Spark Final GSM All

GSM Global System for Mobile Telecommunications
Karim Tawfik
Mobile Technology Evolution

3.5G
3G
2.75G
2.5G
2.25G
GPRS
115 kbps
2G
1G
GSM
Speech 13 kbps
1G
HSCSD
57.6 kbps
EDGE
384 kbps
WCDMA
(UMTS)
2 Mbps
HSDPA
3.6 Mbps
HSUPA
5.76 Mbps
Packet Switched
Circuit Switched
Time
Circuit Switching
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL
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Packet Switching
Training Program Title
Instructor Name
Basic communications Block Diagram
Carrier
Transmitted
signal
Transmitter
Received
signal
Channel
Information to
be transmitted
(Bas eband signal)

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Receiver
Recovery of
information

Instructor Name
Why Wireless?
source

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Transmission medium Destination

Instructor Name
Why Wireless?
The kinds of transmission medium :
1- Twisted-pair:
It is very low bandwidth and it is easily tapped either physically or
by monitoring its electromagnetic radiation
2- Coaxial cable:
It is greater bandwidth than twisted-pair but it is very expensive.
3- optical fibers:
It is very high bandwidth , very high bit rate.
4- Radio (wireless):
It is greatly depending on the particular frequency of the
electromagnetic wave and Some of their advantages are:
a- They are very flexible.
b- Portable system can be installed very quickly
c- There are often the most cost-effective solution
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Types of communication
TX
TX+RX
TX+RX

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RX
TX +RX
TX +RX
Radio Coverage
Cell Geometry
Problem of omni Directional antennas
Dead Spots

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Cell Geometry Shape

To solve the dead spot problem
Tradeoffs
The number of cells required to cover a given area.
The cell transceiver power.
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Transceiver Antenna
Sectorial Antenna

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Omni-Directional Antenna

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10
Sectorial antenna
Sectorial Antenna
- The cells will take the form of overlapping circles.

- Due to the obstacles in the coverage area the actual shape of the
cells would be Random.
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Instructor Name
11
GSM Coverage Plan

To provide coverage for a large service area of a mobile network we
have two Options:
(A) Install one transceiver with high

radio power at the center of the
service area
Drawbacks
The mobile equipments used in this
network should have high output
power in order to be able to transmit
signals across the coverage area.
The usage of the radio resources
would be limited.
(B) Divide the service area into

smaller areas (cells)
Advantages
Each cell as well as the mobile
handsets will have relatively small
power transceivers.
The frequency spectrum might be
reused in two far separated cells.
This yields:
Unlimited capacity of the system.
Good interference characteristics

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Instructor Name
12
Radio Access Methods

Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

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13

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

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14

Hybrid TDMA/FDMA

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15

Code Division Multiple Access

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16
Spectrum allocations:
UHF band found to be the most suitable one for GSM as antenna length
required for hand sets must be few cm. and that according to the rule.
L (1/f)

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17
Frequency spectrum

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18
Frequency spectrum

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19
GSM standards used in Egypt

Spectrum Allocation (GSM 900)
Downlink 935 960 MHz
Uplink 890 915 MHz

200 KHz
890.2 890.6
1 2 3 4
890
935
121 122 123 124

121
915 F (MHz)
890.4
935.2 935.6
1
Uplink
Downlink
121 122 123 124
121
960 F (MHz)
935.4
GSM 900 Frequency Allocation
ARFCN
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Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number

Instructor Name
20
GSM standards used in Egypt

Spectrum Allocation (GSM 1800)
Downlink 1805 1880 MHz
Uplink 1710 1785 MHz

200 KHz
1710.2 1710.6
1
Uplink
371 372 373 374
1710 1710.4
1785 F (MHz)
1805.2 1805.6
1
Downlink
371 372 373 374
1805 1805.4
1880 F (MHz)
GSM 1800 Frequency Allocation

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Instructor Name
21
Frequency reuse concept

Why do we need frequency reuse?
Total no of channels (frequencies) = 124

Every channel can be shared between a maximum of 8 subscribers.
Maximum no of simultaneous calls = 8 X 124 = 992 !!
The group of frequencies allocated to a given cell must not be
used in the adjacent cells.
Enough distance between the cells where the same group of
frequencies are reused.

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Instructor Name
22
GSM Frequency Bands

System
P-GSM 900
E-GSM 900
GSM(DCS) 1800
GSM(PCS) 1900
Uplink (MS BS)

Downlink(BS MS)
890 915 MHz

935 960 MHz
880 915 MHz

925 - 960 MHz
1710 1785 MHz

1805 - 1880 MHz
1850 1910 MHz

1930 - 1990 MHz
Wavelength
33 cm
33 cm
17 cm
16 cm
Bandwidth
25 MHz
35 MHz
75 MHz
60 MHz
Duplex distance
45 MHz
45 MHz
95 MHz
80 MHz
Carrier separation
200 kHz
200 kHz
200 kHz
200 kHz
No. of carriers
124
174
374
299
Channel rate
270.8 kbps
270.8 kbps
270.8 kbps
270.8 kbps

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23
Frequency Reuse Concept
N = i^2 + j^2 + ij
N:number of cells/cluster
i and j are integers.

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24
3 / 9 Cluster
3/9 cluster in which the available frequencies are divided into

9 groups and distributed between 3 sites
A3
B3
A2
A1
A3
B3
A2
A1
A3
B3
A2
A1
B1
C3
A3
C2
C1
A3
B3
A2
A1
B2
C3
A3
A1
C3
C2
C1
A3
B3
A2
C2
C1
B1
B2
C3
A1
B2
B1
C3
C2
C1
B2
C3
B1
B2
B1
A1
A2
B3
B3
A2
B3
A1
A2
A3
C1
C2
C2
C1
C2
A3
C1
C2
C1
B1
B1
B2
C3
B2
C3
B1
B2
C3
B1
A2
B3
A1
B3
A1
A2
A1
C1
C2
B3
A2
C2
A3
C1
A3
C3
B1
B2
B1
B2
C3
B2
C2
C1
4 / 12 Cluster
A3
B3
A2
A1
A3
B2
B1
C3
A2
B2
C3
C1
B3
A1
A3
B2
B1
C3
A2
B1
C1
D2
D1
B2
B1
C3
D3
C2
D2
D1
D1
A2
D3
D2
B3
A1
C2
C1
C2
A3
B1
D3
C1
B2
C3
D3
C3
D1
A2
B2
B1
D2
B3
A1
C2
D2
D1
A3
B2
C3
D3
C1
D1
B3
A1
C2
C1
C1
D1
A2
D3
D2
B3
A1
C2
D2
C2
A3
B1
D3
C1
B2
C3
D3
C3
D1
A2
B2
B1
D2
B3
A1
C2
D2
D1
A2
B1
A1
C2
A3
B3
A2
D3
C1
B2
C3
D3
C2
A3
A2
B2
C3
D1
A3
B1
D2
B3
A1
A2
D3
C1
B3
A1
C2
A3
B1
B2
C3
D1
A3
B1
D2
B3
A1
A2
D3
C1
B3
A1
C2
A3
4/12 cluster in which the available frequencies are divided into

12 groups and distributed between 4 sites
C1
D2
D1
7 / 21 Cluster
A3
7 / 21 cluster in which the available frequencies are divided

into 21 groups and distributed between 7 sites
E3
A2
A1
B3
E2
E1
D3
B2
B1
D2
D1
C3
B3
A3
A2
A1
B1
D1
F1
C2
C1
A1
B2
G2
G1
B1
D2
C3
F2
F1
G3
C2
C1
C1
G2
G1
F2
F1
G3
C2
F3
D1
D2
C3
E1
F3
D1
E2
D3
E1
B2
E3
E2
D3
B1
A2
B3
A1
G2
A3
E3
A2
B3
G1
F2
G3
F1
C2
F3
A3
F2
G3
C1
D2
C3
D1
E2
D3
F3
D2
C3
E1
B2
D3
B1
E3
E2
E1
B2
G2
G1
B3
A1
F1
C2
E3
A2
F2
G3
C1
A3
F3
G2
G1
Which Cluster Size to use?

Carrier to interference ratio
Its the difference in power level between the carrier in a given
cell and the same carrier received from the nearest cell that reuses
the same frequency.
Number of frequencies
per site
Traffic Channels
3/9
High
High
Low
4/12
Medium
Medium
Medium
7/21
Low
Low
High

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Instructor Name
C/I Ratio
28
Cellular System Concepts Frequency reuse

Reuse Pattern(Cluster):
- Cells are grouped into Clusters
- Available Band is distributed among the cells of the cluster

- N is the number of cells in a cluster .
- Each frequency is reused after the same distance D
- Reuse Plan = >> (D/R)= 3N
4
1
7
5
6
N=7 Cell Cluster

Where R is the cell radius
D
3
3
5
6
3
2
3
2
4
1
4
1
7
5
6
7
5
5
6
7 Cell Reuse Plan

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Instructor Name
29
Co-channel Interference:
Cells that have the same set of frequencies called cochannel cells and the interference between them is called
co-channel interference.
We can't remove co-channel interference by increasing the
carrier transmitter power as it will increase the interference
with the neighboring cells. To solve co-channel interference,
we must separate the co-channel cells by a minimum
distance to provide sufficient isolation due to propagation.
In the case of each cell has the same size and transmitted
power, the co-channel interference ratio is independent of
the transmitted power and depend on the radius of the cell
(R) and the distance between the centers of the nearest cochannel cell (D). As the ratio D/R increased, the interference
will be reduced as the distance between the co-channel
cells will increase.

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Instructor Name
30
Adjacent Channel Interference:
It is interference resulting from signals which

are adjacent in frequency to desired signal.
It results from imperfect receiver filters which
allow nearby frequencies to leak into the
baseband.
Adjacent frequencies must be avoided in the
same cell and preferably in neighboring cells
also.

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31
Configure ARFCN

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32
Allocate ARFCN to TRX

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33
Erlang B Clculator

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34
Traffic and coverage analysis

A = n x T / 3600 Erlang
Where,
A = offered traffic from one or more users in the system
n = number of calls per hour
T = average call time in seconds
Where,
P is the probability of blocking
m is the number of resources such as servers or circuits in a group
E is the total amount of traffic offered in erlangs

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35
GSM Capacity analysis

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36
Capacity calculations
1. Up link BW = down link BW = (Total BW (MHZ) =50)/2=25 MHZ.

2. No. of frequencies = (uplink bw (MHZ) =25/ch.spacing (MHZ))=0.2=125.
3. Traffic channels/cell= (no. of frequencies=125/cluster size=21) =6.
4. No. of traffic channels= (traffic channels/cell=6)*8-2=46.
5. Traffic/subscriber= (Expected call/hour/user=1/3600)*(Average call/user (second)
=90) =0.025.
6. Using erlang b table B=2%
Traffic channels=46
So traffic/cell=36.53
7. Subscriber/cell= (traffic/cell=36.53)/ (traffic/subscriber=0.025)=1462.
8. No. of cells= (No. of subscribers=300000)/(subscriber/cell=1462)=206.
9. No. of BTSs = (no. of cells= 206)/3=69.

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37
Thank You
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Network architecture
Basic GSM Nodes
SS
AUC
PLMN
ISDN
PSTN
AUC: Authentication Center
BGW: Billing GateWay
BSC: Base Station Controller
BSS: Base Station Subsystem
BTS: Base Transceiver Station
DTI: Data Transmission Interworking
EIR: Equipment Identity Register
GMSC: Gateway MSC
HLR: Home Location Register
ISDN: Integrated Services Digital Network
MS: Mobile Station
MSC: Mobile services Switching Center
PLMN: Public Land Mobile Network
PSTN: Public Switched Telephony Network
SMSC: Short Message Service Center
SS: Switching Subsystem
TRC: Transcoder Resources Controller
PRIVATE
AND CONFIDENTIAL
VLR:
Visitor Location
Register
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HLR
SMSC
BGW
GWMSC
GMSC
DTI
EIR
MSC/VLR
BSS
BSS
BSC/TRC
Air I/f
MS
BTS
Instructor Name
40
Mobile stations
Mobile Station (MS)
The Mobile Equipment is said to be a Mobile Station if the Subscriber

Identity Module ( SIM Card ) is added to it
The SIM Card contains:

A processor and memory.
that stores:
- The international mobile subscriber Identity IMSI
- The Authentication and ciphering keys.

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Instructor Name
41
SIM Card
Stores user addresses
IMSI,MSISDN,TIMSI, rooming, etc
authentication and encryption features

subscribers secret authentication key (Ki)
Authentication algorithm (secret algorithm - A3 not
unique)
Cipher key generation algorithm (A8)
Personalization
SIM stores user profile (subscribed services)
RAM available for SMS, short numbers, users
directory, etc
Protection codes PIN ,PUK

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42
GSM Identities
Mobile Station ISDN Number (MSISDN)
20
10
1100477
44
385
196099
CC
NDC
SN
CC
NDC
SN
VodaFone Egypt MSISDN
CC
NDC
SN
VodaFone UK MSISDN
: Country Code
: Network Destination Code
: Subscriber Number

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43
GSM Identities
International Mobile Subscriber Identity
(IMSI)
234
15
1234567890
602
02
1234567890
MCC
MNC
MSIN
MCC
MNC
MSIN
Vodafone UK IMSI
MCC
MNC
MSIN
Vodafone Egypt IMSI
: Mobile Country Code

: Mobile Network Code
: Mobile Station Identification Number

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44
GSM Identities
International Mobile Equipment Identity
(IMEI)
Final Assembly Codes (FAC)
6 Digits
2 Digits
6 Digits
TAC
FAC
SN
IMEI
TAC: Type Approval Code, The first two
digits are the code for the country approval
SN: Serial Number

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01,02
07,40
10,20
30
40,41,44
47
50
51
51
51
60
70
75
80
85

Instructor Name
AEG
Motorola
Nokia
Ericsson
Siemens
Optional International
Bosch
Sony
Siemens
Ericsson
Alcatel
Sagem
Dancall
Philips
Panasonic
45
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity Number (TMSI)
The TMSI can be allocated to the mobile subscriber

in order to be used instead of his IMSI during all radio
communications. The purpose is to keep subscriber
information confidential on the air interface.
The TMSI is relevant on the local MSC/VLR level only

and is changed at certain events or time intervals.
Each local operator can define its own TMSI
structure.

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46
Cell Basic Attributes

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Instructor Name
47
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
Consists of the radio transmitters, receivers and the antenna system required
to provide the coverage area for one cell.
Converts the GSM radio signals into a format that can be recognized by the
BSC.
Records and passes to the BSC the periodic power measurement reports.
Performs the network end function for the ciphering/encryption process.

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48
Base station controller
Paging
Channel allocation
Dynamic power control in MS and BTS
Locating the MS
Handover
Frequency Hopping

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49
The Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)
Administers its Base Station Controller(s) BSC(s).

Switches calls to/from mobile subscribers.
Records charging and accounting details.

Provides the gateway functionality to other networks.

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50
Split architecture

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51
Home Location Register (HLR)

The HLR is a centralized network database that stores and manages all
mobile subscriptions.
Permanent information
IMSI, MSISDN
Services subscribed
Service restrictions (e.g. roaming restrictions)

Parameters for additional services
info about user equipment (IMEI)
Authentication data
Temporary information
Link to current location of the user:
Current VLR address (if avail)

Current MSC address (if avail)
MSRN (if user outside PLMN)

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52
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
MSC/VLR

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53
Equipment Identity register (EIR)
Database that validates Mobile Equipments

usage. It contains White list for normal
handsets, Gray list for faulty or non-type
approved handsets & Black list for stolen
handsets.

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Instructor Name
54
Short Message Service Center (SMSC)
Receives and stores short messages from mobile subscribers.

Forwards short messages to mobile subscribers.
If the delivery of short messages fails (due to mobile absent or full
memory condition), it starts a retry schedule to deliver the message .
Generates charging data for the short messages delivered.

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55

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56
Security Feature
Authentication: to secure network against unauthorized access.
Ciphering: to protect subscriber data sent over the radio path against
eavesdropping.
Subscriber identity confidentiality.

Equipment Identity Check: to prevent fraudulent usage of mobile
handsets.

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57
Triplets
Authentication Center
RAND
SRES
Kc
Triplet
Home Location Register

RAND
SRES
Kc
Triplet
Visitor Location Register

RAND

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SRES

Instructor Name
Kc
58
Producing Triplets
Authentication
Algorithm
A3
Ki
RAND
RAND
Kc
Kc
RAND
Ki
Ciphering
Algorithm
A8

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SRES
RAND
Random
Number
Generator
IMSI
Ki
SRES

Instructor Name
59
The Authentication procedures

Visitor Location Register
Rand
SRES AUC
Kc
SRES AUC
SRES MS
Access
Barred
Base Station Subsystem

SRES MS
Rand
Kc
SIM Card
SRES MS
Rand
A3
Ki
Rand
A8
Kc

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60
The Ciphering Procedures

DATA
Base Transceiver Station

Kc
Encrypted
DATA
TDMA
Frame Number
Encryption
Algorithm
Air Interface
Kc
Mobile Station
TDMA
Frame Number
Decryption
Algorithm
DATA
DATA
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Encryption
Algorithm
Encrypted
DATA
Decryption
Algorithm
DATA

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61
Thank You
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GSM Transmission Process
A/D Conversion
Segmentation
Speech Coding
Channel Coding
Interleaving
Ciphering/Encryption
Burst Formatting
Modulation and
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Transmission
63

Analog to Digital Conversion
A/D Conversion
Segmentation
Speech Coding
Analog to digital conversion takes place in

3 steps:
1. Sampling
2. Quantization
3. Coding
Channel Coding
Interleaving
Burst Formatting
Modulation and
Transmission
1. Sampling

Telecommunication
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systems use
Sampling
rate = 8 Kbit/s
Instructor
Name
64

A/D Conversion
Segmentation
Speech Coding
2. Quantization
Channel Coding
Interleaving
Burst Formatting
Modulation and
Transmission

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Within common

Instructor Name
65

A/D Conversion
Segmentation
Speech Coding
3. Coding
Channel Coding
Coding involves converting the quantized values into binary.

Every value is represented by a binary code of 13 bits (2 13 = 8192).
Interleaving
Burst Formatting
Modulation and
Transmission
The output rate of the A/D Conversion process is:

8000 Samples/Sec x 13 bits/Sample = 104 Kb/s
If one frequency will be used for 8 calls, then the
bit rate will be 8 x 104 kb/s = 832 kb/s this will not
fit in the 200 KHz channel allocated for one
frequency. Coding should be used to reduce the
rate.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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9 10 11 12 13 0
2Instructor
3 4 Name
5 6
9 10
66

Segmentation
A/D Conversion
Segmentation
Speech Coding
Channel Coding
Interleaving
Burst Formatting
160 sample in 20 ms = 1 Segment
Modulation and
Transmission
160
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

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67

GSM Speech Coding
A/D Conversion
Instead of using 13 bits per sample as in

A/D conversion, GSM speech coding uses
260 bits to encode one segment.
This calculates as 260 bits / 20 ms = 13 kb/s. This provides a speech
quality which is acceptable for mobile telephony and comparable with
wire line PSTN phones.
Segmentation
Speech Coding
Channel Coding
Interleaving
Burst Formatting
Modulation and
Many types of speech coders

are available. Some offer better
speech quality, at the expense
of a higher bit rate (waveform
coders). Others use lower bit
rates, at the expense of lower
speech quality (vocoders).
The hybrid coder used by GSM
provides good speech quality
with a low bit rate, at the
expense of speech coder
complexity.
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Transmission

Instructor Name
68

Channel Coding
A/D Conversion
speech coding does not consider the

problems which may be encountered on the radio transmission path.
The next stages in the transmission process, channel coding and
interleaving, help to overcome these problems.
Segmentation
Speech Coding
Channel Coding
Interleaving
Input is 260 bits representing 1 segment
Burst Formatting

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Modulation and
Transmission

Instructor Name
69
Channel coding
o
o
o
o
Mobile channel is error-prone.

Compressed speech is sensitive to errors.
Error correction is necessary.
Channel coding adds extra bits to help in
error correction.
o GSM uses:
1. Block code
2. Convolutional code

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Instructor Name
70
Channel coding
o The 260 b are split into 3 blocks:
o Block 1 (class 1a)
50 very important bits.
Sent to block code to get 53 bits.
If erroneous, (BFI) is sent.
o Block 2 (class 1b)
132 important bits.
53 b + 132 b + 4 tail bits are 1:2
Convolutional coded.
4 tail bits will set the register.
o Block 3 (class 2)
78 not so important bits.
These are not protected at all.
o This results in 456 bits/20 msec
o This gives 22.8 kb/sec

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71
Types of channels
Types of Traffic channels

22.8 Kbps
1. Full rate
- 13 Kbps data rate
13 Kbps
9.8 Kbps
2. Enhanced full rate

- 12.2 Kbps data rate
12.2 Kbps
10.6 Kbps
3. Half rate
- increase network capacity
5.6 Kbps 5.8 Kbps
11.4 Kbps
Data
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Redundancy
72
Interleaving
Interleaving
- First level :Block interleaving
57 bits
1
9
17
25
.
.
.
2
10
18
26
.
.
.
3
11
19
27
.
.
.
4
12
20
28
.
.
.
5
13
21
29
.
.
.
6
14
22
30
.
.
.
7
15
23
31
.
.
.
8
16
24
32
.
.
.
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
Radio Transmission Problems

Interleaving
A/D Conversion
Segmentation
Speech Coding
1. First Level Interleaving
Channel Coding
Interleaving
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
..
..
..
..
Burst Formatting
Modulation and
Transmission
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456

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8 Groups Instructor Name
57 Bits
..
74

Ciphering and Encryption
A/D Conversion
Segmentation
Speech Coding
Channel Coding
The purpose of ciphering is to encode the

burst so that it cannot be interpreted by any other
device than the intended receiver.
The ciphering algorithm in GSM is called the A5
algorithm.
It does not add bits to the burst, meaning that the
input and output
to the ciphering process is the same as the input: 456
bits per 20 ms.

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Interleaving
Burst Formatting
Modulation and
Transmission
75

Burst Formatting
A/D Conversion
Every transmission from an MS/BTS must

include some extra information such as the training sequence.
The process of burst formatting is to add these bits (along with some
others such as tail bits) to the basic speech/data being sent.
In GSM, the input to burst formatting is the 456 bits received from
ciphering. Burst formatting adds a total of 136 bits per block of 20 ms,
bringing the overall total to 592.
Segmentation
Speech Coding
Channel Coding
Interleaving
Burst Formatting
Modulation and
Transmission
Now, the 592 bits will be sent on 4 bursts, each containing 2 x 57 bits
+ 136 / 4 = 148 bits.
However, each time slot on a TDMA frame is 0.577 ms long.
This provides enough time for 156.25 bits to be transmitted (each bit
takes 3.7 us),
The rest of the space, 8.25 bit times, is empty and is called the Guard
Period (GP). This time is used to enable the MS/BTS ramp up and
ramp down.
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Instructor Name
76
Calculations
-Bit rate of the radio carrier is 270.833 Kbps
-Bit duration =1/270.833=3.69 sec

-One time slot =148 bits+8.25 guard bits=156.25 bits
-Time slot duration =156.25x3.69 sec= 0.577 msec
-Frame duration=0.557x8= 4.615 msec

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Instructor Name
77

Burst Formatting
A/D Conversion
To ramp up means to get power from

the battery/power supply for transmission.
Ramping down is performed after each transmission to ensure
that the MS is not transmitting during time slots allocated to other
MSs.
The output of burst formatting is a burst of 156.25 bits or 625 bits

per 20 ms. When it is considered that there are 8 subscriber per
TDMA frame, the overall bit rate for GSM can be calculated to be
270.9 kbits/s.
Segmentation
Speech Coding
Channel Coding
Interleaving
Burst Formatting
Modulation and
Transmission
TDMA Frame
0
Tail
Bits
3
57
Training
Sequence
Encrypted Bits

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26
156.25 bits
Encrypted Bits
Tail
Bits
57

Name
in Instructor
577 u Sec
Guard
Period
8.25
78
Modulation
- Gaussian minimum shift keying
modulator

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79
Air Interface
Air Interface
Physical Channels
GSM band is divided into 124 RF channels, and each channel is divided into 8
time slots using TDMA. These time slots are called physical channels.
CH 124
CH 3
CH 2
CH 1

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Time
81
Air Interface
Logical Channels
A physical channel may be occupied by a traffic channel or a control channel,
both of them are classified as logical channels.
Logical Channels
Traffic Channels
Half Rate
Full Rate
Control Channels
Common
Broadcast
Dedicated
RACH
BCCH
SDCCH
ACGCH
SCH
FACCH
PCH
FCCH
SACCH
CBCCH

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82
Air Interface
Traffic Channels
Carries either encoded speech or user data up and down link between a single
mobile and a single BTS.
Enhanced Full Rate = 15.1 Kbit/S

Full Rate = 13 Kbit/S
Half Rate = 6.5 Kbit/S

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Instructor Name
83
Common Control Channel

Paging CHannel (PCH)
At certain time intervals the MS listens to the PCH to check if the network
wants to make contact with the MS. The reason why the network may want
to contact the MS could be an incoming call or an incoming short message.
The information on PCH is a paging message, including the MSs identity
number (IMSI) or a temporary number (TMSI). PCH is transmitted downlink
only.
Random Access CHannel (RACH)
The MS listens to the PCH to determine when it is being paged. When the
MS is paged, it replies on the RACH requesting a signaling channel. RACH
can also be used if the MS wants to contact the network. For example,
when setting up a mobile originating call. RACH is transmitted uplink only.
Access Grant CHannel (AGCH)
The networks assigns a signaling channel (Stand-alone Dedicated Control
Channel (SDCCH)) to the MS. This assignment is performed on the AGCH.
AGCH is transmitted downlink only.
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84
Broadcast Channels
Frequency Correction Control CHannel (FCCH)
On FCCH, bursts only containing zeroes are transmitted. This serves two purposes.
First to make sure that this is the BCCH carrier, and second to allow the MS to
synchronize to the frequency. FCCH is transmitted downlink only.
Synchronization CHannel (SCH)
The MS needs to synchronize to the time-structure within this particular cell, and
also ensure that the chosen BTS is a GSM base station. By listening to the SCH,
the MS receives information about the frame number in this cell and about BSIC of
the chosen BTS. BSIC can only be decoded if the base station belongs to the GSM
network. SCH is transmitted downlink only.
Broadcast Control CHannel (BCCH)
The MS must receive some general information concerning the cell in order to start
roaming, waiting for calls to arrive or making calls. The needed information is
broadcast on the Broadcast Control CHannel (BCCH) and includes the Location
Area Identity (LAI), maximum output power allowed in the cell and the BCCH
carriers for the neighboring cells on which the MS performs measurements. BCCH
is transmitted on the downlink only.
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85
Dedicated Control Channels

Standalone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH)
The MS as well as the BTS switches over to the assigned SDCCH. The call set-up procedure
is performed on the SDCCH, as well as the textual message transmission (short message and
cell broadcast) in idle mode. SDCCH is transmitted both uplink and downlink. When call set-up
is performed, the MS is told to switch to a TCH.
Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH)
The SACCH is associated with SDCCH or TCH (i.e. sent on the same physical channel). On
the uplink, the MS sends averaged measurements on its own BTS (signal strength and quality)
and neighboring BTSs (signal strength). On the downlink, the MS receives information
concerning the transmitting power to use and instructions on the timing advance. SACCH is
transmitted both uplink and downlink.
Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH)
If a handover is required the FACCH is used. FACCH works in stealing mode meaning that
one 20 ms segment of speech is exchanged for signaling information necessary for the
handover. Under normal conditions the subscriber does not notice the speech interruption
because the speech coder repeats the previous speech block.
Cell Broadcast Channel (CBCH)
CBCH is only used downlink to carry Short Message Service Cell Broadcast (SMSCB) and
uses the same physical channel as the SDCCH.
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86
Chapter 4 : Radio Transmission Problems

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87
Effects on Radio Communication

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88

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89
Effects on Radio
Communication
-
Path loss
Pr Pt
R
Signal
level (dB)
=3~4
Distan
e
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90

The difference in paths leads to a difference in paths of the received
components.
2. Rayleigh Fading (Multi-path Fading):
t1
t2
t3

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92

Fading Problems

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93
To overcome multipath fading we use :
- Microscopic diversity and combining techniques

- Frequency hopping
- Interleaving technique

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94

Fading Problems Solutions
1. Increase the fading Margin

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Instructor Name
95

2. Antenna Diversity (Space Diversity)

3. Frequency hopping (frequency Diversity)

F
f3
f2
f1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

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97

4. Interleaving (time Diversity)

- Combining techniques :
1-Selective technique
- used in mobile due to simplicity
2-Maximal ratio technique
- Best fading reduction
3-Equal gain technique
comparator
Receiver
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99

- Time dispersion
- Due to multipath fading

- To overcome this we use
1. delay equalizer (Viterbi Equalizer)
2. Increase the Carrier to reflection
ratio
Path 1
Path 2

Time dispersion problem
Bit Rate = 270.8 Kb/s
One BIT Duration = 3.7 sec
Bit stream is moving with
the velocity of light which equals
3 x 10 5 Km/sec
Then, when bit 2 is transmitted,
bit one will
cut a distance
= 3.7 x 10 -6 x 3 x 10 5 = 1.1 km
There would be an Inter-Symbol Interference between the a bit in the reflected

ray and 1 bit later in the direct way .
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101

Time dispersion problem Solution
1. Increase the Carrier to reflection ratio

The C/R ratio is defined as the difference in signal strength between the signal
received from the RBS and the strongest reflected signal .
C/R Relative position to the BTS

Result
Planner should choose the proper position of the site to make the C/R
maximum everywhere in the coverage area of the site.

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102

- Distance between MS and BS
- This makes Time alignment Problem
- To overcome this system should respond to this delay
T1
T2
T3
A
B
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIALA

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B
103

Time Delay problem
If a mobile subscriber is located far from the site,
then its transmitted bursts will arrive at the cell
transceiver with a significant delay that may lead to
overlapping with the bursts sent on the next time slot.
Solution to time delay problem
The site will send a Timing Advance value to the mobile station that is moving
away, telling it to send its bursts with a certain amount of time ahead of the
synchronization time.
The timing advance has values from 0 to 63 depending on how far the mobiles
located. The size of a cell is limited by this parameter to a maximum radius of 35
Km.

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104
Traffic Cases
Location update
Why do we need to update our location data ?

Actually, the location update process is invited in aim to exactly identify your
location within the network so that any incoming call goes directly to the called
subscriber.
To fulfill this aim, one can say that we may update the system with the cell ID
each time the subscriber changes his serving cell.
The MSC/VLR will now know the exact cell you are roaming in.
This will result in a huge amount of location update messages.
An extreme is never to make a location update and to be paged in all the
network. This will cause huge amount of paging messages.
Do you have a compromising solution ?

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106
Traffic Cases
Location Area
Location area is a part of the MSC/VLR coverage area. Each group of adjacent cells is
assigned a universal unique location area identity.
The mobile subscriber is only required to update the network with its new location every
time it changes its Location Area.
Introducing the concept of Location area enables us to make an approximate estimation

of your location.

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107
MSC Coverage Area

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108
Location Area Identity (LAI)
602
02
1607
MCC
MNC
LAC
Vodafone Egypt LAI

MCC
MNC
LAC

: Location Area Code

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109
Cell Global Identity (CGI)
602
02
1607
781
MCC
MNC
LAC
CID
Vodafone Egypt CGI

MCC
MNC
LAC
CID

: Location Area Code
: Cell ID

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110
Types of Location update
1. Normal Location update within same MSC/VLR service area

2. Normal Location update between 2 different MSC/VLR service areas
3. IMSI attach/detach
4. Periodic Location Update

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111
Normal Location within the same MSC/VLR Service area
Updates
LA Record
MSC/VLR
1. The Mobile sends an allocation request

message to the BTS
2. The BTS responds with the allocation
message
BSC
3. The mobile sends a location update

request message with its IMSI to the
MSC/VLR
4. The MSC/VLR updates the location
information and sends a Location Update
confirmation message

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112
Normal Location Update between 2 different MSC/VLR

service areas
1. The mobile sends a location

update request to the MSC.
VLR Address
=
New
Old MSC
MSC
HLR
IMSI to MGT
translation
2. The new MSC/VLR receives the IMSI

and conclude the MGT.
3. The MSC/VLR sends a subscriber
information request with the IMSI
to the proper HLR
Old MSC/VLR
New MSC/VLR
Old BSC
NEW BSC
4. The HLR stores the address of

the new MSC/VLR
5. The HLR sends the data to the
new MSC/VLR and it is kept there
6. The HLR sends a location
cancellation message to the old
MSC/VLR to remove the data
7. The new MSC/VLR sends a location
updating confirmation message to
PRIVATEthe
ANDmobile
CONFIDENTIAL
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LA 2
LA 1

Instructor Name
113
IMSI Detach
1. At power off, the MS asks for a signaling

channel.
2. The MS uses this signaling channel to
send the IMSI detach message to the
MSC/VLR.
3. In the VLR, an IMSI detach flag is set for
the subscriber. This is used to reject
incoming calls to the MS.
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114
IMSI Attach
IMSI attach is a complement to the IMSI detach procedure. It is used by
the mobile subscriber to inform the network that it has re-entered an
active state and is still in the same location area. If the MS changes
location area while being switched off, a normal location update takes
place.
1. The MS requests a signaling channel.
2. The MSC/VLR receives the IMSI attach message from the MS.
3. The MSC/VLR sets the IMSI attach in the VLR. The mobile is now
ready for normal call handling.
4. The VLR returns an acknowledgment to the MS.
BSC
2
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MSC/VLR
3
115
Periodic Location Update
Periodic location update is a routine task performed by the

network if the MS doesnt make any location update ( any of
the previous 4 types) during a predefined period.
If the MS doesnt respond to this periodic location update, it will
be marked as implicitly detached. ( Temporarily out of service )

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116
Handover
- Handover is to keep continuity of the call when the subscriber is roaming along
the network moving from one cell to another and moving between different
nodes in the network.
- During call, the MS is continuously measuring transmission quality of
neighboring cells and reports this results to the BSC through the BTS.
- The BSC, being responsible on supervising the cells, is responsible of
handover initiation.
- Good neighbor relations between cells is an important factor in keeping the
network performance in the accepted level.

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117
Types of Handover
1. Intra BSC Handover:

When the cell to which the call will be handed over belongs to the same
BSC of the serving cell.
2. Inter BSC / Intra MSC Handover:
When the cell to which the call will be handed over belongs to the different
BSCs but to the same serving MSC.
3. Inter MSC
When the cell to which the call will be handed over belongs to the different BSC
and different MSC.

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118
Handover between Cells Controlled by the Same BSC

When performing a handover between two cells controlled by the same BSC,
the MSC/VLR is not involved. However, the MSC/VLR will be informed when
a handover has taken place. If the handover involves different LAs, location
updating is performed once the call is finished.
1. The BSC orders the new RBS to activate a TCH.
2. The BSC sends a message to the MS, via the old RBS, containing
information about the frequency and time slot to change to and also the
output power to use. This information is sent to the MS using FACCH.
3. The MS tunes to the new frequency, and transmits handover access bursts
in the correct time slot.
4. the new RBS detects the handover bursts.
5. The MS sends a Handover Complete message to the BSC via the new RBS
6. The BSC tells the old RBS to release the old TCH.

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119
Mobile Originated Call

1.
2.
PSTN
3.
MSC
4.
5.
BSC
6.

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The mobile sends a call request along with its

IMSI to its serving MSC/VLR which will mark the
mobile as busy.
Authentication is performed by the MSC to
verify the mobile access to the network, and
then ciphering is initiated in order to protect the
mobile call on the radio path.
The mobile sends a call setup message to the
MSC with information about the call type,
services required and the dialed number.
MSC checks the categories of the mobile
subscriber to verify that he is authorized to use
the required services, and then a link is
established between the MSC and BSC.
BSC checks the mobile serving BTS for an idle
traffic channel and then orders that BTS to seize
this channel for a call.
The BSC informs the MSC when the traffic
channel assignment is complete, and then the
MSC/VLR starts to analyze the dialed number
and sets
up
a connection
to the called
Training
Program
Title
120
Instructor Name
subscriber.
IMSI ATTACH while Roaming

When an MS is roaming internationally, the following occurs:
1. The MS is switched on and scans all GSM frequencies within
one frequency band (e.g. GSM 900). It is searching for a BCCH carrier. The MS tunes to the
BCCH carrier that has the strongest signal strength and reads its system information. This
includes the identity of the network operator.
2. The MS compares this network identity with the list of
forbidden PLMNs in the SIM memory. This list contains all network identities, which the
subscribers home operator does not have an international roaming agreement with. If the
network, which the MS has tuned to, is a forbidden network, the MS continues to scan for a
permitted network.
3. If the MS does not find a permitted network, but has identified a forbidden network, it displays
the message Emergency Calls Only. If the MS finds a permitted network, it tunes to it and
sends an IMSI attach message.
4. The remainder of this traffic case is identical to that of the normal IMSI attach case, with the
only difference being that the subscribers HLR is located in another country.

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121
Traffic
Cases
Roaming:
Location Update
IMSI
Is roaming and Int.

calls allowed ?
60202..
Is a roaming agreement present ?

MSC/VLR
Copy of the HLR Profile will

be stored in Stock. VLR
Attached
Detached
VLR ADD=
HLR

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Stock.
Egypt Airport
Roaming & Int.
Roaming
& Int.
Allowed
Allowed

Instructor Name
122
Thank You
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GSM Global System for Mobile Telecommunications

Mobile Technology Evolution

Basic communications Block Diagram

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL

Training Program Title

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL

Transmission medium Destination

Training Program Title

Training Program Title

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL

Training Program Title

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL

Training Program Title

Cell Geometry Shape

Training Program Title

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL

Training Program Title

- The cells will take the form of overlapping circles.

Training Program Title

GSM Coverage Plan

(A) Install one transceiver with high

(B) Divide the service area into

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL

Training Program Title

Radio Access Methods

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL

Training Program Title

Radio Access Methods

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL

Training Program Title

Radio Access Methods

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL

Training Program Title

Radio Access Methods

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL

Training Program Title

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL

Training Program Title

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL

Training Program Title

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL

Training Program Title

GSM standards used in Egypt

Uplink 890 915 MHz

121 122 123 124

GSM 900 Frequency Allocation

Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number

GSM standards used in Egypt

Uplink 1710 1785 MHz

371 372 373 374

371 372 373 374

GSM 1800 Frequency Allocation

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL

Training Program Title

Frequency reuse concept

Total no of channels (frequencies) = 124

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL

Training Program Title

GSM Frequency Bands

Uplink (MS BS)

890 915 MHz

880 915 MHz

1710 1785 MHz

1850 1910 MHz