EARS5126 PorosityLogs L4 00265 PDF

POROSITY LOGS
Porosity-sensitive logs respond to:

1) Porosity
2) Pore fluid content
3) Lithology
Often need to use more than one type of log to permit
good porosity and lithology information
Porosity Logs 1) SONIC 2) DENISTY 3) NEUTRON
SONIC LOG
Sonic (acoustic) log first effective
porosity log (~1958)
Measures:
1) Travel time (i.e. velocity)
2) Amplitude (i.e. attenuation)
Units s / ft
Inverse of velocity = slowness
Sonic Tools
Usually borehole compensated (BHC)
Reduces the effects of change in
borehole size due to caving and tilting of
the tool
Sound emitted at between 20-40KHz
Typically 5 measurements a sec at a
logging speed of 1500m/hr means there
is a sample every 8cm
Caliper Log
Brittle shale
Impermeable sst
Sloughing shale
QuickTime and a
TIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime and a
Permeable sst
Marl
Sonic Log
Also integrates the travel times to
produce the TOTAL time down the
borehole
Note that will not go to surface due to
steel casing of blow-out preventer
Can get cycle skipping - both sensors
do not receive the same event - in
unconsolidated or fractured formations
QuickTime and a
QuickTime and a
Cycle skipping and noise spikes
QuickTime and a
QuickTime and a
Evaluation of Porosity
Travel time proportional to:
1) Amount and type of fluid in the pore
space
2) Amount of rock matrix
Wyllies timeAverage equation
QuickTime and a
Evaluation of Porosity
QuickTime and a
In consolidated rock effect of

hydrocarbon saturation usually
negligible (fluid travel time constant
189 s / ft) whilst know the travel time of
principle rock forming minerals
Wyllies Equation
QuickTime and a
Sedimentary Type
Sonic porosity works well in
consolidated formations
Corrections required for unconsolidated
formations and shaly formations
Shale will normally INCREASE the
estimated porosity since Vshale <
Vsandstone
Secondary Porosity
Signal normally circumvents any
fractures or vugs
Sonic Porosity in carbonates with
secondary porosity typically MINIMUM
porosity estimated
Uncompacted sands
Application of Wyllies formula gives
porosity that is too HIGH - need a
correction
Principal Uses
QuickTime and a
Full waveform sonic
QuickTime and a
QuickTime and a
Array Analysis
QuickTime and a
Display Types
QuickTime and a
10
FORMATION DENSITY
Gamma - gamma logs (FDC) - formation

density compensated
Source of medium energy gamma rays
(Cesium - 137)
Two receivers - one at a short distance (7)
used to compensate the other at a longer
distance(16) for borehole effects
Gamma rays can be

thought of as high
velocity particles
Collide with electrons
present in the rock
At each collision the
gamma ray looses
energy
QuickTime and a
Attenuation of energy in
backscattered gamma
rays used as an indication
of
ELECTRON DENSITY
11
Recording counts / sec - statistical variation

so counts are smoothed
Log at less than 1800 / hr to record
significant number of counts / sec
Calibrated in the lab with fresh water-filled
limestone of high purity
Except for SYLVITE, SALT, GYPSUM and
COAL, electron density = bulk density
Electron Density
Electron density proportional to bulk

density of the rock
Bulk density of the rock dependent on
density of
1) Rock matrix
2) Formation porosity
3) Fluids filling pore space
12
Porosity Estimates
QuickTime and a
Fluid density taken as 1.0 - 1.1 gm/cc
Density Logs
Widespread use besides porosity
1) Indentification of evaporite minerals
2) Detection of gas
3) Determination of hydrocarbon density
4) Evaluation of shaly-sand lithologies
5) Determination of oil-shale yield
13
Formation Density Tool
QuickTime and a
QuickTime and a
14
Mudcake compensation
QuickTime and a
QuickTime and a
15
QuickTime and a
Effect of Gas
Porosity estimated
too high in gas
zone
QuickTime and a
16
Effect of Mica
QuickTime and a
Carbonates
Since the tool only sees 25% of the
borehole, in carbonate sequences with
secondary porosity - density tool
estimates porosity TOO LOW
17
NEUTRON LOG
Used to delineate porous formation and
determine their porosity
Respond to the amount of HYDROGEN
present in the formation
In clean formations reflects the amount
of liquid filled porosity
Principle
Source of Plutonium Beryllium
(PuBe) or Americium Beryllium
(AmBe)
Two detectors ratio of counts
QuickTime and a
18
Measurement
QuickTime and a
Measurement
Dependent on the type of neutron logger
either measures capture gamma rays or
epithermal neutrons
If hydrogen content is high most neutrons
slowed down and captured in a short
distance
NOTE Oil and water have similar H2
content - responding to liquid filled
porosity
19
Hydrogen Index
QuickTime and a
Calibration
In API pits near
Houston
19% limestone
porosity is
1000 API units
QuickTime and a
20
Porosity Measurement
QuickTime and a
Gas Effect
Slowing of neutrons less with gas relative to water - low
QuickTime and a
21
Evaporites
Units with hydrogen in
chemically bound state
will produce high
e.g. bound water in shales &
water of Xstallisation in gypsum
QuickTime and a
QuickTime and a
22

EARS5126 PorosityLogs L4 00265 PDF

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POROSITY LOGS

Porosity-sensitive logs respond to:

Cycle skipping and noise spikes

In consolidated rock effect of

Full waveform sonic

Gamma - gamma logs (FDC) - formation

Gamma rays can be

Recording counts / sec - statistical variation

Electron density proportional to bulk

Fluid density taken as 1.0 - 1.1 gm/cc

Formation Density Tool

Slowing of neutrons less with gas relative to water - low

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