Beruflich Dokumente
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deposition
Christoph Breitkreuz,
TU Bergakademie Freiberg
Eolian fractionation!
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Block-and-ash-flow deposit:
result of an explosive lava dome eruption
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Fig. 2.5 Stability fields for convecting and collapsing columns in terms of vent radius and
magmatic volatile content. Magma discharge rate (right side) is largely a function of vent
radius (left side) whereas exit velocity (bottom) is largely a function of volatile content (top)
(Orton 1996, from Wilson, Sparks & Walker, 1980).
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Cool
Hot
dilute turbulent
often phreatomagmatic
dense
hot
weakly turbulent to laminar
Surges and
cool pyroclastic flows s.s.
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G. Wrner
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Lithofacies types of
surge deposits
Fig. 5.10 Classification
of base surge bedform
and
internal
crossstratification
variations
related to depositional
rate (relative to transport
rate; vertical axis) and
surge temperature and
moisture
content
(horizontal axis); flow
comes from left (From
Cas & Wright 1987, after
Allen 1982).
Fig. 5.11 Proximal to distal (LFS) and vertical (VFS) facies variation in pyroclastic
surge beds (i.e. single depositional units) on Songaksan tuff ring (after Chough &
Sohn, 1990). The lateral facies sequence (LFS 1) was distilled from common
downcurrent facies transitions in flank deposits whereas vertical facies sequences
(VFS) are distilled using Harpers (1984) method of facies sequence analysis. VFS1
and VFS2 are from proximal near-vent deposits, probably where short-lived pyroclastic
surges were overladen by suspended sediment fallout (compare with Lowe, 1988).
LFS1, and its vertical expression (VFS3) indicates downcurrent decrease in particle
concentration, grain size, and suspended-load fallout rate with a resultant increase in
traction and sorting processes (from Orton 1996).
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Deposition by aggradation
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Pyroclastic fractionation:
>> important compositional
changes in crystal-rich flows!
elutriation
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Pyroclastic
flow deposits
Gradacin
may show various types of
grading:
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Accretionary
Lapilli
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Osteifel
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Professor!
Dont forget to make some drawings about
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Rheomorphic ignimbrite
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Diagenetic compaction
non-welded ignimbrite,
N Chile, Permian
>> Branney and Sparks 1990
Welding-compaction
Teplice ignimbrite, Late Carboniferous,
Czech Republic
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Eutaxitic texture
fiamme
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Blue Creek
ignimbrite,
Idaho, USA
Parataxitic texture
Botzen Porphyry,
Permian N Italy
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Non-welded ignimbrite
Sillar Facies: lithification by vapor
phase crystallisation; typical
crystals in SiO2-rich systems:
cristobalite, tridymite, sanidine
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Degassing pipes
fines-depleted
Fig. 5.21 Occurences of gas segregation structures in pyroclastic flow deposits. 1, Pipes and pods
generated initially or formed entirely by intraflow gas sources during emplacement; 1a, formed by
continued post-emplacement gas flow; 2, formed from heated ground water and incorporating
fluviatile pebbles; 3, formed above burnt vegetation and logs (From Cas & Wright 1987).
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Fig.
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Szentbekkalla,
Hungary
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