Intermediate three

Additional Grammar
Made for you in order
to help you to
understand grammar

I3

in intermediate three
INFOP Virtual

UNIT 1
Modals Should Have / Could Have Past Forms

UNIT 2
Conditionals in past tense

10

UNIT 3
Relatives Clauses

12

UNIT 4
Relatives Clauses: Whoever,Whatever, However , Whenever, etc.

14

UNIT 5
Modals in past Might /May have and Must Have

18

Conjunctions Not Only / But Also

20

Conjunctions in short answers

23

UNIT 6

UNIT 7

UNIT 8
25

Me too, So do I, Neither do I and Either

UNIT 1

I should have

Modals, should

brought an

have / could have

Umbrella

in past form
As you know Modals or auxiliary
verbs, help to the mean verb to
express an idea.
In this case we are going to talk about
use of modals in past should have
and could have.

SHOULD HAVE
We use should have to talk about an expectation, supposition or unfulfilled obligation in
the past. This may be something which was not done, although it was necessary, or
something which was done but was either wrong or regretted.
Let see the structure and some examples of the use of should have:
(Subject > should > have > verb in past participle>complement.)

I should have thanked Mary for her help, but I completely

forgot.

Note:

The bus should have stopped in the station bus.

verb after
should have is in

Ana should have waited thirty minutes before swimming.

My uncle should have brought my cousin to my party.
We should have bought tickets some days ago.

Remember the

past participle

SHOULDNT HAVE
The structure in negative form is similar to affirmative, you can do it just adding not to the
modal should.
Let see the structure and some examples of the use of shouldnt have:
(Subject > should not > have > verb in past participle>complement.)

I shouldnt have
bought
Chocolates

I shouldnt have eaten too much, I feel bad.

Sergio shouldnt have come yesterday, He is not ready.
We shouldnt have invited James to the party, He was bored.
Adela shouldnt have cooked without follow a recipe.

Note:
Remember the
contraction of
should not is

My friends shouldnt have done bulling to tony.

Shouldnt

SHOULD HAVE INTERROGATIVE

We can make questions in two ways: we can ask directly or using
WH questions.
Let see the structure and some examples of

should have

interrogative:
(Should >Subject > have > verb in past participle>complement >?)
Should I have brought something for the party?
Should you have done your homework yesterday?
Should we have waited for the next train?
(WH Questions >Should >Subject > have > verb in past participle>complement >?)
What should I have done when the fire started?
Why should Diana have read the document?
Where should Henry have been when we needed?

Why should she have

drove the car this
morning?

COULD HAVE
We use could have to talk
about an action or event that
was possible or impossible, but
did not happen in the past.
We often use could have to
speculate
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about

that would have happened.

I could have studied before, but I didnt want.

(Subject > could > have > verb in past participle>complement.)
We could have begun the event before, but wasnt possible.
George could have become a doctor, but he decided to be an engineer.
Alice could have spent too much money, there are many things to buy.
You could have lent me your computer, because I needed it.

We could have
won the match,
but the referee
affected us

something

COULDNT HAVE
As you can see, there is not too much difference in grammar structures of modals.
The negative form of could have is couldnt have, you can do it just adding not to the
modal could. Could not have / couldnt have
Let see the structure and some examples of the use of couldnt have:
(Subject > could > not > have > verb in past participle>complement.)

Gabriel couldnt have ran fifteen kilometers, his leg is damaged.

Sofia couldnt have seen to Melissa, she is out of the city.
Lester couldnt have driven the car, he didnt have a silence.
Children couldnt have stained the wall, they were in the yard.
My mom couldnt have cooked this, she cooks very well.

Obama couldnt
have said that on
television, Hes the
president of The
United States

COULD HAVE INTERROGATIVE

For making questions, you can make it in two ways: you can ask directly according with
the context, or using WH questions.
Let see some examples of could have interrogative:
(Could >Subject > have > verb in past participle>complement >?)
Could you have gotten a better job?
Could he have arrived earlier?
Could we have begun the event on time?
Could they have found the solution soon?
Couldnt you have finished before?

How could I have earned

so much money?

WH Questions:
(WH >question >could >Subject > have > verb
in past participle>complement >?)
When could the team have arrived?
How could he have waited three hours?
Why could Diana have lied in that way?
What could I have done to prevent the fire?
Where could you have found the auto parts?

If you had not

UNIT 2

Brought your

Conditionals

Storybook,

In past tense
As you know a conditional
clause is a supposition of
an action that had
happened or not, but
always has a positive or
negative result.

You wouldnt be reading now

A sentence containing a conditional clause that expresses the result of the condition, is
called a conditional sentence.
A conditional clause is often introduced by the subordinating conjunction If. Other
conditional subordinators include unless, but unless functions as a negative subordinator.
Conditional clauses tend to come at the beginning of the sentence or at the end of the
sentence.
Usually a conditional clause is composed by two sentences in one: a sentence that express
a condition and a sentence that express a result or vice versa.
Let see some examples of that:
Conditional clause > result

Result > conditional clause

If I had seen him, I would have told him the

news.

I would have been swimming, if it hadn't

rained.

If the girl had been listening, she would

have known the answer.

They couldn't have succeeded, if they

hadn't been trying.

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I wouldnt be doing
this madness,
if I had stayed at
home

As you can see in this example

the condition is expressed at
the end of the sentence.
In the result of a conditional
sentences usually is necessary
an auxiliary verb such as
would, could or might.

Let see more examples of conditionals sentences:

If you had taken a taxi, you would be on time.
If we had done our homework, we wouldnt be in troubles now.
If Sandra had grown in New York, she could speak English.
I could swim very well, if you had taught me.
Gerson could come with us, if he had been ready.
They couldn't have succeeded, if they hadn't been trying.

Note:
Questions in conditional
clauses are generally
made from the result
clause, and with WH
Questions

What would you have eaten if she hadn't brought

home dinner?
Where could he have gone if you had been out?
What might have happened if they had lost
the war?

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Relative Clauses

UNIT 3

Relative Clauses are used to provide extra information about the noun, which is not
needed to define it. We often use them to combine two statements in one sentence.
Relative clauses always contain a relative pronoun, and they are always separated
from the rest of the sentence by commas.

Islas de la Bahia, which

has beautiful beaches, is
a good place for scuba
diving.

When the pronoun is the subject of

the verb in the relative clause, we use
pronouns WHO for people and
WHICH for animals, things, or a
whole idea.
My father, who is a doctor, lives in Tegucigalpa.
Andrea, who plays in our team, is the most popular.
Valle de Angeles, which is a small town, is a tourist destiny.
My car, which is an old car, is an excellent car.

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More examples of relative clauses:

My dog, which is a big

dog, is a noble animal.

Remember:
In relative clauses
Who is for people
and

which

for

animal and things.

The pen, which you gave me, doesnt work.

The lawyer, who I wanted to see, didnt come.
Andres was dancing with a girl, who was the most beautiful.
Im waiting for a movie, which is nominated to the Oscars award.

Kids, who eat a

lot, sometimes
they cook their
own food.

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UNIT 4

More Relative Clauses:

Whoever, Whatever, Whenever, Wherever, However

Whoever the
next patient,
could pass
please?

We have seen in the previous

unit that for making possible a
relative clause, is necessary the
use of words like who and which.
Now in this unit we are going to
talk about more relative clauses
but, with the use of words like:
Whoever, Whatever, Whenever,
Wherever, However.

We can think about the W-ever words semantically as the W word + the quantifier any.
The trick to understanding these terms is to realize that they apply to any single one of
the referents, and at the same time refer to all of the referents.

Whoever

Anyone

(Any person or every person)

Whatever

Anything

(This could also be everything)

Whenever

Any time

(This could also be every time)

Wherever

Any place

(Anywhere or everywhere)

However

Any way

(In any manner or way, regardless of how)

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Examples of Whoever
Whoever broke the vase, can you please replace it?
(Any specific person who broke the vase, please replace it)

Whoever goes to the shop, please don't steal anything.

(Any one or more of the people who will go to the shop, don't steal anything)

Whoever it was that knocked on the door last night must have been
drunk, because they dropped twenty dollars as they ran away.
(The unknown person who knocked on the door dropped twenty dollars)

Whoever you just spoke to, she must have some special powers, because
you look like you fell in love.
(The unknown person who you spoke with must have some special powers)

Whatever the case, I have a solution.

Examples of Whatever
Whatever you do, pay attention to the
road when you are driving.
(You can do anything as long as you pay
attention to the road)

They say you can buy whatever you

desire in Harrods, as long as you have the
money.
(You can buy anything in Harrods, if you have
enough money)

The student was so intelligent

that whatever we taught, she
understood.
(She understood everything that she was taught)

The criminal said he would

do whatever he could in order to get out
of jail.
(He would do everything or anything he could to
get out of jail)

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Whenever we take off

Examples of Whenever
Whenever the neighbors flush the toilet,
water comes through our ceiling.
(Every time they flush the toilet it happens)

Whenever she calls, the landlord is busy.

(Every time she calls the landlord, he/she is busy)

Call me whenever you need something.

(Call me any time you need something)

Whenever I go to sleep early, I have

extraordinary dreams.
(Every time I go to sleep early, I have these
dreams)

Examples of Wherever
Wherever you go in the world,
remember where you came from.
(Anywhere you go in the world, remember
those things)

Wherever we go, we always are together.

With a good education in English,

wherever you go, you will have a
good time.
(If you are taught well, you will have a
good time anywhere)

Wherever we put the TV in the

room, the reception is bad.
(Anywhere we put the TV the reception is
bad)

You can put the present that she

gave you wherever you want, just
don't let her know.
(You can put that present anywhere)

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However much she eats,

she never puts on weight.
Examples of However
You can dress however you like for the
party, it's not formal.
(You can dress the way that you want for the party)

However much she eats, she never puts on

weight.
(It doesn't matter how much she eats, she never
gets fat)

You can do it however you like, I don't really

care as long as it gets done.
(You can do it any way that you want)

However rich they may be, it still isn't

enough for them.
(It doesn't matter how rich they may be)

Note:

Examples of another use of However

However has another meaning:

People tend to put on weight in middle age,

however gaining weight is not inevitable

However is used to introduce a

I was on time, however, I had to wait for my

interview.

statement that contrasts with or

seems to contradict something

Brenda went to the supermarket with a

shopping list, however, she forgot several
things.

that has been said previously.

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UNIT 5

Past form of Modals: Might / May

Have, And Must Have
We use Might/May Have to
speculate or form opinions
about possible events in the
past.

May

suggests

stronger probability than

Might.
The usages of May and
might are similar. Although
one or the other is more
likely to be used in some
contexts.

Gisselle finally accepted a date, she

might have thought for long time.

Let see some examples:

I may have met him before, or I may have seen his photograph; I really can't remember.
Looking back, there might have been some signs of trouble, but we didnt see them.
She might have been the thief, but I don't think she was.
The homework may have been too difficult for them.

Note:

I may have been sleeping when you called.

The negatives:

They might not have gone without us.

May not have

and
Might not have

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Must Have
We use Must Have to
express deductions about
past actions or events,
when the speaker uses
logic

to

decide

happened.

Girls bring many bags, they must have spent

a lot of money
Let see some examples:
The roads are all wet this morning, it must have rained last night.
The papers are still here, he must not have finished the report.
There is nobody in the classroom, they must have left early.
The office is empty, everybody must have gone home.
The road must have been blocked.

Note:

He must have missed the bus.

With

modals

may/might have
and Must have in
past,

the

verb

has to be in past
participle.

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what

UNIT 6

Conjunctions
As you know a conjunction
is the part of speech used as

A piece of

a linker for words, phrases,

cake or a

or clauses in a particular

salad

A salad and
a piece of
cake.

sentence. It links these

words or groups of words
together.
In the English language,
conjunctions come in three
basic types:
Coordinating Conjunctions, Subordinating Conjunctions and Correlative
conjunctions, let see the definition of each one and some examples.

Coordinating conjunctions: and / or.

Among the three types of conjunctions, this is probably the most common one. The
main function of coordinating conjunctions is to join words, phrases, and clauses
together, which are usually grammatically equal.
Pizza and burgers are my favorite snacks.
The treasure was hidden in the cave or in the underground lagoon.
I love to drive and listen to music when I go to work.
Karla is thinking about go to a restaurant or go to Movie Theater.
I have to jobs, one in the morning and other one in the afternoon.
When I began to study, I had to choose a technical career or an academic career.

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Subordinating Conjunctions: So, While, Before, Even if, So that

This type of conjunctions is used in linking two clauses together. Aside from the fact that
they introduce a dependent clause, subordinating conjunctions also describe the
relationship between the dependent clause and the independent clause in the sentence.
Let se some commons Subordinating Conjunction:

I watch VT. while dinner

While

is ready.

Before
Even if
Unless
So that

Examples of subordinating conjunctions.

I went to bed early so that I would get plenty of sleep.
While Carlos was waiting, he was reading a book.

Note:

It is so cold outside, so I brought you a jacket.

A subordinating
conjunction can

Dont forget turn off the light before you leaving.

Even if its raining I'm going to play.
Heidy will not come unless you call her.
I went to bed early so that I would get plenty of sleep.

be found either
at the beginning
of the sentence
or between the
clauses that it
links together.

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Correlative Conjunctions
The correlative conjunctions
are
simply
pairs
of
conjunctions which are used
to join equal sentence
elements together.
Among
the
correlative
conjunctions we can find:

He neither call me nor wrote to me for

two months.

Either or
Neither nor
Not only but also
Both and
Whether or
So as

Let see some examples of some correlative conjunctions:

She has not only apologized for causing the accident, but also paid for all the damage.
He's a terrible cook: he either burns the food or serves it uncooked.
We will either return your money or give you a new suit.
I cant decide whether Ill take Chemical Engineering or take Medical Technology.
The company not only fired him, but also accused him of stealing.
She is both pretty and smart.
Whether you study or lose time is not my concern.
I talked to him so as to have a better understanding of the situation.

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UNIT 7

Conjunctions In Short answers

I so / Inot
We can give short answers
to Yes/No questions by
using

SO

instead

of

repeating the clause from

the question. These short
answers can be affirmative
or negative.

There are four common short affirmative answers:

I THINK SO

I DONT THINKS SO (Neutral)

I GUESS SO

I GUESS NOT

I HOPE SO

I HOPE NOT

(Expresses hope)

I'M AFRAID SO

IM AFARID NOT

(Expresses regret or displeasure)

(Usually neutral, but can express regret or displeasure)

Do cats like to swim?

I don't think so. They usually hate to go near water.
It's so late now. You're not going to the movies, are you?
I guess not. I'd probably fall asleep.
Will your parents be angry that you stayed out late?
I hope not. If they are, I'll be stuck at home for a month.

Note:
Remember
conjunctions
in
short answer are
used instead of
repeating
object clause

Are you working on Saturday?

Im afraid so. I wish I wasnt.
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an

There are also short replies to positive or negative statements which

express agreement (the same is true for me). They may refer to the
speaker or to another subject (the same is true for Fred, etc.)

John loves to play

the guitar, the same
is true for Alice,
shes happy doing
that

Mary loves the rain, Isn't that odd, the same is true for Tom He loves to go out
in the rain.
Diego wants to buy a new computer, the same is true for Jenny, shes thinking
about.
Henry practice tennis every Saturday, the same is true for Michael, he goes to
the club every weekend.
Biology students are planning to visit Lancetilla, the same is true for chemistry
students, and they are ready now.

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UNIT 8
Me too

Me Too and so do I
Me too and so do I are used as
short statements to show we share
the same positive circumstances
with the previous statement.
Me too is less formal and quite
versatile. It can be used regardless
of the auxiliary verb of the previous
statement.
So do I can only be used if the
auxiliary verb of the previous
sentence
is
do.

I think
He never will call you again

I am tired.
I ate too much.
I've got new shoes.
I want to eat.

Me too. (Auxiliary > the verb to be)

Me too. (Auxiliary >did)
Me too. (Auxiliary >have)
Me too. (Auxiliary > do)

So am I.
So did I.
So have I.
So do I.

I live in New York.

I do too / so do I.

I went home at 3 o'clock.

Mike did too. / So did Mike.

Pat has had the flu.

Ted has too / so has Ted.

James can sing well.

His wife can, too. / So can his wife.

I must find a taxi.

We must, too. / So must we

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SO is used to show agreement with positive statements.

The Auxiliary needs to agree with the verb tense in the original statement.
It is similar to using TOO at the end of a sentence.

Person A

Person B

I'm going to Brazil in the summer.

So am I.

I am going to Brazil too.

You look nice today.

So do you.

You look nice too.

Stephanie has a new boyfriend.

So does Mary.

Mary has a new one too.

We went to the concert last night.

So did I.

I went to the concert too.

I would love a coffee right now.

So would I.

I would love a coffee too.

He will win a prize.

So will I.

I will win one too.

They have finished their homework.

So have I.

I have finished too.

I can speak two languages.

So can I.

I can speak two too.

I am happy.

So am I.

I am happy too.

He should study more.

So should I.

I should study more too.

We could see the mountains.

So could we.

We could see them too.

My brother had eaten too much.

So had I.

I had eaten too much too.

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Neither do I and Either

Neither is used to show agreement with negative statements. The Auxiliary needs to
agree with the verb tense in the original statement.
It is similar to using either at the end of a sentence, although neither is more commonly
used, especially in spoken English.
A: I don't understand Spanish.
B: Neither do I. (I don't understand Spanish either.)
A: I cannot swim.
B: Neither can I. (I can't swim either.)
Sometimes people respond Me Neither instead of neither + Auxiliary + Subject, this is
very informal spoken English.

Person A
I'm not going to quit.
They don't speak French.
Stephanie doesn't eat meat.
Mary didn't go to the party.
I wouldn't like to do his job.
He won't stop talking.
You haven't finished your meal.
Mike can't reach the top shelf.
You shouldn't talk in the movie.

Person B
Neither am I.
I'm not going to quit either
Neither do I.
I don't speak French either.
Neither does Mary.
Mary doesn't eat meat either.
Neither did I.
I didn't go either.
Neither would I.
I wouldn't like to do it either.
Neither will you.
You won't stop either.
Neither have you.
You haven't finished either.
Neither can I.
I can't reach it either.
Neither should you. You shouldn't talk either.

We couldn't hear him.

I am not hungry.

Neither could we.

Neither am I.

We couldn't hear him either.

I'm not hungry either

I hadn't seen her before.

Neither had I.

I hadn't seen her before either.

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