Introduction

In every country in the world, law enforcement officials are at the

frontline of efforts to combat organized crime. The building of
criminal investigative and other law enforcement capacity is a
core component of UNODC's work. Technical assistance includes
institutional and operational capacity building of law enforcement
and judicial bodies to strengthen investigation and prosecution of
organized crimes. Training is offered to police investigators,
prosecutors and judges, criminal intelligence analysts, specialized
drug and organized crime investigators and customs officials.

Acknowledgement
The researchers would like to acknowledge their profound
gratitude for the following people who exerted their every
possible effort to enrich this research paper.
To the Almighty God for giving us guidance strength and
knowledge, to our dear parents for their support and faith in us,
and especially to Sir Ron Louie Lim for his guidance and support.

Table of Contents

I.
II.
III.

IV.

Introduction
Acknowledgement
Law enforcement
Organizations
Crime
Law enforcement officer or peace officer
Criminal law
Types of law enforcement agency and responsibility
Conclusion

Law enforcement
broadly refers to any system by which some members of society act in an organized
manner to promote adherence to the law by discovering and punishing persons who violate
the rules and norms governing that society. Although the term may encompass entities such

as courts and prisons, it is most frequently applied to those who directly engage in patrols or
surveillance to dissuade and discover criminal activity, and those who investigate crimes
and apprehend offenders. Furthermore, although law enforcement may be most concerned
with the prevention and punishment of crimes, organizations exist to discourage a wide
variety of non-criminal violations of rules and norms, effected through the imposition of less
severe consequences.

Organizations
Most law enforcement is conducted by some type of law enforcement agency, with the most
typical agency fulfilling this role being the police. Societal investment in law enforcement
through such organizations can be massive, both in terms of the resources invested in the
activity, and in the number of people professionally engaged to perform those functions.
Law enforcement agencies tend to be limited to operating within a specified jurisdiction. In
some cases, jurisdiction may overlap between organizations; for example, in the United
States, each state has its own statewide law enforcement arms, but the Federal Bureau of
Investigation is able to act against certain types of crimes occurring in any state. Various
specialized segments of society may have their own internal law enforcement arrangements.
For example, military organizations may have military police. Social control capabilities have
increased significantly over the past several decades, particularly because of an increased
utilization of technologically advanced surveillance methods. Following the tragic events of
September 11, 2001, U.S. Congress and the present Administration have granted law
enforcement considerable new powers in the enforcement and prevention of terrorismrelated crime. Collectively labeled under the heading of the so-called "war on terror", the
scope of such laws, policies and directives are challenged by civil rights organizations and
numerous legislators for lack of definitional precision, arbitrary application of sanctions, and
violation of privacy laws. One of federal law enforcements surveillance tools is Project
Carnivore, a Justice Department Internet surveillance program that is administered by the
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to access information flowing to and from a central
processing unit on a network connection. While, theoretically relying on Michel Foucaults
theory of discipline and govern mentality, as well as related insights in the social control
literature, this paper examines Project Carnivore relative to the larger context of state
rationality and related privacy issues.

Crime is the breaking of rules or laws for which some governing authority (via mechanisms such as legal
systems) can ultimately prescribe a conviction. Crimes may also result in cautions, rehabilitation or
be unenforced. Individual human societies may each define crime and crimes differently, in different
localities (state, local, international), at different time stages of the so-called "crime", from planning,
disclosure, supposedly intended, supposedly prepared, incomplete, complete or future proclaimed after
the "crime"

A law enforcement officer or peace officer in North America is any public-sector employee or agent
whose duties primarily involve the enforcement of laws. The phrase can include police officers, prison
officers, customs officers, state troopers, special agents, immigration officers, court bailiffs, probation
officers, parole officers, arson investigators ,auxiliary officers, and sheriffs, marshals, and
their deputies. Security guards are not normally law enforcement officers, unless they have been granted
powers to enforce particular laws, such as those accredited under a Community Safety Accreditation
Scheme.
Modern legal codes use the term peace officer (or in some jurisdictions, law enforcement officer) to
include every person vested by the legislating state with law-enforcement authority traditionally, anyone
"sworn, badged, and armable" who can arrest, or refer such arrest for a criminal prosecution. Hence, city
police officers, county sheriffs' deputies, and state troopers are usually vested with the same authority
within a given jurisdiction. Contract security officers may enforce certain laws and administrative
regulations, which may include detainment or apprehension authority.

Criminal law is the body of law that relates to crime. It regulates social conduct and proscribes
threatening, harming, or otherwise endangering the health, safety, and moral welfare of people. It includes
the punishment of people who violate these laws. Criminal law differs from civil law, whose emphasis is
more on dispute resolution and victim compensation than on punishment

Law enforcement agency jurisdiction

LEAs which have their ability to apply their powers restricted in some way are said to operate within
a jurisdiction.

LEAs will have some form of geographic restriction on their ability to apply their powers. The LEA might
be able to apply its powers within a country, for example the United States of America's Bureau of Alcohol,
Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, within a division of a country, for example
the Australian state Queensland Police, or across a collection of countries, for example international
organizations such as Interpol, or the European Union's Europol.
LEAs which operate across a collection of countries tend to assist in law enforcement activities, rather
than directly enforcing laws, by facilitating the sharing of information necessary for law enforcement
between LEAs within those countries, for example Europol has no executive powers.
Sometimes a LEAs jurisdiction is determined by the complexity or seriousness of the non compliance
with a law. Some countries determine the jurisdiction in these circumstances by means of policy and
resource allocation between agencies, for example in Australia, the Australian Federal Police take on

complex serious matters referred to it by an agency and the agency will undertake its own investigations
of less serious or complex matters by consensus, while other countries have laws which decide the
jurisdiction, for example in the United States of America some matters are required by law to be referred
to other agencies if they are of a certain level of seriousness or complexity, for example cross state
boundary kidnapping in the United States is escalated to the Federal Bureau of
Investigation. Differentiation of jurisdiction based on the seriousness and complexity of the non
compliance either by law or by policy and consensus can coexist in countries.
A LEA which has a wide range of powers but whose ability is restricted geographically, typically to an area
which is only part of a country, is typically referred to as local police orterritorial police. Other LEAs
have a jurisdiction defined by the type of laws they enforce or assist in enforcing. For
example, Interpol does not work with political, military, religious, or racial matters. [5]
A LEAs jurisdiction usually also includes the governing bodies they support, and the LEA itself.

Organization and structure of law enforcement agency jurisdiction

Jurisdictionally, there can be an important difference between international LEAs and multinational LEAs,
even though both are often referred to as "international", even in official documents. An international law
enforcement agency has jurisdiction and or operates in multiple countries and across State borders, for
example Interpol.
A multinational law enforcement agency will typically operate in only one country, or one division of a
country, but is made up of personnel from several countries, for example the European Union Police
Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina international LEAs are typically also multinational, for
example Interpol, but multinational LEAs are not typically international.
Within a country, the jurisdiction of law enforcement agencies can be organized and structured in a
number of ways to provide law enforcement throughout the country. A law enforcement agencys
jurisdiction can be for the whole country or for a division or sub-division within the country.

Law enforcement agency jurisdiction within divisions of a country

LEA jurisdiction for a division within a country can typically be at more than one level, for example at the
division level, that is state, province, or territory level, and for example at the sub division level, that is
county, shire, or municipality or metropolitan area level. In Australia for example, each state has its own
LEAs. In the United States for example, typically each state and county or city has its own LEAs.

As a result, because both Australia and the United States are federations and have federal
LEAs, Australia has two levels of law enforcement and the United States has multiple levels of law
enforcement, Federal, Tribal, State, County, City, Town, Village, special Jurisdiction and others.
See also: State police

Division of law enforcement agency jurisdiction into operations areas

Often a LEAs jurisdiction will be geographically divided into operations areas for administrative and
logistical efficiency reasons. An operations area is often called a command or an office.
While the operations area of a LEA is sometimes referred to as a jurisdiction, any LEA operations area
usually still has legal jurisdiction in all geographic areas the LEA operates, but by policy and consensus
the operations area does not normally operate in other geographical operations areas of the LEA. For
example, the United Kingdoms Metropolitan Police is divided in to 32 Borough Operational Command
Units, based on the London boroughs, and the New York City Police Department is divided into 76
precincts.

Police agency division within England

Sometimes the one legal jurisdiction is covered by more than one LEA, again for administrative and
logistical efficiency reasons, and-or arising from policy and-or historical reasons. For example, the
jurisdiction for English and Welsh law is covered by a number of LEAs called constabularies, with

each constabulary still having legal jurisdiction over the whole area covered by English and Welsh law,
but they do not normally operate out of their areas without formal liaison between the constabularies. [13][14]
The primary difference between separate agencies and operational areas within the one legal jurisdiction
is the degree of flexibility to move resources between versus within agencies. When multiple LEAs cover
the one legal jurisdicition, each agency still typically organises itself into operations areas.
In the United States within a state's legal jurisdcition, county and city police agencies do not have full
legal jurisdictional flexibility throughout the state, and this has led in part to mergers of adjacent police
agencies.

Federal and national law enforcement agency jurisdiction

When a LEAs jurisdiction is for the whole country, it is usually one of two broad types, either federal or
national.

Federal law enforcement agency jurisdiction and responsibilities

When the country has a federal constitution a whole of country LEA is referred to as a federal law
enforcement agency.
The responsibilities of a federal LEA vary from country to country. Federal LEA responsibilities are
typically countering fraud against the federation, immigration and border control regarding people and
goods, investigating currency counterfeiting, policing of airports and protection of designated national
infrastructure, national security, and the protection of the countrys head of state and of other designated
very important persons, for example the Protective Service of the Australian Federal Police, or the
Protective Mission of the United States Secret Service; and the U.S. State Department's Diplomatic
Security Service (DSS).
A federal police agency is a federal LEA which also has the typical police responsibilities of social order
and public safety as well as federal law enforcement responsibilities. However, a federal police agency
will not usually exercise its powers at a divisional level. Such exercising of powers is typically via specific
arrangements between the federal and divisional governing bodies.
Examples of federal law enforcement agencies are the Australian Federal Police (Australia), Central
Bureau of Investigation (India), Federal Bureau of Investigation, Federal Protective Service, United States
Park Police (United States), Royal Canadian Mounted Police (Canada), and the State Security
Service (Nigeria).

A federated approach to the organization of a country does not necessarily indicate the nature of the
organization of law enforcement agencies within the country. Some countries, for example, Austria (Federal
Police (Austria)), and Belgium (Law enforcement in Belgium), have a relatively unified approach to law enforcement,
but still have operationally separate units for federal law enforcement and divisional policing. The United
States has a highly fractured approach to law enforcement agencies generally, and this is reflected in the
country's federal law enforcement agencies (Federal law enforcement in the United States).

Jurisdictional relationship between federal LEAs and federated divisional LEAs

In a federation, there will typically be separate LEAs with jurisdictions for each division within the
federation. A federal LEA will have primary responsibility for laws which affect the federation as whole,
and which have been enacted by the governing body of the federation.
Members of a federal LEA may be given jurisdiction within a division of a federation for laws enacted by
the governing bodies of the divisions either by the relevant division within the federation, or by
the federation's governing body. For example, the Australian Federal Police is a federal agency and has
the legal power to enforce the laws enacted by any Australian state where that law has a federal aspect.
Typically federal LEAs have relatively narrow police responsibilities, the individual divisions within the
federation usually establish their own police agencies to enforce laws within the division. However, in
some countries federal agencies have jurisdiction in divisions of the federation.
This typically happens when the division does not have its own independent status and is dependent on
the federation. For example, the Australian Federal Police is the police agency with jurisdiction
in Australias dependent territories, Jervis Bay Territory, Cocos Islands, Antarctic Territory, and Christmas
Island[21] Similarly, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) is a federal agency and is the police
agency for Canadas three territories, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon.
Note that this is a direct jurisdictional responsibility and is different from the situation when a governing
body makes arrangements with another governing body's LEA to provide law enforcement for its subjects.
This latter type of arrangement is described under Establishment and constitution of law enforcement
agencies.
Some federations escalate non compliance with laws with divisional or federal laws which involve multiple
divisions within the federation to a federal LEA. The United States for example escalates kidnapping[4] to
the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
In Australia, states liaise directly with each other when non compliance with laws crosses state
boundaries. Some countries provide law enforcement on land and in buildings owned or controlled by

the federation by using a federal LEA, for example the United States Department of Homeland Security
is responsible for some aspects of federal property law enforcement.
Other countries, for example Australia, provide law enforcement for federal property via federal LEAs and
the LEAs for the division of the federation in which the property is located.
Typically LEAs working in different jurisdictions which overlap in the type of law non compliance actively
establish mechanisms for cooperation and even establish joint operations and joints task forces. Often,
members of a LEA working outside of their normal jurisdiction on joint operations or task force are sworn
in as special members of the host jurisdiction.

National law enforcement agency jurisdiction and responsibility

A national law enforcement agency is a LEA in a country which does not have divisions capable of
making their own laws. A national LEA will have the combined responsibilities that federal LEAs and
divisional LEAs would have in a federated country.
National LEAs are usually divided into operations areas.
A national police agency is a national LEA which also has the typical police responsibilities of social
order and public safety as well as national law enforcement responsibilities. Examples of countries with
national police agencies are New Zealand, Italy, France, Japan, Philippines and Nicaragua.
To help avoid confusion over jurisdictional responsibility, some federal LEAs explicitly advise that they are
not a national law enforcement agency, for example the United StatesFederal Bureau of
Investigation does this.

Types of law enforcement agency and responsibility

LEAs can be responsible for the enforcement of laws affecting the behavior of people or the general
community, for example the New York City Police Department, or the behavior of commercial
organizations and corporations, for example the Australian Securities and Investments Commission, of for
the benefit of the country as a whole, for example the United Kingdoms Her Majesty's Revenue and
Customs.

Religious law enforcement

A LEA can be responsible for enforcing secular law and-or religious law, for example Sharia or Halakha.
The significant majority of LEAs around the world are secular, their governing bodies separating religious
matters from the governance of their subjects. Religious law enforcement agencies, for example Saudi
Arabias Mutaween, exist where full separation of government and religious doctrine has not occurred,
and are generally referred to as police agencies, typically religious police, because their primary
responsibility is for social order within their jurisdiction and the relevant social order being highly codified
as laws.

Internal Affairs
Often, a LEA will have a specific internal unit to ensure that the LEA is complying with relevant laws, for
example the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation's Office of Professional Responsibility.[29] In
some countries and-or divisions within countries, specialized and-or separate LEAs are established to
ensure that other LEAs comply with laws, for example the Australian state New South Wales Independent
Commission Against Corruption. LEA internal self compliance units and external LEA compliance
agencies coexist in many countries. Names given to LEA internal self compliance units are typically,
Internal Affairs, Internal Investigations, Professional Standards.

Police agencies
Many law enforcement agencies are police agencies that have a broad range powers and responsibilities.
A police agency, however, also often has a range of responsibilities not specifically related to law
enforcement. These responsibilities relate to social order and public safety. While this understanding of
policing, being more encompassing than just law enforcement has grown with and is commonly
understood by society, it is recognized formally by scholars and academics. [33] A police agencys
jurisdiction for social order and public safety will normally be the same as its jurisdiction for law
enforcement.

Military law enforcement

Military organizations often have law enforcement units. These units within the military organization are
generally referred to as military police. This may refer to:

a section of the military solely responsible for policing the armed forces (referred to as provosts)

a section of the military responsible for policing in both the armed forces and in the civilian
population (most gendarmeries, such as the French Gendarmerie)

a section of the military solely responsible for policing the civilian population (such as
the Romanian Gendarmerie)

the preventative police (with military status) of a Brazilian state (Polcia Militar)

The exact usage and meaning of the terms military police, provost, and gendarmie varies from country to
country.
Non-military law enforcement agencies are sometimes referred to as civilian police, but usually only in
contexts where they need to be distinguished from military police. However, they may still possess a
military structure and protocol.
In most countries, the term law enforcement agency when used formally includes agencies other than
only police agencies. The term law enforcement agency is often used in the United States of America to
refer to police agencies, however, it also includes agencies with peace officer status, such as the ASPCA
Humane Law Enforcement Division or agencies which prosecute criminal acts. A county prosecutor or
district attorney is considered to be the chief law enforcement officer of a county.

Conclusion

If theres no wrong there wouldnt be

any

right.

Laws are essential to human life. It keeps the citizens of a country

under control. Because of laws we became civilized. Because of
laws unjust treatment within the people has been banished but
when it is the laws that are unjust it is the liberty of people who
will suffer. Too much of anything is always bad.