Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
HYBRID VEHICLE
Project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of
the degree B.Tech in Mechanical Engineering
BY
M. KARTHIK RAJA
(09241A0316)
M.RAMESH BABU
(09241A0328)
K.SANDEEP KUMAR
(09241A0338)
April, 2013
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that project on HYBRID VEHICLE that is to be submitted by M.
KATHIK RAJA (09241A0316), M.RAMESH BABU (09241A0328), K. SANDEEP
KUMAR (09241A0338) in partial fulfilment for the award of B.Tech in Mechanical
Engineering to the department of Mechanical Engineering; GokarajuRangaraju Institute of
Engineering and Technology; affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University
Hyderabad is a record of bona fide work carried out by them under our guidance and
supervision.
The results embodied in this Project Report have not been submitted to any other
university or institute for award of any degree or diploma.
PROJECT GUIDE:
M. V. ADITYA NAG
Asst. Professor, GRIET
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to take this opportunity and express our sincere thanks to all those who
helped us in the course of this project work.
We are deeply indebted to our guide Mr.M.V. Aditya Nag, Asst. Professor,
for her expert guidance during the entire course of project work, without which it would not
have been possible to successfully complete this project.
We would like to thank Dr. Jandhyala N Murthy, Principal, GRIET for
having permitted us in pursuing our project. We are thankful to Dr. K.G.K Murti, Head of
Department and professor.
We would like to thank Dr. P.A.P.N. NagendraVarma,Professor
coordinating our project work throughout the semester.
for
We would also like to thank Mr.P.V.R.K. AnjaneyaRaju for his support and
suggestions and all staff members who gave their valuable advice in doing this project.
We also thank our parents who have supported us and also each and every
person who has influenced our project in one way or other.
M. KARTHIK RAJA
- 09241A0316
M. RAMESH BABU
- 09241A0328
ABSTRACT
In the present energy scenario the fossil fuel sources are fast depleting and their
combustion products are causing global environmental problems. So it is inevitable to shift
towards these of renewable energy resources which in turn will reduce pollution levels and
save fossil fuels. One possible alternative is HYBRID VEHICLE. Our main idea is to use
AIR and SOLAR ENERGY.
Air powered cars runs on compressed air instead of gasoline. This car is powered by a
compressed engine. Battery power drawn from the engine could possibly be used to power
the compressor. And we can develop the power required to drive the compressor by using
solar energy.
Hybrid vehicle is cheaper and beneficial compared to hydrogen engines, bio-diesel
engines. Nevertheless, the compressed air vehicle will contribute in reducing urban air
pollution in the long run. This project deals with the manufacturing and analysis of air
compressor powered vehicles powered using solar energy.
INDEX
S No.
Topic
Page No
i.
Cover Page
ii.
Certificate
ii
iii.
Acknowledgement
iii
iv.
Abstract
iv
v.
Index
vi.
List of Figures
Vii
vii.
List of Tables
viii
Introduction
1.1
1.2
1.3
2.1
2.2
Air engine
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
Transmission losses
Air compressor
4.1
Introduction
11
11
4.2
Working
11
4.3
Types
12
13
5.1
Introduction
13
5.2
13
5.3
18
5.4
6
Block diagram
20
21
6.1
Charge controller
21
6.2
Inverter
21
6.3
Battery
28
31
32
8.1
32
8.2
Connectors
32
8.3
Valves
33
36
9.1
36
9.2
Analysis on engine
40
9.3
44
10
Conclusion
49
11
References
54
LIST OF TABLES
S.No
Table No
Description
Page No
6.1
24
6.2
26
9.1
37
9.2
Results table
38
9.3
44
9.4
45
Table-1
46
47
48
49
50
(10 am)
8
Table-2
(12 pm)
Table-3
(2 pm)
10
Table-4
(4 pm)
11
Table-5
LIST OF FIGURES
S. No
Figure
No.
Description
Page No
1.1
Pneumatic Locomotive
1.2
1.3
Temperature and CO2 for last 1000 years & sea level raise
analysis
1.4
Radial IC engine
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
10
4.1
Air compressor
11
10
5.1
19
11
5.2
20
12
6.1
Charge controller
21
13
6.2
22
14
6.3
28
15
6.4
29
16
6.5
30
17
7.1
31
18
8.1
32
19
8.2
Connectors used
33
20
8.3
34
21
9.4
41
22
10.1
50
23
10.2
51
10
1.
INTRODUCTION
Air engine is a new green project, where the main aim lies in using nonconventional energy source to produce power output i.e. , air is used as the power source
which is used to run the engine. The laws of physics dictate that uncontained gases will fill
any given space. The easiest way to see this in action is to inflate a balloon. The elastic skin
of the balloon holds the air tightly inside, but the moment you use a pin to create a hole in the
balloon's surface, the air expands outward with so much energy that the balloon explodes.
Compressing a gas into a small space is a way to store energy. Working of an air engine or an
air car is based on the above mentioned principle. Instead of piston displacement by burning
of air-fuel mixture, compressed air is introduced into the chamber which results in similar
piston displacement. This new technology brings scope for an eco-friendly car. Though this is
the cleanest and most energy efficient process, a power source is required to run the air
compressor which in turn powers the air engine. The potential problem lies in powering the
air compressor. There are various ways of powering the air compressor, but the best non
conventional source is through solar power.
Air compressor contains a motor which is used for the basic function of
compressing the air. The efficiency and the output of the compressor depend on the capacity
of the motor. The compressor will use air from around the car to refill the compressed air
tank. Unfortunately, this is a rather slow method of refuelling and will probably take up to
two hours for a complete refill. If the idea of an air car catches on, air refuelling stations will
become available at ordinary gas stations, where the tank can be refilled much more rapidly
with air that's already been compressed. Filling your tank at the pump will probably take
about three minutes. Similarly this project focuses on running the air car running
continuously with an air compressor attached in the car. By doing so, there will not be any
necessity for air filling stations. A 2H.P motor powered air compressor is sufficient for
running an air car at low speeds of 20-30kmph. Air cars also required to be as light as
possible. Thus, Aluminium or its respective alloys are most suitable for the building of air
cars. The current project focuses on the aspect of building an air powered car with its built-in
compressor.
Complete exhaust system can be omitted because air will not be contaminated or polluted
after exiting the air engine.
11
12
In 1979, Terry Miller decided that compressed air was the perfect medium for
storing energy. He developed Air Car One, which he built for $ 1,500. Terrys engines
showed that it was feasible to manufacture a car that could run on compressed air. He
patented his method in 1983 (US4370857).
In the 1980s Carl Leissler developed a motor that was able to function on air.
The retired horticulturalist had been working from his garage in Hollywood for over 15 years.
He says that to use his motor in a car you might have to use a small electric or gas energy
source to help drive the air compressor. We might be able to get 2000 miles per gallon; air is
a power in itself Leissler comments.
Recently several companies have started to develop compressed air cars,
although none have been released to the public, or have been tested by third parties
The first air cars will almost certainly use the Compressed Air Engine
(CAE) developed by the French company, Motor Development International (MDI). Air cars
using this engine will have tanks that will probably hold about 3,200 cubic feet (90.6
kiloliters) of compressed air. The vehicle's accelerator operates a valve on its tank that allows
air to be released into a pipe and then into the engine, where the pressure of the air's
expansion will push against the pistons and turn the crankshaft. This will produce
enough power for speeds of about 35 miles (56 kilometres) per hour. When the air car
surpasses that speed, a motor will start to operate the in-car air compressor so it can compress
more air on the fly and provide extra power to the engine. The air is also heated as it hits the
engine, increasing its volume to allow the car to move faster.
13
14
15
16
17
3. AIR ENGINE
Engine
Stroke Length
: 50 mm
Bore
: 50 mm
Displacement
Engine cycle
: 100 cc
: Four stroke
: 5.5BHP
: 10.2 Nm@7500rpm
: Air cooled
18
These cams provide determined motion to the follower based on the assumed cam profile
which is done in actual practice. The design of this cam shaft has been altered to run the
original four-stroke engine as a two-stroke engine. This can be done in two ways. One of the
19
methods is by changing the timing ratio, i.e. for one rotation of the camshaft the crankshaft
also rotates once, hence becoming a two-stroke engine. For this, a smaller sprocket that
matches the one that is mounted on the crankshaft is machined and mounted on the camshaft.
The cam chain will then run both the sprockets in 1:1 ratio. Another method is by doubling
the number of lobes on the cam shaft itself. The lobes are made symmetrical about the cam
shaft axis, thus obtaining a double sided lobe for the inlet as well as the outlet valve. As a
result, although the ratio between the crankshaft and the camshaft remains 2:1, the valves
open and close once for each rotation of the crankshaft.
20
21
4. AIR COMPRESSOR
4.1 INTRODUCTION:
An air compressor is a device that converts power (usually from an electric motor, a diesel
engine or a gasoline engine) into kinetic energy by compressing and pressurizing air, which,
on command, can be released in quick bursts. There are numerous methods of air
compression, divided into either positive-displacement or negative-displacement types.
4.2 WORKING:
Air compressors collect and store air in a pressurized tank, and use pistons and valves to
achieve the appropriate pressure levels within an air storage tank that is attached to the
motorized unit. There are a few different types of piston compressors that can deliver even air
pressures to the user.
Automotive compressors are combustion engine compressors that use the up-and-down
stroke of the piston to allow air in and pressurize the air within the storage tank. Other piston
compressors utilize a diaphragm, oil-free piston. These pull air in, and pressurize it by not
allowing air to escape during the collection period.
22
These are the most common types of air compressors that are used today by skilled workers
and craftsmen. Before the day of motorized engines, air compressors were not what they are
today. Unable to store pressurized air, a type of antique air compressor may be found in the
blacksmith's foundry bellows. Now the air compressor is capable of building extreme
pressures in storage tanks capable of storing enormous amounts of pressurized gases for
industrial use.
4.3 TYPES:
1. According to the design and principle of operation
Reciprocating compressor
Rotary screw compressor
Turbo Compressor
2. According to the number of stages
Single stage compressor
Multi stage compressor
3. According to the pressure limits
23
5.1 INTRODUCTION:
Every day, the sun radiates (sends out) an enormous amount of energycalled solar
energy. It radiates more energy in one second than the world has used since time began. This
energy comes from within the sun itself. Like most stars, the sun is a big gas ball made up
mostly of hydrogen and helium gas. The sun makes energy in its inner core in a process
called nuclear fusion. It takes the suns energy just a little over eight minutes to travel the 93
million miles to Earth. Solar energy travels at a speed of 186,000 miles per second, the speed
of light. Only a small part of the radiant energy that the sun emits into space ever reaches the
Earth, but that is more than enough to supply all our energy needs. Every day enough solar
energy reaches the Earth to supply our nations energy needs for a year! Solar energy is
considered a renewable energy source. Today, people use solar energy to heat buildings and
water and to generate electricity.
Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using
photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). Concentrated solar
power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight
into a small beam. Photovoltaics convert light into electric current using the photoelectric
effect. A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell (PV), is a device that converts light into electric
current using the photoelectric effect. Solar cells produce direct current (DC) power which
fluctuates with the sunlight's intensity. For practical use this usually requires conversion to
certain desired voltages or alternating current (AC), through the use of inverters.[15] Multiple
solar cells are connected inside modules. Modules are wired together to form arrays, then tied
to an inverter, which produces power at the desired voltage, and for AC, the desired
frequency/phase.[15]
Different types of solar cells or solar panels are used for varied power outputs.
The efficiency or the output of the panel depends upon the structure and the arrangement of
silicon in the panel. Though different types of geometric shapes result in variation in the
panel efficiency, much concern is not attributed to the shape.
Crystalline
Mono crystalline
Poly crystalline
Thin film solar panels
Building integrated photo voltaics
24
25
Advantages:
Monocrystalline solar panels have the highest efficiency rates since they are made out
of the highest-grade silicon. The efficiency rates of monocrystalline solar panels are
typically 15-20%. Sun Power produces the highest efficiency solar panels on the U.S.
market today. Their E20 series provide panel conversion efficiencies of up to 20.1%.
Monocrystalline silicon solar panels are space-efficient. Since these solar panels yield
the highest power outputs, they also require the least amount of compared to any other
types. Monocrystalline solar panels produce up to four times the amount of electricity
as thin-film solar panels.
Monocrystalline solar panels live the longest. Most solar panel manufacturers put a
25-year warranty on their monocrystalline solar panels.
Tend to perform better than similarly rated polycrystalline solar panels at low-light
conditions.
Disadvantages:
Monocrystalline solar panels are the most expensive. From a financial standpoint, a
solar panel that is made of polycrystalline silicon (and in some cases thin-film) can be
a better choice for homeowners.
If the solar panel is partially covered with shade, dirt or snow, the entire circuit can
break down. Consider getting micro-inverters instead of central string inverters if you
think coverage will be a problem. Micro-inverters will make sure that not the entire
solar array is affected by shading issues with only one of the solar panels.
26
Advantages:
The process used to make polycrystalline silicon is simpler and cost less. This reduces
Disadvantages:
The efficiency of polycrystalline-based solar panels is typically 13-16%. Because of
lower silicon purity, polycrystalline solar panels are not quite as efficient as
monocrystalline solar panels.
You need to cover a larger surface to output the same electrical power as you would
27
Advantages:
The manufacturing of String Ribbon solar panels only uses half the amount silicon as
solar cells.
Their homogenous appearance makes them look more appealing.
Can be made flexible, which opens up many new potential applications.
High temperatures and shading have less of an impact on solar panel performance.
In situations where space is not an issue, thin-film solar panels can make sense.
Disadvantages:
Thin-film solar panels are in general not very useful for in most residential
situations. They are cheap, but they also require a lot of space. Sun power`s
monocrystalline solar panels produce up to four times the amount of electricity as
thin-film solar panels for the same amount of space.
Poor space-efficiency also means that costs of support structures, cables and other PV
equipment increase.
Thin-film solar panels tend to degrade faster than mono- and polycrystalline solar
28
29
FIG 10: Solar panels that are mounted on structure with series connection
30
Thus from the above calculations we can say that the solar panels can generate up to 62.05Whr of energy for the purpose of recharging.
31
32
33
Diodes are semiconductor devices that allow current to flow in only one direction. The
two uses of diodes in PV system electrical design are blocking diodes and bypass diodes.
Blocking diodes prevent power from going back into the panel from the battery at night.
Blocking diodes are not necessary if a charge controller is being used, and are usually fitted
as standard on smaller flexible modules.
No single component in photovoltaic systems is more affected by the size and usage of
the load than storage batteries. A charge controller ensures that the battery is not overcharged
or deep-discharged, to provide as long a battery lifetime as possible.
Loads directly influence the performance of the entire photovoltaic system. Oversize or
extra loads can cause a system to fail if the loads require more power than the modules can
generate or than the battery can store.
A system for delivering power to a battery and to a load includes a power source that supplies
energy to the battery and the load. The battery can be charged by the power source and used
to supply energy or power to the load when the power source is unable to provide sufficient
energy and power to the load. The system reduces injection of DC current into the load and,
as a result, extends the operation life of the load, particularly if the load is an AC lighting or
lamp system.
The basic functions of a controller are quite simple. Charge Controllers block reverse current
and prevent battery overcharge. Some controllers also prevent battery over-discharge, protect
from electrical overload, and/or display battery status and the flow of power.
Charging
Method
Advantages
ShuntInterrupting
On/Off
Shunt-Linear
CV
- tapered current
charging
Disadvantages
- significant power
dissipation in
switching element in
large systems
- blocking diode
required
- can cause hot spots
in high voltage arrays
- may have difficulty
fully charging battery
at high currents
- significant power
dissipation in
switching element
34
- blocking diode
required
- can cause hot spots
in high voltage arrays
SeriesInterrupting
On/Off
- no power
dissipation required
- often simple, cheap
and reliable
Series-Linear
CV
- tapered current
charging
Pulse Width
Modulated
CV
- tapered current
charging
- lower power
dissipation than other
CV methods
- power dissipation
required
- voltage drop across
controller
- voltage drop across
controller
- generally more
complex than series
or shunt on/off
controllers
- sometimes causes
electromagnetic
Sub-Array
Switching
stepped
- pseudo-tapered
current charging
- can control large
arrays
None
self-regulated
- low-cost
- charge regulation
strongly temperature
dependent
Cause:
Result:
Action:
Excessive battery
discharge
Repair, readjust, or
replace charge
controller
Charge controller
thinks batteries are
cooler than their
actual temperature
Repair, replace, or
reposition probe
Faulty or poorly
positioned
temperature probe
35
charging batteries
to be changed so that
the VR is close to the
I-V curve knee under
hot conditions
Repair or replace
charge controller
Faulty blocking
diode, no diode, or
faulty charge
controller
Replace batteries
Faulty charge
controller
Battery experiencing
high water loss
Poorly configured
charge controller
Controller always in
full charge, never in
float charge
Faulty or poorly
positioned
temperature probe or
poor connection at
controller "battery
sense" terminals
Charge controller
thinks batteries are
warmer than their
actual temperature
Repair, replace or
reposition temperature
probe or change
charge controller
Buzzing relays
Reconfigure, add or
replace batteries
Controller always in
full charge, never in
float charge
Repair or replace
charge controller
36
voltage
Loose or corroded
battery connections
Repair or replace
cables
Controller turns on
and off at incorrect
times
Electrical "noise"
(EMI) from inverter
Connect inverter
directly to batteries,
put filters on load
Faulty or poorly
positioned
temperature probe or
poor connection at
battery sense
terminals
Charge controller
thinks batteries are
warmer or cooler than
their actual
temperature
Erratic controller
Timer not
operation and/or loads synchronized with
being disconnected
actual time of day
improperly
Repair, reposition or
replace temperature
probe or change
charge controller
High surge from load Battery voltage drops Use larger wire to
during surge
load, or add batteries
in parallel
Faulty charge
controller, possibly
from lightning
damage
Fuse to PV array
blows
Loads disconnected
improperly, other
erratic operation
Repair or replace
charge controller and
check system
grounding
Adjustable low
Loads disconnected
voltage disconnect set improperly
incorrectly
Reset switch to
correct position
Current output of
Replace charge
37
through charge
controller
Unlimited current
No appreciable
energy loss
Timer not
synchronized with
actual time of day
Controller turns on
and off at incorrect
times
Voltage: 36volts
Current: 30 amps
6.2 INVERTER:
A power inverter, or inverter, is an electrical power converter that changes direct current
(DC) to alternating current (AC); the converted AC can be at any required voltage and
frequency with the use of appropriate transformers, switching, and control circuits.
Solid-state inverters have no moving parts and are used in a wide range of applications, from
small switching power supplies in computers, to large electric utility high voltage direct
current applications that transport bulk power. Inverters are commonly used to supply AC
power from DC sources such as solar panels or batteries.
38
The inverter performs the opposite function of a rectifier. The electrical inverter is a highpower electronic oscillator. It is so named because early mechanical AC to DC converters
were made to work in reverse, and thus were "inverted", to convert DC to AC.
6.3. BATTERIES:
A battery is a device consisting of one or more electro chemical cells that convert stored
chemical energy into electrical energy. Since the invention of the first battery (or "voltaic
pile") in 1800 by Allesandro Volta and especially since the technically improved Daniell
cell in 1836, batteries have become a common power source for many household and
industrial applications. According to a 2005 estimate, the worldwide battery industry
generates US$48 billion in sales each year, with
6% annual growth.
There are two types of batteries: primary
batteries (disposable batteries), which are
designed to be used once and discarded, and
secondary battery (rechargeable batteries), which
are designed to be recharged and used multiple
times. Batteries come in many sizes; from
miniature cells used to power hearing aids and
wristwatches to battery banks size of rooms that
provide standby power for telephone exchanges
and computer data centers.
39
In this example the two half-cells are linked by a salt bridge separator that permits
the transfer of ions, but not water molecules.
40
would perform 1.5 joule of work. In actual cells, the internal resistance increases under
discharge, and the open circuit voltage also decreases under discharge. If the voltage and
resistance are plotted against time, the resulting graphs typically are a curve; the shape of the
curve varies according to the chemistry and internal arrangement employed.
As stated above, the voltage developed across a cell's terminals depends on the
energy release of the chemical reactions of its electrodes and electrolyte. Alkaline and zinc
carbon cells have different chemistries but approximately the same emf of 1.5 volts;
likewise Ni-Cd and Ni-MH cells have different chemistries, but approximately the same emf
of 1.2 volts. On the other hand the high electrochemical potential changes in the reactions
of lithium compounds give lithium cells emf of 3 volts or more
In our project work we have taken 3 batteries each of 35AH, 12 volts connected in
series to supply power to the compressor.
41
7. ASSEMBLY:
42
Here polyurethane pipes are used of diameter of 12mm and length of 1m. They are
made of hard and flexible material so that they are able to pass the compressed air more
efficiently. These pipes are able to withstand high pressure and so are used to transport
compressed air. They are perfectly suited to be inserted to the one touch male connector.
8.2 CONNECTORS:
Connectors are used to connect the pipes with the components used in this project.
The type of connector used is one touch male connector which has an internal hexagonal
socket. The specification of the thread is BSPT R1/2 (British standard piping thread). The
outer diameter is 21.5mm and the inner diameter is 12mm. The one which we are using is a
Polyurethanes Fitting Connector, where Polyurethanes are used in the manufacture of
flexible, high-resilience foam seating; rigid foam insulation panels; microcellular foam seals
and gaskets; durable elastomeric wheels and tires; automotive suspension bushings; electrical
potting compounds; high performance adhesives; surface coatings and surface sealants;
synthetic fibers (e.g. Spandex); carpet underlay; and hard-plastic parts (i.e., for electronic
instruments). Polyurethane is also used for the manufacture of hoses and skateboard wheels
as it combines the best properties of both rubber and plastic.
43
44
8.3 VALVES:
A valve is a device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids,
fluidized solids, or slurries) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various
passageways. Valves are technically pipe fittings, but are usually discussed as a separate
category. In an open valve, fluid flows in a direction from higher pressure to lower pressure.
The simplest, and very ancient, valve is simply a freely hinged flap which drops to obstruct
fluid (gas or liquid) flow in one direction, but is pushed open by flow in the opposite
direction.
Valves are used in a variety of contexts, including industrial, military, commercial,
residential, and transport. The industries in which the majority of valves are used are oil and
gas, power generation, mining, water reticulation, sewage and chemical manufacturing.
45
Valves may be operated manually, either by a handle, lever or pedal. Valves may also
be automatic, driven by changes in pressure, temperature, or flow. These changes may act
upon a diaphragm or a piston, which in turn activates the valve; examples of this type of
valve found commonly are safety valves fitted to hot water systems or boilers.
More complex control systems using valves requiring automatic control based on an
external input (i.e., regulating flow through a pipe to a changing set point) require an
actuator. An actuator will stroke the valve depending on its input and set-up, allowing the
valve to be positioned accurately, and allowing control over a variety of requirements.
Valves vary widely in form and application. Sizes typically range from 0.1 mm to 60
cm. Special valves can have a diameter exceeding 5 meters.
In our project we have used ball valve and non return valve. Ball valve is used to send
the air from the air tank to engine. Non return valve is used to send the compressed air to the
tank from compressor.
46
9. ANALYSIS
SERIAL NUMER
OPERATING PRESSURE
RPM OFCMPRESSOR
1
2
3
4
5
0 bar
3 bar
5 bar
6 bar
7 bar
1460
1440
1438
1432
1431
.
.
.
= 2.27 10
By continuity equation,
Q = Area*velocity
2.27 10 =
V = 45 m/s
By impulse momentum equation
Impact force =
47
&
)*
=
.+,+
= 7 Kg
Impact force F =
= 7 45 15 10
= 3.3 N
Torque = force * (D/2)
= 3.3 * 0.050
= 0.165 N-m
Assuming the rotor is rotating with the same velocity, as
U =
45 =
.
.
N = 8598
Brake power =
/
+
,+
.
= 148.487 WATTS
= 0.199 bhp
RESULTS TABLE:
SERIAL
NUMBER
OPERATING
PRESSURE
RPM
OF TORQUE
COMPRESSOR
1
2
3
4
3
5
6
7
1440
1438
1432
1431
0.08
0.172
0.165
0.158
BRAKE
HORSE
POWER
0.0976
0.209
0.199
0.182
Table 9.2: Results obtained during experimentation at various pressures and speeds
48
PRESSURE VS RPM:
FIG-20: Graph between pressure and rpm of air compressor during experimentation
49
PRESSURE VS TORQUE:
FIG-21: Graph between pressure and torque of air compressor during experimentation
50
PRESSURE VS BHP:
51
FIG-22: Graph between pressure and brake horse power (bhp) of air compressor during
experimentation
=*0.08*0.05
=0.01256 m2
Therefore pressure required to run the car (P) = F/A
= 1411/0.012
= 117600 Kg/
= 11 bar
Area of the cylinder (A) = *d2/4
= *0.052/4
=0.0019625 m2
52
/
= 6018.33 Watts
= 6.018 KW
= 8bhp
9.3
OF
OF
MEASUREMENT
BRAKE POWER
ENGINE:
53
PRESSURE VS BRAKEPOWER:
Table 9.3
PRESSURE ( BAR )
2
2.8
4.1
5
6.9
8.2
BRAKE
( KW )
0.632
1
2.09
2.87
4.88
5.12
POWER
54
LOAD VS BHP:
Table 9.4
LOAD ( KG )
4
5
6
BHP
3.92
4.56
5.252
55
FIG-25: Graph between load and brake horse power of air compressor during
experimentation
TABLE 1 (10AM)
56
FIG- 26: Graph between resistance and voltage of solar panels at different tilt angles during
experimentation at 10 AM
ANGLE
19
20
21
61
VOLTAGE
32
33
36
37
RESISTANCE
4.2
4.8
5.3
5.6
Series 1
7.5
7
6.5
6
5.5
(37,5.6)
(36,5.3)
Resistance
5
(33,4.8)
4.5
4
(32,4.2)
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
28
29
-0.5
31
32
33
35
36
37
38
Voltage
-1
-1.5
TABLE-(2)
34
12 PM
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
57
ANGLE
19
20
21
61
VOLTAGE
38
34
39
36
RESISTANCE
6.1
4.9
6.6
5.1
FIG- 27: Graph between resistance and voltage of solar panels at different tilt angles during
experimentation at 12 PM
Resistance
TABLE-(3) 2 PM
28
14.5 y
14
13.5
13
12.5
12
11.5
11
10.5
10
9.5
9
8.5
8
7.5
7
6.5
6
5.5
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
29 -0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
Series 1
(39,6.6)
(38,6.1)
(36,5.1)
(34,4.9)
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
Voltage
ANGLE
19
20
VOLTAGE
37
34
RESISTANCE
5.5
4.6
47
58
21
61
39
35
6.2
5.3
13 y
12.5
12
11.5
11
10.5
10
9.5
9 13
8.512.5
12
811.5
7.5 11
710.5
6.5 10
9.5
6 9
5.5 8.5
5 8
4.5 7.5
4 6.57
3.5 6
3 5.5
2.5 5
2 4.54
1.5 3.5
1 3
0.5 2.5
Resistance
Resistance
FIG-28: Graph between voltage and resistance of solar panels at different tilt angles during
experimentation at 2 PM
Series 1
Series 1
(39,6.2)
(35,5.3)
(37,5.5)
(34,4.6)
(36,5.1)
(31,3.9) (32,4.1)
(35,4.5)
2
1.5
1
0.5
29 -0.5
31 32 33 34 35 36 37
-1
-1.5
29 -0.5
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
-2
Voltage38
-1
-1.5
TABLE-(4)
38
Voltage
4 PM
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
x
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
59
ANGLE
19
20
21
61
VOLTAGE
32
31
35
36
RESISTANCE
4.1
3.9
4.5
5.1
FIG-29: Graph between voltage and resistance of solar panels at different tilt angles during
y
Resistance
13
12.5
12
11.5
11
10.5
10
9.5
9
8.5
8
7.5
7
6.5
6
5.5
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
29 -0.5
-1
-1.5
Series 1
(36,5.1)
(35,4.5)
(31,3.9) (32,4.1)
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
Voltage
experimentation at 4 PM
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
60
Table 5
ANGLE
19
20
21
61
AVERAGE VOLTAGE
34.25 V
32.75 V
37.25 V
36 V
Series 1
40
Average voltage
39
38
37
(21,37.25)
36
(23,36)
35
34
(19,34.25)
33
(20,32.75)
32
31
x
17
19
29
28
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Angle
30
61
10.CONCLUSION:
In this project we are able to design and run the Hybrid vehicle (using solar and air
energy). By using solar energy we successfully charged the batteries and results have shown
that there was a substantial increase in the output in voltage and resistance when fixed at an
optimal tilt angles. Though the engine was only running at idle speeds, the concept of using
air as a fuel and achieving movement of the vehicle was the primary objective which was
successful.
Thus we can conclude by saying that air engine is a feasible project in the near future
in mass production. This project is eco-friendly and does not use any type fossil fuels. At
different pressures different bhp values and speeds were obtained.
In this investigation, the aim was to understand the performance level of a hybrid car
compared to a normal motor car. The findings suggest that in general, a hybrid car is not only
fuel efficient but also eco friendly.
62
63
64
REFERENCES