2 Conduction

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept.
, Heat and Mass Transfer ME 209

Prof. Dr. Hesham Mostafa & Eng. Ahmed Samy
Week number (1), ( I )
Lecture (1)
Introduction
Heat Transfer: Energy transfer across a system boundary due to a
temperature difference.
Modes of Heat Transfer

1- Conduction: energy transfer across a system boundary due to a
temperature difference by the mechanism of intermolecular interactions.
Conduction is described by the Fourier Law:
where:
Qcond = Rate of Heat transfer by conduction. (W)

k = Thermal conductivity, a thermodynamic property of the
material. (W/m K)
A = Heat transfer area. (m2)
T = Gradient of temperature (K or C)
Prof. Dr. Hesham Mostafa, HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat &Mass Transfer, ME209, Sep. 2014
Page 1
2- Convection: energy transfer across

a system boundary due to a temperature
difference by the combined mechanisms
of intermolecular interactions and bulk
transport.
Convection Heat transfer can be
classified into; forced convection
and free convection.
Newtons Law of Cooling:
3- Radiation: energy transfer across a system boundary due to a

temperature difference by the mechanism of photon emission
or electromagnetic waves.
Stefan-Boltzman Law:
Eb = T4
where: Eb = Gross heat emission by an ideal surface per unit area (W/m2)
= Steffan Boltzman constant = 5.67 x 10-8 W/m2 K4.
T = Absolute temperature. ( K)
Page 2
The rate of radiant heat transfer between an object and its surroundings
Qrad = A(Tobj4 - T4)
where:
= Surface Emissivity, A= Surface Area, m2

Tobj = Absolute temperature of surface. ( K)
Tj = Absolute temperature of surroundings.( K)
4- Boiling Heat Transfer: is phase change process occurs at the

solidliquid interface when a liquid is brought into contact with
a surface maintained at a temperature Ts sufficiently above the
saturation temperature Tsat of the liquid.
5- Condensation: Occurs when the temperature of a vapor is reduced

below its saturation temperature Tsat. This is usually done
by bringing the vapor into contact with a solid surface
whose temperature Ts is below the saturation temperature
Tsat of the vapor.
Page 3

Week number (1), ( II )
Lecture (2)
One Dimension Conduction Heat transfer
1) In Plane Wall
Fourier's equation:
Q
where:
kA
dT
dx
Qcond = Conduction Heat transfer, (W).

k = Thermal conductivity, (W/m K).
A = Heat transfer area, (m2).
T = Temperature, (K or C).
x = Distance, (m).
Fourier's equation applied with the following Conditions:
One dimension conduction heat transfer

Steady state
Constant properties
No heat generation
dT
k
Qx
Ak
dT
dx
Q dx
A k
C
Page 4
Boundary Condition
@ x=0,
T=T1
C=T1
Qx
Ak
Put q''=Heat flux =Q/A
@ x = L, T = T2
x
k
Heat Conduction in Multilayer Plane Wall

T1
T2
T3
K1
K2
K3
L1
L2
L3
T1 T4 = q'' [
q'' =
Page 5
T4
,for n layers;
q''
2) In cylindrical wall
Fourier's equation:
Q
Q
kA
dT
dr
k2rL
dT
dr
, where: Qcond = Rate of Heat transfer, W.

k = Thermal conductivity, (W/m K).
A = Heat transfer area, (m2).
T = Temperature, (K or C).
Fourier's equation applied with the following Conditions:

Steady state
Constant properties
No heat generation
dT
Boundary Condition
Q dr
2kL r
ln r
@ r = r1, T = T1
Q
ln r
2kL
Page 6
C = T1 +
T=
T = T1 -
ln r
T = T1 -
ln r
ln r
lnr
ln r
ln r r
This is the temperature distribution
To find the amount of heat transfer by conduction in cylindrical wall;

@ r = r2, T = T2
T2 = T1 -
1
2
ln
ln
Heat Conduction in Multi-layers (n layers ) for Cylindrical wall;
1
ln
k
Page 7

Lecture (3)
Application on one dimension Conduction heat transfer
Example 1
- For comosite plane wall of an oven;
T1
LA = Lc =0.1 m
T2
LB = 0.4 m , KA = 50 w/mC
T3
Kc = 0.5 w/mC
KA
KB
KC
T1= 600 C
T=20C
LA
LB
Lc
T4= 50 C
h=100 w/m2 C
Solution

.
.
100 50
Fluid
h,
Find The thermal conductivity for wall (B)
Q=A
T4
20
KB =
Page 8
Example 2
The upper surface of Insulated rod (k = 50 w/mC, L=1 m )was
maintained at 100C and the lower surface is cooled by fluid at
30 C with h=50 w/m2 C.
Find the temperature at midpoint for rod shown in figure:
T1
T1= 100 C
T = 30 C
L1=0.5 m
T2
L2=0.5 m
Fluid
Solution
T3
h, T
Heat flow in axial Direction
50
q'' =
w/ m2
T3 =
30
Page 9
To find T2
100
0.5
50
C
T2 =
General heat conduction equation
qv
Qx = - KA (T/x) = -k (dydz) (T/x)
Qx+dx= Qx +
Qx = Qy = -
Qz = -
dx
dy
dz
Therefore, the general heat conduction equation is found in the following form;
k y
T
z
Page 10
Special Cases:
- Constant Properties;
k (2T/x2 + 2T/y2 + 2T/z2 ) + =
- Steady state;
k (2T/x2 + 2T/y2 + 2T/z2 ) + = 0
-No heat generation

(2T/x2 + 2T/y2 + 2T/z2 )= 0
-Two dimension
2T/x2 + 2T/y2 =0
-one dimension
2T/x2 =0
Page 11

Solved Examples
"Part One"
Ex.1) Consider a 1.2-m-high and 2-m-wide double-pane window
consisting of two 3-mm-thick layers of glass (k =0.78 W/m C) separated
by a 12-mm-wide stagnant air space (k = 0.026 W/m C). Determine the
steady rate of heat transfer through this double-pane window and the
temperature of its inner surface for a day during which the room is
maintained at 24C while the temperature of the outdoors is -5C. Take
the convection heat transfer coefficients on the inner and outer surfaces of
the window to be 10 W/m2 C and 25 W/m2 C respectively.
Solution
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer through the window is steady since the indoor and
outdoor temperatures remain constant at the specified values. 2 Heat transfer is onedimensional since any significant temperature gradients will exist in the direction
from the indoors to the outdoors. 3 Thermal conductivities of the glass and air are
constant. 4 Heat transfer by radiation is negligible.
Properties The thermal conductivity of the glass and air are given to be kglass = 0.78
W/mC and kair = 0.026 W/mC.
Air
The area of the window and the individual resistances are
A (12
. m) (2 m) 2.4 m2
1
1
0.0417 C/W
2
h1 A (10 W/m .C)(2.4 m 2 )
L
0.003 m
R1 R3 Rglass 1
0.0016 C/W
k1 A (0.78 W/m.C)(2.4 m 2 )
L
0.012 m
R2 Rair 2
0.1923 C/W
k2 A (0.026 W/m.C)(2.4 m 2 )
Ri
T
1
1
1
Ro Rconv,2
0.0167 o C/W
h2 A (25 W/m 2 .o C)(2.4 m 2 )
Rtotal Rconv,1 2 R1 R2 Rconv,2 0.0417 2(0.0016) 0.1923 0.0167
Ri Rconv,1
R1
R2
R3
Ro
0.2539 C/W
The steady rate of heat transfer through window glass then becomes
T T
[24 (5)]C
Q 1 2
114 W
Rtotal
0.2539C/W
The inner surface temperature of the window glass can be determined from
T T
Q 1 1
T1 T1 Q R conv ,1 24 o C (114 W)(0.0417C/W) = 19.2C
R conv ,1
Page 12
T2
Ex. 2) A 2-m1.5-m section of wall of an industrial furnace burning

natural gas is not insulated, and the temperature at the outer surface of
this section is measured to be 80C. The temperature of the furnace room
is 30C, and the combined convection and radiation heat transfer
coefficient at the surface of the outer furnace is 10 W/m2C. It is
proposed to insulate this section of the furnace wall with glass wool
insulation (k = 0.038 W/m C) in order to reduce the heat loss by 90 %.
Assuming the outer surface temperature of the metal section still remains
at about 80C; determine the thickness of the insulation that needs to be
used.
Solution
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer through the wall is steady and one-dimensional. 2
Thermal conductivities are constant. 3 The furnace operates continuously. 4 The
given heat transfer coefficient accounts for the radiation effects.
Properties The thermal conductivity of the glass wool insulation is given to be k =
0.038 W/mC.
The rate of heat transfer without insulation is
A (2 m)(1.5 m) 3 m2
Insulation
Q hA(Ts T ) (10 W / m . C)(3 m )(80 30) C 1500 W

2
In order to reduce heat loss by 90%, the new heat

transfer rate and thermal resistance must be
Q 010
. 1500 W 150 W
Rinsulation
Ro
T
Ts
T
T (80 30) C
Q
Rtotal
0.333 C / W
Rtotal
150 W
Q
,and in order to have this thermal resistance, the thickness of insulation must be
Rtotal Rconv Rinsulation
1
L
hA kA
1
L
0.333 C/W
2
(10 W/m .C)(3 m ) (0.038 W/m.C)(3 m 2 )
L 0.034 m 3.4 cm
Page 13
Ex. 3) Water is boiling in a 25-cm-diameter aluminum pan (k = 237 W/m

C) at 95C. Heat is transferred steadily to the boiling water in the pan
through its 0.5-cm-thick flat bottom at a rate of 800 W. If the inner
surface temperature of the bottom of the pan is 108C, determine (a) the
boiling heat transfer coefficient on the inner surface of the pan, and (b)
the outer surface temperature of the bottom of the pan.
Solution
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Heat transfer is one-dimensional
since the thickness of the bottom of the pan is small relative to its diameter. 3 The
thermal conductivity of the pan is constant.
Properties The thermal conductivity of the aluminum pan is given to be k = 237
W/mC.
a) The boiling heat transfer coefficient is
As
D 2 (0.25 m) 2
0.0491 m 2
4
4
Q hAs (Ts T )
Q
800 W
h
1254 W/m 2 .C
As (Ts T ) (0.0491 m 2 )(108 95)C
95C
108C
600 W
0.5 cm
(b) The outer surface temperature of the bottom of the pan is

Ts ,outer Ts ,inner
Q kA
L
Q L
(800 W)(0.005 m)
Ts ,outer Ts ,inner1
108C +
108.3C
kA
(237 W/m.C)(0.0491 m 2 )
Page 14
Ex. 4) Two 5-cm-diameter, 15cm-long

aluminum bars (k = 176 W/m C) with
ground surfaces are pressed against each
other with a pressure of 20 atm (h =
11,400 W/m2C). The bars are enclosed
in an insulation sleeve and, thus, heat
transfer from the lateral surfaces is negligible. If the top and bottom
surfaces of the two-bar system are maintained at temperatures of 150C
and 20C, respectively, determine (a) the rate of heat transfer along the
cylinders under steady conditions and (b) the temperature drop at the
interface.
Solution
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Heat transfer is one-dimensional
in the axial direction since the lateral surfaces of both cylinders are well-insulated. 3
Thermal conductivities are constant.
Properties The thermal conductivity of aluminum bars is given to be k = 176
W/mC. The contact conductance at the interface of aluminum-aluminum plates for
the case of ground surfaces and of 20 atm 2 MPa pressure is hc = 11,400 W/m2C
(Table 3-2).
(a) The thermal resistance network in this case consists of two conduction resistance
and the contact resistance, and are determined to be
R contact
Rplate
1
1
0.0447 C/W
2
hc Ac (11,400 W/m .C)[ (0.05 m) 2 /4]
L
015
. m
0.4341 C / W
kA (176 W / m. C)[ (0.05 m) 2 / 4]
Then the rate of heat transfer is determined to be

(150 20)C
T
T
Q
142.4 W
R total R contact 2 R bar (0.0447 2 0.4341) C/W
Therefore, the rate of heat transfer through the bars is 142.4 W.

(b) The temperature drop at the interface is determined to be
Tinterface Q Rcontact (142.4 W)(0.0447 C/W) 6.4C
Page 15
Ex. 5) Steam at 320C flows in a cast iron pipe (k =

80 W/m C) whose inner and outer diameters are 5
cm and 5.5 cm, respectively. The pipe is covered
with 3-cm-thick glass wool insulation with k = 0.05
W/m C. Heat is lost to the surroundings at 5C by
natural convection and radiation, with a combined
heat transfer coefficient of h2= 18 W/m C. Taking the heat transfer
coefficient inside the pipe to be h1= 60 W/m2 C, determine the rate of
heat loss from the steam per unit length of the pipe. Also determine the
temperature drops across the pipe shell and the insulation.
Solution
Page 16
Ex. 6) Consider a 2-m-high electric hot water heater that has a diameter
of 40 cm and maintains the hot water at 55C. The tank is located in a
small room whose average temperature is 27C, and the heat transfer
coefficients on the inner and outer surfaces of the heater are 50 and 12
W/m2C, respectively. The tank is placed in another 46-cm-diameter
sheet metal tank of negligible thickness, and the space between the two
tanks is filled with foam insulation (k = 0.03 W/m C). The thermal
resistances of the water tank and the outer thin sheet metal shell are very
small and can be neglected. Determine the heat loss from the tank. If 3
cm thick fiber glass insulation is used to wrap the entire tank with "K =
0.035W/mC" what will be the heat loss?
Solution
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication of any change with
time. 2 Heat transfer is one-dimensional since there is thermal symmetry about the
center line and no variation in the axial direction. 3 Thermal conductivities are
constant. 4 The thermal resistances of the water tank and the outer thin sheet metal
shell are negligible. 5 Heat loss from the top and bottom surfaces is negligible.
Properties The thermal conductivities are given to be k = 0.03 W/mC for foam
insulation and k = 0.035 W/mC for fiber glass insulation
Consider only the side surfaces of the water heater for simplicity, and disregard the
top and bottom surfaces (it will make difference of about 10 percent). The individual
thermal resistances are
Ao Do L (0.46 m)(2 m) 2.89 m2
Ro
1
1
0.029 C/W
ho Ao (12 W/m 2 .C)(2.89 m 2 )
ln(r2 / r1 )
ln(23 / 20)
0.37 C/W
2kL
2 (0.03 W/m 2 .C)(2 m)
Ro R foam 0.029 0.37 0.40 C/W
R foam
Rtotal
The rate of heat loss from the hot water tank is

T T2 (55 27) C
Q w
70 W
Rtotal
0.40 C / W
The amount and cost of heat loss per year are

Q Q t (0.07 kW)(365 24 h / yr) 613.2 kWh / yr
Cost of Energy ( Amount of energy)(Unit cost) = (613.2 kWh)($0.08 / kWh) $49.056
f
$49.056
0.1752 17.5%
$280
Page 17
If 3 cm thick fiber glass insulation is used to wrap the entire tank, the individual
resistances becomes
Ao Do L (0.52 m)(2 m) 3.267 m 2
1
1
Ro
0.026 o C/W
2
o
ho Ao (12 W/m . C)(3.267 m 2 )
Tw
Rfoam
Rfiberglass
Ro
T2
ln(r2 / r1 )
ln(23 / 20)
0.371 C/W
2k1 L
2(0.03 W/m 2 .C)(2 m)
ln(r3 / r2 )
ln(26 / 23)
0.279 C/W
2k 2 L
2(0.035 W/m 2 .C)(2 m)
R foam
R fiberglass
Rtotal Ro R foam R fiberglass 0.026 0.371 0.279 0.676 C/W
The rate of heat loss from the hot water heater in this case is
T T 2 (55 27)C
Q w
41.42 W
Rtotal
0.676 C/W
Page 18

Exercises
"Sheet One"
1.1- An electric current is passed through a wire 1 mm in diameter and 10
cm long. The wire is submerged in liquid water at atmospheric pressure,
and the current is increased until the water boils. For this situation h =
5000 W/m2C, and the water temperature will be 100 C. How much
electric power must be supplied to the wire to maintain the wire surface at
114 C?
1.2- A cylindrical resistor element on a circuit board dissipates 0.15 W of
power in an environment at 40C. The resistor Is 1.2 cm long, and has a
diameter of 0.3 cm. Assuming heat to be transferred uniformly from all
surfaces, determine (a) the amount of heat this resistor dissipates during a
24-h period, (b) the heat flux on the surface of the resistor, in W/m , and
(c) the surface temperature of the resistor for a combined convection and
radiation heat transfer coefficient of 9 W/m C.
1.3- A 2-m1.5-m section of wall of an industrial furnace burning natural
gas is not insulated, and the temperature at the outer surface of this
section is measured to be 80C. The temperature of the furnace room is
30C, and the combined convection and radiation heat transfer coefficient
at the surface of the outer furnace is 10 W/m2 C. It is proposed to
insulate this section of the furnace wall with glass wool insulation (k =
0.038 W/m C) in order to reduce the heat loss by 90 percent. Assuming
the outer surface temperature of the metal section still remains at about
80C; determine the thickness of the insulation that needs to be used.
1.4- Hot water at an average temperature of 90C is flowing through a
15-m section of a cast iron pipe (k = 52 W/m C) whose inner and outer
diameters are 4 cm and 4.6 cm, respectively. The outer surface of the
pipe, whose emissivity is 0.7, is exposed to the cold air at 10C in the
basement, with a heat transfer coefficient of 15 W/m2 12.5 cm. The heat
transfer coefficient at the inner surface of the pipe is 120 W/m2 C the
walls of the basement to be at 10C also, determine the rate of heat loss
from the hot water.
Page 19

Lecture (4)
Solids with Heat generation in plane wall

From General heat conduction equation
with the following Conditions:

Steady state
Constant properties
With heat generation
T
x
T
x
T
x
q x
k 2
C x
Boundary Conditions
@ x = 0; T = To (Tmax)
@
x=L ; T=Ts
Then; C1=0
Page 20
Ts
C2 = Ts +
T = Ts+
T = Ts+
This is temperature distribution in plane wall (2L) thickness and has a

uniform heat generation
Max temperature; @ x=0
To = Ts+
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Example 3
A plane wall of 0.1 m thickness and the thermal conductivity , K=25
W/mC having a uniform heat generation of 3105 w/m3 is insulated from
one side while the other side is exposed to fluid at 92 C with h = 500
W/m2C, Find the maximum temperature in the wall.
Solution
L=0.1 m
K=25 w/m C
qv= 3 105 W/m3
h = 500w/m2C
Tf=92 C
Q = qv Volume =hA (TS- Tf)
= qv AL=hA (TS- Tf)
TS= Tf + qv.L/h
TS =
Max temperature at x=0 is;

T0=
To = Ts +
Page 21
Example 4
The wall of material "a" has a uniform heat generation 1.2 106 W/m3, the
inner surface of wall "a" is well insulated. Wall "b" has no heat
generation and the outer surface is cooled by water at 30C and heat
transfer coefficient is of 1000 W/m2C findT0, T1 and T2.
KA =150 w/m C , LB =0.15 m
LA =0.45 m
KB =75 w/m C
Solution
Q = qv Volume = qv ALA= A
= hA (T2- Tf)
To
B
T1
qvLA=
= h (T2- Tf)
Insulation
h, Tf
1.2106 (0.45) =1000(T2-30)

T2=
T2
1.2106 (0.45) =
LA
.
T1=
LB
To = T1 +
To = Ts + [1.2106 (0.45)2/(2*150)]
To =
Page 22
Tf

Lecture (5)
Solids with Heat generation in cylindrical wall
From General heat conduction equation for cylindrical coordinate
1
r
For one dimension Steady State

1
r
1
r
Boundary conditions
@ r=0 ;
From ;
@ r=R
T=Ts
T
q
r
4k
T=To max Temp.
q
R
4k
C lnr
0
0
0
Page 23
q
R
4k
C
T
q
r
4k
q
R
4k
R
q R
1
4k
r
R
This is temperature distribution in cylindrical wall its radius R and has a

uniform heat generation
Max temperature;
T
Example 5
q R
4k
An electric current of 400 A flows through a stainless steel cable having a

diameter of 5 mm, K =25 w/m C and electric resistance per 1 m cable is
610 -4/m. The cable was exposed to ambient air at 30C and heat
transfer coefficient between air and cable is 10 w/m2C. Find center and
surface temperature.
Solution
I = 400 A, K =25 w/m C, Tf = 30 C , R=2.5 mm
h= 10 w/m2C
Q = qv Volume = I2 RElec = hA (TS- Tf)
A=2RL
Volume=R2L
Q = qv R2L = I2RElec. = h2RL (TS- Tf)

Q/L = qv R2 = (I2 RElec)/L= h2R (TS- Tf)
Per 1 m of cable, RElec = 610 -4
Q = qv R2 = (4002 RElec) = 1022.510-3 (TS- 30)
Page 24
w/m3,
qv =
T
To=
TS=
Max temp. @ r = 0, Therefore; T
If electric resistivity is given then; RElec= L/( R2)

-------Example 6
Derive an expression for temperature distribution inside the plan wall (Its
thickness 2L) with heat generation (qv) and its side has different
temperatures (Tw1Tw2). Find position of max temperature from the
T
middle of the plane wall.
To
Solution
Tw2
Boundary conditions
@ x=L T=Tw1, @ x=-L T=Tw2
Tw1
Tf2
L-x
Tf1
x
From General differential equation

L
of heat conduction equation with

Steady state
Constant properties
With Heat generation
k y
T
x
qv X2
K 2
k
q
K
T
z
C1 X
C2
Page 25
@ x=L T=Tw1,
T
T
@ x=-L T=Tw2
C L
C L
By adding eq. 3&4
By Subtracting eq. 3&4
q L
K 2
q
L
2K
2L
Substitute in eq. 2
2C
2C L
X
Substitute by C1 in eq. 1 to find position of max temperature:
T
x
For maximum Temperature,

0
If Tw1 < Tw2 ; X=-ve
q
x
K
q
x
K
q
x
K
T
T
2L
2L
2L
If Tw1 = Tw2 ; X=0
If Tw1 > Tw2 ; X=+ve.
Page 26

Lecture (6)
Extended surfaces (Fins)
The rate of heat transfer from a surface at a temperature Ts to the
surrounding medium at T is given by Newtons law of cooling as;
Where; As is the heat transfer surface area and h is the convection heat
transfer coefficient. When the temperatures Ts and T are fixed by design
considerations, as is often the case, there are two ways to increase the rate
of heat transfer: to increase the convection heat transfer coefficient h or to
increase the surface area As. Increasing h may require the installation of a
pump or fan, or replacing the existing one with a larger one, but this
approach may or may not be practical. Besides, it may not be adequate.
The alternative is to increase the surface area by attaching to the surface
extended surfaces called fins made of highly conductive materials such as
aluminum. Finned surfaces are manufactured by extruding, welding, or
wrapping a thin metal sheet on a surface.
Fins enhance heat transfer from a surface by exposing a larger surface
area to convection and radiation. Finned surfaces are commonly used in
practice to enhance heat transfer.
Consider a volume element of a fin at location x=0 having a length of L,
cross sectional area of Ac, and a perimeter of p, under steady conditions,
the energy balance on this volume element can be expressed as;
Page 27
Where; Ac is the cross-sectional area of the fin at location x.

The differential equation governing heat transfer in fins
For constant cross section and constant thermal conductivity, the

differential equation reduces to;
d2/dx2 m2 =0
where;
= T -T and
m2 = hP/kAc
= T -T is the temperature excess. At the fin base we have o =To - T.

Page 28
The general solution of the differential equation is;
= C1e
mx
-mx
+C2 e
Where; C1 and C2 are arbitrary constants whose values are to be

determined from the boundary conditions at the base and at the tip of the
fin.
Boundary condition at fin base: @ x=0
= o =To - T.
C1 + C2 = o
=0
Boundary condition at fin tip for very long fin : @x=

C1 = 0
Then the variation of temperature along the fin is;
-mx
= T -T = o e
The steady rate of heat transfer from the entire fin can be determined
from Fouriers law of heat conduction as;
Q = - k Ac (dT/dx)x=0 =
Where; m =
/
, =T-T, p is the perimeter, Ac is the crosssectional area of the fin, and x is the distance from the fin base.
Page 29

Lecture (7)
Example 7
Take fin efficiency =0.95
Solution
In the case of no fins, heat transfer from the tube per 1 meter of its length
is determined from Newtons law of cooling as;
Page 30
--------------------------------------------------------------------------Example 8
Find the amount of heat transfer from very long fin to the surrounding if
fin diameter is 10 mm, K =200 w/m C and fin base temperature is 60C,
the fin is exposed to air at 20 C and h=10 w/m2.C. Also, draw
temperature distribution along the fin.
Solution
K =200 w/m C,
To=60 C
d=0.01 m,
r=0.005 m,
h=10 w/m2C
T=20 C
o = To - T =60-40=20 C
For very long fin
Q=
P=2(0.005)
m=
P=d=2r
a=d2/4=r2
a=(0.005)2
.
Page 31
Q=
By assuming that the minimum temperature

difference is 1 C, calculate "x" to indicate the
limit by which the table can be drawn
= o e-mx
x
0
40
?
1
Temperature Distribution along the fin
Page 32

Solved Examples
"Part Two"
Ex. 1) Consider a large 3-cm-thick stainless steel plate (k = 15.1 W/m C)
in which heat is generated uniformly at a rate of 5 106 W/m3. Both sides
of the plate are exposed to an environment at 30C with a heat transfer
coefficient of 60 W/m2 C. Explain where in the plate the highest and the
lowest temperatures will occur, and determine their values.
Solution
time. 2 Heat transfer is one-dimensional since the plate is large relative to its
thickness, and there is thermal symmetry about the center plane 3 Thermal
conductivity is constant. 4 Heat generation is uniform.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k =15.1 W/mC.
The lowest temperature will occur at surfaces of plate while the highest temperature
will occur at the midplane. Their values are determined directly from
gL
(5 10 5 W/m 3 )(0.015 m)
30C
155C
h
60 W/m 2 .C
gL2
(5 10 5 W/m 3 )(0.015 m) 2
To T s
155C
158.7C
2k
2(15.1 W/m.C)
T s T
Ex. 2) In a nuclear reactor, 1-cm-diameter cylindrical uranium rods

cooled by water from outside serve as the fuel. Heat is generated
uniformly in the rods (k= 29.5 W/m C) at a rate of 7107 W/m3. If the
outer surface temperature of rods is 175C, determine the temperature at
their center.
Solution
time. 2 Heat transfer is one-dimensional since there is thermal symmetry about the
center line and no change in the axial direction. 3 Thermal conductivity is constant. 4
Heat generation in the rod is uniform.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k = 29.5 W/mC.
The temperature at the center can be calculated from
To T s
gro 2
(7 10 7 W/m 3 )(0.025 m) 2
175C
545.8C
4k
4(29.5 W/m.C)
Page 33
Ex. 4) Steam in a heating system flows

through tubes whose outer diameter is 3 cm
and whose walls are maintained at a
temperature of 120C. Circular aluminum fins
(k =180 W/m C) of outer diameter 6 cm and
constant thickness of 2 mm are attached to the
tube. The space between the fins is 3 mm, and
thus there are 200 fins per meter length of the
tube. Heat is transferred to the surrounding air
at 25C, with a combined heat transfer
coefficient of h = 60 W/m2 C. Determine the
increase in heat transfer from the tube per meter of its length as a result of
adding fins. (Fin efficiency = 95%).
Solution
Page 34
Ex. 5) A hot surface at 100C is to be cooled by attaching 3-cm-long,

0.25-cm-diameter aluminum pin fins (k =237 W/m C) to it, with a
center-to-center distance of 0.6 cm. The temperature of the surrounding
medium is 30C, and the heat transfer coefficient on the surfaces is 35
W/m2C. Determine the rate of heat transfer from the surface for a 1-m
1-m section of the plate. Also determine the overall effectiveness of the
fins. .(Fin efficiency = 95.9%).
Solution
The number of fins, finned and unfinned surface areas, and heat transfer rates from
those areas are
n
1 m2
27777
(0.006 m) (0.006 m)
(0.0025) 2
D 2
2
Afin 27777DL
27777
(
0
.
0025
)(
0
.
03
)
6.68 m
4
4
D 2
1 27777 (0.0025) 0.86 m 2
Aunfinned 1 27777
4
4
Q
Q
hA (T T )
finned
fin
fin, max
fin
fin
0.959(35 W/m .C)(6.68 m )(100 30)C

15,700 W
2
Q unfinned hAunfinned (Tb T ) (35 W/m 2 o C)(0.86 m 2 )(100 30)C 2107 W
Then the total heat transfer from the finned plate becomes
Q total,fin Q finned Q unfinned 15,700 2107 1.78 10 4 W 17.8 W
The rate of heat transfer if there were no fin attached to the plate would be
Ano fin (1 m)(1 m) 1 m2
Q no fin hAno fin (Tb T ) (35 W / m2 . C)(1 m2 )(100 30) C 2450 W
Then the fin effectiveness becomes

fin
Q fin
17800
7.27
2450
Q no fin
Page 35

Exercises
"Sheet Two"
2.1- Consider a long resistance wire of radius r1 = 0.2 cm and thermal
conductivity kwire = 15 W/m C in which heat is generated uniformly as
a result of resistance heating at a constant rate of qv = 50 W/m3. The wire
is embedded in a 0.5-cm-thick layer of ceramic whose thermal
conductivity is kceramic = 1.2 W/m C. The outer surface temperature of
the ceramic layer is measured to be 45C, .and is surrounded by air at 30
C with heat transfer coefficient is of 10 W/m2C. Determine the
temperatures at the center of the resistance wire and the interface of the
wire and the ceramic layer under steady conditions.
2.2- Steam in a heating system flows through tubes whose outer diameter
is 5cm and whose walls are maintained at a temperature of 180C.
Circular aluminum alloy 2024-T6 fins (k = 186 W/m C) of outer
diameter 6 cm and constant thickness 1 mm are attached to the tube. The
space between the fins is 3 mm, and thus there are 250 fins per meter
length of the tube. Heat is transferred to the surrounding air at T = 25C,
with a heat transfer coefficient of 40 W/m2 C. Determine the increase
in heat transfer from the tube per meter of its length as a result of adding
fins.
Page 36

Lecture (8)
Two dimension Conduction Heat transfer
From General heat conduction differential equation
Two dimension conduction heat transfer

Steady state
Constant properties
No heat generation
T
X
T
X
T
x
T
x
,
,
T
x
=0
,
,
T,
T,
T
X
T
x
T
,
,
T
x
T,
X
,
T
Y
T,
T
X
2T ,
X
1
2
Page 37
If X
2T ,
X
T,
2T ,
Y
,
T,
T,
+T ,
For Interior nodes
4T ,
-----------------------------------Example 9
Find temperature distribution and amount of heat transfer for two
dimension steady state , constant properties and no heat generation (k=30
W/m oC .
Solution
200 + T1 + 300 + T4 - 4T2 = 0
Point 2
T4 + T1 + 300 + 100 - 4T3 = 0
Point 3
200 + T3 + T2 +100 - 4T4 = 0
Point 4
300 C
Point 1
300 C
200
T2 + 300 + 300 + T3- 4T1 = 0
300 C
100 C
- 4T1 + T2 +T3 = -600

T1 - 4T2 + T4 = -500
T1 - 4T3 + T4 = -400
T2 + T3 -4T4 = -300
-4
1
1
0
1 1 0
-4 0 1
0 -4 1
1 1 -4
T1
T2
T3 =
T4
-600
-500
-400
-300
Page 38
For Interior nodes
X= Y
Q = -K (Y1)
+( -K (Y1)
+( -K (X1)
+( -K (X1)
) =
-----------------------------------------------In Case of boundary nodes

Q = -K (Y1)
-K [(X/2) 1]
+ h (Y1) (Ti,j - T)
-K [(X/2) 1]
Incase of Corner Nodes

,
Q = -K [(Y/2) 1]
-K [(X/2) 1]
+ h [(Y/2) 1] (Ti,j - T)
+ h [(X/2) 1] (Ti,j - T)
-----------------------------------------------
Gauss-Seidel Iteration technique

To find temperature distribution for interior nodes:
TJ =
Example 9 resolved as;

T1= (1/4) [T2 + 300+300+T3]
T2= (1/4) [200+T1 + 300+T4]
T3= (1/4) [T4 + 300 +T1+100]
T4= (1/4) [T2+ T3+100+200]
Page 39
No. Of
iterations
0(initial guess)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Points
1
260
250
.
.
.
.
.
2
180
197.5
.
.
.
.
.
3
220
222.5
.
.
.
.
.
4
140
.
.
.
.
.
Page 40

Lecture (9)
One dimension Unsteady Conduction Heat transfer

From General heat conduction differential equation
T
X

Unsteady state
Constant properties
No heat generation
= C
T
X
T

x
T
C
T
T
X
T
T
X 2
X 2
T
X
T
X
,
,
,
= C
2T
2T
=T
Page 41
, where M=
Example 10
X 2
>2
2T
2 T
Find temperature distribution after 1 min. for a plane wall at 20 C and

suddenly left face maintained at 200C.
Take: X

X 2
0.025
10
20
200 C
10 m2/s
0.025 2
10
20 C
0.2 m
3.125
T2= (1/3.125) [20 + (3.125 -2)(20)+200]= 77.6
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
= 0 Sec.
200 20
20
20
20
= 10 Sec.
200 77.6 20
20
20
= 20 Sec.
200 . .
20
20
= 30 Sec.
200 . . .
20
200 . . . .
= 60 Sec.
200 . . . .
----------------------------------------------------
T6
20
20
20
20
20
.
T7
20
20
20
20
20
20
T8
20
20
20
20
20
20
T9
20
20
20
20
20
20
Example 11
A plane wall (its thickness 300 mm) initially at a uniform temperature 20
o
C. The right and left faces are suddenly raised and maintained to 150 oC
and 200 oC respectively. For one dimension unsteady, Find the required
time to reach 89.5 oC at mid plane. Take thermal diffusivity= 0.015
m2/hr, x=0.075 m and =0.15 hr.
Page 42

Given
x = 0.075 m
200 C
150 C
0.15 hr
0.015 m2/ hr
M=(
Tx,+
Solution
x)2 / 0.0752 / 0.015 0.15 2.5
0
0.15 hr
0.3 hr
0.45 hr
[Tx-
x,
1
200
200
200
+ (M-2 Tx,+ Tx+

2
20
92
106.4
x, ]
3
20
20
69.5
89.42
4
20
72
82.4
5
150
150
150
150
Mid plane reac to 89.5 oC at 0.45 hr
Page 43

Solved Examples
"Part Three"
Ex. 1) Consider steady two-dimensional
heat transfer in a long solid body whose
cross section is given in the figure. The
temperatures at the selected nodes and the
thermal conditions at the boundaries are as
shown. The thermal conductivity of the
body is k = 45 W/m C, and heat is
generated in the body uniformly at a rate
of qv = 6 106 W/m3. Using the finite
difference method with a mesh size of x
= y= 5.0 cm, determine the temperatures
at nodes 2 and 3.
Solution
Tleft Ttop Tright Tbottom 4Tnode
g node l 2
0
k
, where
g node l 2 g 0 l 2 (8 10 6 W/m 3 )(0.05 m) 2
93.5C
k
k
214 W/m C
The finite difference equations for boundary nodes are obtained by applying an
energy balance on the volume elements and taking the direction of all heat transfers to
be towards the node under consideration:
Node 2 (interior) :
Node 3 (interior) :
g 0 l 2
0
k
g l 2
260 290 240 200 - 4T3 0 0
k
350 290 325 290 - 4 T2
, where k 45 W/m.C, h 50 W/m 2 .C, g 8 10 6 W/m 3 , T 20C

Substituting, T2 = 397.1C, T3 = 330.8C,
Page 44
Ex. 2) Consider steady two-dimensional heat transfer

in a long solid body whose cross section is given in
the figure. The measured temperatures at selected
points of the outer surfaces are as shown. The thermal
conductivity of the body is k = 45 W/m C, and there
is no heat generation. Using the finite difference
method with a mesh size of x = y= 2.0 cm,
determine the temperatures at the indicated points in the medium.
Solution
g node l 2
0 Tnode (Tleft Ttop Tright Tbottom ) / 4
k
There is symmetry about the horizontal, vertical, and diagonal lines passing through
the midpoint, and thus we need to consider only 1/8th of the region. Then,
T1 T3 T7 T9
T2 T4 T6 T8
Therefore, there are there are only 3 unknown nodal temperatures, T1 , T3 , and T5 , and
thus we need only 3 equations to determine them uniquely. Also, we can replace the
symmetry lines by insulation and utilize the mirror-image concept when writing the
finite difference equations for the interior nodes.
Node 1 (interior) :
T1 (180 180 2T2 ) / 4
Node 2 (interior) :
T2 (200 T5 2T1 ) / 4
Node 3 (interior) :
T5 4T2 / 4 T2
Solving the equations above simultaneously gives

T1 T3 T7 T9 185C
T2 T4 T5 T6 T8 190C
Page 45
Ex. 3) Consider steady two-dimensional heat transfer in a long solid bar

whose cross section is given in the Figure below. The measured
temperatures at selected points of the outer surfaces are as shown. The
thermal conductivity of the body is k = 20 W/m C, and there is no heat
generation. Using the finite difference method with a mesh size of x =
y= 1.0 cm. Determine the temperatures at the indicated points in the
medium.
Solution
g node l 2
0 Tnode (Tleft Ttop Tright Tbottom ) / 4
k
(a) There is symmetry about the insulated surfaces as well as about the diagonal line.
Therefore T3 T2 , and T1 , T2 , and T4 are the only 3 unknown nodal temperatures. Thus
we need only 3 equations to determine them uniquely. Also, we can replace the
Node 1 (interior) :
T1 (180 180 T2 T3 ) / 4
Node 2 (interior) :
T2 (200 T4 2T1 ) / 4
Node 4 (interior) :
T4 (2T2 2T3 ) / 4
T3 T2
Also,

T2 T3 T4 190C
T1 185C
(b) There is symmetry about the insulated surface as well as the diagonal line.
Replacing the symmetry lines by insulation, and utilizing the mirror-image concept,
the finite difference equations for the interior nodes can be written as
Node 1 (interior) :
T1 (120 120 T2 T3 ) / 4
Node 2 (interior) :
T2 (120 120 T4 T1 ) / 4
Node 3 (interior) :
T3 (140 2T 1 T4 ) / 4 T2
Node 4 (interior) :
T4 (2T2 140 2T3 ) / 4

T1 T2 122.9C
T3 T4 128.6C
Page 46
17) Consider steady two-dimensional heat

transfer in a long solid body whose cross
section is given in the figure. The
temperatures at the selected nodes and the
thermal conditions on the boundaries are
as shown. The thermal conductivity of the
body is k = 180 W/mC, and heat is
generated in the body uniformly at a rate
of qv = 107 W/m3. Using the finite
difference method with a mesh size of x = y= 10 cm, determine the
temperatures at nodes 1, 2, 3, and 4.
Solution
g node l 2
0
k
There is symmetry about a vertical line passing through the middle of the region, and
thus we need to consider only half of the region. Then,
T1 T2 and T3 T4
Therefore, there are there are only 2 unknown nodal temperatures, T1 and T3, and thus
we need only 2 equations to determine them uniquely. Also, we can replace the
Node 1 (interior) :
Node 3 (interior) :
gl 2
0
k
gl 2
150 200 T1 T4 4T3
0
k
100 120 T2 T3 4T1
Noting that T1 T2 and T3 T4 and substituting,

220 T3 3T1
(10 7 W/m 3 )(0.1 m) 2

0
180 W/m C
350 T1 3T3
(10 7 W/m 3 )(0.1 m) 2

0
180 W/m C
The solution of the above system is

T1 T2 411.5C
T3 T4 439.0C
Page 47

Exercises
"Sheet Three"
3-1. Consider a 5-m-long constantan block (k = 23 W/m C) 30 cm high
and 50 cm wide. The block is completely submerged in iced water at 0C
that is well stirred, and the heat transfer coefficient is so high that the
temperatures on both sides of the block can be taken to be 0C. The
bottom surface of the bar is covered with a low-conductivity material so
that heat transfer through the bottom surface is negligible. A 6-kW
resistance heater heats the top surface of the block uniformly. Using the
finite difference method with a mesh size of x = y= 10 cm and taking
advantage of symmetry, determine the unknown temperatures for nodes
6 kW heater
Insulated
2, 3,5,6,7 and 8.
1
0C
Symmetry
10 0C
Insulated
3.2- A large industrial furnace is supported on a long column of fireclay

brick, which is 1 m by 1m on a side. During steady-state operation,
insulation is such that three surfaces of the column are maintained at 500
K while the remaining surface is exposed to an airstream for which T =
300 K and h = 10 W/m2. K. Using grid of x = y = 0,25 m, determine
the two-dimensional temperature in the column (nodes1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) .
Page 48

2 Conduction

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2 Conduction

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HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept.

, Heat and Mass Transfer ME 209

Modes of Heat Transfer

Qcond = Rate of Heat transfer by conduction. (W)

2- Convection: energy transfer across

3- Radiation: energy transfer across a system boundary due to a

= Surface Emissivity, A= Surface Area, m2

4- Boiling Heat Transfer: is phase change process occurs at the

5- Condensation: Occurs when the temperature of a vapor is reduced

Qcond = Conduction Heat transfer, (W).

Fourier's equation applied with the following Conditions:

One dimension conduction heat transfer

Put q''=Heat flux =Q/A

Heat Conduction in Multilayer Plane Wall

, where: Qcond = Rate of Heat transfer, W.

One dimension conduction heat transfer

This is the temperature distribution

To find the amount of heat transfer by conduction in cylindrical wall;

Heat Conduction in Multi-layers (n layers ) for Cylindrical wall;

Find The thermal conductivity for wall (B)

Heat flow in axial Direction

General heat conduction equation

-No heat generation

Ex. 2) A 2-m1.5-m section of wall of an industrial furnace burning

Q hA(Ts T ) (10 W / m . C)(3 m )(80 30) C 1500 W

In order to reduce heat loss by 90%, the new heat

Ex. 3) Water is boiling in a 25-cm-diameter aluminum pan (k = 237 W/m

(b) The outer surface temperature of the bottom of the pan is

Ex. 4) Two 5-cm-diameter, 15cm-long

Then the rate of heat transfer is determined to be

Therefore, the rate of heat transfer through the bars is 142.4 W.

Ex. 5) Steam at 320C flows in a cast iron pipe (k =

The rate of heat loss from the hot water tank is

The amount and cost of heat loss per year are

Rtotal Ro R foam R fiberglass 0.026 0.371 0.279 0.676 C/W

Solids with Heat generation in plane wall

One dimension conduction heat transfer

This is temperature distribution in plane wall (2L) thickness and has a

qv= 3 105 W/m3

Max temperature at x=0 is;

1.2106 (0.45) =1000(T2-30)

For one dimension Steady State

T=To max Temp.

This is temperature distribution in cylindrical wall its radius R and has a

An electric current of 400 A flows through a stainless steel cable having a

Q = qv R2L = I2RElec. = h2RL (TS- Tf)

Max temp. @ r = 0, Therefore; T

If electric resistivity is given then; RElec= L/( R2)

From General differential equation

of heat conduction equation with

One dimension conduction heat transfer

By adding eq. 3&4

By Subtracting eq. 3&4

For maximum Temperature,

If Tw1 < Tw2 ; X=-ve

If Tw1 = Tw2 ; X=0

If Tw1 > Tw2 ; X=+ve.

Where; Ac is the cross-sectional area of the fin at location x.

For constant cross section and constant thermal conductivity, the

= T -T is the temperature excess. At the fin base we have o =To - T.

The general solution of the differential equation is;

Where; C1 and C2 are arbitrary constants whose values are to be

Boundary condition at fin tip for very long fin : @x=

By assuming that the minimum temperature