an
was
Shivaji'sdiscipline
social
his
among
As
the
that subsisted
intercourse
officers.
There
different
the
rarely
members
was
any
of the state-
tion
They were
required to abstain from intervenin departments not
their immediate
falling under
avoid
their brother
and
care
sowing discontent
among
officers out of spiteor jealousy on
failing to attain their
service.
wishes.
When
owing
to
any
cause,
the
social
relations
408
LIFE
that their
knowledge
suspicion on
scents
of
corps
SHIVAJI
OF
king
MAHARAJ
above
was
side
every
that
and
which
meanness
around
gathers
him
meddlesome
informers
both
that
the
work,
no
dereliction
The
of
bakhars
give
solemn
also of the
which
observed
been
with
the
were
of the
members
of
and
side,the
their chiefs.
Then
centre
and
the
canopy
the
blood-relations
Next
sat
in
great ministers
the
and
of
Two
of
of
front
officers
precedence
state, commanders,
ministers
heads
the
behind,
in
and
nobles.1
select
the
treasury establishments.
of
as
of
diplomatic services,
great
came
order
forms
same
attendants;
due
sions
proces-
connection
the
were
and
the
charge
dis-
affairsr
The
In
other
revenue
to
last
and
foreign powers
secretaries
time.
to
style
the
state
nearly
chapter in
royal throne
of the morchel
the
were
festivities.
the
was
for
public
on
of
time
the
of the
account
to decide
from
grave
duties.
circumstance
in
coronation
bearers
on
and
was
in audience
publicfunctions
described
audience-hall
the
and
held
at these
have
he* sat
business
pomp
their
picturesque
when
Shivaji'sdurbar
of
as
dischargeof
in the
there
The
state
deputies
sat
various
mace-bearers
tatives
represen-
behind
stores
or
and
sergeants
sentinel
The
posts
in
front
Peshwa,
right of
Nyayadhish etc.
stood
the
The
to the
the
Amatya,
of
and
the
the
durbar
lest.
were
in
anybody's presence
when
they
Sachiv, the
audience-hall
the
sent
Mantri
one
and
of the
the Chitni^
WHEELS
THE
peons
or
OF
troopers under
for attendance
summons
GOVERNMENT
their
to the
command
in the Hindu
processions,on
calendar,the order
deliver
to
the
concerned.
person
the solemn
At
407
the
auspicious occasions
was
much
very
cribed
des-
as
in the last
Prime
and
also
Commander-in-chief
the
mounted
of each separate
elephants,followed by the standards
regiment of cavalry and
infantry, with officers of the
the shiledar
king's guard and
corps riding immediately
behind as the generalcustodians of their
regimental flags.
Then followed
trains of artillery
and
ammunition,
rons
squadin the
and
of horse
the skirmishers
elephant-corps,
infantry, light-armed slingers,
javelin-throwers,archers
on
musketeers.
and
and
horns
again came
police,followed
and
minstrels
of spearsmen,
bands
and
their
the paga
by
the
the
came
trumpets with
them
and
Behind
or
shrill
warwar
household
softer music
bands,
drums,
music.
Behind
and
horse
of
mounted
flutes and
troubadours.
Then
followed
mace-bearers,
peons
and
pipes,
other
attendants,
lastlythe
elephant bearing the royal hoivda, surrounded
by a ring
and
of chosen
attendants
Mavalis.
Immediately behind,
followed the ladies of the royal family, then
the ministers
of state
according to their usual rights of precedence,the
secretariate officers and their deputies,and nobles and commanders.
The
der
royal drum escorted by the chief commanwrestlers
and
The
and
men
the
following on
gymnasts
other
bakhars
officers
give
the
brought up
very
foot, and
rear
of
the
sion.
proces-
ing
interesting story illustratcontemporaries as a patron
his anxiety to retain such
his
Shivaji'sfame among
of genius, and of
admirer
to adorn
his court
by their
imperial court, there was
presence.
poet of
At
the
Delhi, at
name
of
408
LIFE
SHIVAJI
OF
MAHARAJ
his
fortunate
more
He
patronage.
insulted
him
he2 determined
more
the
on
his
to
mountains
his
patronage.
pribce as
of
sum
one
present with
earth
on
he
did not
his
on
ther,
bro-
unfortunately
rial
enjoy the impeuntil
brother
body
some-
of
Mahomedan.
had
and
of
the court
to
came
In
few
among
fortune
to
in
years
of
course
raja
good
the
the
the
obtain
pality,
princi-
that
the
permission to leave, upon which
with
sign of his appreciationpresented him
lakh
of rupees, accompanying his farewell
the observation
donor
so
then
and
there
to
who
ror
empe-
had
for
expression of
earth
but
bard
an
Having spent
This
on
This
the
of Kamaun
he asked
depended
bounty
wanderings
brother
entertain
to
bountiful
and
Raja:
the
equal, nay
himself.
poet who
the
be
may
replied
thousands
munificence, but
in
you
find
not
appreciativeas
'There
surpass,
would
poet
irritated
conceit
to
the
that
sent,
pre-
such
an
arrogant boast."
With
these
words,
the
imperious
bard
put
down
the
for his
gold and left the country without
any
recompense
of his peregrinationsthe
poetic labours. In the course
and
induced
him
his ears
rising fame of Shivajireached
to come
down
to the
Deccan.
Seeking an interview with
Shivajihe declared to him his intention of living under
the
auspices of
Upon
settled
make
a
Raja
2
had
maintenance
poems
dialect of the
1
who
one
Chintamani
Makarandshah
This
on
diverse
valleyof
the
is said
have
to
of iNagpur
poet is said to
Raja Chhafcrasal of
court.
join Shivaji's
grant
Pannah
have
no
love
him
in
upon
for
his
in
Jumna,
with
previously
patronage
forte
His
him.
subjects
Mahomedans.
to
Braja-bhdshd
the
which
lived
was
and
under
used to
he
the
Bhonsle
for several
at
for about
years.
first lived under
six
months
( Kavyetihas Sangraha.)
and
the
patronage of the
left
him
in 1664 to
WHEELS
THE
OF
GOVERNMENT
409
is a sort of epic
Shivaji. His principalpoem
celebratingthe exploitsof Shivaji, the Shiv- Raj-Bhushan
Kavya or the poem on the gloriesof Shivaji.1 Shivaji was
this poem.
with
After a long sojourn in
quite charmed
he
announced
his intention
to return
territories,
Shivaji'^
rewarded
he was
with
home, upon which
ample presents
he
and pressed to return
again, which
willingly promised
entertain
to do.
When
the
wealth
with
and
bard's
of
the
tokens
of
news
return
Delhi,2laden
to
Shivaji'sfavour,
reached
the
introduce
Aurangzeb, he bade Chintamani
is said to have
Bhushan
his brother to the imperialcourt.
sort of protest declaring that the emperor
attempted some
declared enemy
of his patron, and as a loyal vassal
was
a
he have
what
would
such a one, since nothing
to do with
would
could escape his lips but the praisesof Shivaji,which
envious
of
ears
condition
to recite
Some
after
recite
the
some
better wash
heart, I
afraid, must
am
and
again
1
This
Sangraha
year
chosen
to raise
years
in Indian
the
Bihari
time
It
ago.
works
thinks
Mishra
and
raise
on
parallelsfrom
useful
"as
required
poet said,
in
is
Majesty
Your
"
the
erotics
said
the
It proposes
rhetoric
and
showing
Probably Agra,
your
Kavyeuhag
completed the
the
figures of
Magazine
Marathi
the
wash
Hence
was
poem
discuss
to
in
the illustrative
describes
verses
the
Granthavali
"
the
atmosphere
and
the
Hindu
mind
time."
2
of
ments.
glories of Shivaji s achievee
dited
by
that Bhushan's
(tiindi,
Shukdev
Mishra
Bihari
Nagari Pracharini
of "fulsome
flattery of Shivaji,by a variety
the Hindu
scriptures and epbs", but at the
subject,the poet
Sarkar
published
on
glories of Shivaji.
august mustache.
your
he be
first,for after
my
Shivaji'scoronation.
Prof.
Shyam
excite
the durbar,
should
be the
The
hands
needs
was
many
etc.
on
to
poem
before
speech
to attend
first
your
going
am
would
verses.
brother, which
my
the theme
poem,
time
had
undertook
bard
insistence
the
on
Bhushan
However
emperor?
looselyof
the
Mogul
durbar.
of the
410
hands
I say
recite
bade
over
the
sing
all
princes
this
imperial
princes
to
of
sweets
abstains
from
the
and
reminded
recondite
of
wash
six
stanzas,
rendered
in
the
stanza
bestowed
is
more
of
very
to
said
live
the
incident
gratifying
the
send
that
to
him
upon
bard
of
at
sight
at
Shivaji's
to
to
Bhushan
court.
raised
his
wrote
again
to
letter, Bhushan
his
them,
emperor
told
him
scenes
end
of
his
hand
he
were
the
sixth
his
to
and
recitation
skill
and
of
honour
court
in
the
poetic
and
full
sent
which
royal master,
He
other
poet continued
marks
imperial
the
ever
what-
the
his
exquisite
the
from
and
the
butterfly
that
Then
concluded
Shivaji
his
at
Bhushan
against
The
the
believed,
is
martial
many
at
rifling
the
levy
vain.
that
his
with
vassal
achieved
some
poet
Shivaji's agent
particulars
agent
which
the
gratified
patronage.
indeed
this
it
condition
spontaneously
emperor
emperor,
faculty,
in
the
meaning
might
lively strains,
Upon
mustache.
the
such
his
in
Upon
as
Shnaji.
hands
his
or
five
as
preliminary
the
to
alone,
have
before
faiied
him
got
and
he
tribute
vassals,
similitude,
tree,
terms
might
emperor
all
him
tree
flowing
tribute
butterfly
this
presenting
champak
whatever
had
attempts
to
emperor
suzarainty
comparing
emperor
champak
in
expressed
princes
In
the
to
the
success
the
tree.
every
Shivaji
had
and
trees
simile
this
began
his
subject
if
With
The
of
streams
from
with
"
and
"
Bhushan
verses.
celebrating
enormous
treasury
began
likened
poet
the
achievements.
greatness,
own
head
thy
his
Shivaji's
empe*ror,
the
with
answer
of
and
Bhushan
said
commence
glories
his
MAHARAJ
right,"
shalt
him
him
the
to
bade
he
threat,
All
"
failest, thou
thou
to
"
SHIVAJI
OF
LIFE
reply
south,
returned
was
his
to
and
once
it
CHAPTER
WARS
RENEWED
THE
Deccan, who
of the
Khan
for
previous chapter
how
with
Aurangzeb
by
Bahadur, the subhedar
Jahan
forwarded
had
Shivaji's memorial
in
reconciliation
with
AND
1674- 1676
described
his
prudent relations
BIJAPUR
MOGULS,
made
had
Shivaji
WITH
already
have
We
XXV
to the
imperial presence
drafted
in the
conciliatory
his relations
characterised
with
the Moguls,
style which
of practicaladvantage to
while giving up nothing that was
had
been rusting for some
him.
The Mogul arms
time, but
would
be anyit was
not to be expected that the armistice
thing
of
but
short
when
Aurangzeb
the formal
marched
fault
leader.
to
pleasant news
solemnities
of Shivaji's
was
the
of
the
of
with
suspected
Maratha
the
with
realization
found
and
his subhedar
of
heard
re-establishment
He
the south
It
duration.
he
a'nd the
coronation
peace,
that
no
tion,
ambi-
great .Maratha's
Hindu
sovereignty in
the continued
neutralityof
he was
acting in collusion
Soon
afterwards
Diler
Khan
of
into
Patta
and
Aundh
fallen into
had
which
the
of
hands
the
thus
Moropant was
-guls. While
keeping the Moguls
of
busy in the south, Hambirrao, the commander-in-chief
ing
dividand
the ghats near
Surat
Shivaji'sforces, ascended
M
his forces
Mogul
bands
into
dominions
crossed
in
the
levied
heavy
The
result
of these
call away
his
defence
On
of his
the
own
bands
different
Narbada,
and
to
different
sent
directions.
entered
contributions
war
movements
forces
was
from
them
the
the
to ravage
of
One
of Broach,
district
upon
the
that
Diler
these
inhabitants.
Khan
Shivaji's territories
had
for
the
lay
en-
province.
retirement
of
Diler
Khan,
Moropant
Kalyan with
off a large body
camped
He
at
beat
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
OF
LIFE
412
force
of Kolis
of
thousand
ten
from
Bhils
and
men.
Dharam-
the
had invaded
Kalyan district at the
pur. who
Maratha
march
tion of the Moguls and opposed the
From
the
of the
of
revenue
This
Marathi
quarter,
government
the
have
to
seems
to
or,
of
chauth
name,
demand
to
been
his
quarter
give
revenue
ward.
northsent
around
territories
their
all
of
demand
famous
Bassein
Portugueseat
to the
envoy
Kalyan Moropant
at
camp
instiga-'
Bassein.
it
its
more
the
on
tuguese
Por-
by Shivaji
made
former
on
a
By the treaty made
undertaken
latter had
occasion
with the Portuguese, the
tion
ammunito supply Shivaji'sgovernment
with
and
guns
and
they had hitherto fulfilled the terms
every year
of that agreement. Eeligiouspersecution was
at its height
for
now
in the
the
first time.
Portuguese territories
families
forciblyconverted
were
unconverted
the alternative
interference
Bassein.
around
Christianity.To
to
the
was
Hindu
Many
prospect of
those
constant
religiousliberties. The
the cause
why the Hindu
report of this persecution was
the
contribution upon
king levied the chauth
Portuguese
with
their
From
government.
only be inferred
net
a
on
this
at
information
the
that
the
have
moment
For
refusal.
summary
this occasion
between
nor
forces
of
Moropant
Moropant,
caused
latter in
the
were
any
damage
stands
must
have
with
the
While
the
on
to
now
available
Portuguese government
dismissed Moropant's envoy
is
there
record
no
of
it
can
could
with
hostilities
to
other
decision
hand,
is
on
not
the
field of
reported to
war.
have
to the
reason
devised
some
fore,
Portuguese territories. It,therethat
the
Portuguese government
of expedient to temporize
sort
Maratha.
Moropant
oppositeto the
jira had much
much
and
civic
cheered
island
reason
by
the
thus
that
came
soon
afterwards
LIFE
414
SHIVAJI
OF
field ten
the
routed, sufferingon
MAHARAJ
times
the
number
of
tions.
Shivaji'scasualties. The Moguls fled confusedlyin all direcinto
columns
and
Shivaji's
troops divided themselves
of Mogul horses
pressed the pursuitwith vigour. A number
material
fell into the hands of
and
war
a quantity of useful
The conquering hosts destroyed and plundered
the pursuers.
the Mogul territorythey passed through in pursuit of the
the town
The chase continued
of Brahmaas far as
fugitives.
the way
on
yielded a good deal
puri. The market-towns
of booty to the pursuing conquerors.
Piquets of cavalry
were
stationed
the
merchandise
It
was,however,
not
so
the
assault
down
of
Two
grasp.
to climb up
which was
stratagem,
intercept
to
Maratha
camp.
his
elude
to the
had
proceeded
was
to Surat
route
One
to
great trade
bring it
and
overshadowed
which
the
the
on
to
besiege.
Shivaji's men
the
ramparts
planned
in
secret and
throw
the
rollingdown
This
walls.
garrison
stones
became
success
rocks
on
men
Shivajilost many
began to flee away.
panic they had caused
animation
determined
who
and
heads
their
upon
set up
than
huge
revelation
to
this
pursue
and
remainder
the
Moguls
were
their
among
pursuit. But
they
of
the fortress
strength
method,
below.
siege-lines
the
The
from
stones
In
the
hurling
this
way
lost heart
emboldened
assailants,and
the
to
and
at
with
pursuit proved
the
great
more
had
disastrous
to
He, therefore,ordered
fresh
retreat
to
assault
Raigad.
upon
Shivneri
to
his return
On
AND
of
Phonda
had
to
break
campaign at Junnar
again acknowledge the hegemony
of
his
to show
MOGULS
of
advantage
former
the
of
treaty and
state
that
415
Mahomed
that
taken
the
his
and
THE
learnt
Raigad Shivaji
subhedar
the
Khan,
BIJAPUR
WITH
WARS
RENEWED
of
Bijapur,
he
government,
was
on
resolved
to teach
severe
prepared a largearmy
laid siege to the fort of
relying on the strength
He
made
mines
ordered
to
of
rampart and
their
At
success.
considerable
garrison. Shivajicarried
placewithin
took
fortress
the
of the
of
Shivaji
walls,which
was
made
in
was
fortress.
the
last
inflicted upon
the
and a fierce encounter
loss
the breach
walls
the
and
in person
The
laid under
be
conducted
Phonda.
without
assaults
many
he
which
of this fort.
generalmelee,
and
with
The
governor
his death the
A
Mahomedan
officer
garrison lost heart and surrendered.
on
Shivaji'sside named Ibrahim Khan distinguishedhimself
by the impetuosity of his attack on this occasion.
Shivaji
his
and
him
him
to the
on
bravery
appointed
complimented
This
of this fort.
command
Mahomedan
was
the
Shivaji'sservice
first occasion
which
on
appointed to the
positionof a havaldar or governor of a garrisoned fort, his
these positionsof trust on
usual practicebeing to confer
oflficers. This promotion bears eloquent
responsibleMaratha
testimony to the confidence Shivaji reposed in the loyalty
and
in
of
devotion
this
was
The
commander.
Mahomedan
ernorship
gov-
the
important fortress, and that ^too on
frontiers of his dominions, could never
^have been conferred
on
an
(May, 1675)2
ordinary individual.
ot
On
the
an
reduction
of Phonda
under
neighbouring country
i
Sarkar:
2
Siege
of
Phonda,
Shivaji p.
Jedhe
325
27
Chronology,
from
9th
p. 192,
the
and
to
his
April
complete
lblfi to
6ch
sway,
May
ld75
^Prof.
LIFE
416
OF
SHIVAJI
MAHARAJ
of the
citadel.
Upon
of
this
Karwar
Shivaji
to be committed
Karwar
were
treated
with
with.
The
interfered
the
orders
gave
the
deference.
whole
for
invade
to
sex
East
Their
of
town
English
Compauy,
factories
dominions.
the
few
India
territory upto
brought under
her
the
were
was
province of Kanara
was
sovereigntyover
parts of Kanara
and
Shivaji
dowager Rani of Bednor
fair to her
surrender
not
flames. There
to
of the
The
would
representatives of
merchants,
who
fort
not
were
boundaries
the
Shivaji'sflag.
then
did
But
vested
in
not
think
the
princess
it
offeringsand solicited
petitionwith the usual nazar
ministers
and
his help against her
were
relations,who
thiB
to
petition
usurping her authority.1 In response
of his forces to
some
Shivaji willingly detached
bring
distressed
who
delivered
to the
soon
was
princess,
succour
from her unhappy predicament.
sent
Phonda,
all the
the
of
and
ghats
south, Shivaji had
return
to the
territories
and
events
Panhala
and
the
The
restored
after
the
once
more
and,
to
and
Vardhangad,
were
and
and
principal
commander
queen-regent
of
and
or
Tattora
to
guardian
at
Bijapur
by Shivaji
expelledhis
these
chain
new
and
similar
of fortifications-
forts thus
created
Sidasbivgad.
of the infant
out-posts
of
possibility
The
Bhushangad
Bednore
and
recover
prevent the
chiefs
the
of
these forts
territory around
to
his
on
Bijapur. Thus
successful
campaign in the
Tattora.
these
district
Ghatge of Malwadi,
maintained
in
between
Panhala
parts. The
these
recovered
was
Phaltan
the
of
service
military out-posts
forts
soldiers from
operating in
in the
of
Nimbalkar
government,
between
nobles
Maratha
two
subdued
thus
Shivaji was
While
prince. ( Vide
the
Kani
Ghitnis
Not
minister
bei ifg
7'*. ;
RENEWED
WITH
WARS
BIJAPUR
AND
THE
MOGULS
41T
tion
exceptionally
strong, but their situaanother
contributed
one
near
materiallyto the
very
around
them.
securityof the territory
that
these forts
were
Meanwhile
carried
on
immense
an
dominions
Hambirrao,
Khan
chief
commander,
had
He had gathered
vigorousoffensive in Guzerat.
booty in these wealthy parts of the Mogul
and
with
was
now
his
preparing to retreat
the
the
the south
with
great vigour. It
soon
Mogul
the
upon
however
was
Hambirrao's
movements.
elude
to
however
was
his
watched
to
spoilsof
him
no
and
army
and
his
gave
make
conquests.
chase
with
Hambirrao
purpose.
eluded
the
and
hostilities,
Hambirrao's
this
circumstance
was
very
favourable
to
designs.
The affairs of
then conducted
Bijapur were
by Khawas
he saw
When
the Mogul arms
Khan.
concentrated
against
he
Khan
the
Jehan
to
basis
on
Bijapur,
proposed a treaty
continue
that the young
to
Adil Shahi king should
reign
the
relation
with
of
the footing
feudal
on
a
Mogul power,
and
the minor
Bibi, be given in
king's sister,Padshah
not
marriage to a son of Aurangzeb. But this treaty was
approved of by the leadingnobles of the court, who conspired
The
and put him
Khan
to death.
leader
againstKhawas
Abdul
seized the
of the conspiracy was
Karim,1 who now
reins of government into his own
and
hands
prepared for
took the
Jehan
hostilities with the Moguls. Khan
held
in
1
Knawas
Karim
Khan
hlol
Khan
Vide Jedhe,
text
the contrary
arrested
by
Khawas
L. S. 28
the
was
leader
the leader
page
ot
of the
the
Abyssinian
Pathan
or
by
atatemeat
Khan.
is
apparently
It appears
to be
made
a
case
paruy
Afghan party
some
of
at
pur.
Bija-
corruption of the
Hahlol
that
abdul
and
Khan
lapsm calm*i.
was
LIFE
418
and
person
followed,in
with
most
his
SHIVAJI
down
upon
of which
With
success.
Diler
to
came
OF
M AH
Bijapur. Many
the Adil
these
ARA
Shahi
arms
signsof Mogul
skirmishes
crowned
were
failure
before
him
carried
cat times
had
desultory wars
proved themselves
on
these
over
territories,
of
sea
and
never
in
showed
cnians
quest of
no
the
trace
at the
war
and
put
ports
out
the coasts
ta
north
elusive
of
fleet blockaded
length the Maratha
Janjira by sea, when
tJie Abyssinian warships made
all sail and
to the
hastened
relief of their capital. This brought about
an
engagement
between
.Maratha
On
the
rival
but with
fleets,
squadrons
the
raised the
retirement
an
indecisive
siegeand
oi the
Mosrul
result.
The
retired.
subhedar
from
the"
WITH
VVAR3
RENEWED
Konkan,
Shivajisaw
oat-post
in
the
the district
his immediate
time
same
to
BIJAPUR
AND
as
that
419
neighboursin
serve
MOGULS
THE
of
sort
those
parts, and
watch-tower
the
at
with
such
he
the
might easily keep an eye on
of the Portuguese and
other
the
foes.
movements
Now
Seebon2
not far
Portuguese had just such a fort named
fpom
Bassein, and Shivajiresolved to have a corresponding
his side right in front of the
fort on
Portuguese stronghold.
The
attempts to interrupt
Portuguese made
many
the fortification
But they proved abortive aad
the work.
works
were
very rapidlyproceededwith.
ample
range
confined to his
Shivajifell ill and was
This circumstance
sick bed for seven
or
eight months at Satara.
sufficed to give currency
to all sorts
of baseless
that the great king had died, having succumbed
to
rumours
by his son, Sambhaji,duringhis illness.
poisonadministered
About
However
this time
the
people,for
report
this
the
among
such mendacious
not
was
generallybelieved
not
was
tales about
to obtain.
The
in the Deccan
maintain
It
illness.
to
was
Bombay,
Fanjim
2
nob
district
the
for
againstthem.
of
to
of
of enforced
He
had
The
in
always
rest that
modern
Sion,
was
this
protracted
that
the
inactivity
be
in
the
similar
in Qoa.
The
to
in
evolved
campaign were
prosecutedin person, as soon
new
Salsette
district
exacted
nature
destined
mind,
Shivaji's
The
him,
all sides.
on
in this time
deep-laid plans
1
work
vigilantwatch
long denied
thus
at
were
powers
still called
Shtv
or
Sheev
in Marathi.
of
of
420
LIFE
his
as
health
the
While
thousand
masons
to
to
armies
in
Surat
such
at
Satara,
in
this
before
his
On
Salsette,
the
on
inspection
important
to
they
Karnatic
this
been
restoration
fortress,
purposes.
to
that
thereby
tions
communicaof
one
the
the
of
their
looked
health,
case
and
of
as
now,
of
fort
the
previously
Shivaji
restored
freedom
resistance
the
trade-
Mogul
government
to
in
policy
renovation
of
campaign,
thus
and
this,
menace
had
the
The
movements
incapable
as
strengthening
capture
Portuguese
rising
being
months
ths
as
fort
occupied
earnest.
attack
ten
men,
dismantled
Portuguese
to
of
few
of
been
the
The
parts.
upon
have
expose
well
as
those
embarking
of
told
forthwith
was
right
over
and
to
this
to
control
communication,
in
the^
be
force
detached
work
prompted
Damaun
languidly
few
the
seems
he
fort
in
have
obtain
with
and
fortress
ruined
routes
The
plans
with
labourers
commenced
seems
might
he
of
to
over
these
Kalyan
there
and
men
fortifications
held
over
to
(Parner).
Parnel
Moropant's
of
be
pondering
Arrived
of
gang
which
invasion
the
was
may
marched
strong.
called
This
which
was
Pingle
Moropant
by
of
story
Shivaji
it.
MAHARAJ
chapter.
separate
with
BHIVAJI
permitted
Karnatic,
a
OF
made
equipped
to
his
tour
for
422
OF
LIFE
his service
continue
SHIVAJI
with
MAHARAJ
view
his
the
Yes, to
name
to
greater glory of
bear with
and
present misfortune
princeand
safety,to the best
to
spiteof
in
the
serve
mind,
"
am
is me,
woe
you
would
his
courso
once
made
more
bold
to
of service than
fickle and
of
sir,of the
you,
He
prince steer
that
Highness ! My
counsels
he
"
standard
other
no
more
Your
Venkoji.
hereditaryservant of
with
expostulate
he,
the
of his abilities.
fortified in his
Thus
the
patience
distasteful
misled
you
by
valour
of the world-wide
fame
and
of
the
Bethink
mean-spirited creatures.
glory and
Your
to
father, bethink
your
the noble
triumphs
earned
by
your
brother
sorelywill
he blame
to command
Be it yours
Your
ness
High-
shrank
and
if he finds it otherwise.
me
mine
to
them
from
of his company
from
as
and
did not
with
the
poison.
hesitate
He
quite tired
was
openly
to
express
his
contempt,
Disgusted
Baghunathpant
Upon
The
purport of
that
Shivaji wrote
a
indifferent
tool in the
parasiteand
the
hands
of
the
of
Venkoji,
to
the letter
it had
to
insolence
letter of
advice.
was
wrote
growing
to
come
duties
vile and
pander throve
was
of
somewhat
his
Venkoji
that
ears
administration
unworthy
follows.
as
men
at his expense,
and
; that
while
men
was
the
of
KARNATIC
THE
worth
who
deserved
CAMPAIGN
well of his
12:
family
languishingin
were
and
had
given
neglect
utter
their
This
was
as
it
ought
to be.
knew
well
to
Raghunathpant
Shivaji's ambition
expand his dominions and in order to further these aims of
expansion he concluded alliances to that effect with the local
chiefs before
leaving the Karnatic, his object being to
invite
Shivaji to that
province that he might bring
To facilitate
these plans, knowing
Venkoji to his senses.
march
to
that Shivaji might have
through the Golconda
took
territories, Raghunathpant
steps to bring about a
harmonious
Shahi
hinder
leadingministers
this time
only
both
These
two
in
between
governments, so that
movements.
Shivaji's
The
about
alliance
their
were
Hindus,
men
hands.
had
the
but
delay
no
of the
Akanna
the control
or
Kutub
and
sons
of
of
Raghunathpant
distinguishedministers, but
Maratha
and
Kutub
distraction
Shahi
Madanna,
the
the
same
all Kutub
determined
might
government
who
not
were
Hindu
family.
Shahi
to
affairs
visit
the
interviewing them,
settingforth his diplomatic
instead
of
with,
had
424
LIFE
BHIVAJI
MAHARAJ
fair
OF
mark
repute
of
became
for
respect and
bestow
him
upon
such
patronage
as
his
gold
land, but
as
his
hosts
were
persons
this
interview
he
brothers
took
Raghunathpant
him
apart for
declared
that
he
the
was
no
of such
flattered
wisdom
have
or
itinerant
the
to
two
desired.
mendicant
Shivaji'sservice, proceeding to
delicate
with
certain
wait upon his royal master
questions
of Karnatic
might bring down
politics,questions which
Shivaji required,
Shivaji'shosts into these parts. But
pandit,but
continued
Oolconda
an
officer in
aid
of
now
he
the
had
CAMPAIGN
KARNATIC
THE
425
with
orders to intercede
them
and
their
Shivaji's
sovereignwith a view to an alliance of mutual support and
and
Golconda
amity between
Shivaji. Raghunathpant
himself to their religious
then addressed
instincts, pointing
out the labours of Shivajifor the advancement
of the Hindu
which made it a sort of obligationon their sense
of
religion,
the
pietyand religionto advance Shivaji's
great purposes,
some
at
more
so
as
it involved
no
pleased with
and
treason
no
detriment
sovereign.1The
own
whatever
ministers
were
the
their
settled and
sultan,when
the terms
alliance
of the
were
ratified.
of their
perpetuation of
their
existing alliance.
Raghunathpant was
given an
enthusiastic reception,banqueted by the minister
brothers,
and presented with suits of honour
and personaldecorations
at
the
time
of his departure. He was
also charged with
the delivery
of a personalepistle
addressed
from the sultan
to Shivaji.
From
the successful
Raghunathpant
came
commencement
of
latter
went
rendered
1
forth
such
to
this
relation
Shivdigvijay,290-93.
the
diplomaticmission
Satara, where,
chapter,
to welcome
invaluable
and
the
services to
he
met
to
Bhaganagar,
stated
as
at
Shivaji.
loyal veteran
his father
who
and
the
The
had
led him
426
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
OF
LIFE
the
As
observed
last
in the
chapter Shivaji
this
at
was
time
The
Raghunathpant
of
post
to
bakhar
Rairi
grand
Raghunathpant
trusty
to
the
honour
2
post of Muzumdar
Sondev
the
his death
He
Muzumdar
Nilo
Sondev
was
the
Mullana.
connection
The
Muzumdar
had
was
brother
Like
of
Abaji
with
campaign
He
for
with
welcomed
should
all
in
him
and
that
But
the
Rairi
Muzumdar
family
bakhar
the
from
the
this request
upon
1647
place
of Nilo
left vacant
to his death
of
conqueror
Sondev
Shivaji
sfcaf.es that
in
Kalayan
had
Nile
by
1672.
from
hereditary
the Bhonsles.
Chronology
be
wrote
do
not
the
him
made
Sondev
the
would
prince.
would
died, and
Raghunathpant.
or
Karnatic,
to
offer, he
this
lived, it
he
the
offered
about
just then
the Hanmaofces,
Jedhe
held
upon
upon
Amatya
sultan
services.
high office.
conferred
was
way
Mahomedan
serve
had
he
be conferred
to that
he
Raghunathpant
which
him
as
from
his
the
learnb
fear, where
any
that
says
succession,should
to
to
Chitnis
long
as
family
without
due
appointed
that,
of his
him
come
on
where
to
vizier.
servant
that
states
Bijapur,
When
Shivaji
went
half
states
1599
completed.
that
i. e.
Raghunath
October
1677,
Narayan
or
was
after the
made
tic
Karna-
KARNATIC
THE
CAMPAIGN
42;
of
court
claim
of
law
Hindu
campaign
Shivajithat
could
he
the
this
the
on
wreck
the
save
told
rightto
his
He
Golconda.
Shahaji's dismembered
territories
acquire new
war
might throw in his
fortunes, and
addition
in
provinces which
and
to this
chances
the
of
way.
campaign. There
was
no
objectionto his marching through the Golconda
Golconda
kingdom into the Karnatic.
paid tribute and the
ministers
two
were
Shivaji.
favourably disposed towards
The
times
favourable
were
for such
Their
thrown
That
peace
Adil
Shahi
had
been
each
to
Diler
Dhan
Thus
between
and
both
those
powers.
Diler
Khan
and
the
happened to be
family relationship. But
and to Shivaji
to Golconda
some
enemy
alliance
the
alike inevitable
by
sworn
with
Karim,1
Abdul
other
was
ill-humour
arranged
premier
drawn
alike.
into
between
who
latter
these
was
powers
enduring.
It
At
any
of the Pathan
and
both
rate
party
at
Decoani
Abyssinian party
Khawas
Khan
Mogul
governor
party.
and
had
Abdul
Afgan nobles.
Bijapur and had to hold his
former
been
Karim
were
on
He
had
got
Khawas
prime minister,out
friendly terms with
of the Deccan.
against
own
Khan,
of the way
Khan
the
was
the
by
Oehan
the
leader
leader
sinian
Abysof
the
assassination.
Bahadur,
the
SHIVAJI
OF
LIFE
428
MAHARAJ
interfere
sum
sure,
Mogul
It is said that
dependence.
tribute
to pay
and
serve
that
To
territories.
Shivajipaid a large
thus
admitting
emperor,
doubly
to
his
with
it
in
him
but
was
four
of
war
this
on
with
of
relation
pagodas to
to
to the
feudal
undertook
he
occasion
thrown
assurance
tribute
as
five thousand
oil-cake
an
of
lakhs
make
the
emperor
horse,remarking
the
milch-cow.
was
Aurangzeb approved of the treaty. The
emperor
engaged in a campaign againstthe rebel Afgan tribes on
this side of the Indus.
He sent word
to his heir-apparent
for war
that it was
with Shivaji,a peace was
not the time
would
most
not injure
as
a
expedient and such
peace
Mogul prestige.1
Thus
by
profiting
Shivajihad
the
venalityof
the
Mogul
subhedar
from
On
Mogul attacks.
frontier he had by this time completed a chain
the southern
and equipped,to ward
of barrier forts,well-manned
off the
and
the
spasmodic foraysof the Ghatges, the Nimbalkars
other
Konkan
secured
Maratha
his diminions
barons
of
the
Adil
Shahi
kingdom.
The
Shivaji's
system, exposed
it was
to the inextinguishable
as
enmity of the sea-faring
and nip in the
Abyssinians. To guard againstthis menace
bud the first signs of active hostilities on the part of these
detached
sea
adventurers, Annaji Datto, Pant
Sachiv, was
with a large force to take general charge of the sea-board
forts from Kalyan to Phonda
and the territories surrounding
them.
These forts were
equipped and re-inforced in such
the
became
of them
a
splendid style that in case
any
objectof an assault on the part of the enemy
help poured
in instantly from
all quarters, and the garrison could
defend themselves
without
the thought of a parley,
secure
of ultimate
for
With
these precautionstaken
deliverance.
1
was
Sabhasad,
the
85.
weak
spot in
LIFE
430
SHIVAJ1
OF
MAHARAJ
for
started
that
inform
to
of
favour
Shivaji
town
and
his
in
warrior
Madanna
interview
infinite
timid
was
fear
his
inevitable
ordeal.
orders
strict
to
Niraji
approach
The
near
before
for
the
of
presence
the
sultan.
The
But
on
and
at
hand,
for
friendlyinterview.
and
his
With
state.
bold
the
tried
soldiers
did
difficulty
the
himself
nerve
Golconda
the
entering
On
having
army,
near
alarmed
bands
his
to
allow
outweigh
his
already
to
advantage
monarch
his
by
felt the
endeavoured
and
of
Pralhad
conference.
panic.
of
had
ministers
head
and
sultan
the
personal
was
the
at
Raghunathpant
despatched
him
town
made
arrangement
frontiers
to abstain
to
to
face the
Shivaji passed
from
every act of
them
in any
towards
hostility
punishment.
the
When
in
few
these orders
cases
found
were
or
transgressed,the culpritshad their hands
actuallyexecuted.
fingers cut off,and in a few cases, were
This
stringency of discipline gave
perfect security
the
life and
of
subjects of Golconda,
property to
to
been
have
and
his
revive
"
the
even
reach
easy
forth with
into
him
day
was
i
sultan
was
so
far
reassured
as
the
suitable
retinue
to
receive
him
and
and
within
went
escorted
eclat. The
with
the
as
to
next
sultan.3
March
1677.
KARNATIC
THE
CAMPAIGN
431
The
were
with
adorned
flagsand
festoons
decorations
to be seen
at every
were
gay toran
discoursed
musical instruments
liquidmelodies.
of flowers,
and
turn,
Amid
such
its way
splendour the processionslowlywended
Hindu
the royal palace,the
to
subjects of the sultan in
into
the streets,
particularturning out in great crowds
Sred with an intense desire to catch a glimpse of the great
the
acclamations
Hindu
on
raja. Loud
greeted him
the
people enthusiastically showering flowers upon
way,
windows
balconies.
The
and
:him from
king had been
and
pomp
bountiful
that
'town
of his alms
morning. To
floral decorations
with
the
among
and
poor
fakirs
the
of
the
the citizens
the
and
of select
faypresentations
tokens of his good will.
articles
of
dress
or
jewelleryas
The
the
next
couch.
same
to
The
the
pant
officers
and
Akanna
seated
remained
Shivaji, the
accompanying
themselves
most
ing.
standspicuous
con-
the sirwhom
Baburao
were
Dhamdhere,
among
of the guard, Raghunathpant, Pralhad
Niraji,Datto-
nobut
were
Madanna
Waknis
and
JBalaji
Avji,
desired
to be seated.1
Sabhasad
adds
the
names
of
Somji
Naik
Yasaoagar
the
present
and
private secretary,
at
the
Dadmahal
Jaoardanpant.
tion
recep-
432
LIFE
Then
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
OF
between
the two
friendlyconversation
duced
introrulers. The great officers accompanying Shivajiwere
suitable compliments from
to the sultan and received
The sultan was
their royal host, each accordingto his rank.
and
of
accoutrements
pleasedwith the smart
appearance
body-guard. Distribution of pan, attar and flowers
Shivaji's
of nazar,the sultan
duly followed, togetherwith the offerings
phants
bestowing valuable presents of jewellery,horses, and ele-
followed
his
hands,
own
have
writers
thought
Shivaji bade
It
discussed
There
Madanna.
which
chronicle-
the reception
host and
many
sultan
the
was
that
returned
to his
halt for
of
which,
tent.
month
at
questionsof foreignpolicy
of
through the medium
of
round
distinguishedguest
the
Shivaji made
with
reception the
to his
that
is said
to his
pan
it worth
farewell
this
at
circumstance
three
or
Bhaganagar, during
were
and
presented attar
sultan
is said that
Shivaji. It
upon
with
feastingand banqueting,
of the minister
in honour
them
and
the sultan
and his
Shivaji also entertained
valuable
omrahs
a magnificentscale, when
on
presents of
bestowed
the
wearing apparel and jewellery were
upon
guests accordingto their positionsin the state. Shivaji
their officers.
cultivated
also
mansabdars
citizens and
An
occasion
in
in the
the
course
sultan
heard
had
so
his
have
to
1
The
own
of
much
soldiers, that he
with
of
one
was
eyes.
answered
intercourse
with
the
leading
of the state.
incident
amusing
is related
pant,
friendly
in
the
connection
bakhar
of his
in
eager
Upon
that
Sbivdigvijaya.
remarked
praise of
to
this
there
this
chronicles.1
conversation
Golconda
with
the
with
to
prowess
On
visit
one
Raghunathhim
of
that
he
Shivaji's
see
KARNATIC
THE
each
army
whom
of
one
CAMPAIGN
in
equal
strength to an
the sultan,
will they fight
not ?" quoth Raghunathpant,
was
"
435
"
"
"
the sultan,
Do
Well !
"
bring
Raghunathpant
I should
of these
one
you
like to
veteran
They
don't
fear
an
elephant?"asked
witness such a fight.
soldiers of Shivaji!
an
"
informed
to
and
honours
sultan, who
received
presents and
forthwith
elephantto
be
monster
straightupon
but
drawing
came
moment
beast with
trunk
such
from
with
freed and
the
admiration
tusks
invitingYessajiinto
valour
and
and
confer
his
that
he
charging
severed
sultan
his
filled
was
and
physicalstrength"
he praised him
for his
set of
estate
the
of
but
only that,
inam
an
with
tusked
The
presence,
him
Not
him
upon
force
usual
infuriated
The
smote
downwards.
presented
necklaces.
sword
his
the
an
them.
Yessajiwho
this exhibition
at
with
ordered
tremendous
them
soldier's armlets
he
going
was
of five thousand
to
rupees,
but
a
the
marvellous
bread
valour
the
him
sultan's
spare
at
the
mind,
that
Shivaji'sgiving, to
bounty. By Shivaji'sorder he
of his
in
of
ate, of
he
the Sultan's
firmness
to the
arm
as
sultan;it was
loyal servant
of
to
he not
Shivaji?
considered
he
be
less of
no
had
shown
the
ing
not, therefore,becom-
accept of inam
receive
Were
he
lands
enough
to
and
accept of
at
to
the
of
this
L.S.
he
veteran
29
officer must
have
made
upon
the
sultan,
LIFE
434
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
midst
do
to
of this
the end
At
OF
and
event
undertook
parties
to aid
of
articles
the
was
which
by
one
in
asked
of
paid
treaty
The
the
two
pecuniary
campaign.2
the
that
the
all occasions,
on
for
leave
honour
another
one
sultan
the
and
presents followed.
required by Shivaji
contributions
concluded
of
offensive.1 The
or
Among
oath
on
held
was
bestowal
fresh
defensive
durbar
farewell
so.
depart
to
was
finally
now
Shivajiundertook
the territorywhich
cede
to
to
should
he
moiety of all
in the prospectivecampaign exclusive of the jahgir
conquer
to send
the Golconda
estate of Shahaji. The sultan was
sultan
even
artilleryto co-operate with Shivaji. The
at
offered to placea portionof his army
Shivaji'sdisposal,
It
not accepted.
is said that there was
also
but this was
additional article in the treaty by which it was
an
provided
the authorityto restore
Karthat Shivajishould have
any
Golconda
which
:aatic territories
that
that
condition
present prime
of
in
government
"ijapur
in
With
Abdul
the
at
Karnul
a
to
At
this
the sultan,
According
of
lakhs
mentions
of
chief
of
some
and
that ii Golconda
of 3000
at the rate
subsidy
the
interview,according
the whole
to
and
five lakhs
Vide the
-a
Wilks
and
an
the
direction
pagodas
and
to
of
the
Rairi
them.
day.
sultan
name
Anandrao
promised
Part
with
cooperate
Kutub
of it
presented
to
From
there
bakhar, Shivajideclared
to
some
as
banks
the
on
the
pality,
princi-
pagodas to Shivaji.
twenty-five miles
Bijapur would
for
of
small
which4
of
gives his
on
efficient artillery
to
Shaha
was
Deshmukh.
had
taken
The
him
he
to pay
in advance.
Shivajithe
jewellerybesides.
pagodas only.
Shivdigvijaya,302.
pagodas
of India
Wilks, the
in cash
the
discharge its
appoint Akanna
Karnul-Kudappa,
lakhs
distance
a*
M-ould conquer
o"
five
tribute of
pay
Karim
Shivaji came
way,
Tungabhadra,
the
of
should
money
march
in
his
that
namely
from
place.3
his
Shivajicontinued
On
wrested
forthcoming campaign,
supply of
plentiful
Karnatic.
the
have
government
minister
Bhaganagar
should
he
sum
of tea
Rairi bakhar
KARNATIC
THE
tributarystream,
Nivritti-Sangam. Here
and
waters
crossed
the
the
Shivaji
Krishna.
of
route
with
435
main
the
While
sacred
the
in
bathed
the
called
Bhavnashi,
to
of the Krishna
the confluence
-s
CAMPAIGN
and
and forests,
its
inner
to the
sublime,
rich and
is most
the scenery
the
Shivaji
river-bank.
the mountain
"
perpetual
town,
dower
of
Here
towering
dark
woods
seawards
rolling
thrilled Shivaji
down
reacting into
enthusiasm
stupor and,
fresh
the
as
the
convulsive
his
Bu
fit,he
to
run
duties
more
such
tthe
fell into
not
was
that
the
was
who
way
filment
waiting for ful-
were
to the defence
of the
hazards.
reviving from
his officerscommunicated
this paroxysm,
elation of
piouslyrelate,he
tutelarydeity, Bhavani,
dedicated
was
him
for
not
was
the
to sacrifice himself.
Under
chronicle-writers
spiritof
propheciesto
possessedof
made
Eternal.
his sword
he drew
enthusiasm
of the
foot-stool
the
On
to him
the
faith;it
the
bidding
committing
Shivajigave up
thought of
this act of self-slaughter. However
the holy calm
of the
placeoperated so powerfully upon his high-strungemotions
that he resolved to spend the rest of his life as a recluse in
these sacred
haunts, and addressinghis officers he said to
of Bhavani, we
have
them,
well-nigh
By the grace
and
of Bhavani,
"
achieved
the
wildest
Sabhasad
Grant
Dutf
calls the
and
of
our
ambitions;
cares
of this
Wilks
call
temporal
it Parvatam
do
now
world
( the
we
and
mountain
will and
devote
{Shrine );
426
OF
LIFE
ourselves
eternal
to
in
lay
the
Shivaji and
lines laid
with
on
ashes.
the
He
meditation
from
and
used
Raghunathpant
from
not
was
Bhavani.
dress of
for
intervals
to argue
the Hindu
meant
had
with
to meditation
the
with
sanyasi,
Supreme.
anxiety
When
he
calm
and
free
was
reasoning-
rities
him, quoting autho-
scriptures,to
Kshatriyas,or
anchorite
an
like
on
of
to
all
But
himself
days
very
self-realization
true
of
oblivious
was
gave
the throne
This
They
by
campaign
on
son
name."
down
Shivajiput
himself
and
his
realization o"
this
to
representedthat
following the
smeared
end
an
king'sofficers.
in
government
embarrassing to
dissuade
put
now
ye
the
our
stageand, installing
this
the
conduct
MAHARAJ
life. Do
already at
SHIVAJI
that such
prove
of the warrior
men
life
class,
Shivaji'sinfantry had
already entered
the
Karnatic,
Vide
The
in the
The
English
first week
Madres
Records
of
May.
Council sent
at Madras
( Records, Fort
presents
to
that Shivaji
mention
passed Madras
Shivaji.
438
LIFE
to
subjected
the
The
subjectionand
Vithal
all these
over
system
revenue
Khan
and
settled upon
At
Pildev
Goradkar1
in
had
Shivajigave
the
Rauf
Maharashtra.
grants of land
of
commencement
revenue
or
Karnatic
the
Shortlyafter
administered
in
his
the provinces
officers,
of Golconda
by
captured.
he had
of this
under
largely upon
so
to draw
the
When
more
in
the winds
pretence to
name,
own
to know
came
this
he threw
expedition
conducted
campaign was
the auspicesof Golconda, having drawn
that government
for money,
and hoping
and
subhe-
to introduce
orders
already adopted
Mahomed
appointedas
to
them.
the
future.
reduced
districts,with
Nazar
the forts
and discipline
as
regulations
same
in Maharashtra,
dar
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
OF
agency
the
of his
sultan
contributions.
wealth
in order
to obtain
it. The
by
supernaturalpower
some
his universal
After
hidden
was
whom
and
people believed
that
and
to
attack
this
was
the
cause
of
success.
his forces
Jinji,Shivaji moved
to Trinomali,2a district which
then in charge of Sher
was
of 5000 horse.
He was
Khan, a commander
a loyalveteran
1
the reduction
The
of
Shivdigvijaya gives
2
Chitnis
gives Trimalli
calls it Trivadi (Trivady).
Trivadi
district
as
(Tiruvadi)
was,
also
was
Vellore.
Garud
as
the
as
the
however,
Jedhe,
Dame
an
as
of Vithal
surname
of
this
important
also
some
district.
forb
of the
Pildev,
Sabhasad
in the Trinomali
bakhars, call
the-
KARNATIC
THE
of
marched
and
Bijapur
Maratha
forces entered
followed
he
43"
Shivaji,the
upon
his district.
outnumbered
was
'
CAMPAIGN
and
But
the
moment
battle that
in the
completely surrounded
wounded
was
gallant commander
horses and elephants fell into
a good deal of booty and
hands of Shivaji.
At
a
The
all sides.
on
stage Shivajiwas
this
natural
of
son
protectionof Venkoji,
now
had
on
had
which
been
fort
by
wide
moat
freelyin
about
was
so
so
was
as
the
great that
rear
he
enrolled
in his
him
his
ere
had
The
pair of
bravery,
time
to
Shivaji's
army
of
fortress
the
invested
of
defended
to
move
width
could
waggons
service,
of
water.
a
conduct
his
remaining part
left in the
Vellore.1 This
a
the
the
long by
appointed in course
( Jinji.)
he was
loyalty and abilities,
the governorshipof Chandi
meantime
lived under
Shivaji'sprotection.Shivaji
and
gave him a cordial welcome
where
distinguishing himself
In the
hitherto
disgusted with
but
himself
to throw
came
He
Shahaji.
the
Raja Santaji,
the
joined by
and
pass
each
other
on
conducted
by
siege was
He erected
NarhariBallalwith
considerable
skill and ability.
his batteries on two little adjacenthillocks, which
he playfully
named
Sajara and Gojara, the pretty hill and the
the
ridge
tender
citadel.
end
fort
the
of the
hill, and
The
ramparts
concentrated
cannonade
garrisonwere
Tripati.
For
the
did
The
his
such
fire
an
the
on
principal
that in the
execution
compelled to surrender.2
wounding
following the
and
capture
of
Sher
Khan
St.
Vide
Jedhe
George, 87
dark night
of the
a
on
gives a graphic account
but
and
surrounded
was
to
a neighbouring town,
by a Maratha
pursued
was
The East India Company's Brahman
column.
agent, Nellore Ramana,
in Shivaji's
camp.
1
It lay
authors.
This fort is also called Vellur and Yellur by other
district.
The
in the Trinomali
Shedgavkar bakhar, pp. 88, calls it Yesur
instead
of Yelur, the letter 's' having evidently crept in instead of T.
a
The Basatin-i-Salatin
asserts that Shivaji took the fort by paying a
of the fort. As
the governor
bribe of 60,000 pagodas to Abdulla
Khan,
of August
a
1678, i. e. for
matter of fact the siegelasted till the middle
LIFE
440
While
SHIVAJI
OF
main
the
siege of
Tirumalvadi, on the banks
the
in
with
whence
Venkoji,
a
view
sent
he
to
message
Govind
of his
three
camp
Bhat
Nilo
wait
upon
accordingly
arrival, Shivaji made
which
as
was
of
demise
the
follows:
handed
were
Venkoji
he entered
and
all the
But
is
now
All
the
upon
moiety, which
These
Shivaji.
the
On
purport of
since
years
of Shahaji
fortunes
patrimony
our
the letter,
Naik.1
thirteen
Raghunathpant
the heritageas
it is
same
to
the
the
Raja
sole inheritor.
and
we
claim
This
moiety.
our
It
"
in
feelingspeech,
by
over
to
sent
father.
our
his
ministers, named
officers were
their
engaged
was
cavalry at
of the Cauvery ( the Coleroon),
the Raja
with
overtures
open
to bring about
that, in order
Venkoji should send down to his
accommodation,
peaceful
brother's
MAHARAJ
we
suffered
have
long ago, we
lived did
not
we
permit of our
great distance at which
coming over here to claim it. We said to ourselves 'Venkoji
is Shahaji'sson.
He has a vested right in his fortune.
He
make
demand
our
enjoy it for the present. We
may
may
these thirteen
leisure.' So we
at our
thought and waited
took us
Affairs of state
recentlyto Golconda, and
years.
there
being
resolved
we
to
come
over
here
since our
provinceshave fallen to our sword
coming
to you.
We, therefore,ask
hither, is already well known
be is
Venkoji to inform us without loss of time whether
prepared to yield to us the moiety of our patrimony without
for the
world to see
a protest. It will be a great shame
us
For after all, though our
at war.
father be no
we
more,
What
children
are
fourteen
and
months
and
Abdulla
that
could
no
of 30,000
1
and
the
flesh
same
the fort
and
blood.
United
should
Anandrao
Diary
of
more
( Vide Jedhe
Khan
held
out
the
fort
pagodas.
Shivdigvijaya adds
The
was
the
names
of
Rango
Naik
and
Timaji Naik.
441
other's
in each
"stand,sharing mutually
-we
CAMPAIGN
KARNATIG
THE
and
fortune
good
evil
the
But
of
advisers
chief
the
and
Madura
deaf
without
men
and
forces
allies
whose
on
back
draw
equal
himself
entangled
the
diplomacy
and
to
Naik
of
induced
Naik
The
Venkoji was
left
Venkoji
Shivaji's
to
the
But
battle.
his
move
began
counted
he did
to
feel
not
Shivaji. Raghunathpant
the
in
give
his
up
of
meshes
his
partisanship
with
in the lurch
at
He
resources.
critical
had
point.
consent
to
Shivaji.2
him
with
three
affection.
Venkoji
of
sons
Shahaji,
Rayabhan.
Raja
great
natural
and
Pratapji
East
that
Council
who
of
2
Shivajiopened
the
in
was
'akhs
end
the
induced
The
Rairi bakhar
see
The
cne
to
of his
Shivaji received
was
accompanied by
Raja
Bhivji, Raja
come
for
Madura
him
the end
at
interview
an
thus
with
contest
to
dismissed
and
Unaided
last moment.
a
Mysore
Venkoji.1
with
to
the
of
had
he
assurance
at
instigatedby
defy
support. He, therefore,
readiness
in
them
put
could
and
man
Venkoji attempted
answer.
an
also
Raja
demands
to these
ear
was
was
of their
the
he
dish.
they
had
states
not
met
meeting, wherefore
him.
two
Upon
brothers
this
met
negotiations with
by Raghunathpant
Shivaji pp. 389).
that
Shivaji sent
for many
he would
years,
be
Venkoji came
in a temple
Naik
the
to pay
that
Madura,
had
he
greatly delighted if he
with
his army
of Mahadev
and
of six
Venkoji
to
message
and
of
tribute
for
an
dined
to
come
would
view.
interout
of
442
LIFE
They
also
were
enjoyed
twenty days,
with
received
accord
but
fitting honour.
for
Shivaji'scamp
this time
during
broach
to
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
hospitalityof
the
own
OF
the
did not
he
subject of
estates.
he must
Shahaji's
Shivajisaw
him to a private chamber,
and, calling
brother.
brotherly affection
the
them
and
had
Shahaji, Venkoji
knowing well the
did not
He
Venkoji,
much
as
own
such
enjoyed
But
in
rest assured
he
had
partition of
discussion,
subsist
between
in that
patrimony.
personalacquisitionsof
make
him
see
prayed
without
so
his
very feeling
him
reminded
of
tions
acquisi-
to Heaven
administer
to
"
help him
any
as
the
to
estates
brother's
his
grant
of
consent.
the
him
of
Tike to
much
and
thoughts.
he showed
he
he would
tc
share
share
made
of
care
the
open
Shivaji
always
must
thirteen
equal
demand
of his
him
that
the
Venrkoji
fifteen
times
to
Such
this head.
upon
but
Shivaji'sexhortation,
for
all the
substance
the
was
persuasion he
of
used
been
to
have
impression seemed
produced. Venkoji merely ejaculateda monosyllabic"Yes"
and then, as Shivaji went
on
now
speaking. But he made
decisive reply to the propositionplaced before him.
no
his
with
brother,
no
him
but at
out,
Shivajimade many
attempts to draw
He
would
not
answer.
an
attempt Venkoji evaded
every
give the least inkling of his decision either to Shivaji or
to
one
any
else in
Venkoji is said
that if
he
to
have
Shivajicared
would
in
his
to
naturallythere
could
On
be
no
other
all of his
held
all earned
whatever
had
been
some
side
Shivaji's
in his
possessionwas
by Venkoji was
to
occasion,however,
one
of
the
ministers
his power.
On
camp.
observed
made
own
the
answer,
answer
that
was,
the
and
territory
while
acquisition,
that
by Shahaji,and no addition
thereto
by Venkoji. Under
KARNATIC
THE
the
demand
the
circumstances
CAMPAIGN
for
4*
of
moiety
Shahaji's
justified
by the rules for the devolution
perfectly
ancestral property according to the principles
of
the
estate
of
was
Law.1
Hindu
Thus
lost in vain.
was
take
and
arrest
calmer
But
his
share
own
form
any
his
younger
brother.
and
to his
reputationas
arts
fled from
of
But
back
them
honour
the
put him
continued
under
force.
by
usual
king.
He
he
to
would
in
his
the
Next
was
family
firstall
exhaust
But
flight.He
who
one
disgraceto
the
on
Venkoji
took
of
darkness
the
morning Shivaji
hardly restrain
could
to arrest
left behind.
be
attendants.2
distrust
meant
impulse was
sent
to
towards
at his command.
brother's
his
indignationat
which
would
Shivaji's
camp
only five
night, with
his
this
inheritance
of violence
It
of conciliation
frightand
learnt
the
At
impropriety of
the
of
would
Nothing
Tanjore3 with
such
of
sent
more
Shivaji once
to Venkoji with
fresh
a
proposal by which
messengers
that his brother
should
Shivajidemanded
give up to him
half of Tanjore and one
his
of Shahaji's forts as
two
or
this
share, promising that he would be quite satisfied with
But
and
to maintain
a
desiring him
friendly attitude.
governed by the advice of his short-sighted
Venkoji was
Mahomedan
these were
few
friends, and among
a
depen1
Nellore
Prof.
Sarkar
Ramana's
three quarters of
to
Venkoji
2
Jedhe
on
relying
letter to the
on
theFaofcory Reoords,
Madras
Council,
Shahaji'spossessions and
only the
In the text
occasions.
states
treasures
Fort
that
George and
Shivaji claimed
St.
to himself
and
follow
Sabhasad's
version.
by the
Shivaji permitted
The
Shedgavkar
It is corroborated
Other
bakhars
that
state
Chronology, p. 13.
to Tanjore and gave
him an escort.
Venkoji to return
bakhar, p. 87, says that Venkoji'sofficers induced him to escape.
"
This
and Chanjawar by the
place is also called Chandawar
writers.
offered
bakhar
LIFE
444
of
dants
how
on
his
father, that
continue,
else he
or
rebel
to
your
distress
on
brought
on
your
in the
father;
greatest jeopardy
loyaltyand
to your
sultan
though
the
rebellion
the
What
"
Reflect
Bijapur ?
It is due
account.
said:
Is he not
occasion
one
to your
to
brother's
your
on
of
sultan
liegelord, the
which
elder brother
your
MAHARAJ
advisers
These
Bijapur.
Shivajibe
SHIVAJI
OF
obedience
has
would
as
territory. What
right then has this rebel to demand
exercise of grace
a patrimony, what
you merely enjoy by an
the
these jahgirs are
the
on
part of Bijapur ? Moreover
guerdon of loyalservice done to your feudal sovereign and
it is as a vassal of Bijapur that you
What
enjoy them.
part could this rebel, this foe of Bijapur,pretend to have
in
?" Thus
them
continue
did
brainless
short-sighted,
these
tures
crea-
mislead
word
finallysent
Venkoji, who
he treated
whom
otherwise
through Shivaji'sofficers,
mark
every
to
to
of
honour,
Shivajia moiety
of
accordance
about
which
which
he
he
days
to his
It
to
the
demand
-horses, elephants,
of Shahaji,to be
possessions
fallingrightfullyto Shivaji's
as
with
lists
certain
had
minister
the
best
and
inventories,
and
knowledge
he
because
that
over
the
"
in
hand
willingto
was
movables
all the
he
that
with
wish
to appear
immodest
in
his
answer
elder brother.
is
even
said
that
on
Bijapur government
of an equal share in
this
occasion
Venkoji
wrote
was
the reward
of
"
"
conferred
upon
him,
to have
and
to
hold
and
to
transmit
LIFE
446
SHIVAJI
OF
MAHARAJ
to alien chiefs,whom
him, owing allegiance
around
be both
gain and
glory
it would
to conquer.
Trivadi
where
the fruitless interview
(Tiruvadi),
taken
had
Venkoji, Shivajibroke camp and
place with
fco Vellore,and making it the base of his operationshe
moved
proceeded to reduce the different forts in the neighbourhood,
which
Maharajgad, Jagdevgad and Karnatakgad are
among
the ghats
mentioned.1
Shivaji then proceeded to ascend
lying
in those parts,and poured his armies into the
distant,outthe districts
districts of Shahaji'sjahgir. Among
could be counted
Kolhar, Balapore, Bangalore
thus overrun
Vaskot, all forming parts of the
Shirta
( Sera ? ),2 and
jahgir dominions of Shahaji.Many smaller forts and citadels
and fordefence works
tificati
fell before Shivaji's
new
sword, and
lawless
raised in placesof advantage. The
were
a
stragglingcastle and
polygar barons scattered over many
for the first
stronghold in the surrounding country were
A few of these irregular
into humble
submission.
time cowed
make
to
chiefs consented
terms,
binding themselves
From
annual
tribute. Those
to pay
an
face
relentless war,were
who
from
chased
to submit
refused
had to
stronghold to stronghold,
Xelkar
were
detached
were
with
small
force to restore
order
and
Shivajiwas
exacting tribute
1
The
Jedhe
The
ancient
ianciful
names
winning
from
Chronology
Chera.
fort and
mentions
Vaskot
in the bakhars.
these laurels
town,
Jagdevgad
is also called
in
his
and
the
agent
other
at
south
Delhi
districts.
Uskotta, and
by
similar
KARNATIC
THE
CAMPAIGN
447
that
wrote
the
Hambirrao,
and
storm
was
commander-in-chief,
and
orders
general
rest
for
His
of his
wishes,
alarm
that
of
to
required
of his
of
people
fortunes,ambitions
Maharashtra,
and
retreat.
at
to
the
the
in
the
whole
had,
presence
in
politics
The
on
the
of
account
immediate
his
affectionate
his
point
be abandoned
with
time
goal
sudden
the
the
of
midst
starting
projects.1
the
north
were,however,
war
on
Balhol
Karim
minister, Abdul
chief
that
Golconda, overthrow
from the
Shivaji'sreturn
the
imperial sanction,
south.
and
Khan,
and
before
monarchy
This arrangement
Khan
making
received
Jehan
Bahadur
was
against
Golconda
was
recalled.
The
A
On
retreating to Maharashtra
left behind
at
Paliacot, Sadras
"unmolested.
to
word
to
the
Maracha
manders
com-
British settlements
capture the Dutch and
at Pondi jhery
the
French
but
to leave
Madras,
raid and
and
Shivajileft
LIFE
448
OF
SHIVAJI
M AH
A RAJ
times,
and
powers,
Madanna
after
was
anxious
able to
sufficient army
into the field and
hard-fought battle repelled the invaders.1 The rout
was
destructive
had
sinister
conjunctionagainst
the signsof the
watched
expansion. Madanna
informed
of the changed aspect of the political
the storm burst,
prepared for the worst. When
as
eyes
put
effects on
disorganized.With
the
Bijapurarmy.
clamoured
that remained
fled.
and
it deserted
was
and
It
for
and
to starve
die.
fell illand
himself
Karim
Abdul
died. The
complete demoralization.
the cleansingof these Augean
state of
himself
He
growing anarchy.
Khan,
nobles,Masaood
Khan
was
forced
and
the omrahs
interviewed
chose
court
Johar,
the
which
terms,
to
were
took
restore
wealth
appeared
these
out
to
Jedhe
But
fightwith
Diler
Prof. Sarkar
of
guarantee
He
did carry
exceptingthe
The
army.
i
sort
engagements.
of his powers,
the
to carry
state
of
the
Khan,
who
quotes
had
to
retire
out
to hand
says
coup
d'ttat at
time
when
carry
best
arrears
in
his government
combined
Golconda
traitor
Khan
to
Surat
seized
minister
was
(Factory
possession of
negotiating
over
that
the
to
Bijapur by
personal
them
and
course
inter-
no
to
Khan
the
at
Moguls,
would
Naldurg.
Rajapur factors
letter of the
order
the
the
Diler
out
he
of
the
was
that
finances
Masaood
and
peace
relatingto
one
the
selectinghim
of pay in the
army, and have
with
minister's
Shivaji. The
up the arrears
whatsoever
of
his wealth
Bijapur,liquidatehis government'sliabilities to
make
and
stop to the
This
in
upon
met
wealthiest
and
in
now
He
put
to
Khan
factor that guided Diler
principal
for the premiership. For he undertook
Khan's
was
stables.
to be chief minister.2
of Sidi
son-in-law
Those
situation,
Diler Khan
them
of
one
quite
supply
of pay or
for want
of
defied their officers,
the
arrears
soldiers
The
for
p.
191-
KARNATIC
THE
obligedhim
COMPAIGN
to
give their discharge
449
of his
cavalrymen.
These shiledars or adventurous
cavalrymen,suddenly
thrown
out of employment in largenumbers, scoured the
country, scariDg and plundering the haplessinhabitants.
taken
by Moropant Pingle
Many of them, however, were
the great relief of their former
to
into Shivaji'sservice,
to
many
government.
Now
reached
van
Shivaji's
dominions.
own
There
some
was
Gadag-Lakshmeshwar.
forts fallingbefore Shivaji's
two
arms.
Desai took frightand fled.
Khan
Gouda
added to Shivaji's
spoils.1
easily
his forces
While
of
foragers
attacked
were
from
garrisonsoldiers
in
then
charge
of
on
the
barriers
execution
The
The
line
the
fort
here,
province was
march
Belwadi2
of
shivaji'sreturn
of
of
rulingchief
rapidly hastening,a
party
by the
which
was
named
woman
thus
were
the
journey
we
follow Lhitnis
who
The
latter makes
Shivaji reach Kopal
slightlyfrom Sabhasad.
the
bakhar
Lakshmeshwar.
to
accounts
to
According
(e. g.
coming
to
be the name
of a man,
not of a
Shedgavkar p. 88). Khan Gauda seems
place,as imagined by Prof. Sarkar, who complains that he cannot trace it
which
in the maps (Shivaji,
p. 400, foot-note). The Desai fled to Sampgaum,
is
in
the
district.
calls
bakhar
Belgaum
the Shedgavkar
Satgaum.Sampgaum
differs
before
2
means
Other
a
Grant
used
names
grove
The
killed
been
occasion
was
bakhars,
Balwed, Belwada.
ars
also
is
as
given
as
are
sacred
Presidency.
by Sabhasad.
Lalbi
Sa\itribai.
Her
Belwadi
to the God
husband
The
Shiv.
Shiv-
Yesprabhu
the
on
Shivaji's commander
previous encounter.
Prabhu
Mahadkar.
Prabhu
viz: Dadji Raghunath
officer,
in
a
Bellaryin Madras
lady
lady'sname
of this
name
it with
Duff confounds
in the
story and
L.S.30
%
OF
LIFE
450
of the
Desai,
original
erected
days.
her
But
brought
the
chivalrous
defence
the
at last
and
resources
of
for
as
all woman-kind.
trained
She
Shivaji proceeded
up
Kopal, a
to
it in
captured
of the district
about
compelled
conferred
horse.2
thousand
ten
1
It -would
seem
one
of
coming
upon
were
the
permanent
was
ministers,
Shivaji hastened
two
commanders
with
him
Maina
a
around
and
force
.repulsed,and
the operations
that
sovereignty.
Khan
Hussain
These
Chibnis
from
and
marches
acknowledge his
the
country under
themselves
threw
upon her,
Belwadi
From
to
Bijapur government,
Khan
villagesfrom
two
of forces.
kept behind with a detachment
onward
clearingstage after stage, when
Lodi
the
with
was
the
observe
to
strength,besieged and
fortnight, The country within
To
of
the
considerable
fort of
forced
by
home
which
him
grant of inam
lady was
she
enced
experi-
dismissed
was
and
presentationsand ceremony,
fort domains
were
sequestered and
The
of
end
the
at
surrender.
usual
the
of
period
herself
Shivaji had
Shivaji
lady of
twenty-
the fort.
siege. The
found
she
obligedto
was
instincts of
towards
for
prepared
MAHARAJ
revenue-lord
or
and
batteries
SHIVAJI
of
forces
war
Lakshmesh-
resumed
or
were
Gadag district were
being still carried forward
the
Belwadi
and
with
at
simultaneously
operations
Kopal, after the first
the local Desai.
In short there were
than one
more
success
gained over
presumably also Kopal, which accounts
campaign round about Gadag and
in the
The
Hambirrao
some
defeated
Hussain
elephantsand
Khan
2000
Maina
horses.
The
(or Miana)
same
near
to
Shivaji conquered Gadag and returned
Raigad and finallyin March
1679, the Peshwa
Moropant gained possession
of the fort of Kopal ( about a hundred
south
of Bijapur)
due
miles
that
about
the
May
or
June
1677
KARNATTC
THE
under
detached
were
had
that
at
recently fallen
before
Pathan
Turumba
victors received
at
usual
the
specialembroidered
of
of
against
third
horses,which
robes
and
the
and
with
bestowed
were
Shivaji'ssword.
routed
acknowledgments
pearls, along
and
gold
Katkar1
Niloji
was
Pathan, who
attempting
Kolhapur, Tarala, and certain other districts
the
overtook
451
Khan
Bavli
commander,
liversions
CAMPAIGN
Katkar
him.
from
soldier's
The
Shivaji,
decorations
elephant and
an
pair
Katkar.
upon
halt on
a
Shivaji made
arriving at Torgal, when
placed in his hands.
Raghunathpant were
despatchesfrom
these Shivajilearnt that Venkoji had created a diverFrom
sion
in the newly conquered territories,
taking advantage
The
of his absence.
news
alarming enough
was
the
down
marched
for
the
For
present and
Shivajilearned
that
had
he
Mahomedan
his
induce
put up
that the
withdrawn
friends, had
Santaji Bhonsle,
upon
whom
to
Raghunathpant
left behind
as
Shivaji had
the
with
his representatives.2
object of bringing under
the conquests recently made
his complete sway
by him.
of
apprised in time
Venkoji's*
Shivaji's commanders,
Hambirrao,
and
in battle
order.
Overtaking
the
fruitless
Balgodapur, Raghunathpant made
to terms, but
the
attempts to persuade Venkoji to come
inch from
his position,
not recede an
and
the
latter would
of his Mahomedan
bravado
instigatorsbeing kindled into
invader
at
show
region and
of
Instead
According
to
was
in person
or
chronicles
some
the conquest
Chitnis
attack
service
explain why
Karnatic, while
and
of Katkar
to
but
the
sent
released,
whereupon the latter was
under
Shivaji. All this would
go to
in
three
the
campaigns
Tungabhadra
Maina,
two
were
describe
i-Salatin
took
and
there
Hussain
of the district
the
the
Kate
bakhar,
minister
and
the
Raghunathpant
Balgodapur or Waligondapuram.
attack
Sabhasad
before
Shivdigvijaya date
name
Rairi
his
like
or
Kothe
Venkoji
the
The
the Basatin-
invasion
it after that
of the
event.
is also found.
did
Jagannathpant
sir-nobut.
and
not
and
scene
make
other
of the
the
officers
battle
LIFE
452
blaze, by the
OF
SHIVAJI
of
attempts
peaceful overtures,
MAHARAJ
battle
Shivaji'speople
make
to
ensued, in which
Venkoji's
In
this
battle
completely overthrown.1
natural sons, Pratapji and
wounded
Bhivji,were
Shahaji's
and taken prisoners. Venkoji saved himself
by a headlong
hundred
two
have
or
fugitives. It would
flightwith one
been
possibleto press the pursuit and capture the fugitive
been
his
band, but the feelingthat Venkoji had once
patron and Shivaji himself might not be overpleased with
harm
done
to his brother
prevented
any sort of insult or
the
keeping up
pursuit. Thus
Baghunathpant from
Venkoji, with a handful of followers, was enabled to make
party
was
his
good
escape.
Such
in
letter
the
were
grave
to which
answer
is
Venkoji
"
follows:
Raghunathpant's
Shivaji'sbrief reply ran
as
brother.
younger
for all that he is our
vexation
expressinghis
which
misled
"that,
Shivaji,
people, a
our
upon
which
half
our
is
act to
foolish
world
motion
our
war
of
your
You
addressed
his
Venkoji,
to
drift of
disappointment,the
"We
It is
harm
not
must
was
act
may
brother.
Turkish
in which
you
brothers
brother,
our
by
several
prisoners,and
icg
and
effect:
this
to
was
He
our
of
contents
have
lost
much,
chiefs
are
taken
You
be-
losses, your
our
! What
wounded.
well
your
not
done
"
wicked
putation
re-
by
ill fame
done
in
this
to the
of the
counsels
free
have
Col. Wilks
repulsed,
at
states
which
he
that
was
so
in the
first encounter
much
vexed, that
second
Santaji Bhonsle
he
gathered
his
was
men
at
perish
conquer
night and
raid of Santaji against Venkoji's forces,
sudden
The
in the attempt.
off
their
when
they were
guard in the exultation of the
time
a
at
day's victory, threw them into a complete rout.
led
them
to
attack, resolved
to
or
LIFE
454
yieldingof
sooner
or
need
that
SHIVAJI
OF
MAHARAJ
the
later.
There
you
should
was
no
always
from
escape
it.
have
come
There
is
no
be
else.
one
taught this by some
good part you took in eviL part.This
given to you in
has brought upon you this misfortune. Regard old servants
of the family as
in service and
family elders. Keep them
victorywill smile upon you and your fortunes will prosper.
this and
Remember
play your part in the future.
Ami,
Advice
Bangalore,Kolhar, Vaskot,1
are
to
already
ours.
men.
Of
our
father
shall
you
Chandawar2
grant
the
worth
kindling
to
the
and
you
to
friends.
What
hearken
to
rest of
your
work
in
without
woe
your
in
a
at
you
let
elder
will
bless
opposition to
cause."
we
Panhala
thereof, we
is
an
as
the
lieu
only
least
our
and
us
tory
terri-
Kingdom,
would
Hereafter
Act
in
cede
you
from
Tungabhadra,
in
There
That
tell you,
the
Golconda
amount.
good part,
life.
districts
shall
pagodas,
the
feud.
us.
we
of
from
same
family
side of
acquisition.Or
for you,
shall procure
likewise
other
lakhs
own
other
jewellery inherited
half.
Act honestlyby
us
grant you, on
three
territoryworth
our
and
and
cash
shall
district,of
Shirta
no
mean
us
profitin
misery
remain
as
brother, if you
yourself for
us,
and
the
will
you
again to
Venkoji,Shivaji wrote
with
Venkoji and
Raghunathpant, not to protract war
to be done
them.
widen
the gulf between
Nothing was
that would
Being after all
injure Venkoji's self-respect.
the son
of Shahaji,it mattered
not, if he monopolised the
whole
heritageto himself.
Nothing should be left undone
After
this
letter to
i'
the
"
Vaskot
The
We
is elsewhere
same
as
follow
called Iskot
hand-writing
Duff.
It
was
it was,
by a
published by
J912, p, 36 )
of
recovered
Shivdigvijayachronicle
Balaji Avji
from
descendant
Rao
"
Tan jore.
the
the
. "
Haskot.
or
Bahadur
the
of
the
practically quotes
in
was
original letter,which
Chitnis
examined
was
by Granb
Hanmante
Chitnis
Parasnis
which
The
in
KARNATIC
THE
for
and
of peace
restoration
CAMPAIGN
these
amity. Upon
despatches
called
back
the
Shivaji, Raghunathpant
after Venkoji.
Meanwhile
sent
that was
Venkoji
plunged into sad reflections at Shivaji'sepistle. He
of
merited
he had
to
rebuke.
reflected
He
of his
rout
the
fraternal
the
men
him
curse
doors,
shiledars
the
slain
exchange for beasts
disabled starving for food.
How
wounded
and
pleaseor
console
them
his elder
brother
who
all ?
the
On
would
not
was
felt
the
on
elephants,
down
came
clamouring for
in
horses
new
the
at
army
other
in
the
war,
was
hand
he
there
to
was
his
just rights
There
was
by any
means.
Raghunathpant to give the
claimant
Shivaji a full inventory of Shahaji*s fortunes.
What
he now
to the
to do ? Carry on
end ? It
was
war
would
bring misery, ignominy and ruin. All his pride of
wealth
would go and only the bitter recollection of hostility
would
behind. He had
acted
remain
madly from beginning
to end ! Had
he
behaved
sonable
humbly and listened to the reawishes
these
fortune had
ear
depths of ignominy
always attended on
Venkoji
was
of food
buried
inquire
and
or
what
would
his
made
For
have
sultan's
They
forts
know
under
no
their
defeat !
retreated
before
them,
what
forces ?
Where
is the
good
did
fight,to
in very
our
He
brother
could
not
distracted
him
so
remained
much
in these
Where
of
"After
such
"
do
we
a
Upon
himself
sultan
the
could
infinite loss !
feelingterms.
hours
last his
reduced
such
remorse.
"
have
spared!Good
he had given
But
to the interview,
been
with
war
anxieties
acute
called
career.
filled with
now
sleep.
thought. At
in
when
to evil counsellors
think
renounce
with
the death
tl
of
slender
And
fight?
this
our
has
his
the
yet we
wife
spoke
Maharaja,"
said she,
Shivajiis
(meaning her father-in-law),
the place of a father.
deceived
have
been
You
to you
by
in
the
456
LIFE
advice
OF
of evil-wishers.
SHIVAJI
MAHARAJ
it
When
time
was
think
to
soberly,
What
does
his
won
fortunes
of
followers.
so
many
submitted
if you had
he claims to share ?
he made
no
What
him
have
arms
the
breach !
family who
have
you
taken
up
how
affections,
the
lost
should
strangethat
against him
Raghunathpant,
humiliated
would
made
his
should
and
He
Is it your
own
possessions
What
additions have you made
the
to
him
do you accuse
of ? When
And
what
to
estrangement of
you
fortunes
your
independent kingdom
own
family fortunes
for
Shivajicare
old
an
be cherished
as
widened
and
of
servant
relation
and
the
elder,
an
could
who
only man
have kept thingsgoing and assured your joy and happiness,
driven from your
and impostors were
was
presence ! Knaves
invited to help to fritter away
Even yet, bury
your estates.
your hatred,yield to Raghunathpant, and obey his advice,
was
and
he
will
Persevere
he is
There
is
sure
no
the
pride and
false
mercy.
to
from
you
if you
stands in
brother's
The
despised!
Or
vanity
your
and
free
in your
dishonour.
and
and
would
not
obstacles
you
help without
your
submit
to
only to your
Raghunathpant,
yourself upon
this
at
That
way.
will add
way,
go, throw
your
Learn humility, even
protect you.
in
hour,
do.
can
it."
Venkoji and
he resolved to act upon it. He
invited Raghunathpant to
eattle the terms of a treaty between
himself
and
Shivaji.
he
in
But
wrote
was
Raghunathpant
reply that
This
advice
made
awaiting orders
from
those
orders, without
Shivaji and
which
would
he could
not
act
come
according
to
see
to
him.
On
was
then
were
determined, and pavilions
KARNATIC
THE
CAMPAIGN
457
erected
Two
chiefs
together on
Raghunathpant folding his
exclaimed
attitude
that
Venkojionly was
he
was
occupant of
to the
salutation
the
in
be
respectful
of that
servant
to
two
footingof equality,
hands
his
to
competent
helped Venkoji
saying, he
seated
throne,
it.
upon
seat, made
chair, and
So
humble
seated
himself
follows :
as
Raghunathpant then continued
I quittedyour
the same
to me
as
Shivaji. When
I was
to you
declared
to
quite as good a man
little apart.
a
""
installed
approached them
when
and
been
You
are
service, I
occupy
your
truth of my
the
to
words.
do
Not
like the
being
general
services were
welcomed
of servants, my
run
by Shivaji.
free to employ me
You
are
again,if you please. I would
freelygive up my life rather than do any thing to injure
to you
to
try
if my
But
you.
bring him
upon
head.
my
suggest
a
true
round.
fools
narrow-minded
of
soul
the restoration
expulsion of
You
and
valour
of
he
has
And
year.
1
and
yet
he
vowed
his
advice
of
ignominy
Shivajiand
the
in
is
about
and
the
country.
from
He
such
short
three
great love
He
bring
to
squadrons
conquests worth
a
to
government
Karnatic, and
has
to
cease
Karnatic.
the
tyrants from
brought
not
the
to
insult
religionand
Mahomedan
made
has
and
free
views and
my
great distance to the
time
heaped
occupation of
the
endorsed
a
listened
him
to
astray, I shall
patron goes
for
space of
to four crores
His
you.
love
The
Shivdigvijaya says that the this meeting took place at ChandaJinji,or Tanjore ).At the urgent request of Venkoji and Dipawithout
bai, Raghunathpant proceeded to Chandawar
waiting for
he
had
with them, whereat
Shivaji'sorder, when
a
private audience
v"r
( i. e.
at
both
husband
that
he
had
and
the
Raghunathpant
with
them.
wife
prostrated themselves
knife, he had
saw
this
the head, he
proof of
humble
at
his
feet, exclaiming
might slay or
! When
save
repentance, he made
treaty
LIFE
458
is boundless.
He
OF
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
his
it in
shows
to
epistles
Hereafter
us.
do you behave
sincerelywith him. Think of the devotion
towards Ramchandra, in the epic poem,andhold
of Lakshman
the
it up before yourselfas
and affection* Let this
Do
thus
menace
and
you
of
I shall
and
That
deliverance.
fraction
peril may
word
me
and
rescue
your
at least
achieve
may
Whatever
prosper.
time, do but send
flying to
come
your
shall
at any
you
be
brotherly respect
study, your emulation.
of
mirror
you
and
Shivaji'svalour
With
me."
glory
is all the
such
brother
divide
towards
retain
had
Tanjoreand restore
conquered.1
On
receipt of
Shivaji wrote
"
It
remains
now
to
"
is
well,
good
that
been
the
length
that
only to see
treaty. Should
there and
This
have
you
conduct
and
with
that
what
was
he
has
Venkoji carries
the
not
out
the
administration
It
his
Now
terms
to you
behalf
been
listen.
his eyes.
preferit, it is open
so
we
has
help
your
had
through
seen
fallen from
Dipabai
that
"
at
now
friends and
made.
"
Shivaji,
husband,
her
has
seekingfrom
wrote
that
letter
follows:
as
jahgir districts
other
the
documents
lengthy
was
brought round
treaty
the
purport of which
that
exhortations, Raghunathpant
terms
he
desire
is
false
you
of the
to reside
of
Venkoji.
Janardanpant, the Sumant,2
might be given charge of
Chandi
and you might
( Jinji) and the adjoiningdistricts,
to
time.
from
time
keep your eye on important matters
1
The
He
on
was
bakhar
brother
states
of
that
Raghunathpant
Hanmante.
KARNATIC
THE
CAMPAIGN
would
the
which
details,to
articles
These
Art.
1:-
are
The
reside
to
with
trative
particularsof adminisspecial attention.
your
invite
follows:
as
choose
certain
we
45"
"
etc.
privileges
of
of
relations
the
the
2:-
The
officersand
commanders
be
to
consulted
Art.
3:-
The
of
good, loyaland
for their good behaviour
equal rule.
Art.
4:-
Agents
and
all
for
and
prompt
5:-Cavalry,both
organized.
The
shiledar force
Horses
as
Artilleryand
paga.
a
sudden
Art.
6:-
paga
and
secret
be
stationed
hostile ; and
much
Art.
7:-
and
under
at
rounding
sur-
ments
arrange-
about
intelligence
shiledars,to be properly
be both
to
men
cavalry
to
both
be
in readiness.
be converted
possibleto
as
in
into
readiness
to
invasion.
Professional
and
thieves, rowdy
tribes, assassins
or
Quarrels among
and
if allowed
by
etc.
and
Such
to
be
people
low, concerning
etc. to be
riotous
stay, under
to
sureties.
high
boundary rights,contracts,treaties
The
to
changes.
Art.
meet
friendlyor
; all
be
to
envoys
courts, whether
to be made
favourites
no
in
the
discouraged.
and
difficulty
powerful.
LIFE
460
OF
SHIVAJI
MAHARAJ
Art.
etc. to
8:-
to be violated.
account
Art.
Suits of creditor
9:-
and
successions
and
debtor
inheritances
to
relations,partitions
to
decided
be
by
specialpatronage.
10:-
Promises
adhered
strictly
our
family.
to. The
Art.
ll:-The
Art.
having
without
Venkoji
in
from
fort of
Ami, with
possession of
never
the
adjoining district,
Vedo
to
reprieves to be
taken place in
Bhaskar,
and
eight sons
they take service
to
be
heirs,
his
under
not.
or
12:-
the
contrary has
molestation, whether
any
Art.
the
and
pardon
granted by Shahaji
been
confirmed
of
The
jahgir and
other
Bijapur government
lands held
by Shahaji;
as
under
also
sanad
those
authorities
Shahi
( Nizam
acquired from the Daulatabad
he came
to the Bijapur service ; and
state ) when
over
thirdlythe territoryprivatelyacquiredby him by conquest
and separately
of the polygars,
to be investigated,
classified,
for.
of feudal
accounted
the
tenure
Secondly, under
under obligation
the Bijapur
to serve
service, Shahaji was
strong ; which
government with a force of five thousand
continue
tradition must
this modification
with
that by the
treaties made
by tas ( i. e. Shivaji) with that government,
the feudal
covenant
engagement
been
of service has
to render
occasional
been
aid,
commuted
and
into
an
this modification
Shahaji, Venkoji
would now
be under no obligation
to campaign for Bijapur
except under
specialcircumstances, being released from
of service by our
a perpetualcovenant
treaty, and he would
having
made
in
the
life-time
of
of
conviction
and
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
OF
LIFE
40g
thieves, robbers
and
other
run-away
criminals.
19
Art.
"
equipments
other
and
monthly grants
maintenance
make
Venkoji to
of
and
ments
assign-
or
honours
tomb
the
at
of
Shahaji.
shall be
happy
promisesto
abide
We
and
whereof
due
nineteen
these
by
acknowledgment
Raja Venkojiapproves
of the
articles,in token
should be
same
mitted
sub-
to us.1"
Raghunathpant presentedthis
letter with
the nineteen
also Shivajihad
written
Venkoji, to whom
It was
a personalepistle,
givinghim further assurances.
finallysettled that Raghunathpant should remain behind
to administer
Venkoji'sjahgirs,as also to supervise the
districts recently conquered by
of the
administration
Shivaji. On the ratification of these last arrangements,
at Torgal and
continued
his
Shivaji broke up his camp
articles to
march
to
the
follow
with
north, and
sent
orders
Hambirrao
to
to
his army.
had
Ghatge and Nimbalkar
barrier province of Panhala, and laying waste
went
plunderingthe people up to Karhad.
Meanwhile
the
overrun
the
received
country,
When
Shivaji
still encamped
at
with
detachment
to
repelthe
Koorli
and
attacked
at
completely routed.
it
which
of
the
feudal
The
this
with
such
able
was
overtook
the foe
force that
to
he
from
recover
was
the
of their
plundered spoils,which,
pulously
scruking'sown
subjects,was
of the
Shivdigvijaya gives
account
Katkar
being permittedto
1
him
Katkar
invaders.
small
is taken.
into the
detailed
This
not
owners,
The
is
of
to
Bijapur
and
this
treaty,
unimpeachable
an
articles
his subservience
Venkoji from
iiegemony of Maharashtra.
farthingof
royalexchequer.
account
treaty
oh
extradition
attempted
bring
him
from
proof
and
to deliver
under
the
KARNATIC
THE
the
conquest
of
in
command
of
On
behind
leceived
that there
Bijapur
in
reinforce
"
small
in
that
CAMPAIGN
Kopal,Janardanpant
that
fort; and
likelihood
was
461
of
quarter,some
had
troops
left
been
having
news
attack
threatened
been
by
detached
were
to
safety.
It will
be
remembered
that
the
on
who
Venkoji, Hambirrao,
treaty with
Raghunathpant, had
with
conclusion
till then
received
of the
had
orders to
operated
co-
retire
Maharashtra.
and
Krishna
Tungabhadra.
the
The
attack
admirably.
hundred
The
put
the
succeeded
to utter
rout, five
of
the
whole
of
commander
most
refractory
Belvadi
neighbourhood of Kopal and
for
shirked
had
who
a
long time
payment of their
themselves
made
feudal dues to Bijapur and
undisputed
pant
lords of their holdings,were
brought to book by Janardanand compelled to submit
to the feudal
suzeraintyof
never
Shivaji. The
Bijapur government
attempted
deshmukhs
the
in
thereafter to
recover
of that
state
Golconda
and
the
the
The exhaustion
Shivaji.
the Moguls and with
with
wars
annihilation
practical
war
and
desertion
and
had
there been
made
show
of
of their
almost
arms
cavalryby
impossible,
part of that
government, the flooded condition of the country, on account
of the rains that set in soon
afterwards, precluded all hopes
of
an
any
such
dispositionon
effectual
turned
brought the
the
whole
Hambirrao
country under
continued
which
their
his march
lay
on
account
and
permanent control.
to the
his
pant
Raghunath-
north,
ing
attack-
line of march.
The
464
LIFE
Otf
SHIVAJI
MAHARAJ
Lodi
under
sent
Khan,
prisoner.1 The
attacked
but
he too
forts of Gondal
defeated
was
and
and
Bahadur-banda
and
Thus*
captured with the like success.
capturingfort after fort,he reached home in triumph and
received by his sovereign with many
was
acknowledgments
of gratitudefor his conspicuous services throughout the
had
likewise
campaign.
Among his lieutenants, who
themselves
with
covered
glory by their distinguished
and
bravery and valour in the field,were
Dhanaji Jadhav
BayajiGhorpade. Shivajiexpressed his warm
tions
congratulawere
these
to
officers and
young
military decorations in
and
inams
gallantservices.
themselves
in
All other
conferred
them
upon
recognition of their
officerswho
had
distinguished
the
in for a proper
share
campaign came
of the
was
royal bounty and acknowledgments. Thus
this great campaign finallyconcluded, having covered
from the start to the finish.
a periodof eighteenmonths
Some
days thereafter
letter
received
from
when
Brahmans
in
in
alteration.
fond
the
But
there
food
to
solitude,gives
approach, and
require. We
months,
was
indifferent
grown
himself
by
curt
gives anything
and
answers
in
alms
have
waited
and
watched
hope
that
there
might
has
been
drink,
or
that
the
for
be
improvement
no
none
six,
some
at
all
These
columns.
May
had
) shaka
something to
1601
do
( 1679 A. D. ) would
with
these
conquests.
go
once
UDder
to
ing
by Shivaji'sretreatdate Chaitra (Aprilthat Moropant
show
KARNATIC
THE
Raghunathpant
he
The particulars
filled
should
another
one
let
to
us
sadness
Do
in
Be
not
we
be deterred
we
shall have
Be
your
in
by
think
you.
have
you
that
you
and
blood,preparedto stand by
inform
to
from
reserve
confiding
us,
Do
no
spare
by all means,
be
not
bring you
that
of
sense
any
will
we
malady.
and
to
to
misfortune.
your
that
Do
wishes.
visit
If you would
be pleased
the fears that haye driven
know
to this
you
will at least endeavour
to eradicate the cause.
assured
mental
sad
are
flesh and
same
in every
Whatever
us.
We
letter about
his
to melancholy.
give yourself
brothers of the
are
given in
sadness.
with
us
has
4,;.-
from
returned
has
,c
CAMPAIGN
case
you
so
pains
of the
disconsolate
here under
will
not
our
to
gratify your
of
cause
in
your
else
or
future,
immediate
be able to
tion,
protec-
return
ther
thi-
again to take
L.S.31.
an
effect upon
Venkoji,who
interest in his affairs.
much
began
CHAPTER
FINAL
THE
The
of the
news
XXVII
CAMPAIGNS,
great victories
1678-1680
and
conquests of Shivaji
in the Karnatic
Mogul
the
over
absorbed
was
campaign
his
the
to the
the
Khan
state
was
treaty
in
not
was
in
the
the
zeb
Aurang-
beginning.
Afghans of
the
Deccan
cancelled
was
his share
in
subha.
and
Khan
it, the
campaign
directed against Shivaji, but against
Nor
had
that
campaign produced
not
of Golconda.
for
any
home
the
rigours of
not
what
before, to carry
ever
send
position to
of
had
and
wanted.
against
governor
for
reprimanded
of Diler
he
in
any re-inforcements
Later
on
though
Bahadur
Bahadur
of this armistice
frontier, and
north-west
the
the tune
play
to
Jehan
much
make
did not
He
get him
able to
been
Khan
governor
He
had
the
beaten
and
invasion
emperor
had
himself
with
great
flattered
than
more
of
war
the
battered
by
long
and
returned
had
of his
terrors
with
laden
name
had
and
honours
not
check
the
southern
laid
groaned
the
diminished
He
had
"
sea,
have
emperor.
"
to
"
and
the
whit
The
victories.
will
Now
he,
Bijapur.
that prosdraw
the cord tight round
trate
after stranglingits power lead his squadrons
Rameshwaram
our
deepdreams, our
; and
ridge of
the
plans to overthrow
unite together,under one
to
and
divided
become
To
sultanates
rule,all
void
the
and
forestall
of the
south,
country down
fruitless."
the
worst
to
Thus
conse-
THE
recalled from
down
did
the
Deccan,
second
had
to
from
of the
besides
Konkan
The
him
to
and
concerted
emperor
force tha
nobilityof
the
state to
sultan's
not
made
marriage to a son
agreedto bring
of
was
descents
of
account
of
which
peaceful settlement
Khan
Diler
the
win
troops, to
nobility to
under
his
and
to
carry
the
over
the
Mogul
direction,and
protectionof
out
the
these
in
Mogul
tions
instruc-
in
formal
Khawas
the
There
sister, Padshaha
previouslyarranged by
forces
enough
state
They could
Mogul agents
of the
well
Bijapur
party in the
abomination.
The
set to work
the
between
to their
pay
of the Adil Shahi
succeeded
an
position
chapter.
of
Diler Khan
Diler
every
combined
continued
with
displeased
just
arrears
power.
sent
was
between
secure
coast,
leadingmembers
interest, to bring their affairs
short to bring that state under
made
the
on
the
was
Khan.
the
was
Muazzim
was
Bijapur,Moropant Pingle
been
had
ordered
up
of
no
Masaood
and
Prince
part of the
Mogul and the Adil Shahi governments.
Aurangzeb
that
Khan
Bahadur
adjustment
Khan
keep himself on
surpriseattack
be deferred
may
and
of the
Abyssinianson
the
suggestion,conceived
Shivajireturned from the
succeed.
not
Masaood
and
4"7
time.
In consequence
-Khan
Khan's
it
But
south.
Diler
Golconda, ere
subvert
projectto
CAMPAIGNS
at
had,
he
-quences,
FINAL
for
demand
Bibi, who,
Khan,1
emperor.
The
was
as
the
person
it had
been
to be
given in
present minister
Vide
about
Chapter XXV,
the
p. 417
LIFE
468
of civilwar,
the
when
offered
and
to
OF
SHIVAJI
princessherself appeared on
the
to
go
Mogul camp.1
the an ti-Mogul
the Mogul camp
paralysedthe oppositionof
welcomed
princesswas
honours
befittingher
retinue
He
had
at
rank
Diler Khan
alreadybegun
of the
other
escorted
scene
decision
This
faction.
with
with
The
all the
suitable
satisfied with
campaign
Khan
of
for
this sacrifice.
invasion,breathingvengeance
non-compliancewith
resource
but
to
not
without
attitude
towards
taken
was
not
was
againstMasaood
terms
and
the
Agra.
to
But
MAHARAJ
Whether
friendship.
the
no
Bijapur could
he
would
not
the
ably
appealfavourto conjecture. But
means
or
otherwise,there was no
himself on no friendlyterms with the Moguls, and an
he was
of Shivaji
appealmight be made to the family connection
with the Bijapur state, under whose
auspices he had risen
these doubts
and
to greatness.Struggling amidst
hopes,
he
finallyapplied to Shivaji for immediate help with the
"The Mogul hosts are almost at the gates of Bijapur
message:
! This
sultanate
is yours.
respond to
be that of sincere
Come
relief I"
to instant
to
receiptof this urgent request, Shivaji turned
towards
march
Bijapur, when, to his consternation, news
was
brought that his son, Prince Sambhaji, had escaped
Diler
Khan.3
and taken refuge with
Upon this Shivaji
to proceed to Bijapur with
ordered Hambirrao
the army
On
himself
and
came
Scott's Deccan,
The
order
of
away
to
Panhala, lost in
hundred
II, 52.
events
followed
here
is
on
the
whole
based
on
which confirm
another
Chronology and the Basatin-i-Salatin,
one
It
differs
from
of events
the order
in a surprising manner.
slightly
Chitnis
and
the
followed
in
and
by
as
our
given
Shivdigvijaya
as
edition. The
principal difference is that in the usual
originalMarathi
the flight
of Sambhaji and the siege of Bhupalgad take
accounts
bakhar
Ranmast
battle with
plunder of Jalna and
Khan,
place after the
Jedhe
to
these
events
took
"while according
place in September-October
the
of
"hile
took
flight
Sambhaji
1678 and
place in November
1679,
the fall of Bhupalgad in April 1679.
Jedhe's
LIFE
470
him
cure
persistedin
If he
pardon.
perforce disown
Shivajiordered the prince
of Panhala; and
though
he
fort in
to
his
father
was
previous intimation
Diler Khan
flight.
in Shivaji's
own
start with
and
Shivajiat
directions
this time
miles
from
and
house
force
had
to
who
too
was
in
came
strong
him
from
over
come
For
were
The
cripplethe
redound
Maratha
to the
sending
provincesunder
1
the
emperor
Some
bukhars
lied away
( November,
to
1678).
with
in
pursuitof
him
the
saw
to be attacked.
him
did
that
what
They,
on
The
approve
these
of
to
of
the
come
commenced
confusion
of the
would
sway
hearing
night.
the
chance
Khan,
thus
piece
nobles
said Diler
his
commander
some
some
head
he had
considered
he
for
how
emperor
and
how
at last
was
against
not
the
cleavage
at the
the Maratha
state
fortunes
and
power
interest and
by putting Sambhaji
But
Khan
horse to welcome
Shivaji
sure,
now
join Sambhaji.
and
this rebellion
see
to Ikhlas
welcome.
cordial
kingdom
foe would
his meditated
his
to
congratulatedthe emperor
upon,
there
of rare
that
good fortune,
division
in Shivaji's camp,
a
would
galling
despairto Shivaji.
communicated
Khan
Sambhaji
and
of
camp.
in
thrown
Marathas
The
Diler
over
Khan
orders
gave
Mogul
the
and
therefore,returned
Maratha
the
at
once
Supa
enemy's
accorded
ment
imprison-
most
was
fort
Moguls.
the
the
sof
like
Diler
to
Sambhaji to
escort
in
still detained
was
saying
strict
naturallypleasedto
was
course,
Sambhaji. Assured
the
engaged with
Moguls at
having
escape to the Mogul camp,
distance,he plannedan
sent
from
violent nature
and
And
custody. This
sort of informal
violent
incarcerated
released
he
such
son.1
be
to
lapse of time,
of wild
man
that
a
such
must
after
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
OF
of
this
angry
no
and
time.
suggestion,
words, Sambhaji
FINAL
THE
CAMPAIGNS
471.
Khan
of Chakan
frown
had
fort.1
the
upon
The
directions.
Firangoji Narsala,
Shaista
in their
duties,and
fled in all
and
did, that
he
suspecting,as
the
his laurels
won
But
this
on
prospect
of
his
the most
was
was
exposed
out
to do
in the
his
by
occasion
successful
with
campaign
brilliant
fortune
was
defence
seemed
resistance.
It
to
was
of
soldiers
for
of them
the
purpose
their
authorityover
cannonade
who
same
fort
of the
governor
fright
took
consternation
of the
of all.
an
page
To open
wavering minds.
question,as Prince Sambhaji
his authority over
the
Did
act which
223.
involved
the
sacrifice
472
LIFE
of the
life of the
strict
orders
SHIVAJI
OF
MAHARAJ
This was
prince of his kingdom ?
the dilemma, and there
no
was
getting out of itvexcept by
In the dead of the night the governor
retreat.
a precipitate
fled away,
and
the fort fell easily into the hands of the
assailants. (April,
1679 ). The Moguls put under arrest the
of the garrison stillfound at their posts. The Mogul
remnant
commander
inoffensive
sentenced
the
captivesto horrible
and
feet.
punishments, mutilation of hands
Many were
sold into slavery.Sambhaji naturallyprotestedagainst this
wanton
cruelty,for which
apparentlythere was no reason,
except the belief that the fate of these helpless defenders
would
strike terror into the hearts of the defence garrisons
of other
On Shivaji'sbeing apprisedof this event,
forts.
that
traitor
against
least
the
and
revolted
had
he advance
without
of
governors
fled to the
and
an
fear
respect for
or
No
enemy.
his
treated,
position, as
should
surrender
be
and
be made
on
account.
any
Shivajisent
and
Sambhaji
the
conduct
of
character
of
prince.
Sambhaji and
of
What
step by which
he
As
retire to
and
spend the
the
feet
of
some
remainder
some
godly
the
not
againstsuch
interceder
that that
a
father.
pleaded
persuasionhad
no
and
son
Such
with
He
of
might as
some
holy
well
river
If
left
now
like
saint
advanced
was
banks
motive
meditation
or"
care
provoked
affairs
to
for
or
have
now
for
solitude
to
the suicidal
on
could
Shivaji,he had no
temporal things for himself.
now
continued
dilated
lost
in their
persuade
agent protested
agents
The
errant
themselves
the loss ?
to think
confidential
secession.
his
to this
to reinstate
was
of his
one
back
win
againstthe
it
Moguls
fort,he should
any
forts
other
issued to the
were
Sambhaji
should
crown
son
this
Shivaji
heir.
heir should
was
effect upon
Bamdas.
at
the
draw
manner
What
his
mind.
sword
in which
headstrongAbsalom.
his heated
folly
the
But
FINAL
THE
Shivaji
however
Khan.
Panhala,
whence
of
force
to
cavalry was
The
Masaood
CAMPAIGNS
seven
473
to the
come
ordered
thousand
rescue
of
to muster
at
pushed
on
to
that
they
Bijapur. The orders given to these troops were
and take
should immediately occupy
charge of the fort of
Bijapur and maintain a close watch, while with the rest of
When
the cavalryShivajisurprisedthe Mogul on his rear.
tc Bijapur,1
cavalry came
pursuant to these orders Shivaji's
they were
banks
the
by
of the
Atang.
fortress
gate and
word
with
comply
But
their lives.
it with
defend
demand
this
to
into their
tower
their
camp
on
refused,
commanders
pitchedtheir
Khusraupur, sending
and
to make
Maratha
The
up to the town,
and, coming
Khan
Masaood
asked
camp at Khanapur
the Khan
to put one
charge, and
Masaood
and
Khan
refused
would
they
would
admission
not
to the
the
with
army,
stratagem.
to
Masaood
for
them,
cover
within
would
their
not
since in
the
listen
the
that,on
invitation
of their way
the enemy.
It was
a
come
case
of
out
attack
an
they
walls of the
to
professions
; he
longto
commander
Shivaji's
However
Khan
town.
this
But
city.
argument.
believed
it to be
He
a
discover
represented
of the
Bijapur
and only found
great hardship
would
Masaood
had
no
find
no
Khan
faith in
trick,as it probably
the
gain possessionof the Bijapur capital. What
could not gainby conciliation,
Maratha
they attempted
army
of
show
concerted
to carry by a
attacks upon
making
arms,
to
was,
became
This
siegeof Bijapmr
195.
474
LIFE
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
OF
towns
of Daulatpur (Daulat"
the suburban
city,pillaging
) and Khusraupur ( Khusraupura ), and putting the
pura
A
of the exposed parts under
arrest.
wealthy merchants
similar assault was
made
upon Joharpur and the repelling:
the
force
action.
The
to rout.
put
Maratha
lo9t
army
officersin the
some
The
give some
ade
Bijapur garrisonrepliedwith a violent cannonthe city walls, which
to
compelled the Marathas
ground, but they did not relinquishtheir attempts
for
time
from
some
to
the town
carry
by
they lost
assault. When
all
the
over
hopes of capturing the fort by storm, they won
commander
of the garrison with a bribe of fiftythousand
Khan
pagodas. Masaood
required the governor of the fort
to
give up
the back
Khan
the
of
bribe,when
great commander
of the
outside
encamped
the
This
between
the Maratha
event
thus
Mogul
idle.
the
assault.
walls
Marathas
He
of Diler
movements
foe
had
Khan.
city
put
on
the
within
to
of
rear
carry it
forces
that Diler Khan's
surpriseand
numerous
soldiers,
of
more
arrived
and
by
raid
on
had
he
But
to
the
the
fresh
pathetic
most
an
hostilities
make
to
eight Jcos ( i. e.
Mogul camp,
storm.
deliver
troops within
Shahi
about
terms.
twenty
with
view
discovered
soon
of
picked Pathan
make
impossible the chances
Mogul lines. He thought it
chieflyconsisted
enough
successful
prudent
the
commander
the
to
scene.
steadilyon
his eye
end
entrance
the
on
Mogul
prepared to
the Adil
and
their
The
decisive
forced
of
Shivajiapproached
to
court, Sarje
Bijapur
kept
Khan
Bijapur. Masaood
petitionsto Shivaji for help, in
miles
behind
(Sarza Khan).
himself
in other
diversion
he wheeled
this view
parts of the Mogul territory. With
terrific
round
a
and, swiftly crossing the Bhima, made
onslaught
neither
upon
relaxed
the
the
Mogul territory.
siegenor
sent
men
But
Diler
after him.
Khan
Shivaji's
FINAL
THE
into
the
Jalna
of
town
uninterruptedly for
the
skill to detect
had
their
hidden
troops did
Shivaji's
a
departure
of
principles
to persons,
lives to
or
from
his
On
is
sent
of Ranmast
occurred
the
Khan
to
forces.
SantajiGhorpade
up
as
discipline,
was
Khan
San-
Shivaji at
with
the
two
part
and
between
his
momentary
confusion
distinguishedcommander,
Shivajidid
lead
the
Ranmast
overacted
rather
the loss of
But
usual
the
under
horse
followed
foolhardiness
SidhojiNimbalkar.
soldier
any
of
any
retreat.
came
fierce encounter
and
their
devoted
booty, prepared to
safety to Raigad, Prince
his
harass
pursuitand
his
to
ten thousand
and
had
all this
spoilsin
gamner,
in his division
fakirs,
this occasion.1
with
in close
the result of
had
that
it is said
of his rules of
upon
followed
people
the
sentenced
breach
such
force of
He
least.
record,however, of
no
Shivaji being
conduct
Muazzim
the
occasion
faith,who
of what
Shivaji,laden
retire and
in
penaltiesfor any
is allegedto have
When
him
this
even
spare
the usual
There
religion.
officer of
but
placeswhere
exact
not
matter
no
consecutive
to disturb
treasures.
plundered it
days. Prince
Shivaji did not
he
Khandesh,
Aurangabad,
at
circumstance
this
allow
in
three
lay close by
Muazzim
CAMPAIGNS
men,
not
and
at
the
regardlessof
his
lose
heart
MaraThe
personalsafety,flung himself upon the enemy.
tha soldiers inspiredby the example of their king, occupying
of the
field,
the forefront
the post of danger in
recovered
confidence.
upon
1
Khafi
Mahomedan
the
The
Moguls.
Khan
that on
says
saints and
fakirs, and
hurled
Maratha
columns
At
onslaught, the
this
this
in
occasion
consequence
selves
themenemy
Shivaji molested
died
soon
the
afterwards.
and plundered
Shivaji'shosts entered Khandesh
in the
commercial
town
Dharangav, Chopra and
Jalna, a prosperous
Baleghat ( Khafi Khan, Elliot VII, pp. 304-5 ). Shivaji'sgeneralorders
as
regards military disciplineare described in Elliot VII, 305. The alleged
of the Maratha
excesses
troops may be explained by (1) military tactics tocaused by the desertion of Sam*
raise the siegeof Bijapur,(2) excitement
garrisonof Bhupalgad.
bhaji,and (3)the savage treatment of the Maratha
Khafi
Khan
states
that
476
LIFE
broke
and
ran.1
by
reach
of any
to reinforce
Shivajiagain claimed
forced
march
further
With
to their
rallied
a
once
defile.Shivajiwas
called upon
was
were
to
exhausted
so
encounter
strength
Singh of Jaipur.2
Mogul fugitives
the
fatigue of
the
with
head
of
when
he
overtook
with
scarcely
any
Kishen
under
again
an
the
booty beyond
Shivajiat the
about to file through the gorge,
face this new
danger. He knew
and
more
his
tempted
at-
the
on
bands
force
victory and
attempts
despatched another
addition
the
to convey
the scattered
this
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
OF
the
march
the enemy,
enemy
who
that
his
men
and
the
they
had
came
his master
undertook
and
lead
to
both
army
and
distance from
the
by
had
Moguls.
vanished.
taken
But
when
by Shivaji was
up
to discover
they could
find
where
the
been
when
not
the
stopped
Marathas
of the
trace
no
had
they
unable
being
army,
Shivajihad escaped.
They again returned to the head of the defile where they
had
the
expected to entrap Shivaji,and poured down
into the vale below.
But
Shivaji had already3
gorge
to
discover
In
or
after
2
Singh.
three
he
forced
3
Kos
looked
by
chronicles
Jedhe
Chronology
1679; but
was
gorge
some
Sambhaji's
He
Keshar
since
to
battle. The
November
oamp
narrow
According
this
soon
by
the
Prof.
Sarkar
from
return
which
Hambirrao
dates
dates
the
Mohite
these
the
Mogul
events
events
wounded
was
about
in December
October
1679,
camp.
as
Jay Singh. Sabhasad
gives his name
grandson
his
Keshar
bhat
this
states
pitched
Singh
Chitragupta
that
from
Shivaji'sand sent him a private message
clear
to
him
him
a
brother, he desired
as
away
upon
of
marches
Sabhasad
Shivaji retreated.
before
he
could overtake
gives Pavangad
as
the
him.
name
of
the
fort
to
which
178
LIFE
OF
in
the
disasters
Mogul
by any
of
think
south.
we
will not
close to
at this
crisis
Mohite
siege
not
can-
except
other
thoughts
dynasty."
rescue
Hambirrao
raise the
walls. We
our
that,leavingall
pray
to the
hasten
Meanwhile
He
deliverer
other
any
Wherefore
yourself.
aside, you
MAHARAJ
has advanced
He
means.
SHIVAJI
and
middle
Bijapur in
the
wreaked
bloody
revenge
state.
Men,
Shahi
Adil
off
The
slaves.
as
-and
towns
of
sold
trade, the
of both
protestswere
served
to open
Hindu
burnt
was
all
were
down
Hindus,
Prince
to
had
Surat,
Mahomedan
the Khan
and
slaves.'
as
sold the
(November,
who
conduct.2
own
Jan.
such
characterised Shaista
absurd
and
carried
Basatin-i-Salatin,426-48
The
With
were
the
accompanied the
meditated
crueltybut his
These acts of ruthless rapine,however,
vain.
Sambhaji's eyes to the iniquityand unrighteousness
of his
1
hapless subjectsof
children
Sambhaji
protestedagainstthe
imperialists
Even
chief
suicide
town
inhabitants, who
1679.
foiled
were
were
and
women
wives
subjectscommitted
the
upon
The
1679.
make
to
Khan's
pretence of
progress
virtue and
in
Maratha
speak
of
territory,
it
is
Shivaji'scrueltyand
plunder.
Prof.
2.
Sambhaji
at
fled
Panhala,
Sarkar's
away
Sabhasad
to
view
is
Bijapur
that, disgusted
and
thence
connived
came
with
to
these
join
at his escape.
cruelties,
his
father
the Marathas
But
CAMPAIGNS
FINAL
THE
479
were
They had
battle.
plunderingAthni
After
to be sold
himself
and
of
mustered
them.
march
a.
himself
turned
Janardanpant
likewise experiencedthe
the
parts he
Karnatic,being
Janardanpant2, the
that
quarter,
Khan's
was
plundering
strong to oppose
ther
only was the furcompletely arrested,but
with
considerable
other
upon
misfortune
defeats,the
of these
news
two
not
the
same
of
the
of Diler
division
back
beaten
then
into
of Diler Khan's
career
On
of
one
As
was
parts of
different
unimpeded
the
campaign
army
Shivaji'spossessions in
of
apprisedof
he
leader
the
governor
him.
as
into two
directed them
to
habitants
incarrying off the doomed
Khan
crossed the Krishna
slaves.Diler
wholesale
Anand-
and
Karanatic, commenced
armies
they inflicted no
but
and
pitched
with guerilla
fare,
warthe retiring
Moguls.
themselves
to content
The
rear.
as
slaughter.
division
which
the first.
emperor
vent
gave
to
to entertain
him
lest he
among
to the
as
commander
spiritof
might instigate
the
Mogul soldiers
empire. These orders
a
to Diler
about
him
Khan, who
his master's
quietly stole
and
in
the
discontent
Mogul
insidiouslywork
away
the
Mogul
and
camp
He
mischief
of the emperor
pleasing
dismost
were
caused Sambhaji to be informed
camp,
disaffection
or
prince
to
came
join
re-
Shivajihad
was
Sumant
or
foreign secretary
and
the brother
of
Raghunath-
pant Hanroante.
3
Sabhasad,
93 ;
Shedgavkar,
and
p. 91.
Shivaji
concentrated
had
at this time
consi-
against
480
LIFE
After
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
OF
of
welcome, Shivajireprimanded
that must
have
seared the very
youth in words
fcoul of Sambhaji. He pointedout to the
repentant prodigal
the great risk he
in committing himself
had run
into
the hands of Diler Khan, the inveterate foe of the Maratha
the
errant
state,at
and
the
hand
time
when
Moguls
in his
once
It would
rekindled.
were
of Heaven
hostilities between
the
he had
that
life,Diler
Khan
do for
He
owed
it to the
escaped alive.
had
Marathas
the
For
protecting
this at
his fervent
earned
least,
gratitude.
never
with
Diler Khan,
tined succession
of
sense
and
to the
and
discipline
of the
welfare
be the defender
to
of his
people.
wards
and
He
What
more
more
offence he had
him
desertion.
no
by dividing
desire
his
to wield
interest
the honour
and
territoryfrom
To
him
to
a
and
cious,
preto ?
short
term
of
bleedingand
repliedby an act
love.
He
had
Now
at
length he
gladden the
other
of this heinous
him
cure
heart
imprisonment,
charged to
erous
of treachto his
return
must
into
the
two
Tungabhadra
his
the
a
due
expected
was
fall of Ravan
of the
fame
with
house
his dominions
mounted
He
lives,the fortunes
seek to
more
out
were
for the
des-
tity
the violation of female chasgross than
subversive
of past merit and reputation?
epic
with
overflowing
to exercise
if the
sentenced
-sentenced
and
requiredhim
paternalsolicitude
himself
of
despoticrulers
senses
exile ? His
an
throne
of the
bethink
must
refugee and
And
tyranny
?
as
to
what
What
Sambhaji
Narbada,
the
described
in
and
forty pieces
previouschapter,
The
Liiler Khan.
and
as
to
(2;,p. 478"
THE
FINAL
CAMPAIGNS
48i
in the
the
fort
Raigad,1the
of
rest
of the
arrangements
himself
might be completed. So Sambhaji again found
safely ensconced behind the walls of Panhala fort, with a
district of three lakhs of rupees assignedfor his maintenance
and his affairs managed
his behalf by Vithal Trimbak
on
and styh of khasnis or
Deshpande, under the name
special
steward.2
The
defence
of the
fort
entrusted
was
to three
officers
of
The
repulseof
deliverance
of the
of
Diler
Khan
Adil Shahi
forces
by Shivaji's
durbar
evoked
armies
the
from
the
from
and
the
tightening
Mogul
acknowledgment of the priceless
government an appreciative
services of the Maratha
power. While tenderingtheir thanks
It is due to your
wrote
to Shivaji:
the Adil Shahi court
vered
generosityand nobilityof spirit,that we have been delithe deadly grip of our
from
enemies, and to the
lines
siege-
the sultans
"
married
Kajaram waa
Tarabai, daughter
her
2
see
of
L. S. 32
Kaigad,
Prataprao Guzar.
daughter of Hambirrao
He waa
a grand son
p. 257.
at
March
The
1679
( Jedhe
p. Jb5), to
Shivdigvijay
wrongly
makes
Mohite.
of Murar
Baji Deshpande,
timely succour
along received
in
towards
and
adequate
from
you.
of the interminable
yourselfand
feuds
you
ness
should
have
Such
and
carried
deliverance, has
earth."
forgiven
kindness
with
the
were
of filial
debt
in the face
That
hitherto
obligation
raged between
subjectedShahaji
past,
in
that
old
spite
to
fame
to
of
contents
the
for
all
of
our
your
this
unkind-
repaid
scores,
hastened
'your
all
ted
in the face of the unmeri-
and
we
the
in
misdemeanour
the
have
we
truly acquittedyourself
that have
which
persecution to
have
Raja Shahaji.
government
our
re-inforcements
You
father, the
your
MAHARAJ
perilof
of
hour
our
SHIVAJI
OF
LIFE
"482
and
rescue
the
ends
of
the
epistlepresented
Shahi
the
of
Adil
state
Shivaji by the envoy
of rich
the customary
raiments
nazar
together with
and
and jewellery,horses
elephants. Shivaji repliedin
of equalappreciationof the favour of Bijapur. "We
term9
to thank
have
you," wrote Shivaji,"for that magnanimity
-which prompted your
government to continue the jahgirs
of Shahaji,the moment
freed from
and honours
you were
suspicion that Shahaji had any complicity in that
your
of active operations which
has yielded to us
programme
such a large slice of the Adil Shahi
territory. The same
acknowledgments of gratitudeare due to your government
to
of
that
much
have
we
It is under
have
risen
satisfaction
built up
have
day
final triumph is
you
in your
father's
our
estates
and
kind
to
to
Venkojiin
us
as
proved
the
fact
to be of
of tribulation.
that
some
That
the
fortunes
service
you
have
we
at least to
won
the
"
FINAL
THE
forts
the
1st. That
CAMPAIGNS
of
Kopal
483
and
adjoiningterritory,in theKarnatic, be
the Adil
That
2nd.
That
the
Adil Shahi
Tanjore and
rights over
jahgir and that
Shahaji's
Shivaji.
That
4th.
of
in time
both
the
the
state
its
sovereign
other districts constituting
said rightsbe exercised
by
renounce
to render
parties
agree
conditions
mutual
assistance
Masaood
acceptedby
were
lines.
ratified upon these
Khan
at
Shivajipaid a visit to Masaood
on
the future
Venkoji took
But
all claims
renounce
treaty was
discussion
Shivaji.
danger.
These
a
the
with
the
rightsupon
and
ceded to
State
Shahi
Belvadi
between
the two
Karnatic
and
policy of
with
powers
the south
an
by
Khan
and
Shortly afterwards
Bijapur for a secret
the two
states.
of the compact
illgrace the news
the
which the sovereignty over
transferred
was
to
Shivaji.He
He
of all liberty of action.
divested
thought he was now
ence
was
alreadyvexed in spiritat the supposed loss of independthe part of Shivaji which
by that coup d' etat on
his head and
had set Raghunathpant over
placed him over
meant
his affairs, which
Shivaji'sinfluence and Shivaji's
policypermeatingeverything. And now on the heels of that
this surrender of authority on the part of Bijapur,
had come
event which blightedall the prospectsof Venkoji's being
an
able
or
sooner
yoke
with
to
the
later to
help of
settled
the Adil
communicated
to
like
his
from
brother's
He
self
gave himAffectingindifference to all
Shahi
melancholy.
business, he acted
routine
himself
redeem
forces.
recluse.
Shivajithe change
Raghunathpant
that had
again come
elicited
This
communication
royal brother.
Shivajithe followingepistleto the chief of Tanjore:
his
upon
from
"
Many
This
days
have
epistleis given
elapsedwithout
in exicnoo
by Grant
Puff
my
receiving
(Chap. IX)
whoso
LIFE
484
in consequence, I am
not in comfort*.
has
written
that you, having placed
now
of
gloom before yourself,do not) take care
Eaghunathpant
melancholy and
keep
do you
nor
of
and
to
In
away.
such
this
of you
account
an
much
manner
Your
festivals.
religious
or
to
employ
has
yourself
think
bairagi,and
place accounted
some
formerly :
yourself as
have no mind
you
You
have become
a
to sit in
but
wear
me,
great days
any
affairs.
state
nothing
time
attend
way
inactive,and
troops are
on
in any
or
person,
your
MAHARAJ
you; and
letter from
any
SHIVAJI
OF
has
given
let
holy, and
been
written
great
me
to
concern.
father's
have
I reflect that
our
surprised when
you
and
surmount
example before you" how did he encounter
all difficulties,
perform great actions, escape all dangers by
which he
his spiritand
resolution, and acquire a renown
am
maintained
is well
All he did
the last ?
to
known
to you.
had
opportunity of
enjoyed his society, you
every
and
I myself, as
ability. Even
profitingby his wisdom
have
enabled
circumstances
protected myself, and
me,
You
also
you
kingdom.
to
head
and
protection;
off
from
and
personal comforts.
you have
and do
this
to the
of
people,the discipline
your
army
Make
your
to affairs of moment.
their
translation
in
properly in
services
of the
spelling.
letter, which
Grant
your
is reproduced
same
Duff
has
your
customary usages,
Look
almost
in ?
men
days properly;
and
turn
attend
here, with
and
only
gain
a
literally translated
few
your
attention
apply
and
fame
alterations
the
original
Duff
Grant
to
of
your
do their duty ;
quarter,
to
become
not
employment
and
to you
am
nothing
me
despondency,spend
fasts, feasts
to
"
will it end
therefore, all
up,
bairagi.Throw
your
to
estate
your
What
bodily health?
injureyour
is this ? What
Give
dread.
will devour
who
to
your
of wisdom
attend
established
have
"
persons
property and
your
how
seen,
affairs
kind
have
Is it then
renounce
your
ruin
as
and
know,
Marathi
of
the
CHAPTER
ENGLISH
THE
Shivaji
in
time
Hubli
had
AND
sacked
1664, Karwar
in 1673.
At
XXVIII
all
THE
Rajapur
ABYSSINIANS
in
1661, Surat
in 1665, Surat
again
these places the British
factories,which
Company maintained
of the generalmisfortune, on account
came
1670, and
in
India
East
in for
share
of the victor's
plunder
enforced
The
contributions.
or
factory at Rajapur was
after the passingof that port under
abolished, soon
Shivaji.
In 1668, the Company's representatives
established
at Surat
island1
quarters,
a factory at Bombay
and, making it their headopened trade relations on a larger scale, with the
country around
them.
parts could
easilyreconcile
not
themselves
to
the
loss
of
It
the company
to
Maratha
monarch.
askance
natural
was
maintain
Nor
the
under
circumstances
friendly attitude
had
Shivaji
any
towards
to
reason
for
the
look
He had
a
Company's power.
good opinion
of their enterprising
and
spirit both as regards commerce
to the
navigation. Their commerce,
Shivaji knew, was
Besides, in his frequent
advantage of his countrymen.
with the chiefs of Janjira, he expected to benefit by
wars
1
at the
The
island of
II
King Charles
his daughter Katherine
upon
bestowed
latter
rent
of
"
10.
it upon
The
had
Bombay
of
been
England,
at
the
transfer
her
East
was
in
1661,
India
made
as
with
marriage
the
1668
part of the
Stuart
dowry
King.
of
The
annual
an
subject
Sir George Oxinden.
to
as
at Surat, who,
Company's president or
governor
invasion
first
at
Surat
Shivaji's
factory
bravely defended the
the
Portugal
to
Company
in
of
by the king
conferred
we
saw,
in 1664.
had
THE
ENGLISH
AND
THE
Their
m?
treat
looked
naval
naval
with
upon
resources.
assistance.
ABYSSINIANS
discourtesythose
as
the
most
From
spirittowards
the
the
was
navy
mercantile
competent
same
Dutch
motive
and
powers,
contribute
to
he
the
acted
he
whom
in
French.
to
a
his
liatory
conciWith
friendly. But
the growth of fanaticism
these
representativesof
among
and the religiouspersecution of their
European commerce
Hindu
alienated his
subjects which
they embarked
upon,
guise
attempt to dissympathy, and in the end he did not even
For
his enmity towads
them.
however.,
a long time,
the Portuguese obtained
a
respite from his hostilities by
their regularityin carrying out the treaty obligationsthey
with
had incurred
Shivaji and the punctual delivery into
and
his
of
the stipulated quantities of arms
kingdom
ammunition
from year
Had
to year.
Shivaji lived a few
probably have delivered his country
years longer, he would
from the oppressiveyoke of the Portuguese power.
the
Portuguesetoo
his
originalattitude
was
LIFE
488
OF
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJ1
the
factories
scrupledto pillagetheir
not
the
possessions. But
enemy
mentioned
above, the
settlement
on
between
To
the
the two
Aungier
the
to
as
that
became
result, the
an
for
in these
end.
castingabout
Bombay into
from
which
On
for
base
had
he
clever
ruler
hand
was
alliance,with
authority
indeed
was
that had
Janjirachief
view
Coorla
and
the
chief
other
admiral
only
failed
on
of
of the
ment
govern-
way
of
account
made
to turning
operations,
of
adroitness
and
about
bring
naval
upon
far-
tion
condi-
and
the
intended
and
the conclusion
to
once
Mr.
presidency
western
was
at
his
of
Bombay,-" attempts
fortitude
for
intimate.
power.
of Surat
He
his attacks
great J^oguland
Mogul
the
other
British
to make
territories under
the
the
relations
appointment
this desirable
was
the
more
the Maratha
with
period, as
their principal
somewhat
governorship of
friendlyalliance
later
Bombay,
to
auspiciousomen.1
and, coming
seeing statesman
came
at
transferred
coast
west
powers
to this
contribute
when
British
the rest of
along with
into
the
governor
admit
the
in his refusal,
Abyssinians to Bombay, but the latter persisted
from
This
Shivajiin excuse.
pleading the fear of reprisals
1
Sir
Oxenden
George
1663 to 1669,
Gerald
was
Aungier
of
governor
was
down
governor
Surat
the
from
factory
1669
to
Surat
at
1677,
from
at Surat
1671, and
Bombay
about
returned
1675.
to Surat
During the intervening period he was
the embassies
Sidi invasions
and
to Shivaji's
The
mostly in Bombay.
the
at
However
this
Bombay was genercourt belong to
factory
period.
ally
himself
while
the
of
in
a
governor
charge
deputy governor,
reversed in the regime of Sir
resided at Surat, (Dr. Fryer.). This was
and
Bombay.
Aungier
India, about
came
Bombay
1683.
became
from
the
British
to
in
head-quarters of Western
ENGLISH
THE
THE
AND
ABYSS1NIAN3
of
489
Anngier
the
won
fortification works
in his
Shivaji commenced
territories contiguousto the Portugueseterritoryof Bassein
and
prepared for a decisive struggle against the Sidi,
JVungier fearing that the English in their turn might be
molested
by him, sent an embassy2 under Lieutenant Ustick
to arrange
a treaty with
Shivaji. But this envoy preferred
When
'
"a
the re-imbursement
for
demand
the
of the
Englishlosses
at
of
thirty-twothousand
pagodas, as
of the articles of the proposed treaty,and as Shivaji
one
would
fell through on
not yieldon this point,the scheme
The followingyear (1673)Aungier sent one
that occasion.
.Mr. Nichols3 as his ambassador,and he opened communication
through Prince Sambhaji,for repayment of losses at Rajapur
and Hubli, but again with no better result.
took
Shivajiunderthe
to re-imburse
Company's losses at Rajapur, but
Hajapur,to
refused
amount
to admit
loss at Hubli
that the
at
the
two
came
Sidi's raids
which
The
Shivaji
king
the
in the
made
closed
This
Hubli.
at
of
way
began
about
demand
assure
inventories
difference
of accounts
losses
the
There
16/ 2.
which
for ammunition,
forts
the Konkan
the
such
Company's
permanent treaty.4
regards
as
powers
Hubli
suffered any
In order
to
they now
professed.
this point, Shivaji produced
as
the envoy
on
of the booty obtained
between
had
Company
refused
was
upon
thab the
sent
as
{ R. " O.
4
The
an
ambassador
Strachey :
Company
"
with
so
letter
from
Keigwios's Rebellion,
assessed
its losses
at
Charles
King
"
pages
Hubli
14 and
at
7894
II
to
Goa.
15 ).
pagodas, bub
490
also
was
of
OF
LIFE
from
English, which,
the
MAHARAJ
difficulty.
Shivaji demanded
another
cannon
SHIVAJI
to the
Moguls
from
or
lest it
fear
their
the
supply
Abyssinians,they
provide.
to
Sometime
later the
Sidi
of
Janjira regardlessof
government
appeared with
any
his
permissionof the Bombay
fleet in Bombay harbour
and commenced
series of naval
a
raids upon Shivaji's
self
territory. But Aungier proved himequal to the occasion, forbade the Sidi to turn the
harbour
into a base of hostile operations,and
expelled his
fleets from
by
the
port.Shivajilearnt about
the bold
step taken
the governor
him
against the Sidi and congratulating
it proposed that a new
embassy be sent to his court
upon
the
to
remove
existing misunderstanding and arrange
a permanent
treaty. But just at this time the Mogul governor
of Surat
to
sent
Aungier, that
repeated demands
permissionbe granted to the Sidi so that his fleets might
of Bombay
in the
safe shelter
spend the coming monsoons
harbour.
This was
compliance
nonvery embarrassing to Aungier, as
with these orders meant
the risk of the English
factorybeingstopped at Surat. On the other hand, Shivaji
the
that
getting wind of these orders informed
governor
he to
were
Bombay
such
grant any
the
facilities to
Sidi
to turn
Abyssinian raids to
be directed
Maratha
possessions,he would
against the
undoubtedly fall in with the scheme of the Dutch Company
who had projectedan
attack upon
Bombay and had sent
their emissaries invitingMaratha
co-operationwith a force
of ten
harbour
thousand
meanwhile
into
to
for the
centre
the
conquer
alreadybrought
up
island.1
1
war.
This
The
was
Dutch
between
167^-74, when
commodore
Reickloss
Holland
Van
Goen
and
Sidi
The
anchored
losses
at
by Annaji
and
it
than
Dattc
at
England were
opened negotiations
English at Bombay
the Sidi.
Shivaji,
leas
had
the Dutch
in
these orders
and
sent
Upon
leave
to
the
Sidi defied
the
some
up
creeks
the
and
rains.
491
their
good
inhabitants
ABYSSINIANS
the
make
THE
roads.
Bombay
precinctsof
to
AND
ENGLISH
THE
drove
five hundred
them
armed
away.
upon
men
boats, who
Surat, and
This
the
filled the
news
adrift
rest
the
towards
drooping
hearts
of
Persian
little
the
landward
liable
be
land-force
British
under
to make
not
any
side of
to
of not
summary
three
hundred
tc
incursions
the
than
more
into
entering again.
Shivaji'senvoy,1who came
of arranging
purpose
express
government, communicated
1
to
Bombay
treaty with
to his master
the
the details
for the
Bombay
of
the
Bhimaji Pandit,
Shenvi, bad
down
been sent
who
from
had
to be held
over.
(Factory
492
LIFE
compromise
Shivaji
OF
arrived
SHIVAJI
at between
satisfied with
was
government and
MAflARAJ
wrote
the
of
conduct
them
to
the
their
send
to
the
Company.
Bombay
ambassador
he
refused
his journey, as
permission to continue
then away
from
Shivajiwas
Raigad. Shivajiwas at this
time absorbed
in the preparations about
his coronation,
and had just then proceeded to Pratapgad to make
his
devotions at the shrine of his tutelary
deity upon that fort,
the imposing ceremonial
that was
as
to
a preliminaryto
The
follow.2
British
ambassador
informed
was
by the
fort authorities that he would
obtain permission to enter
and
he had to
return
to that
Raigad upon Shivaji's
place,
was
meanwhile
encamp
shadow
the
at
of the fort.
The
Pachdtia8
villageof
ambassador
British
the
to
wrote
the
under
Narayanjiwas
satisfied with
bring about
interview
Mr.
1677
to
Henry
)
Shivaji, 13th
Dr.
John
ally
of
one
and
afterwards
Oxinden's
Fryer gives
the
India
coronation.
quarter
1674"
and
detailed
He
in
quoted
gold
to
the
in
Years'
of this
account
governor
be
Bombay,
of Oxenden
embassy
Negotiations with
Bruce's Annals; and
Travels
embassy
Shivaji took
of
to
from
return
of this
of
Persia- Nine
says that
maund
deputy
Narrative
Jane
13th
to
"East
his
Shivaji on
Oxenden,
"
May
with
undertook
and
saw
authorities
are
Fryer's
Dr.
The
1670.
Oxinden
( or
an
all he
an
presented
1672-1631."
and
incideat-
offeringweighing
the goddess at
to
Pratapgad.
8
also
this
The
name
of the
tillageis given
Pachada
or
spelled Pachad
village that Jijabaidied soon
4
This
Pandit
acted
as
and
as
Panchad
or
Panchada.
an
interpreterto
It
was
is
at
interpreter
to
Mr.
Oxenden, and
English at Bombay. He
Narran
Saraswat
Naran
Sinai or
or
Sunay ( Shenvi
Records
Home
1,80,99),
Bombay
(Forrest,
Papers
employed in other negotiationswith Shivaji.
as
by Fryer. lb
Puncharra
ally
gener-
is mentioned
the
Brahman
as
an
as
in
interpreter
LIFE
494
SHIVAJI
OF
MAHARAJ
has
been
and
with
diverted
Bijapur,he
required
mind
attend
to
had
not
with
wars
the
to these
leisure
the
and
things." At
Moguls
peace
of
the end
of
this
on
about
On
of
return
Shivaji
to
to
come
up
for his residence.
Pandit
Narayanji
fixed
for
On
the
behalf
on
audience
strong representations
of
British
the
envoy,
date.
there
was
fear
no
was
an
of
harm
any
ambassador
four
property. The
why he had been deputed to Shivaji'scourt as
very reason
of the Company
on
by the president-in-council
an
envoy
this side of India and that the privileges
requested by the
exactly the same
they had already obtained
Company were
in Persia
authorities
the political
and
from
the sea-port
of India.
towns
Shivaji again replied in a reassuring
their
and had
manner
Moropant
for
came
speciaraudience
The
orders
ambassador
the
on
the coronation
as
to
that
latter
over
were
to be made
repliedthat
to
the
learnt
festivities.
be
He
done
to
the
minister's
the
he
could
after
the
consulted
about
the
ministers
not
the
to
expect final
conclusion
of
Narayanji Pandit
presentations
nazar
of
Moropant
residence
by the
nazar
this
end.
an
now
report. With
should
what
to
and
the Peshwa
to
the
court.
should
be
ambassador
The
taken
in
to the
as
person,
ABYSSINIANS
THE
AND
ENGLISH
THE
there would
rest
be
495
objectionto
no
send
advised
he
that
the
by his orderlies. However
scarcelyadequate for the
presentsproposedto be sent were
positionoccupied by the ministers and that fresh ones
should be ordered from Bombay to make
a
sion
impresproper
if he desired a full and
the court, especially
on
speedy
The ambassador
in his mission.
his part thought
on
success
it also more
prudent to act handsomely by Shivaji's
officers,
them
at
even
for three
of the
It
cost to his
some
government,
four months
or
rather
than
be detained
on
monsoons.
is
said
draft
the
that
treaty contained
twenty
agreed
by Shivaji.
other
articles provided,among
These
things,that Shivaji
thousand
should
ten
pagodas as damages to the
pay
for the losses they had
sustained
Company
during the
be permittedto open
of Rajapur ; that the Company
sack
factories at Rajapur, Dabhol, Cheul and Kalyan ; that the
Company should have perfectfreedom of trade throughout the
of Shivaji;
dominions
that they should have completefreedom
articles, of
to
which
fix their
minima
rates, without
own
; and
eighteen were
that
state
Shivaji's
valorem.
Among
into
effect that
British
the
be
customs
duty
fixed at two
and
the articles
should
money
of
that
on
the other
be
British
on
half per
objected to
This
Shivaji'sdominions.
pointingout that any coinagewas
people accepted, that there was
kind, and
artificial maxima
any
in
any
to
one
or
imports
cent,
to
was
ad
the
declared
legal tender
was
rejected,the king
legal tender which the
no
legal prohibitionof
hand
it
would
be
an
act
tyranny
debased
Shivaji
and
may
have
fluctuated
aiutinies which
in
known
that
value, which
took place on
the
at
Bombay
partial cause
of the
the coinage in
was
island between
use
1674 and
16?3,
was
two
496
The
other
with
article
the restitution
otherwise
flotsam
carried
and
and
MAHARAJ
SH1VAJI
OF
LIFE
adrift
vessels wrecked
to the
of their cargoes.
The
that these be restored to them
hereafter by
lex loci
this
far
so
and
wreckages
immemorial
Konkan
the
as
derelicts of
storm
coast, and
01
the
Company claimed
Shivaji'sgovernment.
this
coast
connection
by
Konkan
jetsam
To
in
not
was
concerned.
was
drifting cargoes
the
All
belonged by
to the
towards
the
usage
ambassador
Such
firm resolution
being the
could
Shivaji.
support of the
in
nothing
say
of
claim.
him
that
there
would'
Narayanji Pandit assured
little difficulty
this privilegegranted, since the
to have
However
be
to
them,
that
he
led
and
follow
found
to
represent
the
where
favour
this
other
to
Shivaji
powers
had
in the
declared
Shivaji
concerned,
Grant
by Shivaji.
two
be
extended
way.
After
were
could
way
should
too
the
had
Bijapur governments
and
Mogul
disputed
so
view
articles
is followed
were
the
as
and
eventually
that
says
far
to assist
he undertook
Duff
This
that
not
in
of
stranded
the
ships
protect them.
all
the
crews
the
text.
Dr.
sanctioned.
articles
According
Fryer
agreed
were
to
states
Orme
that
tc
the
some
the
Naranji Pandit
had
that
articles except that
ambassador
all the
relating to currency
been signed by Shivaji. The
signed on 12th June 1674.
treaty wa9
Mr.
has published a paper
Rajwade
describing the articles of th"
for four
demands
it is stated that the English made
treaty, in which
demanded
were
of which
two
concessions
were
granted. The concessions
trade
from
customs
in Shivaji's dominions;
duty
(2) Freedom
(1) Free
days
for
later
( i. e.
after
first two
were
the
coronation
British
(4) Restitution
granted,
and
coinage
of British
informed
to
pass
wrecks
were
current
and
in
cargoes.
nions;
Shivaji's domiOf
these
the
AND
ENGLISH
THE
THE
ABYSSINIA
NS
497
for three
that
in
years
succession
the
Company
should
document
handed
was
over
to
the
British
envoy
the
During
festivities this
ambassador
attended
the durbar
the
as
,c
the
two
sides
goldspears,
device
allegorical
were
to the
those
rightbore
to the
"
of the
throne,
"
there
an
points whereof supported many
emblematic
Those
of temporal power.
horrid jaws
two large gold fishes with
left bore
Oxenden,
the
loftyspears poisedupon
1
writes
sharp pointsin
Oxenden
'a Narrative.
even
two
balance
LIFE
408
weighing scales
of
pair
made
of
out
ing
fish betoken-
the
gold,
the sovereignty
tails,
the golden scales,unswerving scales
and
land,
the
over
MAHARAJ
mastery of the
the
SHIVAJI
OF
justice.
of
British
Oxenden,
Mr.
the
and
Raigad
buildingsand
royal mansions
conduct
Oxenden's
during the embassy and
there.1 Mr.
affairs created
in Shivaji's
his enlightenedoutlook
upon
favourable
impression about the English.
mind
a
very
this
to
treaty, the English Company
shortly
Pursuant
afterwards re-established their factory at Rajapur,2 but it
of
account
had
short
Company-
were
obtained
and
it is
able to
recover
career,
Three
paper.
at Surat,3 and
died
on
Of
converted
he
which
people
in
who
patrons,
came
Company's
The
factory of Rajapur.
Datto,
the
had
against Shivaji,by
base of operations,
Hincaid
to have
eaten
factors
the
of
governor
into
the fort
up
( afterwards
Child
war-fare
Mr.
of
governor
and
month
one
of
of
Sir John
who
butcher
the native
who
fell upon
a successor
of
the far-seeingwisdom
nor
Bombay
records
Fryer
Dr.
talents
after
years
the
statesman.4
able
that
all the
mantle
his
the
possessedneither
doubtful, therefore,whether
of
more
in
his
than
meat
all the
year.
of Bombay, 1679-81,
deputy governor
with
control over
all the
finally general
chief
appointed
did not
Konkan.
fare well
But
of the
newly
at the hands
the
revived
of
Annaji
them
assurances
reking gave
many
April,1675, Factory Records, Surat,88).
the Company threatened to close the factory.
indemnity in batty, fodder, or betel-nuts.
embassy
Another
Offers
A
(l
made
were
part only
3
was
was
Grant
to
thus
Duff
sent
and
pay
the
paid, after
says
Keigwin'sRebellion"
died
give
the Khanderi-Underi
Bombay
at
the date
of
in
war.
1676; R.
his death
as
"
30th
0. Strachey in
June
1677.
He
Pettit
and
at Surafc.
*
Aungier's
Oxenden
many
he died
( British
successors
envoy
intrigues at
succeeded
Oxenden
were
at
Bombay
in 1679.
Thomas
Rolt
Shivaji's coronation
owing
to
the
at
Surat
and
) at Bombay.
ambition
of
John
There
were
Child, who
AND
ENGLISH
THE
this
already been
Chapter. A constant
the
part of
mention
Sidi
of
kidnapping
slavery. The
climax
in
rapacity of
Do
children
these ruthless
the
what
place
one
arrest
slaughterof male
and
499
than
more
violent
the
was
women
in 1673.
ABYSSINIANS
feature
ruthless
inhabitants, the
made
has
the
THE
be
raids
the
sold
had
English might
on
peaceful
adults, and
to
in
into
reached
to counteract
Sidi's excesses,
They
dared
openly
not
proteges of the
make
war
upon
these
troublesome
Bombay government
for permission
of the Company
to the directors
wrote
once
effect the conquest of Janjira, open
to
a
factory,and
their
transfer
head-quarters to that strong-hold. But
refused.
The Bombay
feared
permission was
government
the Sidi's raids might one
day bring them into conflict with
Shivaji. Steering their course
evenly between
Shivajiand
for the present an
uncertain
Aurangzeb, they maintained
neutrality.
We
for
have
imperial
already spoken
renewed
capturedby
with
war
Sidi
the
waters
the
with
and
the
the
Konkan
The
Abyssinianpower.
The
power.
of
Shivaji'sgreat preparations
Sidi.
Danda-Rajpuri erstwhile
the Mogul's aid was
attacked
district around
sea-board
Sidi's fleets
north- ward
upto
the
were
it
reduced.
pursued
he
The
away.
again retrieved
Mosul
Sidi
had
suffered
his fortunes
under
from
port of Surat.
cleared of
was
itself was
both
Janjira
by
land
time
efforts of
the
the
the
renewed
considerable
the
From
the
siegeanc
loss,but
protection
ol' hi
master.
t
The
natic
by
departure of Shivajiupon
presented an
name,
for
opportunity
renewal
of his
his
to
naval
campaign
the
in
the
Kar-
raids upon
the
Konkan
LIFE
500
the
coast, with
but
of the Mogul
co-operation
Jayatapur,he set it on fire \
upon
garrison turned
the
when
front,he
resolute
MAHARAJ
and
concurrence
Falling suddenly
navy.
a,
SHIVAJI
OF
had
to
him
upon
his
stop
and
advance
presented
up the creek.
eluded
them,
in pursuit. He
Shivaji'swarships then came
himself
betook
again into Bombay waters, and effecting
a landing at
territory.1
Mazagon, encamped on British
Here
Kassim
from
Brahman
treacherous
Coorla
and
of
Brahmans
Sidi
naturally
him
with
lent
few
district
that
himself
in
men
that
some
pectable
res-
The
power.
them
boat, sent
his
into
this
to
betray
to
Sidi
to meet
came
the
the
Company's government
shoald remain ignorant of the whole proceeding. The traitor
succeeded
in betraying and
seizing four fellow-Brahmans,
who
were
brought down and kept close prisoners by the
Sidi upon his warships. When
Shivaji'ssubhedar at Cheul
addressed
to learn of these proceedings he
a perempcame
tory
letter to the Bombay
for
the immediate
government
secret
raid, taking
of
surrender
the
care
four
Brahmans,
he
who,
asserted,
were
in custody within
the sphere of their
unjustly detained
of their failure to
jurisdiction,and threatened, in case
to lay an
comply with this requisition,
embargo upon all
transportof food, fodder and fuel supplies to their port,
time
at the same
gravely hinting that this would not be the
At this ultimatum
the Bombay government
worst.
set
on
foot an
inquiry into the subject-matter of his grievance.
The Sidi at first pretended ignorance of the whole event,
but
as
the
tried to
the
Bombay government
himself, but
excuse
prisonershe
concerned
crew
under
"
Sambal
latter.
by
There
was
and
Kassim.
The
former
compelled
Fragments.)
was
at
kidnapped.
in the abduction
arrest
to do
had
became
at
so,
the
stage
'lhe
Moguls
refused
and
to
lengthobligedto
Eleven
surrender
of
were
his
the
two
the
put
whom
Sidi chiefs,
admiralship to the
authority, but was at length
services
to Shivaji. (Orme's-
transferred
liberate
members
authorities, of
quarrel between
had
insistent,he
of the Brahmans
British
this
more
the
LIFE
5(2
of
island
the
the
shore. On
field force
the
these
government
of
removed
was
But
the
latter,affrightedby the
marched
governor
advanced
up
fleet of
Khan
Daulat
Portuguese government.
with
forty
select
armed
force
to
Thana
into
the
creek.
Thana, broke
off the
vessels
checked
meditated
The
near
himself
found
account
forces,
approach of Shivaji's
securityof Salsette. The Portuguese
for the
anxious
became
Mazagon
presence at Kalyan, the
and a frigate
was
brought
happily for the Bombay
to Mahim
creek.
intervention
the
garrisonthe
up to
Khan's
of Daulat
news
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
brought
was
defend
to
up
OF
view
at
to
turn
to
and
account
some
his baffled
Portuguesecoast
up
peremptory orders
to Damaun
and
to
to return
Surat, when
Raigad, which
he received
he
could not
obey.
but
to
crisis with
contributed
so
subjects.He
enlist
1
deputy
the
Mr.
vitally
looked
Oxenden
till 1681.
power
the
to
forward
Company's
Henry
governor
material
to
powerful
had
commercial
whose
succeeded
the
operations
prosperity of
time
when
he
co-operation
Pettifc in
16 i8 and
for
his
could
the
remained
ENGLISH
THE
THE
AND
ABYSSINIANS
that
neceesary
and
in order
Sidi
that
they
the Mogul, it
first deprived
Janjira. On
or
should
these powers
503
be
of their naval
incident
of Cheul
governor,
also
were
attitude.
The
subhedar
had
credit
some
accounts
under
one
pretext or another,
agents at Surat. These officers,
for liquidation,
demands
put off
had, in spite of constant
The governor
of Cheul, having failed in all his
payment.
of the debts, proposed to take violent
attempts at recovery
who
his master,
fire the
Sidi
on
had
would
fleets in
this
his action
that
imagining
measures,
of
plan
action, he
set
to
attempt
harbour.
Bombay
supported by
be
mined
deter-
Having
seized
all the
on
British
trade
engaged in peaceful
and
the
rivers
his jurisdiction.Upon
ports within
the Bombay
Council
fitted1 out
four warships manned
to
to Cheul
Europeans and sent them
sixty armed
vessels which
on
this
with
at
were
the
time
vessels.
British
The
force
attacked
the
again
strong naval
Janjira and
1
By this
governorship.
force
opened
time
the
at
end
under
a
Henry
of
Daulat
1678
Khan
terrible cannonade
Oxenden
hed
succeeded
the
to
sea-ward
the
deputy
LIFE
30"
side. The
His
Bombay.
at
of their pay
his
followers
being in
His
resources.
marines
the
to
strength of
able to
once
relief of
checking by
Mogul
the
in
and
About
powers.
to its harbour,
at
distance
islands
twelve
are
of two
the
British
procured fuel.
Nor
other
any
purpose.
these islands would
upon
and
vessel
every
the movements
with
with
or
and
from
miles
this view
miles
three
number
instruments
Khanderi,
and
and
future.
They,
1
"'
Kenerey
Hendry
"
body
of
of
commenced
by
from
of
was
appointed.
dis-
rightopposite
Underi1
and
another.
one
in
These
Henery
authors.
in
Grant
that
the
works,
to
soldiers
the
dismay
; for
their
islet of
works
British
to
and
with the
artificers,
fortification
The
neighbourhood.
islands by
hundred
crafts,
their
the
three
and
of their
secrecy
therefore,hastened to
other
not
Mahomedan
fortification
masons
the
and
was
return
these
Bombay,
with
despatch.
of these preparations with
these
operations betokened
freedom
siegeand
stationed
enemy
the
and
of any
ordered
equal
was
with
entirelycovered
woods,
and
settlers in Bombay,
then
now
were
they supposed to be of use for
that
the
possession of
Shivaji saw
observant
to keep an
enable him
eye
harbour
or
leaving Bombay
entering
necessary
heard
Khan
strengthen them
an
such
He
storm
two
had
stronghold and
with
collusion
uninhabited
were
whence
the
covert
Surat
of
devising an
expedient for
stroke of policy the Sidi and
same
alliance and the Bombay
ment
govern-
in their overt
their
the
end
of
thought
one
the
on
the
at
But
defences,that Daulat
impression
again compelled to raise
account
capital.
his
encamped
on
at
was
treasury
could not
any
Shivajinow
Sidi
the
on
He
its natural
make
The
demands
then
was
discontented
were
arrears.
not
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
OF
with
government
they knew
safety and
in the
politicalmoves
change their attitude,at
Duff,
also
spelt
Kendry""
AND
ENGLISH
THE
THE
ABYSS1NIANS
605
their
them
But
a
three
went
armed
Khanderi
folded
with
think
not
hands.
it
was
launched
They
to
and
did
authorities
with
ships
instructions
with
on
to sit down
moment
withstandin
not-
Bombay
the
drinkingwater,
to
attempts
that
give up
disputesand
to
these
of
settlement
to
island.
the
island.
lieutenant
with
landed
between
ensued
the rest
up and
with
were
wind
feel courageous
not
Nor
1
The
Keigwin ).
were
the
enough
the
rescue
and
the
British
was
named
the
to
The
shore.
the
fell and
the
lieutenant
The
taken
the
sailors.
his
killed in
was
secured
when
of
Shivaji'smen.
party and
this
by cables to
to
shipscould scarcelycome
as
a fierce gale was
blowing
Later
the
one
few
some
of
one
minding the
not
drunk
board
on
was
had
sea
lieutenant
affray and
was
other
hauled
British
more
( Page
companions,
running high.
ebbed, they did
Khanderi.
near
warships
Thorpe.
scuffle
of their
sea
venture
38
successful
R. "
in
O. Strachey.
OF
LIFE
S06
the
patrolling
continued
The
Khanderi.
approaching
dart
to
MAHARAJ
keeping
and
sea
SHIVAJI
Maratha
light boats
the
into
off the
boats
of
the
island, under
from
Marathas
of
cover
night,
for the
provisionsand building materials
fortification works, leaving again as
quickly as they had
unable
to overtake
approached it. The British warships were
swift Maratha
the
were
so
barques which
lightly
constructed, both as regards their hull and rowing arrangements,
that they could
move
swiftly independent of wind
The
and
tide, unlike the sailingcraft of the Company.
of their
also handicapped by the smallness
latter were
with
and
number
debarred
from
The
Marathas.
the
on
of
cargoes
These
hired
resolute1
applied for
commander
granted, the
the
so
purpose,
attack
Company
to
as
inforcements
re-
having
the
augment
English
a
British
were
vessels for
some
attempting
besides
sailors.
some
The
to
naval
force under
Daulat
Khan
anchored
was
at
Cheul
and
now
just opposite to Khanderi, whence
every
of victuals,
then emerged his lightcraft with their cargoes
Daulat
darting to and fro and eluding pursuit. Once
Khan
But
Khanderi.
advance
past, Daulat
did
strayed
away
in tow.
The
of
The
cavalry
2
seized
from
the
main
British
enrolled
of Saint
commander
He
by
was
Pettit.
Helena.
of
their
Captain Keigwin,
Before
He
rebelled
reinforcements
coming
force
who
the
to
that
While
their anchors.
captain-lieutenant of
was
vessels
British
the
Revenge.
the
governor
Khan
upon
they
slipping
threw
the
in
charge
was
squadron
small
he
Bombay
had
of
been
Child in 1683.
agarfnstSir John
permitted
Revenge frigatecomprised two
grabs ( or gurabas )of two masts, strengthened by three shebars (or shibars ),
and two munchuas
as
a
by Orme
( or machavas
),the last being described
20C
fcind
of
vessel."
The
by
trading
strengthened
were
crews
stronger
The
to the
"
This
was
the Dover
entire garrison of
under
Sergeant
Bombay.
Maulverer
and
certain
Mr-
AND
ENGLISH
THE
vessels into
The
Marathas
of the
the
sea,
troops and
both
the
successful
Gape
who
from
Daulat
ensign and
Khan.
of the Bombay
member
A
Minchin
of
execution
their
spiritedaccount
of the Revenge
further
materials
Mr.
hi9
Maratha
reinforcements,
supplies,
food
and
satisfied with
Khan
Daulat
Thereupon
struck
miles away
was
purpose2 put
main
top-sailout
Gape was
cowardice
of
a
part
one
was
carry
fortification
island.
the
to
by treachery.
him
going on in
seized by the
duel
opportunity
surrender.
fire,
losing,it is said, five of
her
this
elsewhere
transports
pretendedto
she
her.
While
But
quailedbefore
vessels.1
their
to
to board
came
909
The
ABYSSINIANS
THE
when
two
afterward?
and
factor
back
Council,
of
the
stand
made
by Capt. Keigwin
R. " O. Strachey
is
and
Capt.
38, 39 of
given by
pages
of
use
Keigwin and Minchin, however, made
make
to
towards
the
their
hauled
down
as
Marathas.
sails,so
treachery
They
the Marathas
believe
that the Revenge had struck in the same
as
manner
Mr. Gape's vessel.
Shivaji'sadmiral thinking that the Revenge was going
with twenty-four grabs ( gurabas ) within
surrender
advanced
Co
pistol-shot
the English vessel, when
expectedly
unand prepared his boats to board
the latter
in
short time
a
opened fire and
repulsed the Marathas.
Minchin
and Keigwin
of oourse
covered
with glory ", but the
themselves
exploitof a captain striking his sails under
pretence of surrendering and
would
the enemy
he advauced
then firingupon
the surrender
to accept
as
him with another
of
have covered
sort
glory at the hands of the British
in
But
the battle taken
waters.
admiralty, had
place in European
them
their harangue to their crew
the English captains had
admonished
"the
of
Christians
taken
disgrace
against
being
prisonersby Heathens," and
they perhaps believed that the laws of naval war
might also not be observed
Christians
towards
"Heathens."
the example of the Portuguese
And
by
before them.
It is significantthat Messrs. R. " O. Strachey have
was
of censure
about
not a word
the stratagem.
As
English historians have
accused
of
fraud
and treaohery,it is melancholy to observe
that in
Shivaji
the only recorded
battle between him
and
the British authorities, it was
their
"'
at
Keigwin's Rebellion."
"
"
"
the
British
elementary
captains who
laws
of
naval
deceived
warfare.
Keigwin's
report of the
own
Shivaji'sadmiral
What
would
have
by
an
abuse
of the
Duff
Grant
and
Keigwin's
given afc pages 38, 39 of R. " 0. Strachey:
Rebellion." and Appendix III.
2
If
The Marathas
ashore.
captured five English ships that had run
surrender
),
as
"
508
LIFE
into
Nagotna
followed
SHIVAJI
OF
stood
and
roads
MAHARAJ
anchor.
at
The
Revenge
him
in
lightboats
without
the
with
needed
effectual hindrance
any
provisions to Khanderi,
the
on
part of the
British
squadron cruisingabout.
The
naval
skirmishes
around
Khanderi
of
authorities
permission
before
as
refused
them
five
make
to
But
the
their
at
were
thousand
a
to
diversion
Portuguese
to march
district. The
of
news
Bombay through the Thana
the approach of Shivaji'sforces
towards
their northern
barriers again spread consternation
at Bombay, where
it was
feared
that, should the Portuguese grant the required
upon
passage
should
or
Marathas
the
be
able
to
obtain
the
the
Bombay
but
to send
over
cross
government found
an
to
envoy
other
no
Raigad
with
to
course
open
proposalsfor
it
fresh
treaty.
By
this time
nearing
were
mounted
upon
good
account
the
fortification
completion
and
island-fort
had
the
of themselves.
works
the
Khanderi
upon
batteries
newly
already begun
The
British
vessels
give
already
to
that
mean
Gape, it would
formed
that
vessels
Khan
Daulat
seven
captured six out
larger
of the
the reinforcement of the Revenge, or including that vessel six out
Khan
had
Daulat
total English force of eight larger ships. Certainly
covered
had
accomplished his main purpose, and Keigwin and Minchin
*
""
with glory," Vide
Keigicin'sRebellion,
R. " 0. Strachey :
themselves
to
this is added
the
had
grab
sui
rendered
by
Mr.
of the
"
'
page
39.
had
his
vail
seemed
resources
his
before
the
naval
of
stronghold
sea-girtfortress
the
of the
Abyssinian power
Shivaji's
navy.
decisive
have
after
must
triumphs
was
of
all
the
the
Mogul
in
by
as
arrear.
authorities
triumphs
the mutinous
they
He
the
spirit
by
were
their
made
many
for financial aid at
to his entreaties.
answer
together all
to obstruct the
deterred
remained
critical in his
so
mustered
hordes, discontented
having long
juncture
Sidi
He
requisitions
upon
no
security of
would
of his mercenary
the
MAHARAJ
power.
Fain
pay
SHIVAJI
that the
standards
its
Maratha
for
fears
own
Janjira. It
of
OF
LIFE
510
It
was
only when
the
the
Moguls
saw
and
assured
the
British
one
second
much
very
of the British
The
his
efforts,hewould
British
to encourage
officers present1
that,should
the
conquer
however,
officers,
idea,having reason
the Maratha
did not
to
seem
suspect
Capt. Keigwin.
his
Disappointedin
Sidi, relying
cannonade
on
with
campaign
concerted
THE
ABYSS1NIANS
511
fears to deter
of
AND
ENGLISH
THE
his
on
the Sidi.
expectationof
own
fort,to. which
British
alliance,the
opened
resources,
theMaratha
thought
very
the
vigorous
made
Marathas
their
the
port
once
more
as
base
Shivaji'sterritory. Four
sword
and
seized and
Daulat
all
who
this
while
advanced
face
to
of
the head
to
about
and
plans
with
Khanderi,
No
at
sending
of
now
resolution
this
creek.
Nagotna
were
anchored
was
to
into
fire and
to
put
of
raids
peaceful inhabitants
prisonersto Bombay.
as
Khan,
naval
his
villages were
number
goodly
brought
for
did
sooner
Maratha
vessels notice the
Abyssinian and British
all sail
squadron emerging from the creek than they made
The
Maratha
their movements.
arrest
to anticipateand
barred
commander
finding his way
signalleda retreat,
to prevent the enemy
leaving a few vessels at the entrance
from
entering the creek. The Sidi, fearing lest these
of night approach his warvessels
ships
might under cover
the
and
set
the British
did
Khanderi
not
Marathas.
seem
The
and
tire,quietly withdrew
on
squadron
the Marathas.
upon
them
alone
remained
Sidi
returned
kept
up
however
to
on
again to
sustained
make
the
much
his
scene
his
fleet,and
to watch
onslaughts
cannonade,
which
impression
on
the
512
LIFE
0"
At last baffled in
himself
to make
batteries, he
intention
take
to
down
came
presentedthemselves
took
end
an
ably seconded
by
After
this had
Daulat
Khan
close
as
fleet
had
have
to their
lb may
been
the
a
right
Vide
names
Khanderi
one
four
on
with
Rajapur,
with
Rajapur
ambassador
the
the
Raigad
proposals
at
the peace
Bombay,2 and
at
to confirm
articles
the
squadronfrom
be
triumph.
hinder
the
envoy
account
Underi
40.
Maratha
of
pacificarrangements, the
recent
place,inverts
battle.
remnant
agreeableto
to
Sidi.
Maratha
that
the
light. The
partiality
they might
the
in
in
flagship.At
recalled their
be remarked
Duff confounds
Grant
uses
which
of
into
authorities
any
lasted
prisoners by the
British
the
monarch
the
results,
the
to
his
treaty for
the
fortune
the
battle
towards
crews
his
after
indecisive
The
taken
board
Bombay government
disclaimed
just
vessels
his
up
tempt
to
to Bombay
sent down
envoy was
of these
the treaty. In view
and
British
battle
with
Sidi.
again put
was
presentedby
sustained
severely wounded
was
on
the Maratha
found
retreat
meantime
the
time
some
fresh additions
In
and
said to have
are
admiral
battered
his
Sidi.
The
island.
position on
opened fire upon Underi,
results
many
himself
of the Maratha
wounded
took
large number
Sidi's losses
The
Khan
the
disastrous
Khan
Daulat
of
advanced
with
encounter
besides
men,
place.
from
his
lasted for
largerand
four
the
scene
shore
again
hours, with
authorities
emerged
upon
at the
fortress
possession of that
last
at
determined
garrison and
Bombay
permanent
Khan
Sidi
the
to
indecisive encounter
but
the
sufficient
notified
MAHARAJ
the
enterprise,
of
with
this
master
fortifyingit
and
SHIVAJI
them
of
and
Khanderi
suspectedto
The
conclusion
had
Sidi
of
on
the
expresslycome
the
in another.
down
With
Bombay.
to
AND
ENGLISH
THE
this
harbour
THE
ABYSSINIANS
view
he
filfc
vessels he had
Bombay
to
sent
captured as
the
time
prizesof his recent victory,and applied at the same
the Bombay waters at the head
for permissionto enter
of
his squadron. This was
naturallyrefused by the Bombay
into Pen
government,upon which he forced an entrance
creek, carryingfire and sword into the villages
either
on
side of the channel.
seized and
have
In the
carried
course
away
than
more
to
thousand
inhabitants.
these
Amid
March
in
By
government.
1674
themselves
to
monsoons,
or
grant
no
of
if at all
Shivaji and
the
the
British
anchorage
they did
so,
they
But
which
the
point,were
his death
L.S.34
conquest of
destined
at
the
the
Bombay
Raigad, which
brought
took
bound
the
permit it
cause
these events.
Whatever
in
mind, for
his
to
own
to be the
to be
of
peace
during
to
were
cluded
con-
Sidi's vessels
harbour
naval
was
authorities
to
Bombay
under
any
treaty
new
this
limits
the
the
between
1680
affirmed, and
were
within
events
exciting
placesoon
sudden
startingend
afterwards.
with
CHAPTER
SAINT
WITH
story that
The
is found
career
succinctly in a
intense
piety and
few
of
associations
watchful
of
the
and
life
his
The
devotion.
which
terized
characin
germ
Brought up
pious mother,
instinct
religious
the
great king.
present
of
growing passion
eloquent records
those
puranas,
the
their
had
and
a
years
now
fervour
childhood.
loving
his infant
of
recitals
all
earliest
his
eye
from
imbibed
in
king
the
nimity,
magnato
illustrations
spiritualexperiences of
noble
of marvellous
generous
It remains
review
this
incident
an
enterprise,of
religious enthusiasm
The
the
brief
of
traced
many
filial affection.
of
SEER.
hitherto
with
of romantic
and
AND
have
we
chequered
heroism,
XXIX
the
under
he had
for
the
of
the
triumphs
which
thus
at
an
shed
cheriearly periodwas impressed upon his plasticmind was
and developed in the critical period of adolescence under
a
guide and philosopher of the undeviating rectitude and
The
spiritualbias
conscientiousness of Dadaji Kondadev.
was
of
end
mind
He
present feelingof
the
this
at
remained
rationalism
life.
his
his
to
given
and
quisitiveness
that
stage of growing
unobliterated
with
an
always haunted
vanity of earthly splendours and
died
Of
deal
with
(1271
Dnyanadev
and
and
under
the
one
the
between
extraordinary
is
commentary
pure
Viveka
of
the consolations
all
and
castes
of
Dnyanadev,2
D.
He
is
His
chief
Marathi.
Sindhu
generations
to
A.
the
religionof
of
generally
(the Ocean
koned
rec-
works
are
of Keason).
spiritualsalvation.
of a quartette
D.,) was
one
for the purity and
saintliness
of their
extent
of age.
in
1300
ever-
of
A.
thirty years
toatim which
to
and
1200
problem
1296
accessible
Mukundraj,1
-poet to write
(the Highest Nectar) and
poems
brothers
made
Paramamrit
lives
lived
Mukundraj
as
been
society.
of
classes
The
had
creed
this
The
the
to
was
of
wealth
in-
Dnyanadev's
on
the
intellectual
chief
work
Bhagtcat-Gita
powers.
is the
and
one
three
of
of
their
They
all
Dnyaneshof
the
SAINT
WITH
AND
other
olden
SEER
516.
bards of the
saints and
heard
from
the
eloquent
born
were
of the
the hands
orthodox
lived afterwards,
pant
which
1
He
believed
in
have
to
of fraud
manner
2
to
run
and
hypocrisy
of
governor
in the
Bhagwat
the
had
Devgiri
orthodox
to the
His
law
and
Shimpi
arid
was
sanyas
childreo,
caste.
popularly
are
of
contempt
danardan
all
of his poetry
the eleventh
on
custom.
Tailor
or
Abhangas
discipleof
Daulatabad, under
or
his
distinguishingfeatures
Be
metre.
his
begotten
publisheda commentary
Chi
of
fort
the
are
father Vithal-
renounoed
to Vithal
Devotion
their
that
had
in that state
crore
Eknath, ( 1528"1599,)
-ter of the
hermit
incompatible with
A. D.) belonged
1275
(about
the Abhanga metre
or
stanza.
Namdev
wrote
circumstance
or
to be
considered
was
were
of the
sannyaei
lived with
and
and
Brahman
account
on
having bcome
Marathi
the
in
at Alandi
the
chap
Swami
iNizamshah,
sultans.
3
the
Muktesb
Ovi
metre,
grand-son
poeticaleffects.
(1609*53,)was
war,
and
of
pure
of
Eknath
He
and
translated
oi
master
parts
of the*
Mahabharat.
RamdaB
(1608
"
of the Da8-Bodh.
poem
in Marathi
unique
literature
work,
intimate
"
attainments
He
He
Samarth
(1636
and
Tukaram
Maratha
"
Ramdas
discipleof
6
and
(1568
"
his
was
to
have
1649), was
caste
father's
native
and
grocery
Bhate's
Sanskrit
been
of Dehu,
Vaishya
trade, but
or
for
scholar
wrote
Kshatriya by
continued
96) is said
He
Swami.
Prof.
Vide
Marathi
'
Ramdas.
Pandit
Sajjangad
Waman
him.
with
intercourse
near
metre.
Poona,
tradesman
lost
time
some
of considerable
He
was
by vocation.
heavily in business.
was
and
most
Keshav
Swami
were
followers
of Ramdas.
516
LIFE
Anand
Murti,
OF
Keshav
of
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
his
upon
ears.
he
was
an
visible
the
of
chanting songs
the
hallowed
of
symbols
assembled
that
twice
praisein
of
strains
which
a
which
within
Almost
which
of
planned
he
his
Alandi
of
scheme
that from
his
Tukaram.
to the recitations
of their
Shivajihad
already
Shivaji.
the
principality
first stage
of
towns
these saints
additional
of
to hear
come
listen
and
As
soul-stirringverses.
the
an
the memory
of the poetIt was
natural, therefore,
told about
anecdotes
mind
new
earlyboyhood Shivajishould
Tukaram,
to
all Maharashtra
hallowed
the
empire, lay
and
saints,Dnyanadev
the
other
operate with
himself, marking
for
Dehu, consecrated
and
but
that of
of
bounds
the
and
stirred
on
emotions, like
religious
instinct with
Pandharpur,
god Vithoba,2 in
Namdev
not
gregations
con-
at
the
Dnyanadev,
religiousrenascence,
societyto its depths,could
intensity of spiritualenthusiasm
the vast
were
year
of
honour
The
poets.
advantage
regards
from
his
o"
to his religiousdiscourses
listening
personally
abhangas as uttered by his saintlylipson the inspiration
childhood
and
of
the
He
moment.
had
thus
conceived
at
very
earlyage
not
"
kirtankdrs
of
"
facultyof
his
time, but
melodious
and
who
inspiredverse,
experienceand
profoundreligious
of love.
Shivaji took a
message
Jcirtans
or
psalmodic
to Poona
came
word
when
1
saints
was
The
in
People".
2
name
brought
English reader
Chapters XI and
VoL
discourses
to deliver
of
On
product
the earnestness
keen
such
the
often
also
going to address
information
of Mr. Kincaid's
who
occasions,as
was
"
o"
of his
delight in
Tukaram,
the
with
about
History of
some
the
of these
Maratha
I.
them.
will find
XVII
also endowed
was
his
this
host of other
Nor
fallen
litterateurs had
saints, poets,1and
of
and
8wami,
in
his "Vaishnayism
and
Shaivism"
derives
618
LIFE
and
put
period for
tThus he exhorted
"The
poet addressed
himself
for
Vithal !
under
"
whatever
One
of
plan to
his
rescue
of the
notice
Away
they
Under
But
under
few
eluded
of
cover
Pathans
joined in
kirtan
paid
Sinhagad
Here
his
safelyto
respects
anecdote
Tukaram's
with
thrilled with
The
same
effect
credulous
Once
of
was
on
horse
the
their horses.
time
while
flyingbefore
the
them.
and
set
moon
became
invisible.
The
the
banyan's
house
at
assembled
persons
at
the
respective homes.
Shivaji
to
preacher and returned
illustrative of
his
escaping in this
prince Shivaji.
the
until
exhortations
his
was
The
the
to
is another
of them
their
night.1
youthful Shivaji.
conducting a series
one
for
he
the
that very
impression
him
saw
remained
had
pursuit, and
returned
too
pursuit
brilliant
deliberatelyon
cavalier
darkness
the
who
the
action
him
Maratha
their
ornamented
Shivaji's
in
the
see
his
sequel,
place.
the utmost
pursuit,putting spurs to
night the chase lasted a long
moonlit
he
from
it with
donned
latter
mistook
and
hurried
patientlythe
moving
his
the
"
swiftly mounting
The
Pathans.
could
they
and
obtruding
stealthymanner
to
executed
He
of
to await
and
master
places.
in the moment
followers,however, devised
head-dress
gallopedaway
their
with
without
adroitness.
and
and
crest
faithful
his
composure
but
might be,
it
not
births.
invocation
intervention
hall rang
circumstances
such
future
in
solemn
instant
decided
Shivaji
of
remain
to
to
an
the audience
trial,and
travails
the
to
ever
his audience
Almighty, praying
of
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
OF
time
could
when
the
powerful
make
on
Tukaram
the
was
Tukaram's
people
of
Shivaji'stime
believed
that the
verses.
Deity
who
saved
in a vain
the Pathans
Shivaji by assuming his form and luring away
followed
have
works
and
in
their
Chitnis
respective
pursuit. Mahipati
of loyal servants to
dearth
time there was
this legend. But in Shivaji's
no
risk their lives for the sake
of their master.
SAINT
WITH
exalted
were
that
SEER
5W
impassionedfrenzy of
thoughts of self, of place
to such
all
forgetting
AND
an
love,
divine
stance,
circum-
and
had
chosen
of
glorification
the
he
character, and
concluded
his audience
Him
cleave to Him, if
human
and
with
and
its
to leave
all other
would
they
the
greater,and he
paths and to love
the
of
crown
precepts he
great masters
pouring of his
the
the
with
of
is
earnest
and
tests
true
have
These
the
on
demonstration
nothing
illuminated
and
with
whom
exhorted
and
ideal
ascetic
expositionturned
His
inspired outmelodious
own
and
The
impressive
impromptu verses.
of worldly
oratory of the preacher,exposing the evanescence
and vanity,the evil of sensual
and the
pomp
gratification,
the
transitoriness
of human
life,wrought powerfully on
look
imagination of his audience and created a change of outin Shivaji. Endowed
the
liveliest religious
with
ever
emotion
as
he
anon
he
was,
eloquence of the
spiritualadvice
preacher
and
act
woods
preacher amidst
counsellors
sought to
representingto him
ascetic
ideal at
and
resolved
he
his
upon
thrilling
the
to
his
follow
the
precepts to
very
in life.
at
dispersedand
to the
with
enraptured
was
the
conclusion
Shivaji returned
and
began
to meditate
the solitude
dissuade
the
this time
him
of
impropriety
of
his
of
kirtan, the
home,
he
the
on
the
from
of the
betook
words
His
wilderness.
this
course
pursuing
youthfulcareer.
of
of life,
such
But
an
with
all their
520
resolved
which
MAHARAJ
and
them
SHIVAJI
OF
LIFE
spend
to
in
entangled
ministers
the
in
were
whole
Jijabaithe
down
in
evanescent, he
of it in
forfeit, if
would
he
minute
every
and
he
was
thoughtsof eternity,
allowed
himself
to
be
and
labyrinths of war
politics.The
to
great perplexity and communicated
story
as
it had
She
occurred.
forthwith
of which
the
restoration
of
was
state, the watchword
the oppressive Mahofreedom, civil and religious,from
medans.
Tukaram
listened
to her humble
his vocation
That
usual.
as
came
Karma,
He
or
duty
life. There
temporal
night for
large. To
forlorn
as
true
the
betake
the
worship
welfare, be
absolute
the
see
of
God.
and
in
to
family life.
Those
from
retire
quest
of
and
life.andto
the
conduct.
that leave
the
of
at
of
the
from
the
"
solitudes
this
To
nothing
the
mankind
away
and
salvation
was
test
misery
turn
shades
of
was
in
humbly,
so
duty and
improve it,there
human
It
wretchedness
seek
and
of mountains
in order
ever
of one's
moment
spiritof
it
vocation
multitude
and
world
no
peopleevery
the
according to one's
imperative necessity to
in the
Shivaji too
interests and
manhood
kirtan.
action
as
was
wilderness
caves
The
life of
defined
true
the
night Jijabaiattended
not
was
live in
so
of
the
effective
world, and
child
SAINT
WITH
AND
SEER
and
Such
forfeits
salvation
of
the doctrines
followed
was
a
king.The
and
rarelypermits them
by
up
welfare
each
Dharma,
Dharma,
could
his
of whom
Ambarish,
of
"
had
earned
sage
the
upon
duties
of
princelybeneficence
be fitly
exercised by a sovereign
private relations and had the
heart.
He
quoted the great
subjects at
puranic fame
one
exposition of
and
Action
Duty,
the lines of
his
of
examples
in
forfeits his
luminous
dissertation
set forth
orator
of
long,
society.
of
He
earth.
on
the
resist for
to
ridicule
the
This
and
Karma
virtuous
was
all honour
in heaven.
who
to
themselves
expose
man
hopes of
flesh
the
frailtyof
they only
with
the
and
of
Janak, of
title of
and
wisdom,
royal
proved
a
examples that even
king had no necessityto
love of
abdicate his sovereignty in order
to cultivate the
God and the pursuitsof virtue. This exhortation, illuminated
with
an
religious
by many
apt illustration and enforced
fervour, enthralled and captivatedthe mind of Shivaji. He
was
impressed with the truth and sincerityof the precepts
to
in life.
determined
in his conduct
and
practisethem
feet of
affection
the
at
Prostratinghimself in devout
Tukaram
and Jijabai,
home
he returned
to his palace, and
his career
of conquest and empire.
resumed
by
these
such
Having
Tukaram,
it
was
strong desire
to
and
faith
worth
of
sanctity and
but
natural
feel a
that Shivaji should
with
live in close contact
the saintly man
constant
opportunity of listening to his
enjoy the
inspiringdiscourses.
of invitation
who
officer,
state
to the
took
With
saint
with
paraphernaliato
him
the
this view
and
a
escort
that
honour
are
he
horse,
may
it
by
letter
civilian
an
the saint to
as
court with
Shivaji's
he appreciated the
the invitation
well known
the stanzas
addressed
despatched
Much
ceremony.
prince'smotives, the saint declined
due
and
in
his countrymen,
among
well bear translation :
"
and
in
verses
some
of
and devices.
I The
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
the
has created
God
"
hut
OF
LIFE
522
faith does
only by
"Seeingthe writing in
letter,I
your
guide.
love his
attain and
one
have
you
see
intellect,
the
inspirerof
the
philospher is
wise
some
the
Rightlyare
You
"
penances,
of your
are
sincere
import
this is the
King
Sir
answer,
; hear
most
our
request.
let
; in appearance,
the woods
wander
us
mean
repulsive.
Sparely clad,
"
live
sparelyfed, we
limbs
Our
"
for
the
then
"Aimless
and
meeting me
on
rites,
vows,
letter.
Hear
"
bent
now
of the universe
of
lord
name,
have
You
"
holy
of the reins
wielder
umbrella,the
Shiva,
named
you
person
fruits.
on
and
crabbed
lean and
are
dust
with
smeared
is
our
fit
no
display
anybody's eyes.
Tuka
"
makes
friendlyrequest,talk
to
not
of
him
visit.
will
the
What's
"
only tire
our
good of
legs.
For
food, alms
"
For
sleep,a
"
Then
be
would
"
need
; for
of stone
I fix
of life.
for
honour,
covering,the sky.
hopes
my
waste
king'spalace,the
the
At
But
is death
It
couch
we,
presence
go
to
on
any
body
It
court, contentment
not there.
for others
"
mere
Should
dwelleth
"
why
to your
coming
our
to
is
rich
are
honoured
honour
none.
the
us.
sightof
men
gaudily decked
and
apparelled,
this
Hearing
"
still God
is
is the
This
11
though
secret
Fettered
of
inheritors
estranged,
grow
us.
disclose
unto
you,
no
alms.
to live upon
Tuka,
But, says
"
should
would
we
52S
sacrifices.
and
penances,
vows,
to
desire the
by
SEER
you
indifferent
never
AND
SAINT
WITH
in
of
merit
accumulated
love, the
divine
rich
the
are
we
our
past lives."1
frank
This
and
all the
alive
him
his
anger,
settle
to
great ascetic.
the
long
as
his discourse.
It
grant
the
upon
Far
from
him
were
the saint
as
of
single opportunity
permanent
for
wasted
Shivajinever
a visit or
listeningto
desire
to
remained
heightened. And
more
Shivaji'ssolicitation,
unquenched, he did not
end
an
towards
resentment
feelingany
put
desire
his
though
feel any
refusal
was
holy
was
paying
his
great
man
and
had
been spent in the
days of a life which
But before
midst ot worldly misfortunes.
Shivaji could do
died.
had
anything in this direction, the great master
last
the
ease
However
as
wisdom
humble
poesie, and
noble
the
incuicated
flowed
had
that
upon
the
of
lessons
all
masses
by
The
son.
of
his
had
and
strenuous
three
villagesare
The
to make
it has
epistle,as
Tukaram
villagesto
still enjoyed
his guru
to us, consists
come
Cabinet and
that
these
to
taken
the
place.
time,
It is
nor
now
of the Ashta
constitution
had
almost
stanzas
the
meeting
certain
from
that
the
Pradhan
persuaded to believe
is
author
the
Abhaugas.
or
of the Ashta
between
Tukaram
pen
of
Pradhan
was
Shivaji and
died in 1649.
Messrs.
Nelson
any
material
Marathe.
and
This
alteration
The
Kinoaid
Fiaser
at
and
Swami,
interpolated.
are
completed
Ramdas
Ramdas
spiritual
or
of six stanzas
Some
Mr.
his
grant of
these
of
his descendants.2
Shivaji'sdesire
not
of
revenues
words
faith he
and
virtue
through
a
the
copious springs
the
from
life,Shivajimade
self-denying
his
of
acknow^dgment
narrative
from
Mr.
about
Keluskar's
Tukaram
is
taken
without
of that poet.
OF
LIFE
524
SHIVAJI
were
but
fillthe void
in
the
saintlymen
equalledTukaram
created by his death. It
without
that
of
death
premature
him
with
holy communion
the
his contemporaries,
among
appearedcapable to
an
acceptedcreed of
or
none
Hinduism
orthodox
other
many
MAHARAJ
is
the
guidance
of such
of salvation is impossible.
spiritualmentor, the attainment
This was
he
impressed upon Shivaji,at a kirtan, which
happened to attend at Mahad, when the preacher described
fortitude by the classical example of
the triumph of spiritual
the Prince Dhruva, which
not
was
however, as Shivajisaw,
of his preceptor, the Sage
realized without
the mediation
Narad.
But having experienceof the unrivalled sanctityand
the spiritual
faith of Tukaram, his standard
of preceptorial
requirements was much too high to be approached by other
Shivaji,with all the distractions of state
sages. Nor was
able to find time to cultivate anything like a deep intimacy
affairs,
of his time or enroll himself
with the saintlypersonages
of any great spiritual
thinker.
It was
as
a disciple
just
to fillup
that he had
this void
But
invited
that
great man
importunity
the
or
king's pomp
this Shivaji inferred
ideal. From
by
for
nobody
seeks
and
would
his
answer
being able
society.With
sanctitywere
them
to
this
Ramdas
Swami
he
discover
the
to
to
never
such
gave
a
man
persons
their
would,
yet deign
the
of
cares
of sanctity
man
to
ascetic
saint
that it
a
up
and
live,Shivajidid
provide for
was
his
true
across
come
and
come
be induced
not
give up
to
that
view, wherever
known
visit and
could
highestexpectationand
But
of
to
Tukaram
pioushope
live in
his
acknowledged
not
fail to
pay
earthly comforts.
ascetic of
woods
habits, he wandered
over
and
mountains, having nothing like a permanent dwelling-place.
Hearing that he was
generally to be found at a certain
hermitage and temple of Rama, in the glen of Chafal,
Shivaji proceeded to this place to pay his respectsto the
the
most
austere
LIFE
526
OJ?
commanded
nath
was
and
erect
divert
to
bridge
SHIVAJI
MAHARAJ
the
it and
over
debit
pagodas to the
orders, Shivaji proceeded
these
given
current
charge to the
treasury. Having
to
in
Kondwan
the
the
of five hundred
limit
of
course
the
too
of
ravine
he
appointe
dis-
was
this
Upon
of the Krishna
from
Vena,
metre,
It
his hands.
of
the institutor of
11
"
thy
placed
in
"
benefactions form
mighty pile;
no
virtues.
of
Lord
these burdens
thy
on
art
of
men,
water
Thou
letter
forts,of land, of
"
was
resolution, the
thou, whose
rival to
when
followingeffect :
to the
was
Meru1
"
and
the
confluence
massive
victorious
holy and
meritorious,
shoulders.
and
glorious, mighty
virtuous, a king of wisdom.
and
art rich in
Thou
brave
and
Thou
art
The
; the
;
Brahman
religionwas
nought.
"
To
snthroned
save
the
himself
"Countless
Meru
at the centre
of the earth.
On
"
she universe
wicked
fear, others
Shiva
defend
to
none
to
rule ; and
thy
has
some
many
pervaded
ones
again
are
slain,some
tremblingwith
blessed is the king
are
pardoned ;
are
for
ask
me
I know
forgottenme,
"
establisher
are
of
strain
The
not.
wise
But
piety. What
11
lived in
have
"I
Pray
is
Some
"
not, under
Honour
thy patronage.
seek
527
religionhas lingeredin
pietiescease
Other
SEER
the
AND
SAINT
WITH
me
excuse
for
state-craft has
writing thus,
distracted
without
thy
mind.
occasion.''
Your
abounds
heart
have
sung
For
Even
many
now
me
"
forgiveness.Your
I
can
joy. How
with
with
praises,but
days I have had
my
I propose
am
not
describe
at all
ardent
an
benedictory
it ?
worthy
desire
to
of
see
to come
pleased to receive me
enduring thirst." This reply he presentedto
my
appease
the holy man
and
the disciple
was
inquired of him where
was
then
residing. The disciplereplied that the Swami
he would
then at Chafal, but there was
no
knowing where
be, as he changed from place to place,as it pleasedhis
fancy. With these words, the discipledeparted bearing
May
you
be
Shivaji'sreply.
Next
and
made
day, Shivajiproceeded to
paying a devotional
his inquiriesas
visit
to
the
to
Chafal
the
with
temple
whereabouts
of
of
his
suite,
Ram,
the
he
saint.
"
528
LIFE
OF
SHIVAJI
MAHARAJ
at the
was
disciples
present told him that the Swami
his letter
at Shinganwadi and that
temple of Hanuman
them
the previousday about
had reached
had
sunset
which
that very
to him
been taken over
morning, by his disciple
that he should
Kalyan Gosavi.
They suggested,moreover,
hasten
his journey to the placewhere
not
the Swami
was
but that he should
at the moment,
partake of the dishes
of the deity of the
which
were
being prepared in honour
temple, and after they had been duly offered up to the god,
he should
then
to pay hie
proceed in a leisurelymanner
The
homage
to
the
inform
of
the
in
saint, whom
the
would
they
meantime
Shivaji however
replied
Thursday, a day speciallydedicated
Rajah's arrival.
was
worship of one's
the
Hanuman
Shinganwadi,
at
Swami
had
directed
his
descended
where
to
the
foot-stepsthither.
he
learnt
below.
garden
The
that
Swami
Ramdas
Shivaji
found
was
had
fig-tree.He
just been
reading
and had
broken
letter delivered by Kalyan Gosavi
Shivaji's
into a rippleof laughter, when
Shivaji presented himself t.
Divakar
before
Bhat
leading the way.
Shivajiadvanced
the
and
cocoa-nut,
presented the votive
having
sage,
prostratedhimself humbly to the ground,stood silent before
seated
him.
beneath
The
Shivaji,
observing that he had come
with his letter,a thing that bespoke
Swami
went
addressed
on
to say
that he
had
at
his
been
the
himself
same
moment
impatience.
livingfor
to
The
long
to
Shivaji'skingdom, and the king had not seemed
for him
much
care
during all that time. He wondered
therefore,why he had called on him that day. Upon this,
an
Shivaji made
apologeticreply to the effect that he had
time
in
SAINT
WITH
seekingfor
been
had
long
to
till that
succeeded
not
time
AND
SEER
52"
his presence,
bub
he could only beg to be
into
come
day, and
He then requestedhim
to
forgivenfor his misfortune.
good enough to initiate him solemnlyinto the circle of
favour
a
spiritualdisciples,
it
which
The
him.
upon
ardently longed
for
his
and
of the Swami
to bestow
power
acceded
to the request, and upon
the
in
was
he
be
Swami
the solemn
rites of
choice, Divakar
puja
the
an
under
or
rite
solemn
the
upon
then delivered into his ears
by
preceptor of hi"
as
Bhat, the guide,officiating
priestat the
As
ceremony.
bowed
his head
to be
of the
in honour
feet
of
completed, Shivaji
was
the
The
master.
latter
the
change
exhortation
in
exclaimed
of the
or
chapterof
preceptor wrought
and addressinghimself
Shivaji,
he
tired
this
of the
an
the
to
labours
great poem.
immediate
Swami
he
of
empire and
desired to spend the rest of his life in peace, in the society
of the sage, serving him in whatever
capacity along with
and he prayed that he might be
the rest of his disciples,
permitted to live, as he desired,in immediate attendance
This provoked a strong remonstrance
from
upon the sage.
was
the Swami.
now
Is it for
this,"said he,
"
are
Many great exploits
alien Mahomedan
L. S. 35.
has
the
earth.
of
to defend
is also
overrun
come
the
part
the Brahmans.
hands.
It is for you
The*
to
LIFE
530
SHIVAJI
OF
from
them.
MAHARAJ
Thus
does Rama
yourself of
the sage
advice
that Shri
in the song of the Bkagvad-Gita.
will. Bethink
Krishna
to
gave
It is the warrior's
Arjun
path that you must tread in general.The stories
to your
kings of antiquityhave doubtless come
deeds
valorous
escaped
not
mould
is
of your
scarcelyto
be
and
After
time
do
this event
of
home,
without
Shivaji used
detriment
to
visit
opportunity
to state
affairs.
the
place to
often
as
sure
about
only
could
He
when
He
the
had
first to send
whereabouts
he
the
placeof
should
reside at
with
sage
propose
to
him.
With
of
the
himself
holy
placefor
his abode.
his
a
request and
placecalled
to
ceremony
the
was
old and
dismantled, and
Meanwhile,
"
"
in the chambers
fort had
to the
but
its administrative
state.
These
north
and
often
thus
the
way
to
give a
urged him
At
it
Parali.
and
of
of direct
difficulties in
Swami
to the
mansion
This
had
to make
and
man,
the consolation
these
residence
great
be erected.
could
worries
his couriers
frequent intercourse,Shivajidesired
adopt such
complied with
he
interest,and
of
to
from
listened to the
with
nearer
ent
pres-
he liked.
more
the
Ramdas
communion
a
It
hermit.
spiritualdiscourses
the highest faith in
from
and
warrior.
having for
becoming a
to
so
he returned
up all intention
given
pattern of
them
These
mind
Shivaji's
Remember
doubtless
thought
course."
other
the true
on
have
ancestors
understanding.
your
conduct
your
immediate
of the sage
The
ears.
this
fort.
There
was
said
the
of the
recently
saint,
shall
stay
castle-gates."
come
arrangements
things were
"we
into
were
now
Shivaji'shands
yet
in
organised
dis-
WITH
with
of
instructions
to
Swami.
The
the
AND
JijojiKatkar
officer named
an
SAINT
orders
in all instances
act
fort
without
and
the
and
orders
the
it, were
civil
under
villageof Vavardare
The
the saint.
under
the
in
garrison
obey
to
5$!
appointed havaldar,
was
populationimmediately within
similar
SEER
On
Ramdas
taking
to be known
to
of the saint
to the
embarked
bakhar
it
work,
to
this addition
the
But
Prof.
publishes from
Bhate
or
in 167b'.1
king
gives
and
of
the
Chandorkar
secretary of
these*
of
nature
from
th"
that
general,
this
all these
or
home
Campaign.
saints in
But
silence.
in
them
over
the*
year
of the kind
appropriate,considering the
pass
same
most
as
Indian
that
Swami
the
and
grant,
made
was
miracles
legendsof
orthodox
in
which
on
revenues,
Swami
Ramdas
of
fables and
credible
Dattaji
purpose
insufficient.
Karnatic
his
upon
accounts, however
1
on
annual
made
together.
full of
are
more
seems
the
was
occasions
brought
in the
abound
from
men
the
to be
Ramdas
biography
or
of
previous grant
Shivaji
This
found
were
bakhar
the
follows,therefore,that
It
came
and
largethat
so
Shivaji augmented
in
is stated
in which
became
their maintenance
In consequence,
addition
Swami
Swami.
upon
to
to Ramdas
followers
assignedfor
it
the
thus incidentally
homage
of Shivaji'sacquaintance with
such
saintly men
expand. Gradually the colony of the disciples
the circle
began
of
person
as
their
to pay
the
near
his residence
up
parts began
various
and
at the fort
to reside
always
may
aLtterfrom
patera
Shivaji,giving a schedule
tor the
benefit of the
by Shivaji upon the ^wami
3rd
date
the
September 1677,
temple and hermitage. The letter bears
in
made
the
the
that
states
previous
was
but it expressly
year, bub
gift
of inam
that
in
lands
the
1677
Kudra.
conferred
sanad
were
( Vidz
papers
by
had
not
been
Bhate's
Monograph
on
executed,
to
Ramdis,
the
which
local
pp.
being prepared
subhedar,
123-T25).
Venkaji
be
of
by
that
reason
of such
and
blunt
he
and
asked
every
August),
extend
and
for the
season
this
of
time
themselves
the
the
to
the
supervisionof
Brahmans
be
shoaid
in
of
bore
Panditrao, and
fixed
in
the
as
the
doles
Chapter XXIV, at
pandits submitted
learning under the
the palms of
away
intellectual
his
to
( July
images in
sand
learned
to
prescribed tests
according
merit, each
Shravan
by banqueting
to do
Shivaji'swont
assembled
the
Shiva,
event
described
year
of
learned, to receive
of the
As
of
was
Shravan
concourse
of
the
patronage
of
royal favour.
of the
attainments.
continue
subjectsin Shivaji's state should dispracticeof doing johar in salutingtheir equals
Hindu
^Thirdly,the
the
or
his
devotee
crore
Swami.
prescribed three
month
the
consecrate
the
Swami
the Brahmans.
honour
in
year
to
of that
honour
intense
an
Ramdas
as
to
was
out-spoken person
Tradition
tasks
of
very
capable
was
his
]ove towards
and
MAHARAJ
Shivaji
that
safely drawn
SHIVAJI
OF
LIFE
f 32
should
superiors,and
words
the
use
Ram
"
! Ram
"
by
call upon
the
of salutation, that is to say, they should
way
is the
namecf
God Rama, instead of any earthly lord,which
meaning
salutation
should
origin.
from
Ramdas,
standard
standard
coloured
a
The
Warrior
inferior
there
is
This
of
this
literal
worn
one
by
meaning
Zenda
of
johar
to be
at
is
sage,
is
beat
of
was
calls
for
that
Shivaji's
from
and
given by
mode
much
orange-brown
or
tradition
fgreat
institutions derived
particularcolour
the
of
subject that
more
The
new
authorities
the
Bhagwa
the
Shivaji.
assumed
robes
is
style of
correspondence.
with the greeting,
person
with
connection
In
the
in
adopted
be
"
older
"comment.
also
practiceof salutinga
is according to some
! Ram!
Ram
and
"johar";1
word
the
the
However
"
of
Molesworth
salutation
used
by
as
which
"O
an
between equals.
LIFE
631
MAHARAJ
SBCIVAJI
OF
to a controverciai
It is necessary at this stage to return
point. On the basis of the acknowledged fact that Shivaji
enrolled himself
faith
highest
the Swami
as
in
of Ramdas
disciple
his teaching,it has
his constant
was
Swami
been
maintained
in affairs of
mentor
had
and
the
that
policy and
of most
the
And
part unreliable.
most
the
for
is
biographies1
in these
mentioned
suspicion irresistibly
itself upon
the amiable
mind
either that from
our
of aggrandizing the glory of the object of their
motive
forces
deliberatelyperverted the
best, that following blind
uncritical spiritthey
most
facts
tradition
of
the
their
as
have
put their
given
to them
guide
in
the
faith
in
idle and
semblance
of the
methods
the most
mythical
This
histories.
lay mind
must
be full of miraculous
The
leadiog
Swami,
Hanuman
4CHistory
of
of
imbrustworthiness
Prof.
Bhate
in
bakhar
upon
Maratha
the
old
his
this
recent
miracles
and
of
alone
their so-called
in
be
may
People,
book
is the
for
Vol.
I"
purposes
monograph
and
have
of
has
and
being the
great saint
of
biography
Kincaid
Messrs.
as
It
of
incidents,the chronicler
of Ramdas
which
taken
historical truth.
of the
and
by incorporatingthem
writers pursuing the biographical
poet Mahipati have retailed
circumstance
love
exaggerated tales
truth
Marathi
fancy
"
of
romances
of their
index
at
or,
biographies.These
in their
fair
case,
the
Parasnis
relied
so
such
saint
in
much.
by
their
The
history is exposed by
severely criticised
been
the
and
Dev
t"y other scholars. Messrs.
Raj wade, however, follow
"Marathi
in
this
bakhar.
Mr.
Sardesai, author of
chronology adopted
in almost complete accord with
the views of Prof. Bhate
Biyasat" is now
mnd
Mr.
Keluskar.
SAINT
WITH
life is
drawn
irresistibly
into the
but
exaggeration,
absurd
SEER
AND
flfc
the tinsel
for the
a
sterlinggold of history. However
good deal of truth may be found mingled with the fables
of these histories of the saints,and a sympathetic and critical
facultyhas to be activelyexercised to separate the one
stand
cannot
from
the other.
mindful
It is not,
critics who
delusions
The
or
the feeble
of
minds
of the multitude.
word
be said here
must
regardsthe
as
orthodox
date
of
Karhad,
Wai
and
chronicles
these
first visited
the
he
discipleship,
mentioned
that these
to
would
time
obtain
favour
Fort,
were
8 A. D.1
and
that
Shivaji'skingdom
forts of Parali and
in 1673.
These
the whole
across
admirers
1
Vide
the
took
the
to
to take
celebrated
localities
the
over
first
cut
down
of fiction spun
of the Swami.
p. 341, supra.
that
one
circle of
or
the
two
saint's
at
up his residence
transfer
by giftof
Satara.
at
were
historic dates
Chapter XXII,
of
of
informed
place
Satara
web
Shivaji
spirtual
when
history actuallyare
conquered by Shivaji not earlier
in his
before
never
They were
are
possession. Further, we
admission
years after Shivaji's
the latter was
invited
disciples,
Parali
ruled
facts
the
But
districts
the
gave
therefore, from
seem,
that at the
possessed and
above.
1672-167
than
Ramdas
saint
and
religious charities
It
of these
last two
at the
But
both
Shivaji
steel right
captured by
like cold
togetherby
the
the
cing
roman-
LIFE
536
On
of
career
and,
miracle
the
from
of
the
of
excrescences
whole, present a
the
on
chronicles
authentic
singularlyfree
Shivajiare
and
myth
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
hand
other
the
OF
continuous
fore,
therehistory. Their credibility,
in none
is there
of them
is beyond suspicion. But
of Shivaji's
in state
record
having consulted Ramdas
any
affairs. To be absolutelycorrect, we
case,
except one
may
of
of the events
narrative
Shivaji did
in
ceremony
consult
which
Ramdas.1
said,
it is
matter,
As
is but
chroniclers
biographiesof
Ramdas.
to this
support
in
circumstance
fact
is the
view
decisive
questionis
authority of the
the
on
that
date
the
is that
question. That
these
and
answer
one
that
that
the
to
this
borrowed
by
one
romancing
lends
other
great
old
and
reference
to
no
Shivaji make
Shivaji's
becoming a discipleof the saint at all.2 The final
decision
has been
the disputed date
given by the
upon
publicationof certain authentic letters in the possession of
descendants3
of Divakar
the
Gosavi, the discipleof
authentic
Chifcnis
for Delhi.
man's
the
also
( Agra).
bakhar
tragedy
"will be
of
chronicles
seen
states
But
that
even
he
Shivaji
omits
visited
of
of
fiom
the
text
such
visit
was
at
before
Ramdas
incident
the
mentioned
Parali
certain
starting
in
Hanu-
immediately
lands
in
inam.
impossible. However
after
As
by
jou
Mr.
what
:-"I understand
Gosavi
to Divakar
Gosavi
(a) Reply of Keshav
to
visit
the
Bhonsle
is
coming
write, viz: that the Raja Shivaji
SAINT
WITH
Kamdas
first
637
Swami.
the
of
and
Shivaji's
These
letters
the
consequent
Of the
of
version
of
enrolment
that
with
of this interview
the date
establish
orthodox
the
figuresin
personal interview
who
SEER
AND
of course,
be
urged that
Against this view, it may,
of
be accepted as
date
the
though the year 1672 may
first visit to Ramdas,
he might have come
to know
Shivaji's
about
him
there
is
had
no
earlier.
much
Ramdas.
(i.e.
) It is
about
write
you
the
people of
Engage
there
what
make
arrangements
of the
Shaka
karkun
the
to
do so,
to
for
come
for alms
the
at
whence
and
originallya
and
Gosavi
Gosavi
Ramdas
fort, when
the
to
the
Jijaji Xatkar,
to
,4Shri
havaldar
residing at
shall permit
he pleases
you
and
he
lived
Chafal.
at
of
the
had
formed
'Who
asked,
and
disciplesof
where
a*"ked
We
told
beg
to
went
the
He
from.
the banks
on
"
Raja Shivaji.
were
replied we
originally came
of Jamb
resident
that at present he
we
We
"
fle
the
which
Ramdas
whence
Gosavi
Divakar
to
of
residence
A. D.)
"
days
of the
the 1st
A. D. )
you?' .Upon
are
lived
few
of Bhaskar
Letter
dated
a9
1598, t i. e. 1676
arrangements.
being nobody to make
( i. e. village of Shingan-wadi ? ) to
Sajjangad
a
I understand
M
live
leave
Shaka
that
answered
be
first visit
Shivaji's letter
of
fort
to
Wadi
"
from
Extract
at
the
his
15y4
Shivthar, will
him
this it may
Samartha
(b)
To
das
Ram-
him
he
was
( i. e. Godavari
)
Chafal with a temple
of the
Ganga
hermitage at
having
worship and celebrations there,
had bidden
all go forth
for alms
for the performance of the solemn
us
rites ; wherefore
thus
we
were
rambling about. On our saying this,
the raja wrote
annual
letter
to grant
a
to Dattaji Waknis
an
sum
of two
hundred
pagodas for the celebration of the temple solemnities.
of God
The
Rama,
and
solemn
will
reach
in time.
Be
this
money
first half of Falgun, of the STiaka 1580"
the
This
letter
has
been
published at
two
the
at
instituted
pagodas
It
is
supra.
page
former's
) It my
are
be
also
based
Chandarkar,
first but
in
on
the
his
in
between
that
authority of
letter
of
this
letter
Shivaji and
unsuccessful
observed
to
the
the
remark
worthy
mentioned
interestingconversation
the
46 of
page
Kesari
is
not
the
dialogue
the orthodox
the
that
bakhars
referred
to
referred
{Vide
etc.
Dev's
of
to
in
disciples
page
given
on
of Ramdas.
in the
A. D.)
annuity
Swami's
Chafal
visit to
the
February 1659
preface of Mr.
( 13th
of
2nd
Dated, the
known.
526
that
Mr.
preceding
LIFE
538
for
some
years
thereafter, he
Chafal
recorded
Shivaji first
was
he had
this
lapse of
ever
had
not
saint, he
asked
bakhar"of
yet rendered
not
memory
about
the
as
as
we
fruitless
journey
surprise,as
in
the
it
How
"
Swami,
latter at the
confirmed
of his
end
failed to ask
"
For,
kept
any
Swami
him.
his
have
to
seem
made
orthodox
the
in
the
visit
to
does
in his memory
a
when
have seen,
to
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
OF
for me;
the
by
poetic letter
whether
by
to
the
the
of
matter
thereafter.1
that,
In short,
we
any
the
king
entered
Reading
to his
into
is
Ramdas
under
the
at
note,
observes
there
is not
that
one
after
spiritualdiscipleship
be stated
can
in definite
that
terms.
first introduction
story of Shivaji's
forts
and
of Parali
However
D.
among
earlier
with
first interview
the
1673
in the
conquest of
the capture of the
the
down
than
more
more
or
years
personal interview
of
relation
orthodox
preceptor
direct
no
fifteen
conclude
may
immediately
Whether
Ramdas.
for
even
the
than
granted
Shaka
1672.
be
may
and
put
independent piece of
an
eanads
the
Satara
that
seem
1594
to
by Shivaji
the Swami
( i.
e.
1672
A.
D.)
From
Gosavi'e letter,
in Bhaskar
annuity mentioned
and
not
at
as
perhaps
quoted above,
regularlypaid
any rate not
settled in perpetuity by a regular sanad or
deed of grant.
Gosavi to
the annuity is referred to in the letter of Keshav
( However
to p.536.)
Divakar Gosavi in 1672 from which
a portion is quoted in the note
1
Prof. Bhate
that the
expression *f Jalapati
rightly points out
"
of water
to
is used with
Lord
reference
a
period after he had
or
activities belong to
erected his sea-forts, which
equipped a navy and
this
it follows
the
was
::
"
wicked
expression "Some
the
of
king's triumphs
suggests knowledge
the year
other
1663-64.
Mahomedan
The
generals, and
to
much
the
sentence
later
ones
over
"Thou
period than
are
slain"
Afzul
hast
1649.
ly
evident-
Khan
and
spurned the
AND
SAINT
WITH
SEER
539
admitted
to
ShivajiBhonsle was
at the hermitage at Shinganwadi, in
discipleship
spiritual
The Shaka
Paridhavi.
the cyclicname
the year
with
year
concerned
which
of that name
in the period with
are
we
coincided with 1672 A. D.
Assuming that it lasted till the
beginningof 1673, that is to say, till about April in the
latter year, this would
perhaps coincide almost exactly
districts adopted by
with the date of the conquest of these
us
chronicle
on
It may
view
Shri
Bajah
that the
states
sought to establish
sent by the poet Tukaram
however
the
upon
answer
invitinghim
urged
that in Tukaram's
been
reference
that he
and
given
should
previous
An
for
by
time
the
some
of Ramdas
and
from
iranager
after
oven
in
order
to
put
The
of
the
his
two
stanzas
there
form,
published by Mr.
letters published by
to
of the
to
stop
of
hermitage
death.
Shahu
over
by King
brother, for the maintenance
Swami's
It
to
When
Shivaji
at
Chafal
the
etc.
Chandorkar
Mr.
the
Chafal
was
life-time
estates
were
Swami's
Ramdas
hereditary
between
existing quarrels
in
Chandorkar
in
of
in
seen
Gosavi, who
Divakar
descendant
hermitage
the
is
was
have
is
the descendants
finallymade
the
letter
above.
to
him
court
argued that
of this epistleof Tukaram,
this
Shivaji's
is
date
from
extract
his
exhortation
an
attention
his
to
which
translation
Swami, and
it
to the
obtained
in
at
of
reply, out
devote
this
reside
and
come
above
to Ramdas
from
to
orthodox
the
be
letter
have
XXII.
authority in Chapter
sion,
succes-
some
of
the
relating
hermitage
original papers
the
of
the
Gosavi,
family
quondam
manager,
in his monograph
Prof.
Bhate
on
along with his personal papers.
Ramdas
declares
this
that he has examined
the papers
bearing upon
their
question and that he is quite satisfied about
authenticity. He
in full at pages
lu8 to 119 of his monograph.
reproduces them
Though
at Chafal
the
disciples, the
remained
in
protagonists of the
to
the
earlier
year
1649
as
the
date
of
and
of Dhulia
Shivaji'sbecoming a discipleof Ramdas
; like Mr. Dev
still cling to the
Mr.
traditional
view
Raj wade
by trying to explain
the
doubt
and
be any
there
cannot
difficulties
objections
away
raised,
that these
letters completely establish
taken by Mr. Keluskar.
the view
Prof. Bhate
enforces
( Vide
pp. 96 to 105 ).
Bhate
it with
greater wealth
of
argument
and
illustration*.
LIFE
540
Kamdas
entered
and
OF
SHIVAJI
into
MAHARAJ
Secondly, if
truly the
we
place in
admit
matter
when
orthodox
the
Shivaji
of
took
time
the
the
year
authority of
of the date
to take
between
enrolment
of the
attended.
will have
the
and
which
In consequence,
to be deferred to
the
death.
various
date
is
of
in
the
further
meetings
after
particular the
if
But
version
Tukaram
Tukaram
ciple
dis-
shall have
legends of
in
indicates
orthodox
we
discipleship,
for
admitted
Tukaram's
as
1649
acknowledged as
was
to be
same
date
Shivaji's
story of
allegedto
Tukaram's
have
death
discipleshipof Shivaji
an
down
to
the
date of Tukaram's
the
Swami.
More
than
that, here
we
version
letter
of
the
have
of tampering with
the
elaborate
proof of a more
process
in
examine
the manner
simple message of Tukaram, if we
which
it is presented in this bakhar.
The
stanzas
stituting
conThe
here divided
the epistle
into two
are
groups.
first group
is here
stanzas
quoted as
consisting of two
Tukaram's
solicitations at a time prior
to Shivaji's
answer
second
Ramdaa
The
to his coming in contact
with
groud
of four stanzas
is quoted as an answer
to fresh importunities
for a visit on the part of Shivajiafter the latter had entered
A
Ramdas.
of discipleshipunder
into bonds
proceeding
For
of things !
that stands discredited by the very nature
542
LIFE
as
in
disciple
what
MAHARAJ
If it is held
took
Ramdas
with
SHIVAJI
OF
that
place
the
that
in
first interview
Sbivaji's
1672, and
or
followingyear,
in the Das-Bodh
which
and
subjects,
politicsand
evidently
the Swami
the
and
1576
question was
that
passage
has
cognate
compiledfor
it appears
from
Bahiram
Bhat1
( 1654 A. D. ) for
ten
years
of
the
composition
engaged in the
was
letter in
The
Das-Bodh.
1576
Shaka
the
from
other
to have been
seem
of giving him
advice ? tor
the purpose
Gosavi addressed
to one
a letter of Divakar
onwards
enrolment
it may
be asked
be the date of the compositionof those chapters
must
that
his
written
in the Shaka
bearing on
this
subject
Swami
( i. e. Ramdas
) has
proceededwith Kalyan Gosavi, Chimanabai, Aka, ( the last
is
follows
as
"
the
disciplesof
Ananta
poet
for ten
there
The
Samarth
Shri
female
being
Kavi, ( i e
two
stay
"
) to
for
years,
the
Swami
), and
the
ravine
of
the
of
purpose
Ananta
Shivthar,to
position/'2
literarycom-
answer
twenty dashakas, or
by the orthodox, the first eight comprise the originalDas
Bodh, which consisted only of these parts, and the others
Das-Bodh,
follows
succinctlystated the
this conclusion.
They
has
that lead to
as
is
There
sustained
first
It is after the
Bahiram
of the
name
( which
is
the
arguments
brieflyrestated
son
Bhab
is
counsels
The
the
(iosavi. The
J^rof
Bhate
at
letter
this letter is
first
probably
of Divakar
quoted by
In the
and
continuous
flow
of
ment
argu-
eight
repetitions.
any
occur.
eighth chapter that frequentrepetitions
of
chapters, without
objectof Ramdas's
spiritualwelfare.
3
be
may
edition
and
reasons
occasion
as
"
in the
on
his
original,
(1)
The
preface to
in the
S. S. Dev
Mr.
arose.
the
of
Mr.
quoted
as
to
was
make
dissertation
as
Bhairav
Bhat
and
was
the
is used
in this Jetfcer
chirai-jiv
Monograph, ) showing
p.
correspondence.
Chandorkar
authentic.
word
108 of his
referred
to in
the
notes,
previous foot-
nothing
word
their
within
"rajkaran
AND
SAINT
WITH
:*3
except spiritualwisdom.
scope
"
SEER
politicsobtrudes
or
The
itself nowhere
upto
of thought induced
by
eight chapters. The stream
with
contact
Shivajihas not yet mingled itself with the
flow of the argument. In the ninth chapter for the first time,
and that in a casual manner.
does occur
the word
"rajjkojran"
these
The
(2)
42nd
chapter reads
the
is
words
to
come
Herein
of
(3) The
chapter runs
second
one's
Das~Bodh
the
follows
as
; it
"This
"
has
been
work
is
which
would
have
of
section
hasbeen
And
been
the
ninth
discoursed
clear
made
sertation
dis-
of the sixth
verse
the
given a clear
spiritualpreceptor."
now
was
end
an
have
we
ready for
chapter on spiritualknowledge,
final chapter of the entire work.
the work
indeed
of the seventh
"
love
the
on
section
to its conclusion.
come
the
follows
as
jingleof
The
"
of the tenth
verse
in
in
upon
section
the
on
have
been
spiritualknowledge; the five primary elements
described in their primordial condition."
It is clear from
the portion italicized that this verse
the chapter of
and
it is a part, were
which
not composed originally
as
forming
a
part of
The
follow
Das-Bodh.1
the
law
same
; and
inasmuch
chapters contained
Shivaji,it must be
after 1672.
follow
it would
by the admirers
Shivajiat a time
and
the 9th
seven
Bhate
Prof
to
comes
and
in
also from
shows
that
of the
Swami
his
eighth, which
some
of
( Vide
the
to the
that
the
latter
counsels
on
been
that
twelve
addressed
to
posed
comchapters were
disquisition,
therefore,
which
almost
viz. that
have
chapters
are
completed
Hamdas
the
much
so
makes
similar analysis
thinks
separatelyfrom
must
Bhate's
to
the establish-
wi'ten
last he
made
really addressed
were
monograph
must
itself.
apparently addressed
had
the
these
whole
counsels
conclusion
the
that
the
he
to
there
the
onwards
independently by
also
inferred
when
similar
Chapter
and
here
that
applied
it is said
as
From
of
be
must
have
been
from
the first
written
He
monograph, pages
politicalor quasi-politicaldissertations are)
life-members
2ti to 40. )
of the Ramdas's
conventicles.
OF
LIFE
544
SHIVAJI
MAHARAJ
national
of
independence and the freedom
the compositionof them
and
was
perhaps made
religion,
by the enliveningeffects which the triumphs of the
possible
the poetical
imaginationof Eamdas
o-reat king produced on
The
attempt to transfer to the poet-saintthe
Swami.
whole credit of the warrior king'sachievements is a part of
of
ment
the
campaign that
same
first
attribute
the
Kondadev,
nay,
beginnings
to the
even
of
able to
bring together in
reader
the
arrive
to
of
matter
of the foundation
It
Islam
which
and
he
been
in
to the
in
preceptor,
consolidation
from
sought
his
to
which
liberal tolerance
policyof
have
we
impartial decision, as
turn
pleasant to
is
that
we
an
and
been
already
chapter.1And
dates,
Shivaji'sindebtedness
extent
of the
advisers
has
the sixth
the
at
and
to
Dadaji
to
power
which
of facts and
the array
that
his
ministers
of
scholars
the
of his power.
this
controversy to the
towards
Shivaji extended
vain
from
Aurangzeb.
At
of
the time
"
of all men,
"
If it be
chanted
of the
any
Lord
of
Mahomedans
Shivaji,
the call to
"
"
of
in
yearningfor
creed
is
Him.
If
styledthe
it be
Him
only. To show
really alteringthe words
None
recognized bakhars
of the
Swami
of
"
"
Lord
only.
prayer
is
temple,the
bigotryfor
of the Holy
coronation, which
Chitnis does
visited Ramdas
by
mention,
the
way
comes
however, that
reference
to the
proposed
after
criticism of Chitnis.
2
is
reminds
"2.
Book
i
God
the
not
in remembrance
man's
the Koran
mosque,*"wrote
bell is rung
any
and
Shivaji
tolerance.
for
passionateplea
Aurangzeb that even in
is
enough/
CHAPTER
THE
XXX
END,
1680
Shortly
Khanderi,
word
was
of treasure
was
brought to Shivaji that a large amount
being sent under convoy from Delhi to Aunngabad, for the
Upon receipt of
militaryoperationsof the Mogul power.
this intelligence,
Shivaji set out with a chosen
body of
in the
horse and
veiling his movements
greatest secrecy,
and securing the whole
of the treasure
the convoy
attacked
returned
from
to
the enemy,
by forced marches
Raigad.
these
of
and
movements
The violence
rapidity
brought on
exhaustion
a re-action,that
prostratedShivaji.The extreme
attended
with pain in the chest, fever and
was
hemorrhage
from
mouth.1
the
disease
The
became
and
more
more
out
news
strict orders
of his mortal
to his
illness.
Nor
people not
would
of his
easilybelieved in abroad, as rumours
been
spread before, which, according to
important campaigns.
forces of Shivaji had
the walls
1
The
chronicles
only from
death
to fever.
an
of
had
Sabhasad
Chitnis
ague.
Duff
Grant
to be the
this very
at
invaded
of Surat, which
suffered
of
And
out
the
to
it have
death
had
give
been
often
the Mahomedan
preludesof
time
Mogul
some
part of the
territories
upto
already commenced
to feel the
and
that
and
describes
Chitragupta
the
Kairi
the mortal
state
Bakhar
disease
assign the
as
an
shivaji
cause
tion
inflamma-
of the
chronicler
attributes it to the wrath of
knee-joint. The Bundela
of
at
heaven
occasioned
the
the
Jain a, who
said to
curses
are
fakirs
by
have been looted at Shivaji's
last attack
that
The
town.
so
curses,
upon
it is said, brought on
the illness to which
he
at last succumbed.
The
romantic
Shivdigvijaya gives a still more
legend, viz., that shivaji was
poisoned by his second
wife, Soyerabai, that her son
Bajaram might
succeed
to the throne, while prince Sambhaji
lay imprisoned at Panhala.
In
fryer,
the
L.S.36
as
follows
the
versions
of
Da
brunt
SHIVAJI
OF
LIFE
^46
of their assaults.
inhabitants
The
imagined
that Shivajihimself
the dread
memory
into
of
valuables
boats
at last
of Surat
governor
had
merchants
down
Peshwa,
His
campaign.
the
upon
Mogul
purchased
tribute and
returned
with
homewards
himself
was
illness
mortal
their
sent
Tapti. The
spoils.Shivaji'soriginal plan
these
them
thrown
had
the
paid a heavy
the
Moropant,
his peace.
apparently
invading hosts and
led these
British
their
to
of Surat
previous invasions
The
panic.
MAHARAJ
to
prevented
go
this
his
On
Convinced
to
return
and
his ministers
summoned
end
his
that
drawing
was
intimate
Shivaji
near,
relatives
his
to
side.
bed-
who
answered
the call were
Among the dignitaries
Moropant the Peshwa, Pralhadpant the Chief Justice,
BalajiAvji Chitnis, Ramchandrapant the Amatya, Ravji
Somnath, Suryaji Malusare, Baji Kadam, Mahadaji Naik
Pansambal
and
others.
to
Addressing himself
them,
Shivaji said
life ; the
of
hour
his
fortythousand
of
pagodas he
him
by
hold
in
out
no
had
oi
the
at
more.
converted
He
left
no
son
his dominions.
was
he
Sambbaji
the
not
governed by
the
kingdom
"conbented
divided
state
and
would
was
estate
dissension
be
that
He
reason.
his
between
son
no
the
order
elder
and
of
growth
minor,
and
and
augment
of age,
was
with
but
he
and
succeed
all
that
if he
and
the
obedience.
should
competent
valour, with
thought of partitioning
but Sambhaji had
not
son*,
oppositesides,and
instead
tained
main-
had
the
take
would
elder
compromise. But
kingdom, the great lords
to
the
might protect
His
kingdom
was
eighty thousand
his service.
his
patrimony
into
to
if he grew
of
end
approaching apace.
was
cavalry guard
crore.
arrived
now
death
could
physical endurance
of
had
he
that
dignitariesof the
end would
be rivalry
advancement.
The
to
law
the
There
of succession
throne, and
the
THE
obey and
younger
little chance
3ee
support from
his
by
and
the
Given
to
be clouded
would
reason
factions.
be
had
always
and
with
fabric
of
would
be
diligentlyto
support of such
the
hi3
degraded
they would
reigning in
have
the
subvert
the
owing
by the
to the
These
state.
be
land
new
awe
disorders
and
subjected
triumph
and
be"
enterpriseswould
noble discipline
of his state
habits of dissipationas
he*
and
he
would
discern
be
of
men
Aurangzeb
cherish
had
built
he*
merit,
ihe
up
worth
and
under
Sambhaji
character-
such
and
anarchy
find it convenient
would
state
would
himself
to
With
The emperor
power.
of Shivaji's
He
name.
in the Maratha
governed
state
and
he
men
flythe kingdom.
to
would
leaders
honoured
down-trodden
and
little*
Sambhaji
be
of power.
The
cruel people. As
of rash and
tried
side*
arrested
be at the mercy
his
to
toils and
his
insulted,and
and
The
law.
command
would
reign
that
to
over
position to
His
could
the ministers
create
vulgar.
the
into disorder.
thrown
would
he
would
civilians and
This
shared
had
laughed at
was,
and
who
minor
insults.
indignitiesand
nobles
But
The
base
as
of worth
men
cause
for the
brother.
conforming
sons
The
the army.
Rajaram.
to
executed.
to
his
Rajaram
elder ;
go over
would
of
elder
the whole
kingdom
occupy
officers in the army
would
go
brave
the
as
hie
serve
641
would
Sambhaji
The
END
had
to"
preserved peace
would
be emboldened
to launch
new
army
of
tottering powers
would
extinguish the
Kutub
Shahi
the Adil Shahi and
dynasties and then lead
his triumphant hosts
state.
againstthe Maratha
Sambhaji
would
unequal to the task of defending the state
prove
He
of invasion.
Aurangzeb
the invader.
from
upon
to ruin.
him.
Habits
If
hope
of
Rajaram
recoveringthe
way
of
safetyseemed
These
of his
words
of
listeners and
would
bring
tion
deduc-
utter
of
dissipationeasily bring a
there
survived, then only was
No
kingdom from the enemy.
to open
final
itself before
despair overwhe
brought
tears
to
man
some-
other
his uiiud.
med
their
the
eyes.
mindsv
Seeing
LIFE
5*6
SHIVAJ1
OF
MAHARAJ
them
illusions and
at
"was
be left behind.
must
with
one
It fetched
them
of the moment
fortune
It
all brave.
were
and
their clear
was
avail.
to
it
Theirs
heaven.
defend
desire
liberate the
was
by
the state
from
from
gave
yet left
were
had
He
from
the
foody
He
observe
act
curing
be of
to
had
no
reached
flightto
precaution
every
It was
his
keen
They
must
their
law ; but
these
of hie
streams
with
repine
not
it with
mind,balancing
them, he
bade
them
Seated
himself
entirely to
religionin
the
few
the
retire
performance
hours
of
life that
him.
to
He
on
wore
upon
beads
and
associated
it
as
ascetics
of
of
pare
meditation and
problems
brought
rudraksha
and
to
his presence.
Shivajinow
of
proved
govern it by
unrealized.
The
grief,but control
Having thus consoled
reason.
had
their
them
and
of this
sense
for
was
deeds of valour.
exhausted.
been
had
the
put forth
to
prepared for
to
take
Indian
the
Ganges
It
now
now
was
subdue
to
duty
now
the bourne
and
must
agitation.
to
was
and
disinterestedly.
They
act
to
them
needless
to
salvation
to
way
loved
that
himself
gave
profit. The
no
He
to
his
of
wreaths
the
always
necklaces
person
floor strewn
has
been
spiritual
thought, he
his
Tulsi
presence,
and
spiritualdestiny
in
the
sacred
( basil )
leaves.
darbha
grass,
with
holy
great pandits
India
invited
discussed
and
of
his
over
with
salvation.
with
them
the
Resigning
"50
LIFE
qualitiesin
OF
SHIVAJI
MAHARAJ
direct
of
recoil
life's
his
his
on
work,
the
rendered
name,
disgraceof
the
as
chastened
illumined
The
of the
death
the ministers
the
and
ministers
and
prevent
was
state
of
continuance
religion,and
sages,
grievous
and
the
blow
to
of
relations
All classes of
the loss.
society mourned
took the precaution to close the castle gate
The
the publication of the
tragic news.
celebrated with royal pomp
great king was
The
third
wife of Shivaji,Putlabai, performed
funeral of the
and
the
of
nobles
royal family.
The
great leader
such
opportunities,
spiritualthought,
and
doing
of
entertainment
ideas
would
which
honours.
the sati
funeral
the
rite upon
of her
pyre
husband.
of the Bhonsle
performed by a member
obsequieswere
House, Sabaji Bhonsle of Shingnapur*, assisted by Prince
to perform all the
Kajaram, the latter being too young
The
rites himself.
Religiouscharities
dispensed on
mother
of
came
of
Rajaram
Putlabai, the
the
death
to
third
seven
the
was
wife,
Kamaljabai, who
1
Grant
If the entry at
married
'^"Shivaji
"bout
governor
March
of
who
performed
page
her in ib57.
1674, as
Bombay.
we
name
181
It
as
Shahaji
was
The
to
She
Janoji
sati
rite
fourth
gave
Palkar.
on
wife
birth
The
Bhonsle.
of Jedhe's
learn from
the
family.2
married
was
gives his
issue.
no
of the Gaikwar
came
Duff
of
Sayibai,the mother
Nimbalkar
family; Soyerabai the
of the Shirke
a daughter
family.
wives.
Shivaji,had
of
13akwarbai
were
liberal scale.
Shivajimarried
Sambhaji
of the event
in honour
THE
END
HI
died childless.
The
sixth
Sagunabai
who
was
daughter Raj kuwarbai
given in marriage
to
Malekar.
Of the seventh
Ganoji Raje Sbirke
wife
Gunwantabai, nothing is known
less.1
except that she died childhad
birth
Sayibai gave
of this
character
to
prince
prince Sambhaji
has
in 1657.
The
Sayibai died
him.
about
in
She
1659.
wise
woman
loved her
who
to Shivaji,
loyalconsort
was
fondly.In fact
to have
after her death, he does not seem
quite enjoyed the
blessingof a happy family-life.Soyerabai is said to have
It was
her
ambition
been an intriguingwoman.
that her
son
Rajaram should succeed to the throne, and she had been
in Shivaji's
life-time. She
working in this direction even
and
had
of
most
over
won
the
ministers
her
to
side.
Annaji
in
the
leader of this
particular was
faction. The thoughts of Shivajiwith reference to Sambhaji,
have
most
we
despondent and pessimistic.
as
seen,
were,
The ministers decided to join the party of Soyerabai and
the affairs of
exaltingRajaram on the throne, to conduct
Datto
the
Sachiv
government in
his
With
name.
view
to
out
carry
the
news
of
to
the
usual
these
Shivaji's
only a prisonerat large
made
and
within the limits of Panhala, was
secure
kept
under
a
strong guard. Janardanpant, the Sumant, was
sent with a body of troops to Panhala, the fort of Raigad
strengthenedwith
was
a
force of ten
thousand
Hambirrao,
and
with
encamp
1
See
Some
an
the
cavalry
bakhars
in
at the end
give
state
garrison,
postedat Panchwadi,8
was
Commander-in-chief,
his army,
Appendix
addition
ordered
was
of alertness
Karhad.
at
of this chapter.
1661
( A. D. )
as
the
date
of
the
birth
Rajaram.
8
had
Panchwadi
is the
same
to
as
Raigad.
Pachad,
where
the
English
ambassador
of
LIFE
552
these
As
likelyto
forthwith
were
charge of
in
governor
take
time to mature
some
Hiroji Farzand,
Sambhaji, instructinghim how
in reference
to behave
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
were
operations
despatches
was
OF
sent
to
to
his
ward.
the
he
Notwithstanding
it would
that
the news
seem
precautions,
out
and
found
of the death of Shivajihad already leaked
had a very
to Sambhaji, or at least that he
its way
strong
the bearer
of the
suspicion on the subject. For when
ministerial despatchesreached Panhala, Sambhaji intercepted
and compelled him, on
the courier
pain of death, to
deliver the despatchesto himself.
Upon this the courier
the
himself, handed
over
seeing no other remedy to save
despatches to him.
Apprised that the secret despatches
fallen into
from
the
had
ministers
Sambhaji's hands,
fled to
the
took
Konkan.
Hiroji Farzand
fright and
Sambhaji first put himself in possessionof the fort and
executed
He
two
the fort
put
defence
in
tried
and
order
further
the
developments on
Janardanpant Sumant, informed
at Panhala
Fort and seeing that
it tried
to
troops to continue
Meanwhile
throne
But
the
and
there
the
blockade,
ministers
conducted
no
was
it
fort, but
besiege the
had
the
waited
of
part
of the
he
offer
to
resistance.
to
the
impossible to enter
shortlyafter leaving his
withdrew
to Kolhapur.
installed
Rajarainon
under
government
cordialityof feelingamong
mutual
hatred.
into
the secret
cabal
from
them.
That
siege of Panhala
was
perhaps due
over
to his side
around
some
Hambirrao
of
the
had
ministers
some
of the
similar
not
been
and
felt
the
name.
ministers.
which
had
developed
admitted
estranged
from
the
Kolhapur
Sambhaji won
cause.
soldiers,who
his
the
Janardanpant withdrew
and
voluntarily retired
to
situation
was
of
ministers.
change of
The
into
hear
had
to
been
stationed
Janardanpant arrivingthere,the
THE
this
with
that
the
exploit
determined
of
throw
to
of
side
Sambhaji,
of
prince
young
On
Shivaji.
was
took
of
news
Panhala
lot
to
he
with
fight and
his
forgot
Sambhaji,
to
With
his
declared
The
on
experience
Raigad.
to
was
put
his
to
cruel
her
of
for
i
cruelty
the
reign
beyond
poisoned Shivaji,
recital
commenced
the
scope
The
and
of
the
from
and
death.
the
rest,
the
of the
in
of the
was
ramparts
he
revenge
on
one
throne
manifold
so
of
the
fort
and
fiscate
con-
and
them,
attached
had
ordered
of
to
Raigad.
August
inauspicious
all
narrative.
1680.
that
a
was
be
to
who
his
before
She
ordered
not
master
manner.
atrocities
present
did
brought
officers
to
over
irons
overawed
in
opponents.
entering
and
had
guards
imprisoned,
grossest
Mb
upon
came
when
at
army.
down
himself
was
the
in
his
his
into
and,
than
himself
of
on
arrested
beheaded,
rock
seated
us
was
zealous
the
acts
Rajaram
in
Sambhaji
Datto,
Annaji
lingering
were
more
down
and
and
cause
been
Sachiv,
arrival
all
likewise
issued
he
army
Hambirrao
fort
prisoners
valour
conciliatory
came
the
circumstances
first order
having
his
with
difficultyin making
insulted
of
accused
arrival
his
the
an
Peshwa.
prince
the
Panchwadi
property.
Sambhaji,
and
with
office of
his
made
these
Soyerabai,
mother,
satisfied
in
at
least
the
with
out
came
he
Janardanpant
threw
and
The
of
capture
him
on
the
intentions
his
the
inherited
warlike
before
Under
Sambhaji.
and
On
joined
troops cantoned
block,
Janardanpant.
already
side
to
authority
strengthened, Sambhaji
thus
cause
but
Raigad,
and
old
his
have
Pingle
show
to
liberate
him
Panhala
came
of the
the
who,
attitude, confirmed
went
of
to
which
weight
he
the
881
chip
the
whom
one
END
put
to
perhaps
be
hurled
By
these
opposition,
Happily
disfigured
manner,
lies
APPENDIX
WIVES
SHIVAJI'S
Grant
Duff
and
name
mentions
family
that
says
and
[, Letter
married
Surat, Vol.
Jedbe
88
This
).
half of the
of
month
the
sacred
days laterv he
rites; and another
believe
that
ceremony
by
Oxenden's
the
the
letter of the
put
his
( Factory
of
the
on
Shivaji
6th
tion
corona-
in
Vedic
invested
Vedic
in the
the
took
three
married
428
does
"
in
wives
two
not
explain
fourth
wife
living and
Prof.
coronation
And
yet
"
which
to
interpretation
ceremony
the
not
of June
Jeshta) was
which
Henry
wife,
The
Duff.
6th
refers, citingthat
fourth
Grant
season.
same
1674
thread
the
became
the
fourth
"
Prof.
is that
wife
"
speaks
Sarkar
though he had
other
two
sons
wives, and
living." ( Sarkar's
that Shivaji
probably assumes
). Prof. Sarkar
"
Shivaji p.
to
of
12th
is easy
marriage,
the
rites, to
Shivaji, and
of
Shivaji marrying
or
vedic
of June
8th
of
just
mantra
the
of
rite
ceremony
not
first
the
was
which
in
the
of the month,
the
to
1674
Records,
of
4th
his
Sarkar
entry
an
after
livingwife
married
hand
by
by
the words
married
be the
with
manner
married
was
on
that
same
marriage with
to be
two
busy
with
coronation
is also made
fourth
May
the
on
married
the
reference
of
and
completed
Rajah
bride
27th
(May)
Fryer
time
of
that
followed
"
whose
IV ). Prof.
supported by
states
was
in
was
similarly also
1674
then
the
at
women.
Jeshta
wife
place on
to
is
thread
two
wife
letter
other
two
fourth
II, Chapter
Chronology, which
with
fourth
"
( Chapter IX ).Dr.
Henry Oxenden's
that
Shivaji was
effect
DAUGHTERS
wives,
unknown."
are
coronation, ( Vol
the
four
Shivajimarried
quotes from
AND
three
new
Sarkar
"
three
May
1674
how
the
if
"
women,
young
two
ones
makes
and
one
in
June
last mentioned
or
were
an
three"
married.
1675,
bride
other
On
wives
the
but
could
were
other
^apparently contradictory
WIVES
SHIVAJI'S
Prof. Sarkar
wife
fourth
DAUGHTERS
Shivaji,"
"
of the facts
representation
correct
281
of his
281
at page
statement
AND
before he had
without
married
assert
his
state
any
third."
right
mystery of these
limit the number
is
At
case.
page
), Shivaji took
( June
Shortly
ceremony.
sarcastic reference
of
The
at
281
to the
page
to hear vedic
mantras
to
us
desire
in
clue
late
marriages. However
Shivaji's
marriages in 1674
of
probably
or
reallyfurnishes
ceremonies
which
of the
the 8th
foot note
in the
Prof. Sarkar
Shivajito
states, On
"
HI
of
mental
sacra-
the
to
this would
to
two,
one
( Narayan
year.
Shenvi's
Vol. 88 ).
In the bakhar
that
besidesthree
of
Ilamdas
wives
concubines.
Shivajihad
Sayibai, Shivaji had six
any
the
names.
of the bakhars.
Sangraha
"
printed
authority of
eightwives.
of
two
only
Sabhasad
other
document
Mr.
are
wives
is not
Mr.
Rajawade
in his
from
found
at
paper
The paper describes
The
and
the
"
does
he
not
in
Sankirna
Lekft
the
on
Shivaji had
and
names
and
besides
that
states
it is concluded
date
Sagunabai,
that
Tanjore
statement
corroborated
Granthamala
the
but
statement
concubines.
is
states
This
were
there
Sayibai, Soyerabai
two
mention
Swami,
that
parentage
other
the
authority
of
this
doubtful.
Kincaid
following the
genealogicaltree
of
the
of seven
of
wives
Shedgaokar Bhonsles gives the names
Shivaji(1)Sayibai,daughter of VithojiMohite
Newaskar,
committed
sati, (3) Soyerabai of the
(2) Putlabai who
Shirke
of Rajaram and
of a daughter
family, mother
noble named
Dipabai,married to a Maratha
Visajirao,(4)
of Kamaljabai who
the wife of
became
Sakwarbai, mother
of a
JanojiPalkar, (5)Lakshmibai, (6) Sagunabai, mother
Nanibai, the wife of Ganojiraje Shirke
daughter named
Malekar,
and
(7) Gunawantabai.
Of
this
list
Putlabai,
LIFE
556
Lakshmibai
Besides
Guuawantibai
and
the
mentions
Sayibai,
who
given
Tarale,
in
Sakhubai,
from
records
had
Hinduism.
herself
re-admit
the
subject
and
she
Nimbalkar
family )
marriage
and
in
the
to
work
his
Mr.
in
Shirke.
Jijabai
in
the
for
the
given
illustrates
of
matter
patelship
Hindu
of
in
the
unity
village
conferred
and
pagodas
1200
Sayibai
from
came
story
the
him
it
son-in-law.
in
the
this
princess
named
Purandar
Sardesai
Shivaji
and
by
This
Bajaji.
the
on
between
Jijabai's instance,
at
to
religion
first wife
his
by
to
interested
left
be
herself
Shivaji purchased
religion.
upon
Sakubai
back
of his
alliance
marriage
Nfmbalkar
Shinganpur
might
accounts
was,
of
son
done
Taluka
most
to
doubt
Phaltan
the
fold
the
of
wife
come
of
priest
to
no
daughter
according
solid
about
brought
Shivaji,whose
( who
got the
the
Shivaji,
of
mother
that
to
was
Nimbalkar
Bajaji
wanted
fifth
Na-ik
marriage,
Mahomedan
order
in
this
Mahadik
princess
Dipabai
came
and
and
Maratha
caste, and
and
family
the
subject
the
This
wife
first
mentions
interesting story.
an
Jijabai,
in
he
Mahadji
to
Mahomedan,
and
his
Harji Raje
to
Sayibai.
regards
As
tell
become
to
marriage
which
Bhonsle.
Maloji
Jinji,
Nanibai,
and
Shivaji by
marriage
also
note
in
given
Phaltan,
state
of
foot
in
childless.
as
Kamaljabai
of
daughter
governor
daughter
of
was
described
are
Dipabai,
daughters,
Kincaid
of
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
OF
in
Nanibai
Nanibai
table
Rajkuwarbai
the
and
is described
perhaps
the
at
is
genealogy
was
and
wives
three
genealogical
list
who
names
given
three
end
as
followed
as
the
the
daughters
of
the
pet
of
name
Riyasat
of
name
Mr.
by
wife
his
Kincaid
Ganoji
of
of
the
is
Raje
warbai.
Rajku-
OF
LIFE
55$
the
of the
shape
SHIVAJI
lists and
MAHARAJ
inventories
proved
and
joined
sooner
scapegrace,
his father's
later he would
or
from
thinking of
compiled,
so
Shivaji
facilitate,
to
as
that
the
chronicles
he
that
had
been
plan.1
in Chitnis's
account
make
may
wreck
of the
some
such
Taking
we
feared
was
a
partition of all his
necessary,
between
Rajaram and Sambhaji, and
possessions
and
it appears
it
treason
be deemed
it should
estates
committed
already
enemies, and
lists
had
fourteen
Chitnis
possessions.
divisions
describes
bakhar
guide,
our
as
of
at full
Shivaji'sterritorial
and
length the number
forts
of the
full
The
comprised in each division.
lists of these names
are
reproduced in the originalMaratha
text
by Mr. Keluskar, but in this English version it
names
advisable
seemed
has
of names,
from
abstain
to
dreary catalogue
its historical value, and to indicate
it has
although
in
most
important positionsfalling
only the
territorial
each
in
mentioned
"
(1)
The
mountains
or
territorysituated
Western
the
talukas
the modern
famous
1
tohiva
Vide Sen's
Each
according to
page
the
others
some
regards area
only equal in size to
latter
would
units
referred
Sabhasaa
constituted
district
a
was
modern
almost
were
often constitute
relativeiylarger area.
from
terminology, ) and
As
comprised
to
and
13w
page
in
149.
territorial
Mogul
often been
have
who
Sahyadri
Saswad,
Chhatrapati, extract
1'6-ito page
of these
the
among
This region
Maval,
of
them, which
among
lists from
8
the
Ghauts.
territoryincluded, in
This
the
Maval
more
prant, ( or
governed by
district
collector
large as
sub-division,but
as
in
subhedar,
and
trate.
magisdistrict,
modern
a
subha
military
sense
Prant
of
FORTUNES
SHIVAJI'S
AND
foregoing narrative,
Ihe
POB3E3SIONB
Rohida, Sinhagad ( or
Lohagad, Rudramal, Rajgad,
were
:
"
),Kelna, Purandar,
Rajmachi, Torna, Visapur, Wasota
Kondana
territoryof
The
(2)
an
important part in
Parali
Satara
forts,of which
comprisedeleven
65"
and
Shivneri.
and
Wai.
the
This
division
followinghave
played
the
precedingnarrative, viz.,Satara,
and
Chan*
Sajjangad,Pandavgad, Wandangad
or
dangad,
territoryof Karhad, which
comprehended
forts, viz., Vasantgad, Macchindragad, Bhushangad
The
(3)
four
and
Kasaba
(4)
thirteen
Khelna
Karhad.
The
(5) The
division
extensive
Bandhari
and
Naldurg.
included
forts,of which
fifty-eight
the
the most
noteworthy were
following: Sindhudurg,
Vijayadurg,Jayadurg, Ratnagiri, Suvarnadurg, Khanderi,
Underi, Kolaba, Aujanwel, Revdanda, Raigad, Pratapgad,
Prabalgad,Mahuli and Lingana. Most of the forts mentioned
This
"
in the
beginning of
(6)
this list
sea-forts.
were
territoryof Trimbak,
The
which
comprehended
of Trimbak, Chandwad
which those
twenty-fiveforts,among
and Sindhgad may
be mentioned.
(7)
The
territoryof Baglan,
forts,among
and
which
included
were
which
Saleri
comprised
{ Salheri
seven
), Muleri,
Nahava.
(8) The
great
part
division
territoryof Vangad
of
modern
the
etc., which
district
of
included
Dharwar.
This
Kanchaugad "c.
(y) The
twelve
forts,the chief
Maugrol
{W)
.
territoryof Phonda-Bednore,
and
The
of
which
were
which
Pnouda,
comprised
Kalburga,
Krishuagiri.
territory
prised twenty-seveu
of
Kolhar-Balapore, which
forts, ainoug
which
tne
com-
following may
660
be
LIFE
SHIVAJI
OF
MAflARAJ
Bednore-
and
kot.
(11) The
which
province of Shrirangapattan,
included*
twenty-two forts.
(12)
The
(13)
The
and
territory of the Karnatic
It comprised eighteen forts, among
which
Mallikarjungad and Ram gad may be mentioned.
modern
territory of
district of Arcot.
chief among
Gojara "c.
included
the
It
them
territoryof
The
(14)
Vellore, which
Jagdevgad.
Jagdevgadj
Chandi
(Jinji) which
included
six forts.
As
previously observed,
catalogueof
fourteen
other
Chitnis
the
his
been
chroniclers,who
authorities
other
forts to
1
Of
divisions
and
whole
the
under
the-
these, a
the other
overlooked.
fourteen
hundred
stated to have
Besides
gleanedfrom
to have
seems
exceeds
be
can
gives
these
territorial divisions.
forts
Chitnis
in
long list of
which
chronicles,
all these
forts
Chitnis's
and
"
list alone
in
concur
restrictingthe
number
of
are
of
but
such
eighty-four.
The
contents
of
Shivaji'streasury at
the
time
of his
ary
published in the Modern Review
( Janu1910 ) under the heading "The
Legacy of Shivaji", extracts from the
Persian
a
Tarikh-i^Shivaji,
manuscript. The extract under reference gives
an
inventory of the various kinds of property left behind by Shivaji. Prof.
that the Persian manuscript is a
Sarkar thinks from the internal evidence
and
translation from Marathi
sources
was
composed about 1/80.
under the headings,treasure,
divides Shivaji's Legacy
Prof. Sarkar
stables and
slaves.
wardrobe, specie, jewels, grain, rice, dal, armoury,
described
of
varioas
Under
the heading treasury are
metals, and
quantities
of hons or pagodas given in this listis about 381 lakhs
specie. The number
besides
and
blocks of copper,
silver,
gold ornaments
only. There were
and
lead
vessels.
the
second
ironware
Under
heading are
bronze, steel,
catalogued various kinds of kinkhabs, dupetas, silk shawls etc., also paper,
running up to 6,500 quires. Under specie are also included various kinds1
Prof. Jadunath
darkar
has
"
"
SHIVAJI'S
death
FORTUNES
described
are
representingthe
mentioned
the
Diverse
flowingdetails.
are
by
AND
chronicle
kinds
coinages and
in
these
POSSESSIONS
of
writers
gold
devices
lists. Of
and
with
over-
silver
coins
of distant nations,
the
gold coin,
called
thirteen
pagodas viz
half.
Then
follow
Sangiripagodas,twelve
; Achutrai
lakhs and
pagodas,two
pagodas
different
kinds
of
lakhs and
a
one
three ters
quarhalf ; Devrai pagodas
lakh ; Gooti
pagodas,
lakh ; Dharwad
one
pagodas,twelve lakhs ; miscellaneous gold
coins ( consisting
of pagodas of twelve other species),three
lakhs ; Satlam
silver
mosque-inscribed
of
currency
Dabul,
of
Cheul,
and
cloth is
of scented
reportedto
oils and
The
Under
sorts.
the
come
one
and
the
quantities vary
the heading
L. S. 37
are
pagodas'worth
stored
been
have
list of
Slaves
of
crore
in the
from
of valuable
treasury.
candy to
jewels,including all kinds of precious stones.
also included ghee, mica, indigo,sulphur etc.
perfumes
Then
50,0l0 candies.
Under
Besides
diamonds.
of stables, we
also mentioned.
have
includes
a
cotton,
one
resin
and
wax".
ot
*%U
OF
LIFE
362
the
to the army,
As
SHIVAJI
MAHARAJ
private
paga
eighty thousand,
force
of
horse,
twenty-fivethousand.
Hetkaries
and
and
number
does
included
The
the
lists of
Hambirrao
( sapt hazari
it is
the
detailed
cavalry
and
convenient
cavalry officers
sir-nobut, Anandrao
of
commander
or
not
This
men.
garrison soldiers
of Mavalis
infantryforce
on
be
may
hazari
cavalier
or
thousand
cavalry
shiledar
hundred
one
include
not
the
mustered
seven
Hapt
thousand),
More,
Sing)
Swarupji
Netaji Palker, Manaji (Man
Gondji Jagtap, Khandoji Jagtap,
( Rupaji ) Bhonsle,
scions
the
historic
families
of
the
the
Angres,
the
the
the
Mohites,
Powars,
Thoratsand
the
other
"noble houses.
the
contains
classified list,from
six
least
hundred
above
which
class,
i(_
These
are
or
chronicles
two
it would
which
to
mention
there
appear
the
were
at
thousand
the
".
one
officers. As
and
larger, as could
chronicles,without
had
Prabhu
many
squadron of Shivaji,
naval
a
of
names
vessels
chronicles
on
the
call1
sea.
gurabas,
Of
the
largest
there
were*
.
English records.
FORTUNES
SHIVAJI'S
line,
the
hundred
one
and
hundred
me
fifty;of
lenominations,'two
"
hundred
craft,of various
and
fifty.The
sizes and
forts were,
sea-
naval
important feature of Shivaji's
have already been
of which
mentioned
in the
policy,some
forts.
But they may
bear repeticatalogueof the Konkan
tion
here.
The principalof these naval forts were
Kolaba,
Khanderi,
Underi, jAnjenwel, Ratnagiri, Padmadurg,
Sarjakot, Vijayadurg, Gahandurg, Khakeri, Suvarndurg,
Rajkot and Sindhudurg. Shivaji'snaval forces generally
of these fortresses of the sea.
lay anchored under cover
But the names
are
only of a few of the naval commanders
those
mentioned
mentioned
in the bakhars.
are
Among
and
Ibrahimkhan
Bhandari,
Darya
Sarang, Mainaik
to believe, though the names
Daulatkhan.3
There is reason
have
we
as
"
of smaller
transports,sixty,and
c"3
the
of
POSSESSIONS
of
them
after
rty ; next
AND
an
not
are
seen,
Bhandari
and
themselves
by their naval service under
distinguished
Shivaji,as in the neighbourhood of these sea-forts,many
castes
belonging to these
into prominence about
distinguishedfamilies
risen
to have
found
officers who
Of the Brahman
Shivaji,a
service to
i
Called
Such
English
as
might
suffix
describes
the
"
get
as
"
"
or
"
on
have
^arya
for. For
Sarang
the
in
the
Bombay
the
Arabic
and
among
Kolis and
Sanskrit
what
bravery
is Persian
for
Darya
of
viz
Moro
of
Indian
names
name
of Daulatkhan,
for M admiral
Bhandaris.
both
the
the
see
Hindu
Maho-
Mainaik
were
by Hindus,
name
the end
"
Mainaik
of
Parsis,
is
and
European
that
it
"
is
Ventgee
really
XX
VI II.
Chapter
Mainaik
and
the
as
extent,
"
bud
name,
contemporary
an
337,
p.
Mahomedan
such
of the. ocean
captainof tie:w%ter,
is
Konkani
and
{Shivaji
show
to
others
Daulatkhan
and
Sarang
to
and
Mahomedan
Further,
Coast.
Indian
as
tries
Ventgee, is used
mutilated
say
the
Hindus
Ibrahimkhan
Sarkar
name
ji
difficult exactly to
?bands
of
name
be
Sarang
caste.
Prof.
the
well
Mahomedans
authorities
conspicuous
be mentioned,
were
some
Daria
Bhandari
Mahomedans.
foot-note ) thab
it
commanders
naval
of
Hindu
vidently
such
).
these
Sahhasad
medans.
here
may
are
time.
that
records
Of
few
rendered
castes
two
common
is mixed
name
LIFE
0*
SH1VAJI
MAHARAJ
Trimal
Ramchandra-
Nilkant, Raghunath
The
bakhars, whether
as
regardsthe statistics
his gallant officers.
of
Shivaji'swealth or the names
be regarded as final or exhaustive,
cannot
civil and military,
have we
nor
attempted to quote them here in extenso, but
only as specimensof what is to be found in the Marathi
in
be found
authorities upon this subject. Fuller lists can
of them having
the Marathi originalof this biography,some
from
careful study and
been
a
patientlyreconstructed
of
comparisonof
survey
the various
it is but
fair to
gallantcommander
to posterity.
a
'
Of
course
infantryare
the
of
names
include-1 in the
bakhars.
observe
And
that the
in
concludingthis
Shivaji'shill-forts
of many
Prabhu
precedinglists.
of
names
officers in
have
the
many
been lost
cavalry an"
'
OF
LIFE
"66
SHIVAJI
and
MAHARAJ
and
responsibilities
whose
interests are
persons
conflict,conflict of duties must often arise and
intercourse
in
with
widening
perpetual
culminate
in
at first
censurable.
But
sight may
appear
until a proper scrutiny of such actions is made by an austere
and unbiassed judge, the author of them
attain
can
never
his true placein the estimate and
Those
opinion of men.
who
have benefited by his actions will continue
to praise
.actions which
at all
him
to
cease
revile
do
doing as they
of human
his
It is
nature.
judicialmind
but
only
both
follow
the
when
comes
the
them
will
these
parties in
and
sides of the
character
true
never
instincts
common
neutral
the two
to examine
calmly establishes
and
to
by
And
memory.
seem
lost
have
of
strictly
question
the
person
Shivajihas
studied
not
scrutinized
and
by
his actions
to have
The
claim
cannot
present writer
competent historian.1
final
such a position. He
does not aspire to formulate
a
himself to be a Maharashtrian
verdict. He frankly professes
at core,
and
an
critic.
i
Mr.
But
he would
make
of
admirer
he
no
Shivaji,to
pose
constrained
himself
feels
C. A. Kincaid
in hia
"
History of the
he
that
secret
as
is
thusiastic
en-
independent
an
to
too
state
Maratha
here
People
"
at
Vol.
Compare
in the foot-note
imputations
at pp.
of cowardice
and
492.
the
366-67 with
at pages
Sarkar's
remarks
223 and
225
with
the
p.
493, and
remarks
whole
the
at
at
114
the
page?
490
On
for instance
Madras,
CHARACTER
5o
has generally
length what the voice of Maharashtra
and
what
she has to make,
answer
to say about Shivaji,
and has been
making, to the strictures passed by Mahohistorians and blindlyfollowed by British imitatormedan
some
CHARGE
THE
OF
REBELLION.
first charge is
The
Adil Shahi
State
of
and treason
towards
the
ingratitude
Bijapur. This, accordingto the hostile
Shivaji,placeshim in the
and rebellious polygars. or
critics of
lawless
of the time.
towards
These
power
critics dwell
that had
upon
his
taken
category as
same
the
the
refractorybarons,
Shivaji's
ingratitude
fugitivefather under
the
scourge
of
while
oppressed,
Was
foot ?
tyranny, while
alien
dignifiedfor
true
devotion
interest
with
spiritof
common
it
an
enthusiastic fervour
to
the
who
one,
his
was
his
rayats were
trodden
under
animated
by
was
country, by
of
rest
the
feelingot
compatriots,and
to
religion,
an
the
wear
mask
followingremarks
The
of
I page
271 ) bear out
suffered
fate
at the
more
People, Vol.
curious
Mr.
contention
hands
"
:"
Shivaji
of historians
than
Maratha"
has
any
final the
by
other
opinion
one
History.
accepted
while
And
again was based on that of Kharikhan
been
harshness, they have
singularly
judging Shivaji with the utmost
the
of
his
basenesses
The
thousand
to
enemies.
Aurangzeb,
indulgent
appalling villainies of the Bijapur and Ahmedoagar nobles have been passed
with a tolerant smile.
The oruel trick by which
Ghorpade betrayed
over
is depicted as tha
however,
has
comment.
Shivaji,
no
provoked
Shahaji
character
of Grant
They have
in
and
all
as
Duff, which
incarnation
etc."
LIFE
568
SHIVAJI
OF
MAHARAJ
to
himself
to the venal
?
glib-tonguedloyalist
better
the
to
within
side
himself
devoted
labours
of the world
entirelyto
emancipation of
blot
escutcheons
by
his
the
is
of
stain
than
more
That
he extricated
plans
? The
and
history
of
founders
that
great
rebellion.
But
for
compensated
the
the
true
more
of
countrymen
clearlydemonstrates
their
rather
not
meditation
the
dynasties are
on
parasite or
the
he
was
court
his
and
himself
for the
of
Or
of
arts
is
stain
forgotten,
to be with
Shivaji.
grip of an
draught of libertyafter
small
service to
debt, nor
can
we
did not
fault of
of
the
ever
endure
of misrule, is of
centuries
in the sacred
no
It is a permanent
people of India.
ence
hope to repay it. That this independgeneration is in no sense
upto our
history know,
itself
at the doors
must
of those
be laid,as students
who
succeeded
him
at
conserving the libertyhe had won
such a heavy sacrifice. Had
Shivaji failed in his heroic
of an
enterpriseof layingbroad and deep the foundations
which
the
indigenous and
independent power., towards
revolt from the Adil Shahi
to be a stepping-stone,
state was
our
pouring
5
'
of
duty
rebellion
weapon
the
vials
", but
would
out
from
the
have
not
of
armoury
remained
virtuous
their
exhausted
have
of
satisfied with
rage
upon
upon
his
him
every
reproach. But
calumnious
his
success
gracefuland
historian
even
; but
pardonablefrom
when
the pen
of
European historians,
who
Mahomedan
know
or
|||
CHARACTER
to know
ought
of
ideal
the
~o
of
reproduction
the
language
same
but appear
cannot
conduct
no
of
ridiculous.
calumny,
It would
their
been
have
thingsand
continued
at all
to
bled and
times, and
that
possess
toiled, these
such
pronounce
it is evident
that
for
which
independence
historians
sweeping
THE
CHARGE
we
Shivaji
hesitated
have
would
had
to
indictment.
TREACHERY.
OF
second
it would
such
10
that
seem
view.1
But
enterpriseand
the
Maharashtra
cannot
For
stratagems.
Hannibal
by
modern
with
thinks
now
warfare?
of
the
at
have
cruelty.In the
least
found
weak
case
which
Roman
"Nihil
nulla
better
at
regard
nation
Aryan
Aryan
that not
so
as"
what
cruelty,
of
aShemitic
needs
worst
to
level
der
comman-
of his hostile
against him
deum
religious
scruples ). Verily Shivaji
has
not
critics
of his Mahomedan
And
historians.
greatness
yet
So must
the
Hannibal
than
modern
it be with
upon
nullum
metus,
no
critics
fastened
the
lb
the other
of
no
flung
answer.
no
wrongly
who
ancient
bias have
Shemitic
the
or
But
conditions
It
sancti, nullus
of
charge
them
"
accuseo
enemy.
even
the
of
upon
cruelty.
and
and
against
arms
up
inflicted
the
to
of
plans
his
fear
the hands
Hannibal's
in
prejudice rightly
religio"(
of his Roman
acknowledges
an
take
to the
Shivajihistorians
veri, nihil
no
As
an
of
of
iurandum,
much
case
cruelty against
satisfactoryto note
Hannibal:
the
him
yet in this
of
treachery
his
expediency, the
defeats
seriously believe
now
Livy charges
sustainable,having
And
accusations
qo
does
with
which
it
charge
him
of
disposal,we
the
for the
countenance
vastness
his
at
vindicat3
consolation
found
the
survey
resources
lend
to
ripe wisdom
jahgirdar to
mere
by charging
historian
"
Punica
Romans
The
we
but
the
much
was
when
limited
and
opportuneness
there
world
Shivaji.
ius
gods,
fared
did
at
gladly
LIFE
57"
the
of the
triplepowers
States
Mogul
at
was
of
contemporaries
presented itself
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
OF
no
the
in its
probable
and
brought him to
foregoneconclusion
for
tools
Without
that
the
in
very
to
think
quixotic
how
loyal veteran
therefore,
was,
pioneer
succeeded
The
knows
this
It
of
of
of
labours
these
pensable
indis-
deliverance
and
qualities,
accomplishing even
least
Much
career.
the
to
and
reader
door.
appreciable measure
an
certainlyin
have
death's
wild
the
this
of
consequences
th^
rashness
shuddered
of his
adventures
and
the
Dadoji Kondadev,
guardianof Shivaji,
of
and
never
of
the
less could
the
the
of
its power,
strides
with
towards
over
that lent
arts
of
To
of
battle,with
their
command,
method
to those
the
he had
beyond
on
the
the
to do with
forces
of
loyal and
enterprise,
treatment
on
marched
at
fair field
under
practicable
general like Shivaji
quite out of proportion
scope
part of
that
but
antagonists.There were
from, either to lead his scanty
of his
to choose
Khan
Shaista
or
noble
honourable
overwhelming hosts
was
of defence
operatingas
Afzul
meet
offer of
his
that
or
all occasions.
on
made
or
stratagem
and
persons
willingear
of
those
save
againstall
practisedthem
Those
no
and
any
two
army
alternatives
to
certain
CHARACTER
death
and
skilful
their
at
if he
And
power.
afford to be
of Maharashtra, cannot
a
his
under
annihilate
of
of
use
invader,to
relentless
the
ever
court
to
of
for
relinquish
and
at the hands
massacre
chose
nations
liberties of innocent
violation of the
querors,
con-
the
lust
the
redeemed
foreign territory.Shivaji'sconquests were
from this stain by the nobler purposes by which they were
of the redemption of his people's
inspired,the sacred cause
from
a
foreign yoke. His
liberty,their deliverance
for
stratagems
bound
were
to
the
wear
complexion of
treason
of his
all,and
over
been
blazoned
invader
and
of
people,the fury
the
broad
thundering at
in
have
never
the
history. With
world's
of
scene
the
phant
trium-
the
destruction, while
amid
would
of Maratha
name
ridden
have
would
Islam
choosing between
of the world
wisdom
and the standards of practical
political
cumstance
morality have recognized the necessity,under such cirat one's
of repelling
the enemy
by every means
is
no
Besides
command.
irretrievable
self but
where
disaster
thousands
requires the
and
of
commander
defeat is
destruction
the
not
inexorably
of his
ordinary rules
of
one's
only
to
crisis
conduct.
the
the
ensure
people,even
human
own
aside
put
time, and
the
into
down
followers,the
dependents and
for
ordinary ethical standards
safetyof the lives and liberties
sacrifice of
to carry
sure
at
the
Add
LIFE
572
to this
there
of
of
state
had
OF
been
no
gloried,if
murder
had
he
which,
in
peace,
how
succeeded
for
centuries
which
the
the
not
were
Consider
times.
MAHARAJ
society in
politicalmorality
modern
SHIVAJI
in
Khan
his
standards
of
standards
refined
Afzul
together
would
have
plots to
treacherous
arrest
or
otherwise
It will then
be
but natural
Maratha
of
to
warrior.
the
or
killingof Afzul Khan
raid upon Shaista Khan, far from
redounding to Shivaji's
of the plans
discredit,
claim, by the boldness and brilliancy
It is
employed, no small tribute of praiseand admiration.
of
reason
that the
seen
the
sensational
Shivaji,should, in
But
memory.
follow
us
tiveness.
1
More
Even
Withoub
and
abundance
JJeccan
Adil
in the
OF
by
stratagems of
season,
European
revile his
historians
to
CRUELTY.
( vide
the
the defence
pp.
141-143
of
and
of
sultanates.
Shahi
and
of
out
for
excuse
CHARGE
prejudiceto
Afzulkhan
similar instances
no
consider
now
and
of loss
sense
lead.1
their
THE
under
escapades
season
there is
blindlyin
Let
smart
We
may
instance
the
152-172 ) we
fco be
side
of
found
the
unsuccessful
may
in
say
that
plentiful
Moguls
attempt
and
the
of
the
of Javli,to
chief, Baji Shamraj, with the aid of the Mores
his return
Mahad
successful
trick of Baji
from
entrap Shivajion
; the
or
i^horpade against Shahaji ; the proposal of the Raja Jaysingh to arrest
murder
Shivaji,after his escape from Agra ( Vide Sarkar's Shivajipp. 197The
98 ).
most
atrocious instance is Aurangzeb's plot to capture Golconda
with an army,
in 1657 by sending Sultan
which
admitted
Mahomed
was
by
"he unsuspecting Golconda
the
chief as a marriage escort
to accompany
of
the
fraud
Mogul prince to Bengal. Nothing could exceed the meanness
employed by Aurangzeb on that occasion or the ruthless rapacity of the
have
As to treachery between
the British
and
Shivaji, we
Mogul army.
when
treacherous
the
aid the Rajapur factors gave to Bijapur
Shivaji wa"
personallybesieged at Panhala in 1660, while all the time the factors professed
instance of the abuse of the rules of naval
the worse
neutrality,and
island.
Khanderi
warfare
in the battle round
by Keigwin and Minchin
of.
Mr. Kincaid
attention
draws
to the
slaughter of the Macdonalds
Olencoe, in the comparatively refined times of William III.
LIFE
?74
they
hold
it
as
adults
dependents,should
in the eyes
%vin favour
undertaken
a
and
all
rank
been
man's
one
relatives
and
sword.
But
the
to
put
of his Mahomedan
carried
out
compatriot,and
Maratha
noblest
hav3
his
for
likewise
Baji Ghorpade's guilt must
the aggrandisement of his family and
For
considered.
of
crueltythat
family, his
of
heinousness
the
MAHARAJ
SH1VAJI
unwarrantable
an
male
guilt,the
OF
his
among
the most
sovereign,he
nefarious
that too
of
countrymen.
one
who
To
what
be
to
had
betrayal of
of
was
dire
the
results
to the
likelyto lead is already known
treachery was
reader.
As
a
loyal and affectionate son, Shivaji would
have
been obligedentirely
his plans of liberty
to give up
for nearly four
and independence. As it was,
till
years,
he had almost to sit down
at complete liberty,
Shahaji was
the
in
passive
silence.
revenge
borne
in
under
the
of
overbearing impulse
fervour
intense
an
of
attitude
an
THE
third
find
OF
CHARGE
head
of
some
these
taken
upon
dominant
two
of filialaffection
independence,1
may
The
of
When
and
things are
Ghorpade,
passions,
devouring love
mitigation,if not excuse.
a
FREE-BOOTING.
accusation
against Shivaji is
an
it is alleged,led him
which
to
greed of money,
of plunder and devastation
against
a perpetual campaign
And
it is
the peacefulsubjectsof the Mahomedan
powers.
inordinate
further
contended
disturbances
manifold
writers
Maharashtra
is
partialtruth
real character
the
from
that
have
been
this
that
and
have
to
themselves
o"
a
allegation. But
Shivaji'sactions will
with
degree of culpability
to charge him.
In
wont
schemes
of
his
were
It is clear
that
exonerate
these
the first
place
last in
to
Some
there
knowledge
which
first to
led
of
him
objectors
we
must
deep-laid
independence, the free-bootingcampaigns he
the
than
mere
inspired by higher motives
from
father's express
p. 17S.
admitted
in this
give him
pursued
rapacity of plunder
insecurityof property.
the
order.
his
at
ttbivdigvijaythat Shivaji raided Mudhol
Vide
let'.er
in Kiocaid, Appendix
Shivajis
CHARACTER
private wealth.
of
accumulation
fronts
the concerted
and
sacrifices in
what
575
face
to
three hostile
of
and
men
had
He
monarchies,
involved
were
money
taneously
simul-
the
in
immense
their
unyielding struggle with
but
described.
How
be better imagined than
armies can
the
he to maintain
with the hope of pecuniary reward
was
loyaltyand devotion of his soldiers,if he expected them
unstintinglyto co-operate with him in the realization of
his ideals,holding their lives cheap and seeking a deathless
of
martyrdom in the deadly struggle with the powers
Islam ? Then
again, Shivaji could not but increase the
the
to
best
efficiency of his armies
strength and
and
continual
of his
How
resources.
charges which
of
maintenance
the
to entail ?
bound
How
he
was
security and
depended ? How
expansion
their
in
the slender
if that
And
ievy contributions
form
every
campaigns
How
credit which
leaders
in
of
of his
must
the
power
of
these
erection
these
of
of
matter
to maintain
ments
equip-
sterile dominions
own
then?
Should
of his enemies
appeared
The
as
avenues
nations
times
which
upon
number
was
height
independent
the
have
to modern
mediaeval
the
forts
hundreds
he
was
army
force
the
at
made
their
vast
large
of
his
inevitable.
was
available
are
maintain
dominions
the
feature
It
to
possible,what
on
and
such
increase
revenues
not
was
of
programme
and
tens
imperativenecessity }
on
to
his defensive
forts, when
them
he
was
the
meet
to
hundreds
those
militaryefficiency
the
In
he
was
of
were
he
?
not
by what
ing
plunderof public
not
open
Indian
history.
with
be embarked
the help of
Great wars
now
may
upon
publiccredit, depressing the subjectsin perpetuity under
the yoke of the national debt and the exhausting burden
of
The
increasing taxation.1
appalling statistics of the
debt among
national
the
leading nations of the modern
to
our
The
-expressed in
observation
aware
when
should
reader
applies to
he wrote
.goingto furnish
Keluskar's
Mr.
the
this in
concrete
SHIVAJI
OF
LIFE
576
MAHARAJ
be
and
a
contemplated without
a:
gasp
ominous
be
presentiment that either these nations must
over-whelmed
by a general bankruptcy or their helpless
multitudes
stones
ground down for ages under the crushing millworld
cannot
of
for
are
taxation.
monstrous
that the
moment
all entered
for
upon
integrityfrom
giant
the
aggression or
the thraldrom
And
yet
wars
can
it
of
these
be
tained
mainnations
of
defending their
wresting their independence
purposes
is the
of
cause
tyrant ? What
these inter-national feuds, but the folly,ingratitude,and
from
perfidyof
wicked
of
some
sport
or
ambition
thousands
and
wnost
hundreds
of
for
whose
subjects perish and
of groaning, tax-ridden
millions
carnivals
saturnalian
the
have
to
bondsmen
to
price, from
generation
pay
his
generation? It is but fair to Shivaji to contrast
of
thousands
innocent
plunderingbut regulatedmethods
of
replenishinghis
war
treasury in the prosecutionof his patriotic
intended
for the
of
independence,
benefit of unborn
generationsof his
unjust and unlimited spoliationof
generations,for
unborn
war
the
of
purpose
which
modern
supplying
the
finance
has
unjustifiable
wars,
violation
made
tyrant, for the wanton
easy to the modern
did not fetter his poor
of the liberties of other people. He
subjectsin perpetuityby the imposition of an impossible
of
sinews
of taxation
burden
in order
to vindicate
their
liberty. He
rather
And
to fulfil the
if these
exactions
of
and
benevolences
were
expended
the
independence and became
feeders of his war
exchequer, we, the people of
principal
scarcely call him to a strict
Maharashtra, again can
account or tax him with immorality. To expatiateon th"
upon
the,sacred
cause
CHARACTER
57.
of
immorality
devoted
to have
case
any
himself
to the
task
of
on
countrymen and conferring
independent sovereignstate. If we
blessingof an
how
heavy must
of
maintenance
a
the
by
of
and
prompt
been
thousand
that
them
consider
to
the
keep
all contented,
highestcommander
taxation
the
and
foot-soldier
proportionof
by
safely met
small
the annual
readiness
meanest
system
been
hundred
effective
state of
from
have
redeeming
from
the
territories
how
have
under
can
occupation,we
readily conclude
of an
importunate necessitydrove him
Add
to
this the conpredatory war.
sideration
permanent
Shivaji's
nothing short
that
to this
of
system
that
of
storm
invasion
bound
to
long time and was
when
Aurangzeb found himself
armies
his northern
whelm
and
south
wise
would
be
an
the
Shivajiin
in sordid
abuse
of
wealth, and
at the hour
India
In
those
his
and
of death, with
those
CAMPAIGN
decent
called
were
short,
who
provision
avarice, it
would
sovereigns that
place
wallowed
his seventeen
hoarded
tears
THE
the
of Gazni, with
sorrowful
the
make
if this
invasions
in
to
of words.
category of
for
unmitigatedfury
fruitful
the
upon
brewing
landmark
every
been
burst with
of
had
he
untold
treasures
REGULATIONS
carried on"
plundering campaigns were
were
and unregulated style, or
blind
subject to
in
a
claims
is a subjectthat now
discipline,
a System of regulated
have seen
the
In a foregoingchapter1 we
attention.
our
have
noticed
of Shivaji. We
the campaigning regulations
peasant and
the
strict regulations for protectingthe
Whether
Vide
these
Chapter XXIV,
1*8.98
pp. 388-391.
the
arrest
abduction
or
"soldiery.Mo
small
injunction against
of the
modesty of
permanent
violation
or
observance
and
temples,saints
and
mosques
MAHARAJ
children,the studied
and
women
the
harm,
from
cultivator
SH1VAJI
OF
LIFE
578
of wholesome
measure
restraint
exercised
had
accounted
to be
had
the less
much
so
and
anything
spoils of
temptation to lay
to
seek
enrich
to
of
helplessinhabitants
the
came
the
sequence,
con-
opportunity
campaign, he
an
the
violent
hands
It
was
on
possible
im-
by robbing
possessions. The evil
their
regulation
campaign
severe
in his way.
themselves
campaigns
that
hordes
the
was
treasury. In
the
everythingthat
for them
state
officer had
nor
himself
appropriatingto
the
to
soldier
neither
as
of
for
respect for
of
hosts
of
at
Pindaris
later
and
and
spread havoc
Nventuringnot seldom to
desolation
and
of the
cut
could
forces
that
pertinentto observe
country
jprincesof the 6nemy
'itis
regular army
they went,
fodder
supplies
and
themselves, this
under
thrive
never
the
wherever
regular expeditionary
of free-booters
of
those
class
Shivaji. Moreover,
chiefs
and
merchant
who
demand
was
who
had
princes
tribute,purchased
from
At
later
Oolconda
the
satisfied.
bound
a
Those
themselves
hardshipsattending
stage
kingdoms
career,
undertook
to
immunity
permanent
of his
rulii g
when
to
pay
upon
the
a
pay
for
chiefs
and
annual
an
their
tories
terri-
these
campaigns.
Bijapur and the
fixed annual
tribute,.
CHARACTER
there
was
again these
When
campaigns
theso
were
wealthier
that
Shivaji'sfollowers
they
went.
The
used
never
broke
states
same
against their
their
tories.
terri-
treaties
the
desisted from
and
carried
naked
agninstthe
lire and
sword, the
of
houses
could
it be
sword
said
wherever
flaringfire-brand
the
Such
poor.
were
wanton
never
practised by his troops. The scouts
cruelty was
brought faithful reports as to the possessors of hoarded
wealth, and only such men, as a rule, experienced the fury
of his soldiers' onslaughts,to escape scatheless in their turn
on
Judging by these facts, we
surrenderingtheir wealth.
conclude that to denounce
must
Shivaji as a cruel and
is to cast an
unmerited
slur upon
his
rapaciousmarauder
character.
THE
UNDERLYING
Another
of
this
intended, a
purpose
which
circumstance
employment
policy
fact not
the
in
diminution
their
sapped
tribute
of
exactions
compelledthem
to
seek
possessed of
enemy
wished
for
its true
incursions
with
the
of
process
and
resulting
Mahomedan
the
the
powers,
attenuation,and
such
left unmolested
with
and
Golconda, by
fixed
tributes, were,
Bijapur
kingdoms agreed to pay
explain the
appreciated at
be
to
treaties
to
continual
of
slow
POLICY.
effectiveness
plunder,
revenues
strengthby
its
is
The
and
THIS
serves
often
by Shivaji'scritics.
worth
OF
PCRPOSE
in
their
The
government.
which
as
these
have
we
the immediate
seen,
chauth
claims of
under
1
Bijapur.1 He
A9
{ European
uiedan
as
and
em
long as
per
it
was
not
intended
historians
Mahomedan
critics
sirdeshmukhi
merely
directed
to make
have
followingsuit ),it
sanctioned
"8
similar
pertinent
to
observe
but encouraged
ot
territories
levies
charge
the
m"ue
the
upon
ot
npon
pmuaori*^
that
Mono-
fthivaji's
plundering,
the
empire,
Thi-
580
OF
LIFE
SHIVAJI
MAHARAJ
to
time
on
Further
than
campaign in the Karnatic.
continually*
endeavouring to get similar claims
that, he was
acknowledged over the Mogul provincesin the Deccan, and
little reason
had he lived longer,there seems
that
to doubt
have
in gettingthose claims allowed.
succeeded
he would
of the Mahomedan
That this policyof cripplingthe revenues
of chauth etc. was
to lead to
sure
by the demands
powers
of their very
teeth
and
their decay and
deprive them
of the
account
own
claws, while Shivaji's
strength and
credit
the
him
higher end.
But
is
resources,
of
in
proportionately
evident, that
so
intended
having
the policywas
And
it not
was
waxed
state
it
as
justified
by
tc
means
its fruits.
wickedness, while
wanton
give
must
we
attempting
cripplethe Mahomedan
powers, to harass their poor and
innocent
to this question is that
subjects? The answer
the subjectsof these powers
never
were
indiscriminately
fell on
the rich, a part of
harassed.
Shivaji'svengeance
wealth he sought to transfer to the sacred
of
whose
cause
libertyand independence. It;was the wealthy Mahomedans
to
who
generally suffered,
themselves
enriched
under
forciblyrequired to
of persuasion would
Mahomedan
powers
their
their
pay
few
the
and
contributions.
the
had
They
No
were
amount
subjectsof
part voluntarilywith
to
who
tyranny.
induced
have
Hindus
the
portion
of
If then
few
Hindus
a
were
superfluous wealth.
sacrifice under
a
compulsion for the
required to make
permanent benefit of all,this cannot be pronounced wicked.
"We must
always have a regard for the ultimate object of
be
can
Shivaji,and in the lightof it no stain of dishonour
their
seen
in these actions.
IMPERIAL
But
done
then
it is
the
solemn
under
plunder,
but
sirdeshmukhi.
were
objectedthat
sanction
of
and
Muazim.
Singh
contributions
The
GREED.
Emperor
exacted
did not
sordid
love
of
the
treaties; witness
In
under
like the
theory
the
empire
at
names
exactions
treaties
least it
of
when
was
chauth
the
was
with
not
and
same
082
OF
LIFE
SHIVAJI
MAHARAJ
of these
Aurangzeb, and
other
ambitious
the
fields
they
The
man.
of
career
blind
sacrifice
and
expense
ambition
is to misjudge
conquerors
piled with slaughter,in their
and
of
aggrandizement,
liberties
the
and
universal horror
independent nations,arouse
obtain our
forgiveness. Shivaji'sambition
from
was
this
for
It
taint.
Hindus
the
was
natural
and
that
rule in Hindustan.
rightto
grave sin
should enter
a
children
dominate
To
of the soil.
can
never
redeemed
that
Hindustan
only
and
unjust
had
the
consider
to
stranger and
expel such
of
was
Hindus
the land
over
fortunes
and
natural
was
that the
againstnature
and
the
It
hold
to
the
at
the
it
alien
persecute the
and
oppressive
and vow
it again the
to make
tyrants from the motherland
of a free and prosperous
scene
indigenous sovereignty,was
what
in itself a blessed and
righteous undertaking. And
wonder
is
voluntarilyembarked
the merit
which
with
an
sets out
person
itself
detract
can
from
it
title to obtain
inherent
permanent
achievement.
an
if
accomplishment itself,
has
this
upon
debt
of
our
gratitudeand
admiration,
this
life'swork
The
detracts
few
and
and
him
and
ridicule.
and
champions
the merits
foreignersthat
higher grandeur
spleenupon
from
It
of
glory
of
flingat
of the actual
suffered
his deeds
him
is all ineffectual
liberty,in
all the
ment.
accomplish-
eclipsefrom
might
vent
the
their
of reproach
every term
founders
The
bluster.
world's
history,have
of
of praise at the hands
always received their meed
impartialand disinterested historians. They have earned
the
historians' ungrudging applause for
building their
CHARACTER
5*.
nation's
he
never
Self-love
made
think
man
AMBITION.
SELFISH
inordinate
of the weal
or
woe
consults
places. What
Shivaji,and in
his end
Had
of
accused
charged with
been
has
love
been
has
He
OF
CHARGE
THE
what
been
part of his
merely
can
career
to attain
an
of another.
times
is
and
seen
it be discovered
empire for
no
in
?
higher
pleasure,
and
than the instinct of selfish pomp
gratification
to the darkening
why should he have carried forward even
of death the laborious
shadows
prosecutionof an ephemeral
enterprise? Why rather should he not have given himself
that
he had
up to the voluptuous enjoyment of the wealth
all the means
of
got together by years of toil ? With
sensual
his command,
at
why did not the
gratification
itself to his attention,
epicureanphilosophyof life commend
?2 When
for a moment
the daily routine
even
we
survey
of his life,
we
are
regard for
impressed with his austere
to be turned
unclaimed
duty, which scarcelyleft a moment
towards
the public,
to the service of pleasure. His duties
of his state, the
the administration
and good government
defence and expansion of his kingdom engrossed all his
from
be seen
physicaland intellectual faculties. As can
a close scrutinyof his career
,he scarcelyever took a holiday
the continual
and
strain
his mind
to recoup
body.
upon
Against one who showed this stern resolve to deny himself
all rest
and
relaxation, until he had accomplished the
liberation
imputation
appears
1
Mr.
of
the
tyranny
of
Islam, this
self-seekingand self-exaltation^
peculiarlyextravagant. His overflowing wealth
Kincaid
motives
of
of the
"584
OF
LIFE
and
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
resources
were
please those
to
But
breast
regard
above
to be invested
were
all
his
to
independent power,
for
the
for
the
people,and
for the
of the land
of the Bharatas
is
with
the
idea
was
purchased his
the
feeling in his
paramount
that
material
they
gains was
and
defence
expansion of an
and
welfare
advantage of his
from
affirm that
that
he
failure
no
had
he
vindication, if possible,of
exaggeration to
no
There
labours
whose
by
fortunes.
with
to his mind.
occurred
state,never
held
tyranny of Islam.
the
he
his
liberties
the
thoroughly
was
wealth
in
It
imbued
for
trust
his
countrymen,
ground.
Ambition
The
is
ambitious
no
multitudes
of his
sight,it
a
the
the
would
moment
the wider
passion
purged
seem
to this
victim
into
to all the
name
was
to
is actuated
who
selfishness.
by
greatness, to extend
to achieve
of vassal
wedded
unless
is he
monarch
desire
over
ambition
princes,and
to
quarters of the
excusable
spread
globe.
to argue
that
of the restoration
transfused
into
However
sway
the
fame
at
first
Shivaji became
of Hindu
patriotism and
a
controllable
un-
his
And
it
Were
infirmityof noble minds.
itself
this absorbing passion was
scheme
an
ever,
so, how-
absorbed
autonomy,
ambition
correct estimate
of the
CHARACTER
achievements
Shivaji's
total of
sum
.-"s5
from
cannot
the moment
of
but lead
the
us
to the
inauguration of
his noble
he was
animated
enterprise,
by a conscious purpose
-ind governed by an irresistible impulse bidding him, as
it
were,
go forth into the world and turn the night into day,
till the restoration
of libertyand
independence should be
accomplished. And it would be no exaggeration to affirm
that he believed
of his
measure
of
measure
fervent
this
will
charge of
The
freedom,
a
Hindu
his
baron
had
the
same
direction ?
Does
have
to
valour
the
upon
of
campaign
of
power
many
independence on
Shivaji'sobject was
he
chiefs
have
drawn
the
labouring in
itself prove
independence for himself
in
this circumstance
not
his
should
independence, why
brother
against Hindu
the sword
that
from
uncertain
establish his
to
also the
and
based
upon
asked, if
it is
And
out
overthrow
an
And
heroism
sometimes
is
set up
the
life and
his
to admire.
Shivajiset
to
who
account.
own
ambition
had
of
deeds
cease
never
time
of
of life'sduties.
those
sprang
mission
fulfilment
his
the world
which
in
success
faith
the
was
and
these
do
instances
not
spire
condeny it to others ? And
togetherto brand the unrighteousnessof his ambition ?
These objectionsare again based
a
misconception of
upon
If the deliverance
real inwardness
of Shivaji'slabours.
the
the true
of his countrymen
from
alien yoke was
an
of the
the dismemberment
objectiveof the hero's enterprise,
delivered
be
to
country
of
groups
with
wars
innumerable
into
principalities,
waging endless
another or leadingtheir brigand forces into the
of the alien rulers they had seceded from, would
a
fatal caricature
such
the
lawless
his
barons
have
to overthrow
vanquish
all.
to his
cause
best
The
of
revolted
them,
one
tenure
uncertain
from
is
of
one
territories
have
been
by
power
duration, and
sure
to find
so
an
to
If then
the
plans.
is at
government they
occasion
over
of
dependen
in-
and
revolted
their
so
strongholds
of his
its
own
attitude
towards
the
clear
to
as
for the
path
either
in
advancing power,
The
justification.
own
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
OF
LIFE
586
be
said
towering figuresof
those
result
the
case
can
same
expansion
of
the methods
and
of
persuasionand
If the labours
devastation.
Italyfrom
European
German
empire
Kaisar
all
right-minded and
fair to
seek
ambition
or
of
belittle
to
For
have
never
the
number, if
actions
few
to
these
made
are
not
all
at
hi"
upon
occasional
acte-
OF
COWARDICE.
the
when
syllogismssomewhat
his
criticisms
And
of
the
elicited the
by harping
Without
CHARGE
THE
This
the
altogethercondemned.
be
cannot
the
of liberty.
deep at the fountain
lastinghappiness of the greater
undergo temporary hardships,such
more
had
patriots
com-
impartial historians,
work
his
his
drunk
greater and
wai
his
respect. It is
same
his selfishness.
on
apparent injustice
could
as
cowardice, he would
to
followed
ranked
narrative
not
snares
and
the baser
as
Had
"
have
will
brave
wiles and
warrior.
clearlyprove
ludicrous travesty of
the
face
to
that
facts.
and
face
Ergo
perusal of
this sort
This
for
hfe
wins
ambuscades.
sort.
been
artifice and
to
fightsand
hidden
tactics of this
it not
resorted
victories
resorts
follows
The
stratagem.
"
to the
by
independent
have
such
which
Shivaji,upon
entitled
certainly
are
of
the
"
approbation of
of
the
on
either
and
and
I, if these achievements
William
the labours
if
or
powers,
Adilshahi
claims
of
conflicting
the successful organizationof
of national
basis
unity by
and
anarchy
the
united
Maratha
means
Cavour
of
of
restoration
for the
by
or
peace,
Shivaji's
the
their
allegiance to the
nobility that owed
dynasty. Their oppositionhad to be disarmed
was
he
never
Shivaji
cannot
be
preceding
reasoningi"
the
of
argument present*
CHARACTER
of
form
in the
caricature
-ft
what
is
undoubtedly
true
of
of the
needs
demanded,
hour
would
there
been
have
no
ended
failure.
in
numbered
among
His
the
very
numerous
name
would
tribes
of
been
have
rebels
outlawed
SCHOOL.
ANOTHER
Let
us
the
time
their
to another
turn
now
critics
themselves
are
pet hypotheses
modest
are
greatness of
therefore, to review
measure,
the
propose,
the
The
follows.
DHARMA
first of these
The
AND
by
the
at
the
to
Some
of
Shivaji.
length some
some
of
however
lower, in
life-work
this
of
NATIONAL
hypothesesmay
spread of
critics,and
of
Maharashtrians.
calculated
We
THE
school
be
restated
Bhagwat Dharma
brieflyas
( the Bhagwat
5S8
LIFE
religion,i.
all
religion as
e.
MAHARAJ
in the
expounded
parts of Maharashtra,
the distinction
in
obliterating
Bhagwat ), in
great
measure
of
and
all mankind
but
children
the
are
road
one
salvation
to
in
spiritual,so
for them
proper
advancement
of
exert
of any
in
their
castes
that
father, and
common
to all, the
open
the thinkers
of the
like-wise
to
lay
largelyspread among
more
as
SHIVAJI
OF
feelingwas
time, that
it
temporal matters,
endeavours
united
that
was
for the
that
first
point to
in
Shivaji or
the
career,
cause
be considered
creed
of
the
all
For
the
time
the
ethical
in
is whether
the
had
Bhagwat Dharma
breadth
length and
Maharashtra
over
to his
found
be
to
were
of
Sanatan
pharisaicalrepresentativesof the orthodox
Dharma
against
engaged in a campaign of bitter persecution
faith of Love, as described
the exponents of the Bhagwat
in the biographies of the poet Mahipati. Then
again the
devotion
of the saints of the
Bhagwat school clustered
of the god of Pandharpur, which
they
round the shrine
magnified as an earthlyElysium above all holy places,but
the
it
time
of
said
acknowledged
estimate.
the
be
never
can
It
will
that
such
be
all
Maharashtrians
belief
extremely
rash
of Pandharpur,
god Vithoba
and
the single-hearted devotion
Shasrwat
saints
"
saints
who
joined
or
to
who
in
such
maintain
was
the
allegianceof
co-ordinated
firm
the
at
an
that
object
these
belief
in
LIFE
590
to
this
on
say
various
under
family,and
evidence
themselves
and
effect is
have
nothing
and
his
fathers,
fore-
to have
critical
most
this
to
Shivaji himself
to
seems
the
on
As
of Shiva
names,
MAHARAJ
chronicles
point.
worship
the
SHIVAJI
historical
Maratha
The
axtant.
No
creed ?
Bhagwat
OF
been
hereditaryin
occasions Shivaji was
the
in
of
the
creed, but
Bhagwat
a
his
to
death
indeed, by
career,
that
concluded
some
of
in his sentiments
usual
devotions
honour
of that
disciplehe must be
of his preceptor.
creed
Ramdas
Swami
this
his
as
be
must
that
allegianceto
of
in
and
so
faithful
mandate
inferred
follower
and
"
sand
fulfilled the
have
it
And
his
worship
images of
staunch
Shiva
of
and
deity.
Ramdas
cultivate
to
make
to
of that
to
him
upon
of votive
From
Ramdas
with
part of his
allegiance.Even
and
credited
worship
the
"
Shiva
originallya
Shivaji was
likewise
was
the latter
contact
devotional
to
he
god a crore
specialgrace
the
merit
In
speciallyenjoined
had
himself
of
reason
effects of his
the
and
to
that
the
that
Shaiva
latterlyby
munion
com-
was
god Shiva
divided with other objectsof worship. As, however, Shivaji
the
the
died not long after
spiritual intimacy between
with
ultimate
a
was
Shaiva
goddess Devi
Maval
(or Bhavani),
the
whether
"
hetkaris
"
they
mostly
under
various
of
names
so
Ghaut
longer.
bias for
god
Tuljapur.
are
The
to be found
its
from
the
the
Konkan
shiledars, bargirs,
bias, with
Khandoba
been
Shivaji himself
the worship of the
uplands, from
Shaiva
difficult
As
his followers
were
Maratha
were
of the
up, it is very
to what
would
have
sprung
pronounced
country, from
lowlands
or
with
it lasted
the
of
images
their
special
Jejuri and
of these
consecrated
in
the
deities
various
CHARACTER
G91
parts
of Maharashtra,
what
eclat and
in
and
is known
day of Dasara
all *
to
observe
Marathas
the
enthusiasm
the
feast-
follows,therefore, that
It
flocked to
theory that the people of Maharashtra
of the
account
general leaven of
Shivaji'sstandard, on
liberal ideas caused by the
Bhagwat school in the social
Can
conscience of Maharashtra, is fundamentally erroneous.
the
it
Prabhu
who
castes,
the
Shivajiin
great
so
cause
they
to
school
THE
BHAGWAT
We
must
work
AND
of any
NATURAL
ITS
Bhagwat
FRUIT.
that
directed
he
followers
effects the
Shivaji'sbanners
to
and
their minds?
conclude
therefore
which
upon
upon
DHARMA
thronged
that
Vaishnavas
were
because
or
wrought
have
might
and
great leaders of the Brahman
enthusiasticallyco-operated with
of freedom, did so
able
or
were
the
that
be said
even
the
and
their
multitudes
the
national
labours
were
"
sages
identitied Ram
who
and
and
self-less
huly calm
impulses of
the
minds
estranged from
were
dedicated
"
The
these
Dasara
festival of nine
were
i3 the
days
and
the saints
the
of the
not
the
enthusiasts
whom
over
all
whose
and
glamour of this world
Most High and
the quest of
men
auspicious day
nights
in
spirit predominated
human
tojthe service
salvation,
*
Rahim,
Xavar^ira
to
think
followiog
J,
upon
of the
the
bubble
Devi
i'uja
592
LIFE
glory of
can
them
temporal joys
of all
were
gentle spirits
followers
take
to
the
work
nowhere
be
exclude
MAHARAJ
the burden
was
Such
mankind.
their
To
trammels.
alike;this
Were
SHIVAJI
this
world's
the
OF
of
up
found
in
not
Swami,
bubble, with
the mundane
If
Islam.
of
sort
we-
advice
the
self-denyinghabit of
people, that
deeply ingrained in our
the
together,with
Maratha
What
for deliverance.
for
his
had
been
three
of the Mahomedan
valiant
in the
Mahomedan
so
centuries
nor
arms,
ripe statesmanship,came
little morsel
the
advancement
with
his
with
mind
horrors
accumulating
doughty
sagaciousBrahman
or
exhort
to
men
this
ascetic and
misrule, no
the
to
Maharashtra.
This
sorrows
exhortation
against
arms
Ramdas
their
and
from
forth
of
way
ment
emoluthem
princesflung to
content
were
taken
was
the cry of freedom
standard of independence unfurled
when
how
and
nobles
tried
and
of this
national
Had
in
impulse of
the
from
existence
would
been
have
commencement
Brahman
and
the
unity born
such
before
had
Maratha
opinionof rigidmoralists
Maratha.
Can
the
national
harsh
to take
both
the
know
enthusiasm.
been
consciousness
Shivaji'stimes,
spared the
he
of
a
and
single instance of
was
inspiredto join the
impulse of the awakened
the Bhagwat faith ?
who
statesmen,
to
earnest
by Shivaji, we
damp his
hypothesispoint to
who
Brahman,
advocates
the
were
many
in
up
the
measures,
great
which
leader
at
the
sardars,
"
cannot
which
measures
square
with
the
in
the
abstract
CHARACTER
rectitude.
of moral
standard
593
The
Brahman
statesmen
of
and
Moropant Pingle,Abaji Sondev
Dattaj:
of
the
calibre
of
veterans
Prabhu
Prabhu,
BalajiAvji, Baji
commanders
of the
Deshpande, and Murar Baji; Maratha
of Tanaji Malusare, PratapraoGuzar;
chivalrous gallantry
and Hambirrao
Mohite, this great muster-roll of gloriou^
each and all attracted
to Shivaji's
were
standards,
names,
and
out a fortune
spontaneouslyby the ambition to carve
for themselves,and gradually,
the lotus blossoms
a name
as
and displays
itself in sympathy with the rising orb of the
the more
of
sun, were
passionsand enthusiasm
generous
their heart kindled and set aglow by the supreme
influence
of their leader's noble spiritand character.
To trace the
of the national
causes
triumph to the lives and teachings
of
the order
"
"
ascetics
of
vindicator
glory to
liberties of
upon
author
portionof
that
fullyentitled.
OP
DEFENDER
their backs
turned
national
our
he is
which
SHIVAJI"
is
who
THE
NATIONAL
RELIGION.
here
"
years
continued
would
it be too much
to
sway
and
dominate
to affirm that it
was
his
Nor
mind.
preciselyowing
ments
sentifeeling that the anti-Mahomedan
first excited
of his career
of the starting-point
were
the love of religion,
But side by side with
in his breast.
the love of political
arose
independence and it ever
grew
to this dominant
The
kindled
and
love
an
iron
of
will
LIFE
$94
"nd
quickened
OF
enthusiasm
of
accomplishment
do to forget that
quickened
SHIVAJ1
MAHARAJ
he
to
applied himself
the
exploits. But it will never
religiousenthusiasm
without
the
his great
mere
stimulus
of
national
liberty,could
have
kindred
and
not, of itself,
enthusiasms, the
for
politicalfreedom,
not
have
even
one,
accomplished
unless
b9en
they had
much,
accompanied, as
they
in
the
of Shivaji,by the important
case
were
accompanied
unrivalled
creative spirit and
asset of an
an
enterprising
effective combination
and organizingfaculty. The
in the
blended
same
into
could
of these
person
three
creative
and
legacy
world.
the
to
love
Shivaji'senthusiastic
him
only on account
But
of
it
resultant
is
inspiration
an
be
cannot
of their
said
that
religionwas
engendered in
of the propagation of the
Bhagwat
For
the
lives
of
the Bhagwat saints were
full of
a'aith.
gentleness and love. Theirs was a catholic generosityand
In their hearts
for
toleration.
no
room
was
pride or
A religionthat consistentlyidentified Ram
with
hatred.
of
admit
could
lEahim
parochial or
no
Dharma,
and
or
forsook
of
zmaterial
aid
the
faith
deeply rooted
in the
and
the
sanctity of
the
observance
Vaishnav
pride he
or
and
of caste
encouragement
of
idol
death,
Bhavani
never
his followers
of
religionalong with
with
by any means
Bhagwat Dharma.
in
Dharma,
Brahmans,
them
was
with
its
the
the
any
The
love
its belief in
injunctionsfor
worship,
of
necessity
the Sanatan
of his
instill in
inculcated
Sanatan
kine
or
in
moment
goddess
If he did
him.
the
orthodox
was
of
religiouslove
of
an
passionatelove
liberty, it was not
supporters
worship
with
faltered
is there
was
faith
His
cult.
Vaishnav
his
himself
Shivaji
that
national
even
and
all ceremonial
its exhortation
usages.
And
urging
it cannot
CHARACTER
be
disputed
and
:he
It
which
were
there
like
of
may,
was
of
some
eyes, and
be
course,
that the
them,
that
in
was
full accord
religion,inasmuch
objectedthat
of
chieflythe scenes
goodly number
Tukaram,
vajihimself personally
bakhars
the extant
of Shi
of his followers
of. most
that
conduct
the
that
595
at
events
rate,
any
were
to^Tukaram
as
to the
in
of
none
contrary.1
those
districts
Shivaji'sgreat activities,
of Vaishnav
noble
in
as
with
Bhagwat
or
saints
of the
peacefullives of
dailycoming before his
himself
,whewas
held
in
the
highestesteem
reverence
of the
in any
The
and
of religion
revival
were
of
was
in
the
the
clearly shown
by the opposition of the
of Shivaji,their bigoted attitude
in calling him
Shastris to the coronation
Prabhus
refusal
the
their
to
allow
the
and
rites of
Kayastha
a
Shudra,
their folly. Prof, tfarkar finds
Kshatriyas until Gaga Bhatt taught them
of
orthodoxy.
caste
differences
direction
in
these
the
seeds
and
that
This
the root
of that disunion
were
cohesion
of
the
"
is
noticeable
the
accidental
organic but artificial,
"
or
organizedattempt
the unification
Shivaji
to
have
Washington
up
that Babar
of Abraham
find in
fails to
state
as
could
social
have
of Aahoka, Guru
and
the
Govind
Lincoln,or Cromwell
in
of
himself
Guru
of Calvin
nob
ruler'*
country
Shivaji'srule
education
to
religious reformer.
combined
think*.
Shivaji
was
the
on
the
Chandragupta
Prof. Sarkar
and
already under
communal
set himself
possibleto believe
of Akbar,
of
at
enough
failure
and
of the Maratha
cause
expect
Is it)
the functions
Nanak,
George
696
LIFE
orthodox
SHIVAJI
OP
faith,never
occurred
once
differentiation
believe
doctrines
the
startling in
or
be laid at the
sense
there
from
modern
modes
his mind
to
; neither
anything
was
new
The
they propounded.1
of their doctrines
of
the
MAHARAJ
the
traditional
critic. The
modes
charge
of
of the
door
simple,piousand unassuming
Why speak of the past ? Even
to
or
from
them
wean
trammels
the
of
the
of caste
or
caste-pride.
ship
weight of his great scholarto the support of the theory that the
teachings of the Maharashtra
saints and the revolution in religious thought which
they brought about
a
determining factor and a powerful operative
by their teachings were
of the politicalrevolution
brought about by Shivaji. The idea
cause
underlying this theory is that just as in Europe and particularlyin
followed
or
by politicalreform
England the reformation in religion was
in the time
of Shivaji.
revolution, a similar event took place in Maharashtra
of
in
the
As regards
a revolutionarychange
religion attempted by
theory
the Maharashtra
saints,it is interesting to notice 'that Mr. Raj wade
( who
that "The
to the inspirationof Ramdas
work
attributes Shiva ji's
) observes
in
he
nowhere
seen
kind of religiousreform referred to by Mr. Ranade
can
their backs
to tarn
the writings of the saints. These saints did not
mean
gods and temples, and differences in caste, religion and language"
upon
1
Mr.
grasped
of.
has
Mr.
abolition
and
revolution
to
the
fathered
Ranade
about
his
true
upon
etc."
the
meaning
the
credits
Though
of
we
saints
is without
He
research.
of
the
phrase
any
does
foundation
not
and
to
seem
Dharma."
"Maharashtra
dreamt
even
they never
falsely with
advocacy of the ideals of
Brahmin?
idol worship, interdining between
saints
them
the
lent
historical
of castes, abolition
Mahars
Ramdas
Ranade
dissertation
discredit
does
Justice
late
Ranade's
have
He
The
do
not
ideas which
agree
with
Mr.
Raj wade
over
doctrine
the
of
question, we
agree with him in repudiating this
in religiousthought brought about by the saints of Maharashtra.
"98
LIFE
people of Maharashtra,
first interview
SHIVAJI
OF
which
brings down
Ramdas
with
MAHARAJ
Swami,
date
the
the
and
of the
consequent
to twenty-three or
discipleship,
twenty-four years
The
assumed
whole
the
upon
therefore,topple down
must,
of
fabric based
Swami
Ramdas
and, great
be,
may
glory can
Shivaji's
Granting,however,
be
traditional
the
as
the
not
accessible and
particleof
to his
evidence
authentic
date
merits
other
least
transferred
rightfully
that the
later.
account.
coming
forth-
now
still to
the
go upon
orthodox
tradition,even
appear
upon this basis it does not
the rightsort of thing to award
such a largeshare of the glory
not
was
of the
that
great achievement
prior to
even
had
we
to Ramdas
the year
at least
1649,
years
For
Swami.
five
some
decided
1649
merited
those
or
the
as
and
etc.,which
scenes
the
or
where
have
the first
meeting
between
supplied
such
If,
of
The
"
Shivaji
VoL
year
Ju
of
as
it
Ramdas
That
all
with
has
Mr.
in
took
his
Ramdas.
and
place,
The
1672-78.
the
contents
the
to
analytically
these difficulties,
the
have
given
religiousand
the exhortation
to
passing strange to
proved, the first meeting
Prof. H.
M
G.
Rowlinson
of
the
accept
the
History
historians
these
with
are
preceptor
seems
been
now
Kincaid
strange that
Shivaji's
meeting
It is
accounts
the
should
historians
Swami
as
been
have
to
of
inspirationof
us.1
have,
support
strong
Shivaji'srestoration of
political
independenceof his countrymen
"or
tc
initiation ceremony
the
Swami
not
the
the
in the traditional
mentioned
are
discipleand
of which
However
the
not
were
noble
him.
there recited about
are
praises which
towns
or
villagesof Wai, Karhad, Satara,
Further,the
Parali
for fifteen
even
six
or
his
upon
early as
it is clear
The
follows
latter
in his
1649
reproduces
Life
People
Maratha
date
"
as
some
"
the
of
the bakhar
CHARACTER
between
the
follows
that
before
he
It may,
be
the orthodox
heard
lie had
instructions
the other
or
of the Swami
him
only
had
he
heard
one
once
or
the
that
of Hanmant,
chronicle
or
of truth
and
and
dismisses
controversy
by the Ramdas
1
V.
Rajwade
K.
D.
'"all
two
creed
states
reflects
one
fact
fulfilment
of
one
re- generationof
political
Swami
; and
entire
In effect,it
mere
tool
achievement.
of the Swami
means
is to be
of the country
a
the
Swami
and
1600
of
his
Shaka
1600,
the
in
been
had
( page
assigned to
did not
puppet,
We
are, therefore,called
that
what
one
engine
by the
an
created
upon
and
of
that
us
reader
can
see
in
with
work
completely permeated
was
".
Swami.
propagation
be conceived
167^
e.
thousand
one
forced
irrepressibly
who
( i.
the
campaign
) Mr.
18^8
Ramdas
courtry
Maharashtra
is intended
this statement
glance.
of
the work
is
Marathi
duced
pro-
suspicion.
Magazine
of
it can
the
conclusion
that the
free from
the
Sarkar
evidence
1200 followers
in
cause,
for the
Shaka
that
) Prof.
the
that
Shaka
In
had
character
actively engaged
were
men
the
and
prosecuting
the
on
were
this work.
nor
for
farrago
work, "Sajjangad
unreliable
the
of
volume
follows:""
as
hundred
all its
Marathi
remark
number
( viz. the
Maharashtra, there
over
propounding
when
Mandir
endeavours
Charitra, with
adequate
of the sixth
"
For
meeting.
Swami
his
the
coterie is neither
V Z"kri Saraswati
in
with
first
Ramdas
to
thoroughly exposed
especiallypages 91 to 105 of
( See
the whole
the
has
S "nr.rtha Ramdas"
of this bakhar.
A.
Prof. G. C. Bhate
fiction.
Swami's
the
untenable.
imaginary
regeneration" ascribed1
"political
and
forgottenbefore
it follows
it
not
of him
of
positionagain is quite
bakhar
about
Therefore,
from
this
1672,
the
disciples.But
in
place
his goal
very near
advice.
of the Swami's
was
of course,
received
took
disciple
already come
the
Shivaji had
personallymet
had
and
guru
clusion
con-
at
credit of the
tion
politicalregeneraRamdas
Swami, that Shivaji was
much
to the
actually contribute
to believe that tillthis engine
upon
has
was
induced, in
been
Marathi
weekly,
the title
"
Ramdaei
"
an
Shri
article
Sayaji Vijaya
or
Sampradaya
"
"
published in
of the 24th
the
Ramdas
the
November
School,
issue
of
the
1906, under
to
indulge
ia
^00
LIFE
till this
SHIVAJI
OF
MAHARAJ
it be seen,
judging from
inaugurated, nor
can
the
Swami
biographiesof Ramdas
the bakhars
of Shivaji,how
far further
or
they were
is at libertyto
prosecutedafter this date. Of course, one
close his eyes to the facts of history,to give a free play to
the creations of his fancy,and even
to give publicity
to his
wild
speculations.But
when
fanciful
such
currency
to
historical
research, we
the
is made
attempt
theories
under
the
can
to
give
guise of
credulityof
people.
our
THE
collateral
DHARMA.
designation of
the
gave
MAHARASHTRA
Maharashtra
the
that
the
Swami
the
Swami
Dharma
to
himself
having
the
pagated
pro-
faith
respectsdifferent from
some
Moreover
this time
from
it
spread in Maharashtra,
began
to
further
of the Swami's
it
only is
to
distort
with
that the
the
reference
has
votaries
now
the
when
forth
reached
of
cult
the
seem
its
the
above
from
extract
boilingpoint,and
be
may
Raj wade
Mr.
conventicles
specific
frenzied
distinguishingsymptom
and
to belittle Shivaji. It
Ramdas
certain
that the
truth
to
of
cult
with
was
Vaishnavas.
the
adulation
the
be
here
that
pity
of
desire
remarked
the
latter
be found
were
throughout
proceeds to state
It
be
rather
inferred
at
therefore,
should,
even
Tanjore.
Shivaji'skingdom,
that the spread of Shivaji's power
encouraged the propagation of the
Ramdas
School.
This
the
edition
) page
enterprisethat
that it
was
the
seems
the
in fact
Ramdas
School
Sardesai
Mr.
more
in
to
credible
view
propagated
his
"
Marathi
to
maintain
than
expansion of
Riyasat ( 1915
"it was
Shivaji'a
the
'
that
emphatic statement
and to say
thoughts in the Das-Bodh
inspiredthe political
for
Das-Bodh
that inspiredShivaji's labours
Swaraj j a is to
111, makes
.^misrepresentcause
and
the
effect."
CHARACTER
cult,as
Ramdas
Vaishnav
the
differences from
rule,
601
cult.
not
were
The
followers
of
the
devotees
of
the
sworn
took
that
Sauatan
or
"
"
"
"
as
if there
well-defined
some
were
Maharashtra
"
"
Duty.
It is
and
"
"
exclusive
strange that
of
system
critics should
our
scent,
wrong
independentof
Mahomedan
to this desirable
the
Swami
the
one
and
*nd
addressed
of the
The
others
xhandra
order
of
praisesShivaji,in
promote
native
interference.
Sambhaji,he
exhorts
to here
Vithoba
is the
transformed
please Ramdas.
ence
refer-
that
things in Maharashtra
his epistleto him ; while in
this
miracle
in order
to
It is with
him
foster
Shivaji been
he
story chronicled
himself
to
into
founded
a
an
by Mahipati
the
God
Ram*
602
independent kingdom
libertyof religionamong
would
the
assuredlyin
Kamatic
owing
had,
the
same
"
Swami.
does not
It was,
some
survived
measure,
manner
in
some
actually
did
he
as
consideration, that
survived
had
considered, that
Dharma
in
fact that
testified to the
have
Moreover, there
account.
case
epistle under
Dharma
MAHARAJ
that
the
Dharma
affirm in the
to be
in
that
in
Shivaji,
to
SHIVAJI
OF
LIFE
rashtra
Maha-
the
measure
his
on
is the
interestingcircumstance
Maharashtra
compound form
the
"
in
occur
any
other
of
poems
Ramdat
Shivaji. With
"
such
Maharashtra
by
flimsy basis,to
"
Dharma
the Swami
the
that
say
of
term
was
of Maharashtra
unwarrantable
to
us
an
patriotism,seems
presumption. As to the epistleto Sambhaji, the words,
Muster togetherall the Marathas
extend
the
may,
you
Maharashtra
first and
Dharma
etc."1 seem
last address
For
the
this
epistlewas
Swami
died
the
to
king
young
after in the
soon
addressed
been
to have
the
on
same
subject.
in
year
Sambhaji,2and
to
SwamiV
the
which
there
is
no
disciples
any further prosecuted
the enterprisesuggested in this epistle. The admirers
of the Swami
must
not forgetthat mere
speculationis out of
of such a historical question. To
court in the investigation
record
The
extend
may,
the
Maharashtra
epistle to Sambhaji,
Ramdas
bakhar
of
Press.
These
quoted
here
words
as
do
"*
Muster
been
printed
not
"
Dharma
it has
Swami,
words
his
also
should
Swami.
have
It is
interpolationin
by
some
2
of
1681
A.
D.
or
the
same
Shaka.
such
was
the
old
an
Jagadishwar
it
has
Chaubal's
Mr.
an
of
been
Life
of
important passage
was
thought to be
it
Swami.
composed
of
edition
you
Swami
subsequentlyintroducer
of Ramdas
commencement
Ramdas
of
epistle in question
(December-January).
in
admirer
the
epistle,as
the
edition
the authentic
over-zealous
The
or
Marathas
Ramdas
in
published by
in
occur
all the
occur
published
difficult to imagine why
been omitted
an
do not
published in
and
together
1682
in
in
of
Shaha
the
1603
month
( i. e.
of
end
Pause
Magh (January-Fsbruarj
CHARACTER
that
603
the
sentiments
of
love of
patriotism,
precepts of
recluse
Ramdas
like
Swami,
about
and credibility
probability
share
of
made
for
Shivaji,that
it
and
that
virtues
sprouted
Maharashtra
people.
hearts
noble
of
the
execution
almost
the
Sambhaji,
of
crushed
indomitable
heroes
of
and
pertinacity,
the exhausted
the
to
in
end
the
to his
invader
have
the
heroes
these dauntless
"
much
owed
spiritand
forays brought
their
by
guidance
followers
and
continued
years
such
weary
knees,
of: the
conventicles
the
in
capture and
the
independence, with
who
surely not
thrived
On
his
left behind,
he
Aurangzeb conquered
when
for nineteen
who
war
of
account
and
claim
the
provinces of Shivaji'skingdom,
fair
the
ceaseless
could
the
smaller
it than
principallyon
trails of glory
was
solid achievements
these
has
inspiration
or
Swami,
Ramdas
of
the
especiallywhen
beacon-light of Shivaji's example
burned
steadilybefore their eyes, to direct and inspire:
when
the
and
warriors
disciplinestood
His
a
alone
the
particleof
glory !
it to any
THE
There
is
OLD
magic
various
Brahman
civilians
eminence
with
hearts.
When
and
new
these
be
of
sense
saw
to
Swami
assign
!
stated
in
as
follows
kingdom,
throbbing
Shivaji a
leader
"
of
in
In
man}'
risen
had
warriors
power
subject of
the
on
Bahamani
the
Maratha
men
spoliation
hypothesis
of
execute.
ARISTOCRACY.
It may
provinces
and
of Ramdas
verses
MARATHA
another
yet
counsel
to
heedless
achievements.
Shivaji's
the
them,
amongst
Shivaji'sstern
in
trained
statesmen
to
their
promise,
enabled
monarchy.
to
lay
the
foundations
of
an
independent
LIFE
304
It cannot
whole
Not
an
boasted
of
laurels
in
MAHARAJ
close
father
the
Mahomedan
such
an
of
Shivaji's
assumption.
Mahomedan
the
grand-father
or
Mahomedan
great generalshad
for
grounds
apprenticeship in
a
scrutiny
the
among
claimed
that
reveals any
career
one
said
be
SHIVAJI
OF
had
monarchies.
held
ever
who
Not
service
or
gained
his
of
one
his
substantial
sovereigns.1There
is
no
that
flag. Most
of them
mokasdars,
flag,when
the
by
abolished
dint of their
valour
rallied
have
deshmukhs
in
the
service
and
petty deshmukhs
and
Shivaji'stime
Ghorpades
of Wadi,
Shirkes
of
Mudhol,
the Surves
and
of
of
Manes
the
These
remained
to
chivalry
the Savants
of
Mores
honours.
Phaltan, the
Mhaswad,
Shringarpur,the
the Dalvis.
of
Nimbalkars
the
were
dars
mokas-
Swarajya territory,
under the flag,they
to rank
and
slowly paved their way
Maratha
of the ancient
great representatives
The
Shivaji's
to
have
must
of
must
rights of
revenue
gradually
were
and
of them
many
been
have
must
the
Javli,the
end
loyal
Bijapur
of
ever
them
have
cared to
join Shivaji,had
none
not
It is thus
point of the sword.
not true to say that Shivajigot the cheap assistance and the
unbought experienceof the great jahgirdarsfor the prosecution
who supported
of his plans. The nobles and counsellors
him
from
the
elecoed to serve
his throne had deliberately
At the time when
ambition
to improve their fortunes.
they
not moved
rallied round
his standard, they were
merely by
the impulse of patriotism,
the altruistic impulse to throw the
the side of one
on
weight of what little power they possessed
1
held
Except
mansab
observes, was
at the
in the
secession
from
Mogul
army,
Shivaji, NefcajiPalkar
to the army
but,
of
as
Prof. Sarkar
Shivaji.
LIFE
006
MAHARAJ
determined
to
promontory
his
and
a
SHIVAJI
OF
longerlease
of life he would
down
the
to
conquests under
about
credibility
had
have
he
been
realized his
it ;
allowed
object.It is
an
frontiers
was
good
and
and
west
ulterior
the
there
the
on
the
north.
reduce
the country
under
the
chosen
deliberately
Deccan sultanates
by a
have
the
of their southern
the
complete
as
for
well
plans to
object
Madras
coast
flag. Thus
he
and
seems
policy of extinguishingboth
abrasion
process of continued
their northern
frontiers.
For
of
the
western
naval
force, and
make
it stronger and
day. What
the
to
Maratha
as
domination
equippeda strong
about
Another
the
mate
to checkwas
campaign was designed to secure
from the south.
the authority of Gclconda
Even
Shivajiretired from the Karnatic, the generals left
in that province were
charged with instructions to
extend
to
for
power
extinction,when
proper
the
which
behind
this
design of cripplingits
when
in
And
of
he
was
surer
coast,
he
had
always casting
from
day to
undisputeddomination
over
the
be the
were
floatingin
scarcely
light horse
Moorul
Guzerat
; upto
year
Daman
stations.
military
his
advanced
The
could
sea
elapsedwithout
being
heard
reigned
over
in
and
Surat
he
1670
to
Between
the
of
tramp
had
1680
Shivaji's
valleys of Guzerat.
valleys,still intoxicated
the
those
sense
of
power,
and
tempt
fortune, where
he
knew
the
CHARACTER
qq7
were
how
Consider
Singh,
of
latter
the
when
conducted
he
came
No
Deccan.
the
down
The
The
one
difference between
upon
stratagem
himself
as
He
battered
Jay
quest
con-
intrigue was
or
his
predecessor,
the other
conciliated,
entrapped.
the methods
in
the two
pursued
the fort
the
difference in
situation
stand
of Purandar
solid
fort.
cess.
suc-
one
fort had
for the
was
is
had
him
against
towards
LIFE
608
into the
SHIVAJI
Bijapur
Golconda.
and
MAHARAJ
in the
politicalsituation
of the Mogul power
sanction
that
OF
for
The
north, and
th"
procure
complete subjugationof
story of his
reveals
cai#er
to
less
be accomplished all hb
successfully
objects.As the Marat ha jahgirdarsof the Deccan had
passed completelyunder the suzeraintyof the Mahomedans
us
or
more
never
farther
ingmo
doubtless
than
desired
to
ideal of
princesthe
follow
in
individual
their
to
before
bring
to
north
the
Shivaji
independence
and
interests.1
indolent
endeavouring to
was
accomplishments,with his
In the lightof such a purpose
well understand
those
we
can
last expressions of regret and
disappointment, which
in chapter
writers, as described
according to the bakhar
XXX,
he gave
vent
to, while
of death
the shadows
fast
were
for
It
is
interestingto
of his vision
observe
that
in almost
corroborated
and
these
reason
aspiration.
the
of
views
Sardesai
Mr.
live
not
in
author
his
'
Chhatrasal
Raja
of
Shivaji. Chhatrasal
offered
to
him
start
to
serve
a
him
Bundelkhand
visited
who
moulded
Shivaji'scourt
the
against
emperor.
campaign of independence
deals with
Chhatraprakash, Canto 11, which
also Prof, Sarkar, Shivaji,pp. 236-37 ).
his
in the
upon
of
winter
The
in
career
his
Maratha
own
Chhatrssal's
country.
visit
to
who
that
1670-71
king
are
Marathi
every particularby
the Rajput princes
Riyasat ( 1915 edition, pages 382-84 ). Among
caught the inspiration of Shivaji's struggle for independence was
'
the
of
and
asked
( Vidk
Shivaji,
CHARACTER
Thus
far
considered
have
his work
Shivajiand
first the
we
alien
by
scholar
who
that
endeavoured
fain
discover
many
and
TRAITS
only remains
leading traits
It
aspects of
that
schools of criticism.
CHARACTER.
OF
review,in
to
of
these
the
final
of
character
character
glorious
estimate, some
upon
of
part of
fore-goingpart. For
the
subject,we
propose
four
conduct, from
different
of
in the
touched
this
upon
schools
divergent
two
would
of both
of the estimates
Some
criticisms made
and secondly
accomplishment,
scholar,often betrayedinto sweeping generalizations
tend to impair Shivaji's
have
greatness. We
at some
length to show the falsityor superficiality
the Indian
the
the
critics of
in his character
blemish
$"
lucid treatment
estimate
to
points of
view,
his
viz:
his
his conduct
in private life,his family
politics,
sensibilities.
affections,and his religious
conduct
in
it will
politics,
In
and
carryingthrough
and
and
powers
independentpower of his own
ness
exaggerate "the bold-
strategy which
arduous
the
task
up-buildmg
Mahomedan
three
an
be difficult to
enterprise,the valour
in
MAGNANIMITY,
AND
CONCILIATION
of
in
he
played
dis-
opposing
their
place
Illustrations of
creation.
For
are
the
to himself
The
accomplishmentof
testimony
suffice to prove
of Aurangzeb,
his greatness
Aurangzeb exclaimed
on
an
one
who
enterprisethat
the inveterate
enemy
oi
proposed
bore
at
Shivaji,would
"
hearing
the
who
great captain, and the only one
new
kingdom, while I have been
news
has
of
death
Shivaji's
had
the
:"
"
He
magnanimity to
to destroy the
endeavouring
jsisea
have
been
armies
of India ; my
employed against him
ancient sovereignties
has
heen
his
state
aod
nevertheless
always increasing."
for nineteen
years,
had
who
made by a man
And
formerly called
this estimate of Shivajiwas
was
him
"
mountain
L. S. 40
rat
"
LIFE
"10
first view
such
OF
MAHARAJ
SHIVAJI
visionary and
impracticable aspect,
the
earliest
in the
who
in
came
once
with
contact
in
him, instilling
them
love and
the
families
The
nearest
fit,was
of those
heir of the
admitted
to
the
give
deceased,
This
dependents was
of their
^willand
brother,
"
wars.
if found
feelingof securityabout
added
an
spur
to
his
of their master,
their
soldiers
even
at
lives.
IMPARTIALITY
qualitythat
enthrallingthe
Another
or
his
sacrifice of their
their lives in
son
"
to the service
and capacity.
position
families and
laid down
who
AND
goes
AP?R"CIATIVENESS.
a
long way
hearts of
in
securing
the enthusiastic
the
multi-
CHARACTER
tude
is the
This
With
his
"u
according
valour
and
titles
and
was
no
entrusted
or
of merit
fear of unfair
were
not
was
all
in
cases
known
and
supersession. Thus
present stimulus to
the
multitudes
led
he
in his
system.
duly weighed ;
a
promotion was
Another
high principleregulatingthe
leader
duties
In
relations
of
this
with
them
friends
claims
and
level.
their
to
reservation
The
officers
and
servants
the
every
even
chance
loyal heart.
relations
his
was
there
between
unrivalled
of the evidence
justscrutiny
in the honour
trust
and
low
in the
with
and
serene
and
sense
devotion
chosen
their
inspiredhigh
loyalperseverance
veterans
a
duties
was
Mifficieut
in their
offices.With
respective
of loyalty,integof security,
the virtues
rity
in all their glory.
took root and blossomed
FR1ENDUNES3
His
that
confidence
diligentdischargeof
growing
publicinquiry and
produced. This feelingof
order
of his
integrity
to
advisers
AND
CANDOUR.
and
participated
LIFE
612
SHIVAJ1
OF
MAHARAJ
their criticism
projects. He courted
he appreciated the suggestionsthey
of every
measure,
Their
to
make.
it proper
not
deemed
opinions were
but were
eagerly sought after. Against
merely followed
and ministers,he practisedno mask
or
his friends
disguise.
plans and
in all bis
and
His
aims
The
insolence
the
derogatory to
misled
never
his
found
never
him
Thus
was
and the
spiritof self -respect,
back
prestige thus preserved, flowed
of loving pride and loyalreverence
stream
trust
confidence
abused.
never
was
men
and
The
connive
to
Retribution
office.
The
loyalbut
them
loved.
It
inspirationto
perennial
of
industry
ensured
It rendered
a
never
service
personal example
his
was
as
and
source
habits
to
earliest years,
he
both
faculty,
a
kingdom.1
of
his wont,
was
his
body of
that might
officers. Inured
his
patience from
battle,it
gence.
negli-
descended
continuityof
numerous
to any
lead
not
such
upon
His
of
and
did
the fault
no
spirit of
proved
or
power
amenable
of them.
be demanded
the
his
proportion
offendingminister, however high
of his justice made
him
dreaded
exercised
made
officers and
of
courtiers
to
efficientservice.
domination
and
him
and
in
upon the
strictness
irrevocably
ciled
loyalty reconof personal
sense
into
a
general
he
of
abuse
at
dictator,but
cultivation
authority.
his servants
self-respect
among
him
him
frankly reposed in
friendlyattitude involved
The
of
forfeiture
act
INDUSTRY.
PERSONAL
The
them.
any
In
counsellors.
the
with
into
conceited
friend.
affectionate
sincere and
transparent before
of
self-respect
stood
purposes
of power
as
is the
case
had
for
On
with
idle
princes and generals,to place himself
as
an
spectatorin a positionof securityand watch his squadrons
many
of the
This
( Livy XXI,
4 ).
of the
of
hero-king
Hannibal
as
will remind
portrayed
the reader
by Livy,.
614
LIFE
they fancied,lay
SHIVAJI
OF
the
MAHARAJ
of their lives.
consummation
And
a"
honour, which
held
a sin,and
treason, a polludisloyalty
tion.
Penetrated
with these feelings
of loyaltyand patriotism,
shadow
of disaffection or
never
a
treacherycrossed
their minds.1
During the captivityat Agra,when for eight
months
the lightof Shivaji's
cut off from his
presence was
vicissitudes
and
Swarajya domains, during the events
of
the Karnatic
for eighteen months
campaign which
detained
in
him
the
on
home
distant
country
commander
soil,no
thought of
ever
counsellor
or
defection.
full
The
of this circumstance
be appreciatedby lis
can
significance
troublous times those
only if we pause to consider what
and how contagiousof anarchy. But this mystery is
were
consider-and
when
we
we
easily resolved
only when
consider-the
hearts
iron grip by which Shivaji held men's
and
affections,by the splendour of his personalityand
virtues.
heart-ravishing
ORIGINALITY.
it
of
independent Hindu
an
medan
to
and
such
powers
high command
the
Under
number
become
the
said
yet none
independent Hindu
the horror
of Islam
contentment
which
had
ever
of
the Mahohad
so
conceived
monarchy.
noble
Could
risen
many
the
it be
were
in all
? It is clear that
feelings
and
warriors
founders
idea of
in the times
auspicesof
of Maratha
and
seigniories,
an
The
conceived,requiredthe exercise of
was
facultyof imagination.
jahgir
thought of
power,
playedno
made
them
cases
alien to their
the
that
cause
of
willingto hug
thoughts
sluggish
the bonds
of
Khan
was
Netaji Palkar described by Khan"
because
he again served under Shivaji,and
it was
a temporary affair and
that the Moguls at Aurangabad had
he was such an able servant of Shivaji,
him arrested,on the flight
of Shivaji from
Agra. A doubtful case is that
with Shaista Khan.
of Sambhaji Kavji in the war
1
The
defection
of
CHARACTER
servitude
their
possessionof
proud ideal and
the
this
imaginationis
His
mind
to observe.
As
there
quick
was
were
It
eminently
was
Shivajito conceive
plan to achieve
plan after
imagination he had
calibre.
of
led
facultythat
That
youthful years.
imagination.
devise
That
end.
noble
of
want
was
815
from
developed
that
his
lectual
of his intel-
the index
to grasp
his
tive
inquisi-
and
no
his
knowledge
was
this combination
him
to direct his
the
successful
this that
of intellectual
knowledge
and
prosecutionof
made
him
his
of
master
enabled
faculties that
audacious
an
resources,
the secret of
giant plans and projects. It was
his patience,the basis of his perseverance,
the soul of his
enterprise. That imagination flowed from a copious stream
and failed not of ready response in times of greatestexhaustion.
wielder
of
It enlisted
the
with
for
him
as
an
sympathy and
co-operation of
experienceand knowledge. They
of the young
warrior
so
wise
whole-heartedlyto
dreams
came
even
into
to his
reality.This
rescue
drivingforce
in every
in all his
LOVE
Another
inexperiencedtyro
men
grown
rallied to the
cause
selves
lent them-
his
crisis of his
career.
character,its essence,
OF
They
hoary
It
its vital
was
the
principle.
INDEPENDENCE.
of
character
his
was
important element
independence of spirit. This has been the characteristic of
in
thrive
exalted
Such
genius in all ages.
spiritscannot
an'atmosphere of dependence. Their regard for self-respect
fine and
is so
exquisitea quality that it instantly revolts
from
that would
an
cause
eclipse.
bring it under
any
OF
LIFE
616
SHIVAJI
MAHARAJ
is the
adhered
he
But
life,stood
in
Even
purpose.
father, dearer to
his
to
danger, by
his
high resolve, he
relyingon his masterly
to
from
character.
of the
gave
is
Agra
at
court, in
his
of
magnitude, for
to him.
of that
it does
virtue
his
that
purpose,
himself
to deliver
of
own
adherence
episode of
The
the
than
the
vity
capti-
this trait in
emperor,
full
in
his
view
the
feelingsof
accorded
treatment
disavow
to
wards,
after-
soon
steadfast
illustration
In the presence
to
his
him
resourcefulness
vivid
assembled
vent
refused
difficulties.
immediate
his
of
reason
when
honour
reduces
emperor's own
capital,he
injured dignity at the mean
It
was
to
quality of
every
heroical
hero, and
total
nonentity. Shivaji
guarded against insult, against injury, against insolence.
above
Hence
that roll of gloriousdeeds, elevated
the level
of common
mediocrity,hence that triumphant illustration
exalted spirit translated
of the glory of an
into the exaltation
Into this focus
nation.
of a splendid
of an entire
independence,converged togetherhis valour, his chivalry,his
his equity,his temperance, in short, every
enterprise,
single
ray of his virtue,both publicand private.It is a characteristic
of such an
exalted
virtue to keep up a ceaseless endeavour
for the promotion of all those
to its
qualitiesthat add
absence
brilliance
that
than
and
elimination
the
however
that, such
man
of
to
those
faults
and
noble
spirit learns, by
ishes
blem-
Further
personal
CHARACTER
617
lies in the
that the true seat of supreme
felicity
experience,
of hia
happinessof the multitude, and the consummation
brilliant career, in the growing prosperityof the people
to his charge. It is for the reader to judge
committed
of Shivajistands this supreme
the career
how brilliantly
test of a
That
magnificent character.
magnanimity of
spirit
gave us for a while the superlativegiftof national
independence and its exquisite glory,transcendingand
bear
to
survivingour fall,still stands before the world
eloquenttestimonyto the national spiritand grandeurof
the Maharashtra
people.
AS
As
ADMINISTRATOR.
AN
civil administrator
presents himself
he
as
the
in
It is unnecessary
to recapitulate
this placethe administrative
reforms
already described in
friend
of the
people.
previouschapter. He
for the happiness and
artisan and
them
from
the
harpies of
give them the
at the
cultivator, the
of the
laboured
He
tradesman.
studiouslyanxious
all times
prosperity
the
solicitous to
and
at
was
extortion
and
facilities of
an
hard
to
deliver
misrule; he
easy
and
was
cious,
effica-
time,expeditious
system of judicature.
same
form
against every
Pradhan
no
cabinet,a
Indian
labours
of
constitution
king before
him.
of administration
The
of the Ashta
suggesteditself to
all,seemed
just and
to his mind
the
most
Prof. Rawlinson
subjects.1With
in his
absolute
for the
salutaryadministration
and
this view
"
guarantee
equal benefit
he
divided
Life of
618
OF
LIFE
his
SHIVAJI
MAHARAJ
allotted shares
of co-ordinate
jurisdictionand
authorityto his great ministers of state, spreading the fame
own
of their
with
and
their proven
to all the corners
names
his own,
and
of his
officer in
executive
high-placedan
merit
chivalry,along
kingdom. However
his
service
might be,
he never
failed to receive condign punishment, upon being
convicted
of oppressing the people. While
the
affairs
local chief were
of the administration
of each
subjectto
minister
in
the supervisionof the cabinet
charge of the
administrator
also
was
as
an
department, his conduct
watched
and reported upon by a staff of confidential agents
in the secret service of the sovereign. These
were
always
the move,
each in his appointed circle in the Swarajya
on
territory,watching, detecting,reporting the conduct of
officials in public life. The government officials thus lived
fail
not
in the constant
dread that their sovereign would
the
and
to have
exact
due information
prescribedpenalties,
rity
should
they oppress the people or exceed their authoin any
check
This
way.
upon
of the
the
official reacted
to
have
We
multitude.
security
in chapter XXIV
the various
seen
moreover
regulations
of Shivaji'sgovernment
for the encouragement of agriculture
and the protectionof the agricultural
population.
the
advantage
and
BENEVOLENT
RULER.
was
open
was
prevented
Prof. Sarkar
and
that it
because
without
could
to
eligiblefor
the
be
kingship
points
lacked
there
a
all castes
was
Parliament"
imagined.
and
each
accordingto
fulfilment
the
of
offices in
his competence
the state.
irresponsibledespotism.
sinking into an
council
cabinet
in no
was
a
sense
Shivaji's
solidarityof the British Cabinet.
Naturally so,
M
Cabinet
A
British
parliamentary institution.
from
that
out
the
no
would
be
most
monstrous
form
of bureaucracy that
CHARACTER
all castes
Thus
He
never
his
own
were
showed
Even
caste.
610
in
the
of
case
his rule.
of
men
Mahomedan
subjects
caste
no
was
IN
As
PRIVATE
LIFE.
for
chronicle-writers,
the
be
must
stated
with
part occupied
most
that
the
recital
record
of
politicalchanges, have
scarcely left any
little can
be
Shivaji'sprivate life. In consequence, very
that he
said upon
it may
this subject. But
be affirmed
led a pure life. He
was
simple in his dress and habits.
Free from
vice,he did not even
indulge in any sort
any
of levityor jests. His
to
listen to the
great passion was
of
puranas.
attainments
forms
other
inclination
the
remunerated.
the
nor
and
kirtans, and
of entertainment
leisure.
learningwere
The
readings of the
the
Men
such
men
of
betray
success
him
FAMILY
Turning
of the
have
seen
proofs and
1
to
left
parts of
the extent
Government
of
form
that
in 1678
found
were
to
in
extending
and
princes,
status.
The
estrange him
from
did the
giddiness
or
iniquity.
excess
AFFECTIONS.
record
many
It will be noticed
Bombay
any
Shivaji'sfamily life, we
scanty
in
privatelife,nor
into
permanently
were
did not
power
relations of
and
pomp
and
entertained
neither
special talents,
of
handsomely
services of
had
he
of
his
by
the
the
was
filialaffections
Mahomedan
plain
com-
We
bakhar-writers.
precediDg
Bhivajfs admiral
again
must
in
narrative
both
towards
the naval
war
the
with
the
).
620
LIFE
his
his
parents and
death, for
his
MAHARAJ
fraternal
only survivingbrother.
of his
architect
SHIVAJI
OF
fortune
own
and
Though
the
the
ful
success-
of
founder
noble
state, neither
conceit ever
vanity nor
betrayed him into
inattention
towards
his parents or
or
any act of disrespect
of insult or
violence against his brother.
this at
And
when
a time
the excesses
Aurangzeb reignedat Delhi,when
of filial revolt and
fratricide had passed into a gospel of
political
necessity.It is unfortunate that we have no record
of
relations
Shivaji's
indication
any
he
not
was
should
not
not
their advice.1
interfere
permitted
this,however, it
As
in
Hence
molest
violation of
he
us
loved
From
wives.
that he had
affection
no
Sayibai,the
queen,
For
to adoration.
senior
his
his mother
her
woman
any
to
was
less his
much
be inferred
cannot
It
politics.Even
in
do so,
to
or
womanhood
of
affirm that
contrary, we may positively
into
led himself
uxorious, and never
any
upon
was
in the absence
to the
improper acts
women
But
his wives.
with
any
ration.
vene-
not
the result
account, with
to
that
of
have
been
Mullana,
forgottenby
weaker
attitude
toward
he could
not
have
been
feelings of
his
wives.
within
the
Kalyan,
sex,
his
his
general
be surmised
it may
indifferent
disrespectfulor
For
was
cannot
he
sons
had
that
to
the
naturally
of inbrigues
trot.
Sarkar
( pp. 427-23 ) draws
picture which
of his life, is drawn
harem, in the closing years
Shivaji's
largely
The
from
imagination and
Shivadigvijaya. This
and
of
governor
the reader.
If such
the
what
is stated
wayward
against Sambhaji
manners
chronicle
her
in it as
against Shivaji,must
certainty is that
be
taken
Shivaji'slast
and
that
to advance
caution.
saddened
All that
be
said
with
days were
Soyarabai tried adroitlyto
can
own
son
the
prejudice
Bajaram.
use
extent
Bat
tutelaryBhavani
it
that
of
to him
ordained
that
of the
Bhonsle
oppressionof Islam,
and
that
of
him
in
dream
his
and
illustrioas
an
the
assured
conqueror
namo,to inaugurate a
this tradition
"
cares.
"
independence and
mind
temporal
by Maloji when
seen
appeared
was
would' be born
MAHARAJ
altogetherfrom
of the vision
the tradition
him
him
to withdraw
as
SHIVAJI
OF
LIFE
622
was
mother, and
the
new
era
the
always
his
before
feelinggradually
destined
to see
the
people were
fulfilment of that prophecy in himself, that his genius stood
above the ordinary level of human
beings,that his life was
of the intense
for the gratification
a mission
longings of
of glory was
till
to persevere
the Aryan land and its crown
vindication
of the
liberties of the Aryan
in the
death
tion
despotism, by the foundapeoplefrom the yoke of Moslem
of an
that the
independent empire. The conviction
this goal incited
spurred him on towards
tutelary Bhavani
within
arose
him
at
that his
every
This
to
devotion
was
rendered
from
vows
heart
it seemed
as
fieryfaith and zeal,with the effect,
he
was
always near her and delivered himself,
to him, that
of prophecies
of deliverance
oracular inspiration,
under her
this hi? unsympathetic critics have
and
victory. From
filled with
rushed
to
the
conclusion
that
this
was
piece of hypocrisy
simulation, praccisedon
believer
in
the
his time
divine
it
purpose
to
communications
universal
as
any
of
his
practicethroughout
Maharashtra
to conjure up the spiritof one's tutelarydeity
a.nd consult the person who
was
supposed to be the medium
for an
oracular
of her spiritualpresence,
expression of
of this pracand
traces
opiuion or advice in any difficulty,
people.
In
was
CHARACTER
be
founded
conscious
on
hypocrisy.The
have
pathia spiritualis"
of these oracles
taxed
became
of
great
his
that
the
had
no
"psychoFrom
exciting cause
simulation
sincere
when
and
which
the
lect
intel-
towards
way
it
safety,
to
under
the
stress
prayer,
in that state of abstraction,
thought
recourse
; and
of his excitement
saw
this
cases
dilemma
great
counsellors,
and
overcast
leader
of
throes
the
all
sounded.
than
wits
the
is in
something deeper
piety, it was
credulity,but
In
earnest.
be
to
appear
"
depths of
was
of
excess
was
the
it would
point of view
this
yet
It cannot
country.
spiritualmediumship
"
this
said that
parts of the
in many
to glow under
mingled with devotion, until he seemed
an
unearthly influence and finally uttered, in that exalted
amidst a world of
condition of mind, his trenchant
decisions,
These
travail.
attendants, and
regarded them
was
that
utterances
both
as
an
their
confidence
they
set
with
crowned
of the
in what
of
and
assumed
his
the
followers
her
as
audacious
most
by
tutelary goddess.
they
Such
mandate,
project or
prise,
enter-
least
multitude
himself
down
the
their
When
leader
oracle
the
about
without
the
taken
were
their hero
under
was
the
special
the
We
Shi
have
vajiand
It may
pause
far
examine
be admitted
appear
may
forth in all
and
so
essayed
the
that
to
various
to some
oiassed,but it sterns
sinceritythe
estimate
the
criticisms
of
our
to
us
passed
readers
to be
view
Maharashtra
character
consider,whether
or
not,
this
view
it.
upon
this estimate
duty
our
of
of
of
the
we
our
to
set
worth
cannot
hero's
LIFE
624
OF
SHIVAJI
character
with
square
may
prejudicesof others. It is
people,if not
Maharashtra
force of character
enthroned
himself
share of
attention
this
neglect,
many
and
deal
good
away
in
undisputed
an
of
it deserves.
of
The
has not
and
the
that
and
name
hearts
all
the
question by
endearingvirtues
hearts
which
fact
beloved
of all India.
and
our
been
criticisms have
work
arbitrarystandards
of
name
most
what
the
venerable
the
MAHARAJ
he
thus
has
that
yet engaged
In
consequence
of
contribute to however
small an
to clear
extent
may
of prejudice,
to
these trivialities and superficialities
bring home
greatnessand
be taken
And
to
of
sentiments
by
people'smind
to
firmer
of
image
we
The
pause.
real
his
clearer basis
and
us
here
perpetuate on
full
the
our
that will
is in the first
enthusiasm
for the greatname
placeto confirm that awakened
which
has taken possessionof all Maharashtra
of Shivaji,
and almost the whole of the Indian
continent, and secondly
vivid insightinto his constructive
more
a
to give the reader
geniusthan has hitherto been possible.Such a complete
without
concentrating
insightis impossibleof attainment
mind and bringing it into focus upon the whole cf that
our
centuries
and a third
a constituted
as
career
unity. Two
have rolled since his demise.
During this long period his
been celebrated
has
name
by diverse writers,both in prose
No small number
of Mahomedan
and European
and verse.
have
written
about
historians
him, according to their
But
no
systemetic
lights. He still lives in his fame.
attempt has
glory into
and then
spots that
one
to
yet been made
focus, to examine
to estimate
are
the character
bring
their
his
This
attempt
of those maculae
his
lights and
reader
in
the
and
syntheticaleffects,
eclipsehis glory.
made
according to
actions
career
or
dark
and
present author
tc
has
APPENDIX
MALOJI
i\
article
an
this
on
the
first number
the
Bharat
Shastri
Vasudev
SHAHAJI
subjectin
) of
Quarterly ( Marathi
Itihas
Khare
in part corroborate
which
programme,
with the views expressed in the text.
of
she claim
Sanshodhak
has examined
Bhonsles
the
and
in
Mr.
Khare
consider
to
earned
Khare
le
such
Lukhji
Jadhav
month,
holding that
him
married
the
on
to
sister
3uch
or
the Nizamshahi
with
state
Maloji must
and
Buran
Nizamshaha
Malik
Ambar,
mainstay
who
the
and
marriage
sultan's presence
was
had
the
then
revived
of
already
been
the
state
puppet,
Bahadur
( A. D.
He
are
the
1604
holds
took
at
Periuda
Nizamshaha
the
the
stating
Ue
the
main"
(Paiauoe),
Malik
fall of
not
but
placein
14. supra)
to
( alias
that
in
wrong
capital,since
after
was,
aud
state.
the Nizamshahi
Jadhav
in marriage
then
celebrated
Jadhav.
II
{videp.
the
family
Lukhji
Lukhji
Jijabaiwith Shahaji
have
of
Nizamshaha
historians
other
head
the
of
minor
at Daulatabad
capture of
L. S. 41
was
was
Nizamshahi
the
Bakhars
Maratha
that
of
),who
transferred
then
forced
the
service
the Jadhav
father
JijabaitoMaloji'sson
givehis'daughter
much
have
state,and he thin ks
with
who
taken
have
the
up in the regime of
sprang
He thinks that the person
so
Nimbalkar
VangojiNaik
as
connection
this
that
Mr
state.
to the Nizamshahi
probable
chief
the
family, as
Jadhav
the
low
such
believes that
He
of Phaltan.
on
Maloji
that
if his
serve
of the
use
before
Nizamshahi
the
Rnjputs
the view
controverts
compel
from
honour
any
supports
themselves
father, Babaji ma
pointsout that Maloji's
title Raja ( Raj wade
XV, Extract No. 3u7 ),
it
the
conflict
part
and
to
the
the
had
of
of
careers
on
AND
Aoib.
Ahuiedn"gar
( the
ward
of
OF
LIFE
626
Bibi) in 1600,
Chand
SHIYAJI
installed his
of Khadki
Daulatabad, in the
near
capital. As
the date
for
the
this, it
must
Ferishta
also
to,
chroniclers
1601
or
( the modern
Aurangabad }
this new
town
1607, when
year
Nizamshahi
the
became
MAHARAJ
like
revival
of
the
be
give
Nizamshahi
state
of
it
Malik
1601
Ambar
had
state.
Such
Nizamshahi
by
1609,
the year
the Nizamshahi
when
state.
the
shaha
( Murteza
Ambar
about
all at
His
declined.
nobles
) became
Buran
"
the
puppet of
p. 17
) and
supra
made
himself
a
once
chief
Nizam-
strong factions
were
risen, slowly,
have
must
that
states
II
There
state, ( Vide
Ahmednagar
of
facto king
have
attained
positionhe must
he re-conquered Ahmednagar for
In the Modern
Review, Vol. XXII
Nizamshaha
1609."
de
No.
but
become
the
as
the
the
Ambar
facto king,
of
power
with
wars
in
Malik
de
Malik
the
other
Moguls
were
of
the
in
fought
at the
Maloji at
is not
On
the
or
entitled the
1601
Shiv
first to grow
born
in
states
ol
already
patron
of
but
it
age,
then
in his article
hakhar
six children
de
(p.
in
the
Tamil
thinks
to
facto
), that
of age
person.
language
that
Shahaji,
ing
includ-
of
whom
into manhood
1623
was
died in
first four
10 years
or
fifty-four
fifty-five
years
A.D.) he was
quite an obscure
Jijabaibore
Shivaji,
the
he
been
became
authority of
"
also
have
Shahaji was
himself
Ambar
till 1600
should
believe that
to
Kbare
Mr.
till Malik
when
time
easy
so
king.
(i.e.
of 30 years
age
([VideJp.
supra
and
fifth
foot-note
the
child',
).
Mr.
MAL0J1
Khare
the
of
the date
thinks
AND
SHAHAJI
the
birth
of
Shivaji given
in
Jedhe
than
1627.
wife, Tukabai
his second
Mohite,
of
account
on
favour
dis-
any
He
of his article.
this
says
marriage
purposely
was
tracted
con-
great
simple
with
rest
like
Shahaji should
event
such
of the
mind
master
his
article is taken
up
with
the
enter
second
in
his
upon
marriage,
head.
attempt
The
show
to
his task,
beginning to end Shivaji entered upon
this theory gives
under his father's inspiration. So far as
to the
the death-blow
popular view, sanctitied
by Grant
opposed to the plans of Shivaji,it is
Duff, that Shahaji was
that
from
acceptableto
But
it is too
us
and
much
has
for
us
been
maintained
to view
was
even
father's
execution
these
Shivaji'slabours
ready-made schemes
The
officers lent by Shahaji
his father.
service to the youthful hero, the example
mechanical
in
of
pages.
as
the
presented by
were
set
of
grea-,
by Shahaji
proofs of hi*
greater service, the many
encouragement and assistance, which he received
of
still
"28
LIFE
from
time
time,
to
OF
SHIVAJI
valuable
most
were
MAHARAJ
in
stimulatinghie*
As
to the
reflections of Mr.
Shivaji'sseal and
barely ten years
remarks
the
Khare
of it at
use
of age,
in the foot-note
time
about
the
when
need be
nothing more
at pp. 107, 108 8upra.
of
motto
Shivaji
added
to
was
our
II
APPENDIX
\
BHONSLE
ANANDRAO
AND
HAMBIRRAO
MOHITE
Jessary.
He
says
"
appointed him
who
succeeded
the latter
Anandrao,
army
was
Prataprao
killed in the
lieutenant
of his chief.
Commander-in-chief
to
of
Shiva
in succession
the"
battle*
Prataprao*
( Shivaji"
to
Pratap-
"-"
630
she
as
LIFE
MAHARAJ
figures in
generalwho
same
SHIVAJI
OF
Haft-hazari,or
Anandrao
of
most
bakhar
the
commander
of
lister
7,000, rather
common
Shivaji'sarmy, the more
rank
under the Sir-nobut, being that of the Panch-hazari
have
been
commander
of 5,000. There
must
or
a
special
for this unique distinction of Haft-hazari,
which
reason
almost
the Sir-nobutshipitself.
stands on
a
parity with
an
unusual
Verily
the
Sir-nobut
as
good
distinction
as
The
Everywhere
At
this
", i.
of
G3 Sabhasad
commander
Anandrao
general is
else Sabhasad
e.
of
case
who
"
was
the title.
without
first mention
There
becomes
Anandrao
no-Sir-nobut
Sir-nobut
63.
page
of
status
and
in
in
named
him
speaks of
Sabhasad
is at
Makaji
Anandrao.
simplyas
Anandrao.
And
page
Surat."
son
of
It follows
Shahajiand
service under
1670, if
not
Anandrao
that
under
served
his brother
earlier.
"
then
had
"
says
as
to
seems
hint
his
at
the
earlier in
a
Prataprao Guzar
year
contingentthat co-operatedwith Prince Muazzim
He
with
is often
the Brahman
the
set
vice
as
come
over
ofShahaji,
about
serving,
Maratha
at Ahmed-
officer
brother
exploits,both having
from
mentioned
began
at least
under
nagar.
natural
father, and
Panch-hazari,
Jedhe
his
was
in
the
along
same
together to Shivaji'scourt
This
would
either
mean
that
came
in the
life-time of
"
BHON3LE
ANANDRAO
will
Appendix IV and we
joined Shivajibefore
Later
HAMBIRRAO
MOHITE
hold
provisionally
that
G31
Anandrao
1664.
Sabhaaad
on
AND
mentions
him
second
as
in command
under
fact
sort of
Achates
fidus
"
Salheri.
of
At
91
) and
different individual
left behind
to
According to
Kopal and
district
his
from
Hambirrao,
as
as
63
page
the
lq
as
"
Salheri.
At
accompanying Shivaji
and
Raghunathpant
under
Anandrao
the
prince),so
or
Anandrao
is meant
details.
name
Jedhe
At
with
p.
the
the
as
is
who
one
188,
we
are
took
that
Moguls, Prataprao
While
Asoji Mohite.
and
mentions
bakhar
that
this
the
the
the
in
Farzand
on
( i. e.
Kuwar
part
corroborates
told
this bakhar
that
Chronology
rao
( Hambir-
Mohite
doubt
is
from
retreat
Farzand
no
greatest
88, 89, he
pages
in his
this
Anandrao
that there
the
among
be noted
as
Surat
to
page 76 he is
Bhonsle ''
Farzand
Hansaji
It should
left behind.
were
to
Shahaji
Shivaji's
At
honoured
been
having
of
Anandrao
peace
of
name
battle
the
of
Jinji,when
kumar
Errata
( and
to
this, giving
p. 2 ) he is
all
under
described
At
Panch-hazari
is described
victors
was
Kolhar.
at
"
"
servingin
mentioned
and
left behind
corroborates
be
great officerswho
of the
bakhar
"
to
( Belgaum
Sampgaon
upto
Manaji More
details.
as
as
Karnatic
the latter
since
in
field
him
the
service
and
from
in
and
the
on
clearlyindicated
is
Lakshmeshwar
Shedgavkar
described
and
Surat
of
),while
additional
part
describes
retreat
( one
had also accompanied Shivaji) was
The
took
victors
Sabhasad
Anandrao
here
He
plunder
honoured
stage
Shivaji in
accompanying
(p.
later
him.
to
after the
the four
among
"
same
battle
Bhonsle.
with
more
cessation
Anandrao
of
left the*
LIFE
632
SHIVAJI
OF
Shahazada
of the
camp
bad and came
( prince Muazzim
Kaigad. At p.
to
away
account
MAHARAJ
and
we
) at Auranga190
have
we
told
there
are
an
that
Anandrao
captured Bablolkhan
( i. e. Ikhlasof Bahlolkhan
khan, the son
) and Mahakam
Singh and
Darkcji Bhonsle, togetherwith eleven elephantsand 1,700
At p. 191 we
told that Prataprao Guzar
and
horsHS.
are
Anandrao
fought with and defeated Bahlolkhan
( i. e. Abdul
Prataprao and
Karim)
On
Bijapur. This
near
the
same
Jedhe
page
Jessary) in which
the battle of
was
records
the
Pratapraofought wifch
But
within
killed.
Karim) and was
battle,as related by Jedhe, Anandrao
( i. e. Khizarkhan
wir.h that
mistaken
his
with
tly
hero.
the
to
Bat
accordingto
the
and
Shedgavkar was
Anandrao.
battle
the
at
upon
atates
the
Jedhe
Hambirrao
of
of
Anandrao,
not
statements
different individual
the
that
Hambirrao
that
forces
"
it
cantoned
was
sists
con-
Anandrao
Prataprao
of
Sabhasad
altogether from
Shivajicame
to Chiplun,
reviewing his
army,
he
army
then it
formally conferred
(p. 79 ) also expressly
looked
for
after
was
Sabhasad
Mohite.
in
Hambirrao,
title of Sir-nobut
Prof.
also Sabhasad
( as
companion
other
battle
Chir-lun,where
seems
from
been
of
that
Khidarkhan
this
identification
and
and
Now
(or
(Abdul
after
month
defeated
credit
Nivte
Bahlolkhan
one
Sampgaon.
at
transferred
has
Sarkar
battle of
Umrani,
man
with
after
conferred
and
on
Hansaji Mohite
him the title of Hambirrao
and apppointed him Sir-nobut.';
It is possible
79.
This is repeatedby Shedgavkar, page
between
three months
that during this interval of two or
the appointment of
the battle of Jessary ( Nivfce ) and
Hambirrrao
Mohite, Anandrao, who had all along been
to act as
under Prataprao Guzar, had
second in command
Sir-nobut,and he perhaps deserved to be promoted to that
ship
and
lightedon
post, as the
man
who
one
had
always been
next
under
Prataprao
and
of
who
the
rallied
had
Prataprao. ( The
rallied
Mohite
AND
BHONSLE
ANANDRAO
given in
of
army
is based
be corrected
sinister
the
on
in
of
the
may
have
upon
Hansaji
might
Guzar
stood
rank
permanent
Hansaji
and
minded
in
But
).
the
the
of
way
bar
his
Sir-nobut, which
of
nobles
Maratha
was
requires to
Shivaji
high
death
title of Hambir-
the
facts
these
conferred
deliberately
for
the
command,
in his
appointment finally
the
of Anandrac
temporary command
has
led to the mistake
of NarayanShenvi, which
wit L
Anandrao
into wrongly identifying
Sarkar
have
misled
that
the
orthodox
feelingsof
the
Chitnis, which
light of
the
to
placein
his
with
the
of
illegitimacyperhaps
being admitted
carried
version
the text
with
gg|
after
Prataprao
MOHITE
forces
Maratha
account
the
HAMBIRRAO
Prof
Hambirrao
Mohite.
The
It is true
Mohite.
that
on
later
occasion
made
of Shahaji was
son
viceroy at
illegitimate
Jinji,but he was
kept practicallyunder the control of
Hanumante
and had no place in the Ashtapradhan Cabinet.
It was
perhaps on this occasion that the extraordinary
another
mansab
of
Haft-hazari,or
conferred
was
the
upon
of
power
Anandrao,
that
so
practically
had
not
dignitywas
him.
upon
According to Jedhe,
accompanied Shivaji on
Anandrao
expedition,and
thousand,
seven
he
that
Sir-nobut, though
formallyconferred
the Karnatic
of
command
was
with
was
left behind
him
the
on
return
Hanumante
with
Jinji.
for at this
Jedhe
as
Anandrao
was
point, the
the
"
are
exploitsin
his
at
He
time
when
senior Anandrao."
recorded
the final
by Jedhe;
war
Shivaji and
further
No
Dilerkhan
Hambirrao
and
began
about
describes
Prof. Sarkar
but
between
entries
In
to
Bijapur,
plunder
634
LIFE
Khandesh,
OF
SHIVAJI
in order to divert
MAHARAJ
Dilerkhan
from
the
siege of
Bijapur.
It is clear from
the
had
inherited
mystery how
The
reason
best
of
exploitscame
probably the
was
the Sir-nobut
the
Our
).
in this
corrected
to be buried
married
to
letter is
the
OF
and
honour
of
to
daughter
of
Hambirrao
Sardesai's
to
p.
481
Riyasat
should
be
of
British
givenbelow
III
KHANDERI
to the account
foot-note,it
account
original
battle
his
and
oblivion.
surmised
as
daughter of
foot-note
BATTLE
reference
507
It is
light].
THE
"at page
in
which,
same
APPENDIX
With
Shivaji
to
Shivajifrom conferringthe
son
[Shivaji's
Rajaram was
and
also to
PratapraoGuzar
Mohite
( Shivadigvijay,p. 287
Genealogy
next
of
one
him.
upon
p. 2
who
was
Shahaji'svalour.
his
the
Anandrao
himself
a
seems
Keigwin
himself
authorities.
in his
spelling,punctuation
own
marks
us
An
advisable
in
to
quote
reporting the
extract
from
his
English, without
altering
and
capital letters.
of the
quotationa brief account
beginning of the battle. At daybreak on the 18th October
1679, Shiva ji'sArmada
", as Keigwin calls it,bore down
the small Englishsquadron with sails and oars, firingas
on
from Cheul.
A grab ( or guraba ) in charge of
they came
Mr. Gape
armada.
a Mr.
Gape was the nearest to Shivaji's
the naval or militarycommander
of the
was
a civilian and
a
vessel,(which was
guraba christened the Dover), was
the Revenge,
Next to the Dover
was
Sergeant Maulverer.
British frigate,
the command
of Capt. Minchin,
under
a
a sea-captainin the
Company's service and Lt. Keigwin,
forces in Bombay.
commandant
of the Company's land
The
British
force comprised eight vessels in all. Soon
Let
"
us
prefixto
this
THE
surrendered
and
accident
was
enemy
up
his
Speaking
Marathas.
the
before
mile
the
to
SM
KHANDERI
of the
colours
OF
BATTLE
his
of
letter, What
"
not, but
half
with
was
top-sail
On
"
"
"
selfe
Seeing
ourselves
encouraged
Souldiers
and
and
my
Seamen
admonishing
them
be to Christians to be prisoners
what disgraceit would
to
heathens, but courageouslyto defend, and fight the
bravelythey unanimously said they would live and
enemy
forward
for
ourselves
dye with us, wee promised to show
their example, we
hal'd up our
sailes the Enemy
thinking
the other, came
were
we
as
our
as
easily swallow'd
up
our
sterne, with
24 Grobs
ordere'd
men
Soe
us
our
when
mute,
enter, but
Shot
and
small
shot
not
they came
thrust
I
to
know
not
how
within
themselves
of
word
Gal wets, I
many
in
Command,
they finding
their
boates
to
beat them
by
from
the Lee."
their Guns
636
LIFE
This
OF
SHIVAJI
MAHARAJ
the
passage
i:
offensive.
made
failed to
As
Office
it
has
should
have
is to be found
which
who
Sarkar,
use
Prof.
that
only regret is
liberal
so
India
Our
in the
Library,Original Correspondence,No.
4665.
of his Shiva
358
ji
absurd.
are
Capt. Minchin
with
had
had
few
years
before
fought
duel
"
use
and
too
was
"
ruin
of
our
Capt. Minchin and Mr. Hornigold had been fined fifty zeraphins*' each, a "zeraphin'
being equal to twenty pence. Keigwin afterwards rebelled
but
John
Child, spoke of him as
though the governor,
nation
religion
and
Both
"
"
notorious,noughty rascal
hanged,
a
and
he
managed to escape
St. Christopher,in the
in
town
"
and
West
APPENDIX
RAGHUXATH
T.HBiiEare
confounded
with
Raghunath
is
Korde
has
and
often found
to
or
that
confounded
and
made
Ballal
used
of the
them.
hence
Ragho
the
of
Both
Ballal.
other
The
of
constantly
spoken of as
them.
of these
separate the exploits
of
surname
Even
Mr.
rarely
use
uncertainty. The
each
on
are
are
Atre.
Bakhars
The
attack
an
Indies.
Shivaji,who
another.
as
him
KORDE
BALLAL
one
in
died
have
to
IV
officers of
two
wanted
An
two
one
Kincaid
the
names
sur-
title Sabnis
attempt
men.
is
is here
Both
were
"38
LIFE
seized and
It is
Shivaji.
possiblethat
kinsmen
officeof Dabir
pant.
The
p. 188). While
Sondev
Trimbak
clear whether
recording
Trimbak
as
Korde
Forces.
though
again
more
sent
on
is
There
to ?
Konkan
the
desperate
does
name
not
fort
Fatteh
Khan
appear,
lost
had
in
over
p.
319
the rival
their
Danda-Rajpuri
Elliot VII
290--92
Danda-Rajpuri.
carnival
cut
to
The
name
and
made
( vide p. 334
). Korde was
Korde
was
was
the
of
office of
1668.
he
was
that
he
now-
Shivaji began
already once
1670
to surrender
chiefs
determined
the
and
and
the
the
Moguls,
Sidis
had
( not Korde
Khafi
Maratha
the
put Fatteh
effort to
and
supra
But
supra).
allegianceto
taken
defeated
was
He
grant
What
166^
the
Sabnis,
Niraji,about
saved
In 1671
Holi
won
chains, transferred
in
may
and
upon
of
in that
the bud
the
was
Korde
Janjira. (Vide
nipped in
plot was
and
of
In
Sidi.
coast.
not
Aurano-abad
believe
reason
of Korde
hand
). The
duties.
Dabir.
to
is
of
office of
Thereafter
nor
the
with
war
fought againstSidi
supra
is
speaks of
Niraji was
at
which
Pralhad
Sabnis
neither
now
Pralhad
other
of
upon
Somnath-
Jedhe
the
the
eight months
Moguls (Jedhe
the
Muazzim
to
the
Deputy Paymaster
Sambhaji.
to
conferred
on
that
on
result
promoted
served
),the
p. 60
was
Korde
mission
mansab
Mogul
Sabnis
perhaps
employed
flight
captivity
Dabir, but it
actually conferred
still held
often
(Sabhasad
Khan
ever
bee*
the
upon
about
event
Sondev
had
Sonaji Pant,
with
this
At
made
the
made
states
p. 57, Sabhasad
Deputy to the Sabnis or
him.
the
freed
treaty was
new
Dabir
last conferred
were
of
of
account
late
at
was
kinsmen
two
later,when
188). They
p.
on
of the
vacant
MAHARAJ
on
of these two
SHIVAJI
imprisoned. (Jedhe
left behind
of
OF
).
recover
Khan
in
governor
of
334 is due
to
an
sold
as
slaves^
oversight.
RAGHUNATH
original
Atre, the
died
long
BALLAL
this
before
KORDE
of
conqueror
Both
event.
639
Danda-Rajpuri,had
Messrs.
Kincaid
and
Atre
with
Korde.
Mr.
frequently confused
Kincaid
not only speaks of Atre
as
having baen killed by
Sidis at Danda-Rajpuri in 1671, but he
the
mentions
Atre
to Chandrarao
More,
as
Shivaji'sambassador
Sardesai
have
Raghunath
seek
service
Atre
the
was
of 700
of the corps
command
to
Ballal
Pathan
147
page
put in
was
mercenaries
Shivaji,
( vide
under
who
man
who
came
). He
supra
of
in
( Sabhasad, p. 67 ). The
at page
196
be
should
Unfounded
changed
murder
unauthorized
that
Korde
murder,
to
any
wot
and
Kincaid
that
positionof
murdered
cut
wTere
of Chandrarao
and
Korde
in consequence
trust
this
after
that
defence
is
Kavji,whose
in Sardesai's
name
Riyasat,p.
is also
It
party
But
line
Joshi
in
is
More
Even
of
that
the
was
Mr.
defence.
paper
the
Nor
to
appointed
not
this
in
his
is
fantastic.
and
of
argued
Chandrarao
by
was
238.
mentioned
that Korde's
account
on
event.
has
foot-note
off
More.
tripped by taking up
This defence was
urged by Mr. P. B.
before
a Marathi
literaryconference
made
and
unauthorized
an
Atre.
sometimes
are
prospects in Shivaji'sservice
into
after this
soon
Korde
name
statements
died
read
subject of
did
Sambhaji
come
affair,
OF
LIFE
340
into
disfavour
( See
word
be
Janjira
annexed
followed, he killed
This
Did
Sabhasad
according to
who
of
date
them
mentions
Shivaji already
that
remembered
They
"
be
true
more
the
about
of the
The
second.
and
soon
to
Venkoji
Datto
the
fact that
already
in 1660, would
is
thinking confusedly
first invasion.
We
the
other
invasions
two
i.
seen,
Surat.
or
of
to
Sabhasad
Surat
the
bakhars
Surat
is
e.
have
Marathi
of
Surat.
an
the
some
to
second
than
otherwise
suspicious.
of
invasion
had
us
are
been
that
Shahaji
upon
in
brought
) is likely to
rather
statement
service
in
lead
of
of
just
booty
Datto
have
under
of
the
Venkoji
employed
amount
The
employed
afterwards
sack
the
that
left
second
latter invasion,
according
of
in the
1664,
Sabhasad
But
was
we
before
be
the
confusion.
certainly some
Datto
of the
first sack
sack
came
Surat,
as
Anandrao,
particularsof
of
"
fact
very
first
of
somehow
the
and
wou.d
invasion
jumble
only
that
together to
Shahaji, actually come
of
1660,
as
that
of hon9
five crores
sack
tirst
calculation
their
while
the
made
have
Bakhars
early
Sidi
the
battle
Datto
64 )
That
Venkoji
suspicion
shrewd
as
than
earlier
even
63
( pp.
tirst
But
says
immediately employed
as
1670.
Surat,
of
the
and
of
companion
In
Venkoji
the
the
1660.
arises here.
doubt
in
land.
Abyssinians
300
).
utterly devastated
their
place in August,
took
[A
and
Shaista
at
successor
Sabliasad
went
and
dominions
Atre's
Venkoji Datto,
Bhonsle.
thi9 commander
desertion
foot-note
about
was
Farzand
his
and
p. 224
added
This
war.
Anandrao
that
may
MAHARAJ
Shivaji, till
with
invasion.
Khan's
SHIVAJI
of
the
silent
There
is
Anandrao
and
were
Surat, joined
service
Shivaji's
matters
that
of Surat
(1670),
belong to
the
OF
3SARS
the
first settled in
Pradhan
Ashta
of
the cabinet
A
Bakshi"
by
or
ministers.
eight
of the
paymaster
it
the Ary.i".
Eight ministers,
"
Kargir
forces,
Indian
Champak
Chitnis
"
the land
Chowries
llabir
of
revenue
quarter
a
of
secretary,
or
Dakshina
"
to
present
"
of grata
red
anchor!
fiat.
garrison commander
or
police officer.
garrison
"
for
pigment
( of
body
or
in oonneo.
man
fort.
"
head
forewood
sandal
table-land
"
the
on
or
the
Ghauts.
ern
Gosavi
Guru
the
"c. ).
Ghatmatha
Iguana.
spiritualpreceptor.
Galley with strong
"
anchorite.
An
"
"
two
tons,
Brahmans.
superintending officer,
clerks, guards "c.
A grand Hindu
Oasara
holiday in
Daroga
kind
"
and
record, a register.
"
court.
mandate,
"
Guraba
envoy.
Daftar
royal
Mahomedan
Ghorpad"
district.
hair- tassels.
foreign
"
One
"
rhe
Lamps.
iSabyadrimountains,
Ornamental
"
tree.
secretary.
Cbauth
or
of flower
Hindi,
holy.
saffron
kind
"
"*
royalty.
tree
"
Qandba
ensign
festive
great
tion with
red-ochre
fly-whisk
Durbar
(ladkari
ensign.
"
Chouth
that
state
Shiledar.
The
Zenda"
Chamar
to
rest-house.
of the
Fouzdar
mounted
is
the
equipped by
employs him, opp
coloured
Feast
Firman
recluse.
and
Bhagwa
minister.
Fakir"
trooper that
"
Durva"
also commander.
Balragi"
Dewao"
Divali" A
Aryavarta"
TE1
Dharmashala"
nobleman.
wan
of
department.
finance
Amir"
head
the
minister,
Araatya"
INDIAN
three
or
deck,
of
masts,
ship.
( Hapt-hazary ) A
charge of seven
30$
naval
Haft-hazari"
in
mander
com-
sand
thou-
soldiers.
"
the
early part
Desai"
hereditary
of
head
same
as
of
head
His
officer, the
district.
a
deshmukh.
district
duties
He
is the
( paragana
in the
district
those
of
with
decuries
of
the
village.
Deshpande" A hereditary
).
loam
"
He
mahal.
is
office nearly
with
Jabgir"
An
assignment
of
that
of
Devi
of
ponds
corres-
"
42
and
bv
other
"c.
of the
charge
jewels.
officer
treasure
and
kulkarni
patil.
-A.goddess,usually the consort
the god Shiva, also called Gauri,
Bhavani
out
with-
ment
Govern-
by
curator, the
Office
mukh.
desh-
Maritime
Janjira
"
under
perpetuity
conditions.
in
in
His
one
soldiers.
grant in
Jamdar"
a
charge
of
commander
of lands
under
five
fort.
the
officer
of
chief officer in
thousand
pond
corres-
patil
commander
"
Hazari"
hereditaryofficar,the
-A
Deshmukh
Havaldar
of October.
names,
Jari-patka"
Jumledar
"
havaldar*.
fortress.
cloth of
oommandor
gold ba
over
two
642
OF
GLOSSARY
Kabul ay ats"
Kalawant
"
Agreements.
singer cr musician.
Kamawisdar"
in
charge
Karbharl"
of
An
Rs
administrator
of
Kasba
clerk
petty
or
revenne
suffix
of
town
mahal
Naik
specialsteward.
officer in
An
with
moral
A
Kos"
of
charge
music
and
of
measure
singing,
distance,equal
Mahal"
Treasury,
mint,
stables,parks etc.
A
Kulkarni
under
An
"
officer
or
village
"
of the
Mang
One
of
or
taluka
same
Hon
as
coin worth
Hun,
or
about
to
of
horse
under
one
commander
"
Panch-hazari
commander
"
Panl
"
An
"
"
of
five
soldiers.
assembly
( usually five ).
learned
tors
of arbitra-
man.
suffix to
Honorary
equal
to the
12th
names
of
command
in
holding
the
( Waknis
whose
) one
duty
private records
was
cavalry
and
of the ministers
to
keep
the
dence.
correspon-
hereditary
officer
Persian
"
Patwarl"
An
land
steward
of the
ministers
eight,
of
government
officer of
village,a
"c.
powada"
or
translator.
ballad.
prime minister.
Peshkhush" -A premium by
Peshwa
"
annual
instalments.
Phadnis"
An
One
records.
Parasnis
officer
An
"
keeper
tola.
Pant-Sachiv
Pawada
Mlrasdar"
nobleman.
body
"
officer.
etc.
ManirJ"
of
nights devoted
Devi, preceding
rupees.
all
depressed
or
Brahmans.
Mansabdar"
rank
present.
nine
The
Panchayat
depressed classes.
A measure
part of
hostile
on
company.
The
Pagoda
a
gold
Pandit
the
of the
One
Mahalkari"
Masa"
idols,
captain
or
state
A
"
vators
culti-
and
government
worship
thousand
classes.
"
peacock
over
Dasara.
is
business
public records.
Mahar
"
Padres
of
the aecounbs
with
police
town.
keep
the
Nazar
Paga
chief officer of
constabulary of
to
Commander
"
Omrah"
9$ miles.
or
Kotwal"
It is waved
"
to the
discourses.
to about
Kosha
of
Navratra"
god
and
revenue
inam.
brush
corporal of
KIrtan" A religious
service in honour
a
in
Accountant-general.
Nagarkhana" A bandroom.
fort.
of
of the
Mutaliq"A deputy.
Maho-
to
(district).
"
from
etc.
Muzumdar
chief
Khasnis"
soil.
Killedar
"
worth
village.
Mulukhgiri" Active service
names.
"
Morchel
Mouza"
stores.
Honorary
medan
villagesgiven
rajas
charge
coin
in
20.
". farmer
officer in
officer.
"
Mokasdar"
feathers.
departmental
Khan
gold
etc.
An
arsenal,
an
"
Karkun"
of
15toRs.
of
jahgir-estateetc.
Karkbana
Ware-house,
Karkhannis"
Mohur"
town.
commissariat
TERMS
civil commissioner
a
INDIAN
An
Muzumdar.
assistant
to
the
OF
GLOSSARY
Pir
shrine
vows
whose
saint at
Mahomedan
"
and
made
are
INDIAN
setting
ray at
as
a chieftain
livingin
and
and
fastnesses
woods
ing
employcontribuhimself
in levying tions
himself up
marauding.
and
silver
ornamental
An
Prabhawal"
Prant"
Puja
lay down
Pujari"
idol,
an
Shiledaf"
names
proper
of
Slr-Naik
added
to
among
the
paymaster.
minister, same
day
Holi
of
days.
holi-
sealed
Saranjam
paper
of
"
with
an
of
authority
for
the corpse
hung
Shaivlsm
of
her
herself
deceased
which
leafy
of flowers
"c.
arch.
festooned
A
revenuo
the mamlatdar.
A
of the
Grant
Vatan"
burns
sect devoted
god
to
the
Vishnu.
agent
envoy.
; an
of land.
Viziership" Premiership.
Kecord-keeper ;
Waknis"
home
tary
heredi-
secretary.
A
chief
general,
same
as
Zemiadary"
The
officer
sect
devoted
to
the
Ze
nana
rights
who
of
collects
land
etc.
dues
Karkhanas.
"
(Bokil)an
Vakil"
corps.
Sirnobut.
Shalas"
of
Commander
from
lintel
worship
husband.
Senapati"
Self-rule.
Turufdar-Talukdar"
the
nobleman.
woman
of
minister
record-keeper.
"
Vaishnavism"
army
who
five
governor.
branches, garlands
are
ascetic.
maintenance
Sardar"
commander.
Dabir )" A
Toran"
Surnis.
as
Military grant
"
commander.
Chief
officer under
An
the
of
Militaryofficer over
Swarajya"
patent.
Sannyasl"
Sati
Surols
salate.
clerk.
tenth
Chief
Tat-slrnobut"
the ramparts.
Salaam"
holiday,the
foreign affairs.
-fifth
Riyasat" A regime.
"
head
One
jumledars ;
A hill tribe.
"
vides
pro-
Commander-in-chief.
"
SumanH
Rang-Panchami" The
festivities during
or
Chief
"
Subhedar"
Deccani
people.
Ramoshi"
who
Holi.
as
Sir-Nobut
suffix
Honorary
Sanad"
great Hindu
Sir-lashkar"
charge
fort.
Sachiv
own
soldier
horse.
revenue.
officer in
An
"
Sabnis
horse
his
Shlmga"
in life.
priest*
or
priest.
Quilledar
Rao"
duties
Sirdeshmukbl"
of
Worship
"
i. e.
scriptures which
Hindu
"
Shirastedar"
districb.
commences
78 A. D.
Shastrai
same
plate.
which
era
about
revolted
An
"
from
Ml
worship of
offerings Shakas
presented.
Polygar
TERMS
"
Harem.
denote
major
Chitnis,Phadnifi, Sabnis, Muzumdar
attached to the whole
When
offices,
or minor
according to the context.
denote
high ministerial or
realm or the Ashta-pradhan cabinet, the terms
secretarial posts ; when
attached
regiment, thoy denote minor
to a fort or
( a secretarial poet ) or
be Paymaster of the Forces
offices. Sabnis may
Note:"
paymaster
The
to
terms
regiment
or
company.
ERRATA.
should
Page
14
Doulatabat
Page
45,
foot-note,
Page
196
Page
Page
334
is
Atre
should
365
Next
Page
387
Though
the
Page
387
481
should
lost
be
543,
should
be
Scott
Waring.
lost.
was
Korde.
should
be
after
next
of
servants
the
them.
state
should
be
As
of
servants
state.
While
Foot
they
note
drew
(1)
foot-note,
The
be
should
should
be
in
paragraphs
Page
Parinda.
or
Atre.
be
them
Perinda,
Scott
be
should
Page
Page
Jonathan
Korde
237
be
Ramdas's
they
though
corrected
Appendix
in
drew.
the
of
light
the
cluding
con-
II.
conventicles
should
be.
the
Ramdas
conventicles.
Page
593
Dattaji
Prabhu,
veterans
should
veterans.
Page
There
624
are
Systemetic
some
minor
should
be
typographical
systematic.
errors.
be
Datta)!
Pant;
Prabhu