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1 Name
The English form of the name is derived from the Latin.
Greek historians rendered the name as Annbas Brkas
( ).
Hannibal was his given name. Hannibals name was
recorded in Carthaginian sources as NBL (
).
Its precise vocalization remains a matter of debate. Suggested readings include annibal or annibaal,[9][10]
meaning grace of Ba'al",[9] Ba'al is gracious, or Ba'al
has been gracious";[10][11] or annobaal, with the same
meaning.[12]
Barca (
, BRQ) was the surname of his aristocratic
family, meaning shining or lightning.[13] It is thus
equivalent to the Arabic name Barq or the Hebrew
name Barak or the Greek epithet keraunos, commonly
given to military commanders in the Hellenistic period.[14] In English, his clan are sometimes collectively
known as the Barcids. As with Greek and Roman practice, patronymics were a common part of Carthaginian
nomenclature, so that Hannibal would also have been
known as Hannibal son of Hamilcar.[15]
bate as to whether the cognomen Barca (meaning thunderbolt) was applied to Hamilcar alone or was hereditary within his family. If the latter, then Hannibal and his
brothers also bore the name 'Barca'.[16]
After Carthages defeat in the First Punic War, Hamilcar
set out to improve his familys and Carthages fortunes.
With that in mind and supported by Gades, Hamilcar began the subjugation of the tribes of the Iberian Peninsula.
Carthage at the time was in such a poor state that its navy
was unable to transport his army to Iberia (Hispania); instead, Hamilcar had to march it towards the Pillars of
Hercules and transport it across the Strait of Gibraltar.
According to Polybius, Hannibal much later said that
when he came upon his father and begged to go with him,
Hamilcar agreed and demanded that he swear that as long
as he lived he would never be a friend of Rome. There is
even an account of him at a very young age begging his
father to take him to an overseas war. In the story, Hannibals father took him up and brought him to a sacricial
chamber. Hamilcar held Hannibal over the re roaring
in the chamber and made him swear that he would never
be a friend of Rome. Other sources report that Hannibal told his father, I swear so soon as age will permit...I
will use re and steel to arrest the destiny of Rome.[8][17]
According to the tradition, Hannibals oath took place in
the town of Pescola, today part of the community of
Valencia, Spain.[18]
Hannibals father went about the conquest of Hispania. Main article: Second Punic War
When his father drowned[19] in battle, Hannibals brotherin-law Hasdrubal succeeded to his command of the army
with Hannibal serving as an ocer under him. Hasdrubal
pursued a policy of consolidation of Carthages Iberian 3.1 Overland journey to Italy
interests, even signing a treaty with Rome whereby
Carthage would not expand north of the Ebro River, so Main article: Hannibals crossing of the Alps
long as Rome did not expand south of it. Hasdrubal also
This journey was originally planned by Hannibals
endeavoured to consolidate Carthaginian power through
diplomatic relationships with native tribes.
Upon the assassination of Hasdrubal in 221 BC, Hannibal was proclaimed commander-in-chief by the army and
conrmed in his appointment by the Carthaginian government. Livy, a Roman scholar, gives a depiction of the
young Carthaginian:
No sooner had he arrived...the old soldiers
fancied they saw Hamilcar in his youth given
back to them; the same bright look; the same
re in his eye, the same trick of countenance
and features. Never was one and the same spirit
more skillful to meet opposition, to obey, or to
command...[20]
After he assumed command, Hannibal spent two years
consolidating his holdings and completing the conquest
of Hispania, south of the Ebro.[21] In his rst campaign,
Hannibal attacked and stormed the Olcades' strongest
centre, Alithia, which promptly led to their surrender,
3.2
Battle of Trebia
3
from the Mediterranean coast by turning inland up the
valley of the Rhne. His exact route over the Alps has
been the source of scholarly dispute ever since. (Polybius,
the surviving ancient account closest in time to Hannibals
campaign, reports that the route was already debated.)
The most inuential modern theories favor either a march
up the valley of the Drme and a crossing of the main
range to the south of the modern highway over the Col
de Montgenvre or a march farther north up the valleys of
the Isre and Arc crossing the main range near the present
Col de Mont Cenis or the Little St Bernard Pass.[28] Recent numismatic evidence suggests that Hannibals army
may have passed within sight of the Matterhorn.[29]
By Livys account, the crossing was accomplished in the
face of huge diculties.[30] These Hannibal surmounted
with ingenuity, such as when he used vinegar and re to
break through a rockfall.[31] According to Polybius, he arrived in Italy accompanied by 20,000 foot soldiers, 4,000
horsemen, and only a few elephants. The red rockfall
event is mentioned only by Livy; Polybius is mute on the
subject and there is no evidence[32] of carbonized rock
at the only two-tier rockfall in the Western Alps, located
below the Col de la Traversette (Mahaney, 2008). If
Polybius is correct in his gure for the number of troops
that he commanded after the crossing of the Rhne, this
would suggest that he had lost almost half of his force.
Historians such as Serge Lancell have questioned the reliability of the gures for the number of troops that he
had when he left Hispania.[33] From the start, he seems to
have calculated that he would have to operate without aid
from Hispania.
Hannibals vision of military aairs was derived partly
from the teaching of his Greek tutors and partly from experience gained alongside his father, and it stretched over
most of the Hellenistic World of his time. Indeed, the
breadth of his vision gave rise to his grand strategy of
conquering Rome by opening a northern front and subduing allied city-states on the peninsula, rather than by
attacking Rome directly. Historical events which led to
the defeat of Carthage during the First Punic War when
his father commanded the Carthaginian Army also led
Hannibal to plan the invasion of Italy by land across the
Alps.
The task was daunting, to say the least. It involved
the mobilization of between 60,000 and 100,000 troops
(see Proctor, 1971) and the training of a war-elephant
corps, all of which had to be provisioned along the way.
The alpine invasion of Italy was a military operation that
would shake the Mediterranean World of 218 BC with
repercussions for more than two decades.
the anks.
out the main issue on foreign ground. His sudden appearance among the Gauls of the Po Valley, moreover,
enabled him to detach those tribes from their new allegiance to the Romans before the Romans could take
steps to check the rebellion. Publius Cornelius Scipio
was the consul who commanded the Roman force sent
to intercept Hannibal (he was also Scipio Africanus father). He had not expected Hannibal to make an attempt
to cross the Alps, since the Romans were prepared to
ght the war in Iberia. With a small detachment still
positioned in Gaul, Scipio made an attempt to intercept
Hannibal. He succeeded, through prompt decision and
speedy movement, in transporting his army to Italy by
sea in time to meet Hannibal. Hannibals forces moved
through the Po Valley and were engaged in a large scale
skirmish at Ticinus. Here, Hannibal forced the Romans
to evacuate the plain of Lombardy, by virtue of his superior cavalry.[34] The victory was minor, but it encouraged
the Gauls and Ligurians to join the Carthaginian cause,
whose troops bolstered his army back to around 40,000
men. Scipio was severely injured, his life only saved by
the bravery of his son who rode back onto the eld to rescue his fallen father. Scipio retreated across the river Trebia to camp at Placentia with his army mostly intact.[34]
The other Roman consular army was rushed to the
Po Valley. Even before news of the defeat at Ticinus had reached Rome, the Senate had ordered Consul
Sempronius Longus to bring his army back from Sicily
to meet Scipio and face Hannibal. Hannibal, by skillful
maneuvers, was in position to head him o, for he lay
on the direct road between Placentia and Arminum, by
which Sempronius would have to march to reinforce Scipio. He then captured Clastidium, from which he drew
large amounts of supplies for his men. But this gain
was not without loss, as Sempronius avoided Hannibals
watchfulness, slipped around his ank, and joined his colleague in his camp near the Trebia River near Placentia.
There Hannibal had an opportunity to show his masterful
military skill at Trebia in December of the same year, after wearing down the superior Roman infantry, when he
cut it to pieces with a surprise attack and ambush from
3.4
Battle of Cannae
Destruction of the Roman army (red), courtesy of The Department of History, United States Military Academy.
6
round and destroy all but a small remnant of his enemy,
despite his own inferior numbers. Depending upon the
source, it is estimated that 50,000-70,000 Romans were
killed or captured.[8] Among the dead were Roman Consul Lucius Aemilius Paullus, as well as two consuls for
the preceding year, two quaestors, twenty-nine out of the
forty-eight military tribunes, and an additional eighty senators (at a time when the Roman Senate was composed of
no more than 300 men, this constituted 25%30% of the
governing body). This makes the battle one of the most
catastrophic defeats in the history of Ancient Rome, and
one of the bloodiest battles in all of human history (in
terms of the number of lives lost within a single day).[42]
After Cannae, the Romans were very hesitant to confront
Hannibal in pitched battle, preferring instead to weaken
him by attrition, relying on their advantages of interior
lines, supply, and manpower. As a result, Hannibal fought
no more major battles in Italy for the rest of the war.
It is believed that his refusal to bring the war to Rome
itself was due to a lack of commitment from Carthage
of men, money, and materiel principally siege equipment. Whatever the reason, the choice prompted Maharbal to say, Hannibal, you know how to gain a victory,
but not how to use one.[43]
As a result of this victory, many parts of Italy joined Hannibals cause.[44] As Polybius notes, How much more serious was the defeat of Cannae, than those that preceded
it can be seen by the behavior of Romes allies; before
that fateful day, their loyalty remained unshaken, now it
began to waver for the simple reason that they despaired
of Roman Power.[45] During that same year, the Greek
cities in Sicily were induced to revolt against Roman political control, while Macedonian King Philip V pledged
his support to Hannibal thus initiating the First Macedonian War against Rome. Hannibal also secured an alliance with newly appointed Hieronymus of Syracuse. It
is often argued that, if Hannibal had received proper material reinforcements from Carthage, he might have succeeded with a direct attack upon Rome. Instead, he had
to content himself with subduing the fortresses that still
held out against him, and the only other notable event of
216 BC was the defection of certain Italian territories,
including Capua, the second largest city of Italy, which
Hannibal made his new base. However, only a few of the
Italian city-states defected to him that he had expected to
gain as allies.
3.5 Stalemate
The war in Italy settled into a strategic stalemate. The Romans used the attritional strategy that Fabius had taught
them, and which, they nally realized, was the only feasible means of defeating Hannibal.[46] Indeed, Fabius received the surname Cunctator (the Delayer) because
of his policy of not meeting Hannibal in open battle but
through guerilla, scorched earth tactics.[47] The Romans
deprived Hannibal of a large-scale battle and instead assaulted his weakening army with multiple smaller armies
in an attempt to both weary him and create unrest in his
troops.[8] For the next few years, Hannibal was forced
to sustain a scorched earth policy and obtain local provisions for protracted and ineectual operations throughout
southern Italy. His immediate objectives were reduced
to minor operations centered mainly round the cities of
Campania.
The forces detached to his lieutenants were generally unable to hold their own, and neither his home government
nor his new ally Philip V of Macedon helped to make up
his losses. His position in southern Italy, therefore, became increasingly dicult and his chance of ultimately
conquering Rome grew ever more remote. Hannibal still
won a number of notable victories: completely destroying two Roman armies in 212 BC, and killing two consuls (including the famed Marcus Claudius Marcellus) in
a battle in 208 BC. However, Hannibal slowly began losing groundinadequately supported by his Italian allies,
abandoned by his government (either because of jealousy
or simply because Carthage was overstretched), and unable to match Romes resources. He was never able to
bring about another grand decisive victory that could produce a lasting strategic change.
7
Carthaginian political will was embodied in the ruling oligarchy. There was a Carthaginian Senate, but the real
power was with the inner "Council of 30 Nobles" and
the board of judges from ruling families known as the
"Hundred and Four". These two bodies came from the
wealthy, commercial families of Carthage. Two political
factions operated in Carthage: the war party, also known
as the "Barcids" (Hannibals family name); and the peace
party led by Hanno II the Great. Hanno had been instrumental in denying Hannibals requested reinforcements
following the battle at Cannae.
Hannibal started the war without the full backing of
Carthaginian oligarchy. His attack of Saguntum had presented the oligarchy with a choice of war with Rome or
loss of prestige in Iberia. The oligarchy, not Hannibal,
controlled the strategic resources of Carthage. Hannibal constantly sought reinforcements from either Iberia or
North Africa. Hannibals troops who were lost in combat
were replaced with less well-trained and motivated mercenaries from Italy or Gaul. The commercial interests
of the Carthaginian oligarchy dictated the reinforcement
and supply of Iberia rather than Hannibal throughout the
campaign.
3.6
LATER CAREER
Final act of the second punic war with the battle of Zama (202
B.C.).
4.2
Battle of Zama
5 Later career
The Roman cavalry won an early victory by swiftly routing the Carthaginian horse, and standard Roman tactics
for limiting the eectiveness of the Carthaginian war
elephants were successful, including playing trumpets to
frighten the elephants into running into the Carthaginian
lines. Some historians say that the elephants routed the
Carthaginian cavalry and not the Romans, whilst oth-
5.3
election rather than co-option. He also used citizen sup- 5.3 Death (183 x 181 BC)
port to change the term of oce in the Hundred and Four
Prusias agreed to give him up, but Hannibal was deterfrom life to a year, with a term limit of two years.
mined not to fall into his enemys' hands. The precise
year and cause of Hannibals death is unknown. Pausanias wrote that Hannibals death occurred upon when
5.2 Exile (after 195 BC)
mounting his horse, his nger becoming wounded by his
drawn sword resulted in a fever and then his death three
[54]
Seven years after the victory of Zama, the Romans, days later. Juvenal asserts that his death was at Libyssa
alarmed by Carthages renewed prosperity, demanded on the eastern shore of the Sea of Marmara, after havHannibals surrender. Hannibal thereupon went into vol- ing taken poison, which, it was said, he had long carried
[55]
untary exile. He journeyed to Tyre, the mother city of about with him in a ring. Before dying, he left behind
Carthage, and then to Ephesus, where he was honorably a letter declaring, Let us relieve the Romans from the
received by Antiochus III of Syria, who was preparing anxiety they have so long experienced, since they think
for war with Rome. Hannibal soon saw that the kings it tries their patience too much to wait for an old mans
[56]
army was no match for the Romans. He advised equip- death.
ping a eet and landing a body of troops in the south of In his Annales, Titus Pomponius Atticus reports it
Italy, oering to take command himself. But he could occurred in 183 BC,[57] and Livy implies the same.
not make much impression on Antiochus, who listened Polybius, who wrote nearest the event, gives 182 BC.
to his courtiers and would not entrust Hannibal with any Sulpicius Blitho[58] records it under 181 BC.[57]
important oce. According to Cicero, while at the court
of Antiochus, Hannibal attended a lecture by Phormio,
a philosopher, that ranged through many topics. When
6 Legacy to the ancient world
Phormio nished a discourse on the duties of a general,
Hannibal was asked his opinion. He replied, I have
seen during my life many old fools; but this one beats Hannibal caused great distress to many in Roman society.
them all. Another story according to Aulus Gellius is It has been said that for generations, Roman housekeepthat when Antiochus III showed o the gigantic and elab- ers would tell their children brutal tales of Hannibal when
orately equipped army he had created to invade Greece to they misbehaved. In fact, Hannibal became such a gure
Hannibal, he asked him if they would be enough for the of terror that whenever disaster struck, the Roman SenaRoman Republic, to which Hannibal replied, I think all tors would exclaim "Hannibal ante portas" (Hannibal is
this will be enough, yes, quite enough, for the Romans, at the gates!") to express their fear or anxiety. This faeven though they are most avaricious.[50] In 191 BC, the mous Latin phrase became a common expression that is
through the door or
Romans under Manius Acilius Glabrio routed Antiochus often still used when a client arrives
[59]
when
one
is
faced
with
calamity.
at Thermopylae and obliged him to withdraw to Asia. The
Romans followed up their success by attacking Antiochus The works of Roman writers such as Livy, Frontinus,
in Anatolia, and the Seleucids were decisively defeated at and Juvenal show a grudging admiration for Hannibal.
Magnesia ad Sipylum in 190 BC by Scipio Asiaticus.
The Romans even built statues of the Carthaginian in the
to advertise their defeat of such a
In 190 BC, he was placed in command of a Seleucid very streets of Rome
[60]
worthy
adversary.
It
is plausible to suggest that Haneet but was defeated in a battle o the Eurymedon
nibal
engendered
the
greatest
fear Rome had towards an
River. According to Strabo and Plutarch, Hannibal also
enemy.
Nevertheless,
they
grimly
refused to admit the
received hospitality at the Armenian court of Artaxias
possibility
of
defeat
and
rejected
all
overtures for peace;
I. The authors add an apocryphal story of how Hannithey
even
refused
to
accept
the
ransom
of prisoners after
bal planned and supervised the building of the new royal
[61]
[51]
Cannae.
capital Artaxata.
When Antiochus seemed prepared
to surrender him to the Romans, Hannibal ed to Crete,
but he soon went back to Asia Minor and sought refuge
with Prusias I of Bithynia, who was engaged in warfare
with Romes ally, King Eumenes II of Pergamon. Hannibal went on to serve Prusias in this war. During one
of the naval victories he gained over Eumenes, Hannibal had large pots lled with venomous snakes thrown
onto Eumenes ships.[52] Hannibal also went on to defeat Eumenes in two other battles on land until the Romans interfered and threatened Bithynia into giving up
Hannibal.[53] Hannibal also visited Tyre, the home of his
forefathers. However the Romans were determined to
hunt him down, and they insisted on his surrender .
10
7
that the complicated machinery of government
continued to function even amidst disaster
there are few states in the ancient world in
which a general who had lost a battle like
Cannae would have dared to remain, let alone
would have continued to be treated respectfully
as head of state.[64]
LEGACY
7.1
Military history
As Scipio saw that he was likely to prolong
his self-laudation he said, laughing, where
would you place yourself, Hannibal, if you
had not been defeated by me?" Hannibal, now
perceiving his jealousy, replied, in that case
I should have put myself before Alexander.
Thus Hannibal continued his self-laudation,
but attered Scipio in an indirect manner by
suggesting that he had conquered one who was
the superior of Alexander.
At the end of this conversation Hannibal invited Scipio to be his guest, and Scipio
replied that he would be so gladly if Hannibal
were not living with Antiochus, who was held
in suspicion by the Romans. Thus did they,
in a manner worthy of great commanders, cast
aside their enmity at the end of their wars.[72]
11
Africans, Iberians and Gauls. Again, all we
know of him comes for the most part from hostile sources. The Romans feared and hated him
so much that they could not do him justice.
Livy speaks of his great qualities, but he adds
that his vices were equally great, among which
he singles out his more than Punic perdy and
an inhuman cruelty. For the rst there would
seem to be no further justication than that he
was consummately skillful in the use of ambuscades. For the latter there is, we believe,
no more ground than that at certain crises he
acted in the general spirit of ancient warfare.
Sometimes he contrasts most favorably with his
enemy. No such brutality stains his name as
that perpetrated by Claudius Nero on the vanquished Hasdrubal. Polybius merely says that
he was accused of cruelty by the Romans and
of avarice by the Carthaginians. He had indeed
bitter enemies, and his life was one continuous
struggle against destiny. For steadfastness of
purpose, for organizing capacity and a mastery
of military science he has perhaps never had an
equal.[73]
Even the Roman chroniclers acknowledged Hannibals
supreme military leadership, writing that, he never required others to do what he could and would not do
himself.[74] According to Polybius 23, 13, p. 423:
12
7
Hannibal excelled as a tactician. No battle in history is a ner sample of tactics than
Cannae. But he was yet greater in logistics and
strategy. No captain ever marched to and fro
among so many armies of troops superior to
his own numbers and material as fearlessly and
skillfully as he. No man ever held his own so
long or so ably against such odds. Constantly
overmatched by better soldiers, led by generals
always respectable, often of great ability, he yet
deed all their eorts to drive him from Italy,
for half a generation. Excepting in the case of
Alexander, and some few isolated instances, all
wars up to the Second Punic War, had been decided largely, if not entirely, by battle-tactics.
Strategic ability had been comprehended only
on a minor scale. Armies had marched towards
each other, had fought in parallel order, and
the conqueror had imposed terms on his opponent. Any variation from this rule consisted
in ambuscades or other stratagems. That war
could be waged by avoiding in lieu of seeking battle; that the results of a victory could be
earned by attacks upon the enemys communications, by ank-maneuvers, by seizing positions from which safely to threaten him in case
he moved, and by other devices of strategy, was
not understood... [However] For the rst time
in the history of war, we see two contending
generals avoiding each other, occupying impregnable camps on heights, marching about
each others anks to seize cities or supplies
in their rear, harassing each other with smallwar, and rarely venturing on a battle which
might prove a fatal disasterall with a wellconceived purpose of placing his opponent at a
strategic disadvantage... That it did so was due
to the teaching of Hannibal.[8]
7.2
Hannibal in literature
Hannibals name occurs commonly in later art and popular culture, an objective measure of his considerable inuence on Western history.
As with other military leaders, Hannibals victories
against superior forces in an ultimately losing cause won
him enduring fame that outlasted his native North Africa.
His crossing of the Alps remains one of the most monumental military feats of ancient warfare[80] and has since
captured the imagination of the world (romanticized by
several artworks).
List of derivative works (novels unless otherwise noted):
29 to 19 BC: Upon her death in Virgil's epic poem
the Aeneid, Dido, Queen of Carthage, warns of a
Carthaginian who will avenge her. By almost all
LEGACY
7.4
13
2006, Esther Friesner, First, Catch Your 7.4 Hannibal in lm and on television
Elephant, in Alternate Generals III, edited by
Harry Turtledove. This is a Monty Python-style 7.5 Comics
spoof replete with humorous anachronisms.
Hannibal (indulging) in (one) of those speeches
which are usually attributed by classical historians.
2006, Angela Render, Forged By Lightning: A Novel
(Gilbert Abbott Beckett)
of Hannibal and Scipio, ISBN 1-4116-8002-2
2008, Bill Mahaney, 'The WarmakerHannibals
Invasion of Italia and the Aftermath' ISBN 978-0595-48101-9
2011, Ben Kane, Hannibal: Enemy of Rome, Preface Publishing: London. Hannibal appears frequently in this novel set during the Second Punic
War and told from the points-of-view of two young
men, one Roman, one Carthaginian. Covers the
siege of Saguntum, the crossing of the Alps by Hannibals forces and the Battle of the Trebia.
2011, William Kelso, The Shield of Rome, 216
BC. The novel is set in the aftermath of Hannibals
stunning victory at Cannae and Romes heroic response.
In Poul Anderson's time travel story Delenda Est,
two adventurers from the future join Hannibals
army, use modern weapons to help him defeat the
Romans, but then assassinate Hannibal and take
over Carthage.
7.3
9 See also
Military of Carthage
10 Notes
[1] See death above.
11 References
[1] Lancel, Serge (1995) Hannibal cover: Roman bust of
Hannibal. Museo Archeologico Nazionale. Naples
[2] Goldsworthy, Adrian (2000) The Fall of Carthage cover:
Hannibal in later life
14
11
REFERENCES
[26] Mahaney, W.C., 2008. Hannibals odyssey: Environmental Background to the Alpine Invasion of Italia.
Gorgias Press, Piscataway, N.J., 221 pp. ISBN 978-159333-951-7
[27] Lancel, Serge, Hannibal, p. 60
[28] Montgenvre: Peter Connolly, Hannibal and the Enemies
of Rome (1978); (extensive summary); Col de la Traversette: Gavin de Beer, Alps and Elephants and Napoleon
III; Mahaney 2008, Hannibals Odyssey; Environmental
Background to the Alpine Invasion of Italia"; Mont Cenis: Denis Proctor, Hannibals March in History. Other
theories include the Col de Clapier (Serge Lancel, Hannibal (1995) and the Col du Petit Saint Bernard (Barthold
Niebuhr).
[29] McMenamin, M. (2012). Depiction of the Alps on Punic
coins from Campania, Italy. Numismatics International
Bulletin 41 (1-2): 3033.
[30] Livy History of Rome book21,36
[38] Liddell Hart, B. H., Strategy, New York City, New York,
Penguin Group, 1967
15
[47] Pliny, tr. by Mary Beagon, The Elder Pliny on the Human
Animal, p 361
[48] 28.46. Gutenberg.org. 11 June 2004. Retrieved 6 June
2013.
[49] Scullard, H.H. Scipio Africanus: Soldier and Politician,
p.150, 1970. Gabriel, Richard. Scipio Africanus: Romes
Greatest General, p.192, 2008
[50] Aulus Gellius. "Noctes Atticae". Book V. v. 5. Satis,
plane satis esse credo Romanis haec omnia, etiamsi
avarissimi sunt.
[51] Bournoutian, George A. (2006). A Concise History of
the Armenian People: From Ancient Times to the Present.
Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda, p. 29. ISBN 1-56859-141-1.
[52] Cornelius Nepos, Hannibal 10 and 11.
[81] http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/
April-2014/Hannibal-Buress-Comedian/
Sources
12 Further reading
Baker, George P. (1929). Hannibal. New York:
Dodd, Mead.
Bickerman, Elias J. (1952). Hannibals Covenant.
American Journal of Philology 73 (1): 123.
doi:10.2307/292232.
16
13
Delbrck, Hans (1990). Warfare in antiquity. Walter J. Renfroe, trans. Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska
Press. ISBN 0-8032-9199-X.
Dodge, Theodore Ayrault (1891).
Boston: Houghton Miin.
Hannibal.
EXTERNAL LINKS
13 External links
History Blog: Hannibal at Tips.FM
The Biography of Hannibal
Hannibal by Jacob Abbott
Hannibals life by Cornelius Nepos, Latin transcription and translation to German
The History of Hannibal
Hannibal at FactBehindFiction.com
Hannibal Barca (Character) at the Internet Movie
Database
17
14
14.1
18
14
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Pppppppeeeeeeoooooooooooooppppppp;;;;;;;;;;weeeeeeeeeeeeeee and Anonymous: 1583
14.2
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File:Battle_cannae_destruction.gif Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Battle_cannae_destruction.png License: Public domain Contributors: The Department of History, United States Military Academy [1] Original artist: Frank Martini. Cartographer, Department of History, United States Military Academy
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